QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Completing The Square Quadratic Inequalities

Reverse
Quadratic
Inequality

−2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8 Step 1: Flush everything to the left and rearrange according to 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

= −2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4) Step 2: Simplify and rearrange according to 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
−2 −2 Step 3: Solve your quadratic inequalities
When 𝒙𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝟏 = −2[(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + ( )2 − ( )2 − 4]
2 2
= −2[(𝑥 − 1)2 − 5] Note: Always ensure 𝒙𝟐 is Positive,
= −2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 10 If it’s negative, divide and FLIP Your INEQUALITY SIGN.

Application Reverse Inequalities

Maximum Point Step 1: Given that 𝑥 < −3 or 𝑥 > 2

Step 2: 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 2 > 0 (Reverse and Form Back Original)
Step 3: 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 > 0 (Expand)
Starting Point
Sub 𝑦 = 0

Sub 𝑡

01
CHAPTER 1: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Simultaneous Equations

Algebra Word Problems

Important Concepts
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 34 … (1) The line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8 meets the curve 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 110
at the point A and B. Find the coordinates of 𝐴 and B.
𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 14 … (2) Concept:
2𝑥 = 8 − 3𝑦
Using (2) 8 − 3𝑦 • There are 2 methods to solve for
𝑥= Simultaneous, either Substitution
2
𝑦 = 14 − 3𝑥 Method or Elimination Method.
Substitute into (2)
Substitute into (1) • I highly recommend to use Substitution
2
8 − 3𝑦 Method as I find that it is faster and
2 + 3𝑦 2 = 110
2 easier.

𝑥 2 + 14 − 3𝑥 2 = 34 64 − 48𝑦 + 9𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 196 − 84𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 = 34 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 110
4
10𝑥 2 − 84𝑥 + 162 = 0
𝑥 − 3 5𝑥 − 27 = 0 128 − 96𝑦 + 18𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 2 = 440
27
𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = 30𝑦 2 − 96𝑦 − 312 = 0
5

Substitute into (2) 10𝑦 2 − 32 − 104 = 0

Validation
27 𝑦 + 2 5𝑦 − 26 = 0
𝑦 + 3 3 = 14 𝑦+3 = 14
4
26 For Simultaneous Equations,
27 11 𝑦 = −2, 𝑦 =
𝑦 = 14 − 9 = 5 𝑦 = 14 − 3 = − 5
4 5 • Validate by Substituting Your Final
Substitute into (1) Answer back into the Original Question
26
8−3(−2) 8−3( )
5 19 • If the question is related to coordinates,
2 1 𝑥= =7 𝑥= =−
Answer: 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 5 𝑥= 5 ,𝑦 = −2 2 2 5 ensure that you leave your answers in
5 5
4 1 (𝑥, 𝑦)
Answer: 7, −2 and (−3 , 5 )
5 5

02
CHAPTER 1: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Completing The Square

Easy Advance

Simplify Simplify Important Concepts

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12 −𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2
Concept:
4
2
4
2
= −(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + − − 12 1. The condition for Completing The
2 2
Square is that the coefficient of 𝑥 2
1 1
= 𝑥+2 2 − 16 = −[(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + − − 2] MUST BE +1. If it is not +1, we need
2 2 to FACTORISE the value to make it
Hence, Solve +1.
2
1 5
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 − 12 = 0 = −[ 𝑥 + − ] 2. Be careful of the values you substitute
2 2 in the bracket. Always include the
2
𝑥+2 − 16 = 0 SIGN.
2
2
1 5
𝑥+2 = 16 =− 𝑥− + 3. When solving and completing the
2 2 square, always solve by Square
𝑥+2 =4 or 𝑥 + 2 = −4
Rooting the values.

Simplify Simplify NEVER expand back and solve by

factorisation. That defeats the purpose
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 9
of Completing The Square.
6
2
6
2 5 9
= 𝑥 2 −6𝑥 + − − − +8 = 2(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + )
2 2 2 2
Validation
2 2 2
= 𝑥−3 −1 5 5 5 9
= 2[(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + − − − + ] • After you get your final answer, re-expand
Hence, Solve 2 4 4 2 back to make sure it gives you back the
2
original answer.
𝑥−3 −1=0 2
5 47
= 2[ 𝑥 − + ] • If you are solving, you can check your solution
𝑥−3 2 =1 4 16 by using the Quadratic Equation Function in
your calculator... they should be the same.
𝑥 − 3 = 1 or 𝑥 − 3 = −1 2
5 47
=2 𝑥− +
𝑥=4 or 𝑥=2 4 8

03
CHAPTER 1: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Graphical Methods

Method 1: Fully Factorised Method 2: Completing the Square

Sketch 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 Sketch 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 2 −9 Important Concepts

1) Find the Roots 1) Find the turning point
Concept:
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑦 = 0 (−2, −9) There are two types of graph sketching.
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 1) Fully Factorised Equation
𝑥+2 𝑥+1 =0 2) Find the y-intercept 2) Completing The Square Equation
𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2 The steps are different due to the ease &
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑥 = 0 convenience of finding the points.
2) Find the y-intercept 2 When drawing a quadratic graph, I’m
𝑦= 2 − 9 = −5
interested in knowing 3 things:
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑥 = 0 1) Roots 2) Y Intercept 3) Turning Point
3) Find the roots
𝑦=2
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑥 = 0 Finding Roots and Y Intercepts are similar
3) Find the turning point for both types of graphs.
𝑥+2 2 −9=0 However, the key difference is in finding
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 −1 + −2 the Turning Point.
= = −1.5 2
2 2 𝑥+2 =9 Look at how I obtained the turning point
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑥 = −1.5 for both methods!
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑥 = −1.5 𝑥 + 2 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = −3
𝑦 = −1.5 2 + 3 −1.5 + 2 = −0.25 Careless:
𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −5
Coefficient of 𝑥 2 - Happy or Sad Face
Turning point (−1.5, −0.25) Coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) vs Value – Number
Line of Symmetry - Equation

Validation

After you sketch your graph, make sure

that the values make sense.
Curve, Turning Point, Roots, Y Intercept,

04
CHAPTER 1: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Applications

Word Problems Word Problems

A support cable for a bridge is parabolic in shape. The cable is

The path of a water jet can be modelled by the quadratic
function 𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑥 − 1.2 2 + 2.25, where x m is the supported by 25 m tall towers A and B that are 80 m apart.
Important Concepts
horizontal distance it travels, y m is the height of the water Vertical supporting wires are spread out in equal intervals
above the ground and C is a constant. The initial height of hanging from cable. Concept:
the water jet is 1.05 m above the ground.
(i) Find the value of C. The lowest point on the cable is 5 m above the roadbed. The Many students struggle with this because it
(ii) Find the maximum height above the ground that the height of the cable above the roadbed is given as y m and the feels odd and challenging. However, this
water jet reaches. horizontal distance from Tower A is given as x m. portion is just applying the concepts from
(iii) Find the value of x for which the water jet is 1.05m Completing The Square.
above the ground again.
(iv) Find the maximum horizontal distance travelled by the Under Completing The Square, we learn a
water jet few things:
(i) 𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑥 − 1.2 2 + 2.25
Sub 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1.05
1) You can only complete the square if the
1.05 = 𝐶 −1.2 2 + 2.25
−1.2 = 𝐶 1.44 coefficient of 𝑥 2 is +1.
5
𝐶 = − or −0.833 (i) Find a quadratic function in the form
6 2) Obtaining Turning Points (Line of
(ii) 2.25mm
5 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 to model this situation. Symmetry, Maximum and Minimum
(iii) 𝑦 = − 𝑥 − 1.2 2 + 2.25
6
(ii) Find the length of the vertical supporting wire that is 15 m Value)
Sub 𝑦 = 1.05
5 horizontally from the origin.
1.05 = − 𝑥 − 1.2 2 + 2.25 3) Solving Completing The Square via
6 Square root Method and not Quadratic
5 At lowest point, (40,5)
−1.2 = − 𝑥 − 1.2 2 Formula
6 2
1.44 = 𝑥 − 1.2 2 So, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 − 40 +5
1.2 or −1.2 = 𝑥 − 1.2 Sit down 15 minutes, internalise this and
When 𝑥 = 0, y= 25
𝑥 = 2.4 or 0(NA) you will definitely get it right!
5
(iii) 𝑦 = − 𝑥 − 1.2 2 + 2.25 25 = 𝑎 0 − 40 2
+5
6
Sub 𝑦 = 0 Validation
5 1
0 = − 𝑥 − 1.2 2 + 2.25 𝑎= Validation of Completing The Square requires you to
6 80
5 expand back to double check if it gives you the original
−2.25 = − 𝑥 − 1.2 2 1 equation. I typically will do this before continuing with
6 𝑦= 15 − 40 2
+5
2.7 = 𝑥 − 1.2 2 When 𝑥 = 15, 80 the question because I don’t want to risk redoing the
𝑦 = 12.8125 whole question if I make a mistake in my completing the
2.7 or − 2.7 = 𝑥 − 1.2
𝑥 = 2.84 or −0.443(𝑁𝐴) square steps.
13
Max horizontal distance = 2.84m Length of the wire is 12.8125 m Accept 12 m
16

05
CHAPTER 2: EQUATION AND INEQUALITIES

Quadratic Inequalities

Quadratic Inequalities Reverse Quadratic Inequalities

Solve 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 > 0
1
Find the value of 𝑏 for which −2 < 𝑥 < is the Important Concepts
3
solution of 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 < 𝑏.
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 > 0
Concept:
1
𝑥+2 𝑥+1 >0 −2 < 𝑥 <
3 In Inequalities, we need to be very careful
𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 − 1 < 0 with the signs.

3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 2 < 0 The first thing to check is always the

coefficient of 𝑥 2 . Ensure that it is Positive.
𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > −1 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 < 0 If it’s negative, you have to Switch your
sign when you divide by negative.
3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 < 2
Solve 𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 2 < 0 When solving quadratic inequalities, for a
start, use a graph to help you in
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 < 0 determining the range.
𝑏=2
𝑥+2 𝑥+1 <0
1
Find the value of 𝑏 for which 𝑥 < −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > is
3
the solution of 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 > 𝑏.

1
𝑥 < −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 >
−2 < 𝑥 < −1 3
Validation
𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 − 1 > 0
Solve −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 > 0 ** 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 2 > 0
Validation is very straight forward over here.
−𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 > 0 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 > 0
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 < 0 Substitute the value in your range and prove
3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 > 2
𝑥−2 𝑥−1 <0 that it satisfies the inequalities.

1<𝑥<2 𝑏=2

06
CHAPTER 2: EQUATION AND INEQUALITIES

Quadratic Inequalities

Advance Quadratic Inequalities

5
< 0.
7𝑥 2 +7−14𝑥 Important Concepts
Find the range of values of x for which
6𝑥 2 −11𝑥−35
Find the range of the values of x > 0.
3𝑥 2 +𝑥−10

5 Concept:
For < 0, 7(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)
6𝑥 2 −11𝑥−35 >0 Questions look complicated but it’s
3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 10 actually simple.
6𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 35 < 0
7 𝑥−1 2 This is called Deduction whereby we are
>0
2𝑥 − 7 3𝑥 + 5 < 0 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 10 determining the appropriate range of values
that will ensure your fraction becomes
5 7 lesser or bigger than 0.
− <𝑥< Since 7 𝑥 − 1 2 > 0,
3 2 Look at the fraction (numerator &
denominator). You will realise that either
3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 10 > 0
the numerator or denominator is ALWAYS
Positive or ALWAYS Negative.
3𝑥 − 5 𝑥 + 2 > 0
If you happen to see a quadratic equation
5
𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > that cannot be factorised, you may have to
3
use completing the square to prove that it’s
always positive or negative.

Validation

Substitute values in the range and prove that

it satisfies the given inequality.

07
 NATURE OF ROOTS

Finding Ranges When to Reject?

We reject ranges on these scenarios:

1) Graph of ax 2 + bx + c, a cannot be 0.
2) Graph is always Positive, coefficient of 𝑥 2 cannot be Negative.
3) Graph is always Negative, coefficient of 𝑥 2 cannot be Positive.

Proving & Showing

Deduction Completing The Square

Apply this method when you see a

Apply this method when
Quadratic Equation.
Conditions are given.
We are unable to prove whether
This allows you to break the equation
𝑘 2 − 20𝑘 + 111 is always Positive or
into smaller pieces and explain step by
Negative.
step.
Through Completing The Square,
This is why it’s called Proving through
we transform the equation into
Deduction.
𝑘 − 10 2 + 12.

Now, we can easily explain ☺

08
CHAPTER 2: EQUATION AND INEQUALITIES

Nature of Roots – Finding Unknown Values

Finding Ranges (Line & Axis) Finding Ranges (with Rejections)

If the equation 𝑘 + 1 𝑥 2 + 4𝑘𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑘 = 0 Find the range of values of 𝑎 for which Important Concepts
𝑎𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑎 − 3 is positive for all values of 𝑥.
has real roots, find the range of values of k.
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 Concept:
−4 2 − 4 𝑎 𝑎 − 3 < 0 1) Always ensure that you rearrange
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 16 − 4𝑎2 + 12 < 0
−4𝑎2 + 12 + 16 < 0 2) Determine the determinants
4𝑘 − 8 2 − 4(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘) ≥ 0 𝑎2 − 3𝑎 − 4 > 0 *Do make sure you are clear of all the
(16𝑘 2 − 64𝑘 + 64) − 8𝑘 2 − 8𝑘 ≥ 0 𝑎−4 𝑎+1 >0
phrases
8𝑘 2 − 72𝑘 + 64 ≥ 0 𝑎 < −1 (𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡) 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 4
3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 < 2
𝑘 2 − 9𝑘 + 8 ≥ 0 3) Solve through Quadratic Inequality
(𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 + 8) ≥ 0
Rejection usually happens
Find the range of values of 𝑎 for which
𝑎𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑎 − 3 is negative for all values of 𝑥. 1) Unknown coefficient of 𝑥 2
𝑘 ≤ 1 or 𝑘 ≥ 8
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 2) Always Positive, Always Negative
−4 2 − 4 𝑎 𝑎 − 3 < 0
16 − 4𝑎2 + 12 < 0 The reason you must reject is because the
−4𝑎2 + 12 + 16 < 0
coefficient of 𝑥 2 will change the shape of
𝑎2 − 3𝑎 − 4 > 0
Find the range of values of k for which the 𝑎−4 𝑎+1 >0 the graph if it’s + or -. If it is 0, the
expression 3 − 4𝑘 − 𝑘 + 3 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 is 𝑎 < −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 4 (𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡) quadratic graph will not exist.
negative for all real values of x.

−𝑥 2 − 𝑘 + 3 𝑥 + 3 − 4𝑘 Validation
−𝑥 2 + −𝑘 − 3 𝑥 + 3 − 4𝑘 Find the range of values of 𝑎 for which
𝑎𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑎 − 3 has 2 distinct roots for all values of 𝑥.
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 You can use your calculator Mode 3,3 to help you.
2
−𝑘 − 3 − 4 −1 3 − 4𝑘 < 0 2
𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 If you were to sub in a value in your range, it
𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 + 9 + 12 + 16𝑘 < 0 −4 2 − 4 𝑎 𝑎 − 3 > 0 should fulfil the criteria that you are finding
𝑘 2 + 22𝑘 + 21 < 0 16 − 4𝑎2 + 12 > 0
−4𝑎2 + 12 + 16 > 0 e.g. You should obtain 2 roots from your calculator
𝑘+7 𝑘+3 <0 𝑎2 − 3𝑎 − 4 < 0 if you are finding range where graphs have 2
𝑎−4 𝑎+1 <0 distinct points.
3<𝑘<7 −1 < 𝑎 < 4 where 𝑎 ≠ 0

09
CHAPTER 2: EQUATION AND INEQUALITIES

Nature of Roots – Finding Unknown Values

Finding Ranges for Positive and Negative Graphs

Important Concepts

Concept:
1) Always ensure that you rearrange

2) Determine the determinants

*Do make sure you are clear of all the
phrases

3) Solve through Quadratic Inequality

Rejection usually happens

1) Unknown coefficient of 𝑥 2

2) Always Positive, Always Negative

The reason you must reject is because the

coefficient of 𝑥 2 will change the shape of
the graph if it’s + or -. If it is 0, the
quadratic graph will not exist.

Validation
You can use your calculator Mode 3,3 to help you.

If you were to sub in a value in your range, it

should fulfil the criteria that you are finding

e.g. You should obtain 2 roots from your calculator

if you are finding range where graphs have 2
distinct points.

09
CHAPTER 2: EQUATION AND INEQUALITIES

Nature of Roots – Finding Unknown Values

Finding Ranges (Curve & Line)

Find the range of values of 𝑘 for which the line 5𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑥 Find the values of p for which the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 is a Important Concepts
does not intersect the curve 5𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 + 4 = 0. tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 𝑝 − 6.

5𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑥 2𝑥 − 3 = 𝑝𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 𝑝 − 6 Concept:
5𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 + 4 = 0 𝑝𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑝 − 3 = 0 1) Equate the Curve & Line
𝑘−𝑥 42 − 4 𝑝 𝑝 − 3 = 0
5𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 +4= 0
5 4𝑝 2 − 12𝑝 − 16 = 0 2) Rearrange
2 2
5𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 = 0 𝑝 2 − 3𝑝 − 4 = 0
4𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 4 = 0 𝑝+1 𝑝−4 =0 3) Determine the determinants
𝑘2 − 4 4 4 < 0 𝑝 = −1 or 𝑝 = 4
4) Solve through Quadratic Inequality
2
𝑘 − 64 < 0 Rejection usually happens
𝑘−8 𝑘+8 <0 1
The line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 6 is a tangent to the curve
−8 < 𝑘 < 8 2
𝑦 2 = 𝑘𝑥 , where k is a constant. 1) Unknown coefficient of 𝑥 2
Find the value of k. 2) Always Positive, Always Negative
The straight line 𝑦 − 1 = 2𝑚 does not intersect the curve 2
1 The reason you must reject is because the
𝑚2 𝑥+6 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑦=𝑥+ .
𝑥 2 coefficient of 𝑥 2 will change the shape of
Find the largest integer value of 𝑚. 1 2 the graph if it’s + or -. If it is 0, the
𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 36 − 𝑘𝑥 = 0 quadratic graph will not exist.
𝑦 = 2𝑚 + 1 4
𝑚2 1 2
𝑦=𝑥+ 𝑥 + (6 − 𝑘)𝑥 + 36 = 0
𝑥 4
𝑚2 Validation
1 = 2 :𝑥 + = 2𝑚 + 1
𝑥 Tangent to curve, 1 equal root
𝑥 2 − 2𝑚𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑚2 = 0
You can use your calculator Mode 3,3 to help you.
𝑥 2 − 2𝑚 + 1 𝑥 + 𝑚2 = 0
Line does not intersect curve, 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
1 If you were to sub in a value in your range, it
− 2𝑚 + 1 2 − 4 1 𝑚2 < 0
(6 − 𝑘)2 − 4 (36) = 0 should fulfil the criteria that you are finding
2𝑚 + 1 + 2𝑚 2𝑚 + 1 − 2𝑚 < 0 4
4𝑚 + 1 < 0 (6 − 𝑘)2 − 36 = 0 e.g. You should obtain 2 roots from your calculator
1
𝑚<− if you are finding range where graphs have 2
4 distinct points.
6 − 𝑘 = 6 or 6 − 𝑘 = −6
The largest integer value of m is -1. 𝑘 = 0 (NA) or 𝑘 = 12

10
CHAPTER 2: EQUATION AND INEQUALITIES

Nature of Roots – Proving/Showing/Explain Questions

Calculating Deduction Completing the Square

The equation of a curve is 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑘 − 4, where

Show that 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 is always positive for all real Show that the roots of the quadratic equation
k is a constant. Show that the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 intersects
values of 𝑥. the curve for all real values of k.
1
3 𝑥 + 𝑝 2 − 1 = 𝑥 − 1 are not real if 𝑝 > .
12
𝑏2
− 4𝑎𝑐 3 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑝 + 𝑝2 − 1 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑘 − 4 −− −(1)
= 3 2 −4(2)(5) 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑝𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3𝑝2 = 0 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 −− − 2
= 9 − 22 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑝 − 1 𝑥 + 3𝑝2 = 0 1 = 2 : 3𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑘 − 4 = 2𝑥 + 5
= −13 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 6𝑝 − 1 2 −4 3 3𝑝2 3𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑘 − 9 = 0
= 36𝑝2 − 12𝑝 + 1 − 36𝑝2 3𝑥 2 − 𝑘 + 2 𝑥 + 2𝑘 − 9 = 0
Since 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 and = −12𝑝 + 1
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 , 𝑎 > 0, 1 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = − 𝑘 + 2 2 − 4(3)(2𝑘 − 9)
the graph is always positive. = −12 𝑝 + = 𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 4 − 24𝑘 + 108
12
= 𝑘 2 − 20𝑘 + 111
1 1
= 𝑘 − 10 2 − 102 + 112
Since 𝑝 > , 𝑝+ >0 = 𝑘 − 10 2 + 12
12 12
Show that −2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 is always negative for all
real values of 𝑥. 1 Since 𝑘 − 10 2 + 12 > 0, 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and line
−12 𝑝 + <0 intersects the curve for all real values of k.
12
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2
= 3 − 4(−2)(−5) 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
= 9 − 40 The equation of a curve is 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑘 − 4, where
The roots of the equation are not real. k is a constant. Show that the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 intersects
= −31
the curve for all real values of k.
Since 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 and
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑘 − 4 −− −(1)
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 , 𝑎 < 0, 2
Show that the roots of the equation 6𝑥 + 4 𝑚 − 1 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑚) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 −− − 2
the graph is always negative. 1
are real if 𝑚 ≤ 2 . 1 = 2 : 3𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑘 − 4 = 2𝑥 + 5
2
12 3𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑘 − 9 = 0
6𝑥 + 4 𝑚 − 1 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑚)
3𝑥 2 − 𝑘 + 2 𝑥 + 2𝑘 − 9 = 0
6𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑚 − 4 = 0
Discriminant = 100 − 48𝑚
1 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = − 𝑘 + 2 2 − 4(3)(2𝑘 − 9)
Since 𝑚 ≤ 2 = 𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 4 − 24𝑘 + 108
12
25 − 12𝑚 ≥ 0 = 𝑘 2 − 20𝑘 + 111
100 − 48𝑚 ≥ 0 = 𝑘 − 10 2 − 102 + 112
Since discriminant ≥ 0, 6𝑥 2 + 4 𝑚 − 1 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑚) has real = 𝑘 − 10 2 + 12
1
roots if 𝑚 ≤ 2
12
Since 𝑘 − 10 2 + 12 > 0, 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and line
intersects the curve for all real values of k.

11
 SURDS

Simplifying Rationalisation

2 5
×
3 5 5

2 5+3 2 5−3
× ×
5−3 5+3 5+3 5−3

Train your speed in Surds Expansion.

It is back to Special Products.
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

12
CHAPTER 3: SURDS

Surds
Simplifying Rationalising

4 = 2, 9 = 3, 16 = 4, 25 = 5 2 3
×
32 = 4 2
3 3 Important Concepts

75 = 5 3
2 5
× Concept:
3 5 5
1. Always Simplify First
18 = 3 2
This prevents your surds from getting
4 3 3−1
50 = 5 2 × too big during Expansion
3+1 3−1
72 = 6 2 2. Rationalise
8 3−4 1−2 3 Be careful of the sign here
×
Train Your Speed in Simplifying Surds 1+2 3 1−2 3
1) Identify Perfect Squares 3. Multiplication
2) Square Root the Perfect Square 16 + 6 5 7−3 5
×
3) Leave your Prime Number inside the Root 7+3 5 7−3 5 Numbers X Numbers, Surds x Surds

Train your speed for this chapter.

Multiplying
2 Surds is a fairly easy chapter so we
5+ 3
Express in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏 15 , shouldn’t be spending too much time here.
Numbers X Numbers, Surds x Surds 5− 3
where a and b are integers.
4 + 2 3 5 + 3 = 20 + 10 3 + 4 3 + 6
2
5+ 3
( 5 + 3)( 10 + 6) = 50 + 30 + 30 + 18 5− 3
2 5+2 15+3
1+ 3 = 1+2 3+3 =
5−2 15+3
2 5 − 3 3 = 4 5 − 12 15 + 9(3) 8+2 15 8+2 15
= × Validation
8−2 15 8+2 15
1− 3 1+ 3 =1−3 64+32 15+60
=
64−60
10 − 6 10 + 6 = 10 − 6 We can use the calculator to validate our
124 + 32 15
= solution. Ensure that they are the same.
(5 − 5) (5 + 5) = 25 − 5 4
= 31 + 8 15
2 5 − 3 3 2 5 + 3 3 = 20 − 27

13
CHAPTER 3: SURDS

Surds

Solving
9
Given that 𝑝+𝑞 8= , where p and q are rational
4− 8
numbers, find the values of p and q.
Without using a calculator, find the integer value of 𝑎 and
of 𝑏 for which the solution of the equation 2𝑥 5 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑝+𝑞 8=
9 Important Concepts
𝑎+𝑏 4− 8
18 is .
3 2
9 Concept:
𝑝+𝑞 8=
𝑥 2 5 − 2 = 18 4− 8 1. Always Simplify First
This prevents your surds from getting
81
18 2 5+ 2 = too big during Expansion
𝑥= × 24 − 8 8
2 5− 2 2 5+ 2
81 24 + 8 8 2. Rationalise
2 90 + 6 = × Be careful of the sign here
= 24 − 8 8 24 + 8 8
18
81 24 + 8 8 3. Multiplication
6 10 + 6 =
= 64
18
243 81 Numbers X Numbers, Surds x Surds
10 + 1 = + 8
= 8 8
3 243 81 Train your speed for this chapter.
𝑎 = 10, 𝑏 = 1 𝑝= 𝑞=
8 8
Surds is a fairly easy chapter so we
shouldn’t be spending too much time here
2 (12−3 10)
5+ 3
Express in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏 15, where a and b Express in the form of 𝑎 − 𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏
5− 3 (2 2+ 5)
are integers. are integers.

5+ 3
2 (12 − 3 10) 2 2− 5
×
5− 3 (2 2 + 5) 2 2− 5

5+2 15+3 24 2 − 12 5 − 6 20 + 3 50
= =
5−2 15+3 4 2 −5
Validation
8+2 15 8+2 15 24 2 − 12 5 − 12 5 + 15 2
= ×
8−2 15 8+2 15 =
3
64+32 15+60
We can use the calculator to validate our
= 39 2 − 24 5 solution. Ensure that they are the same.
64−60 =
3
124 + 32 15 = 13 2 − 8 5
= = 31 + 8 15
4
= 338 − 320

14
CHAPTER 3: SURDS

Surds

Word Problems (Mensuration) Word Problems (Mensuration) O Level*

A rectangle has a length of (6 3 + 3)cm and an area of 66 A cylinder has a radius of (1 + 2 2) cm and its volume is Given that 3 + 2 5 is a root of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0,
cm2. Find the perimeter of the rectangle in the form (𝑎 + 𝑏 3) 𝜋(84 + 21 2) cm3. Find, without using a calculator, the exact where a and b are integers, find the value of a and of b.
cm, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers. length of the height of the cylinder in the form (𝑎 + 𝑏 2) cm,
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers.
66 [x− 3 + 2 5 [𝑥 − (3 − 2 5 )]
Breadth =
6 3+3
= (𝑥 − 3 − 2 5)(𝑥 − 3 + 2 5)
66 6 3−3 66 6 3−3 2
=
6 3+3
×
6 3−3
=
99 𝜋 84 + 21 2 = 𝜋 1 + 2 2 ×ℎ
Given that 3 + 2 5 is a
= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 9 − 6 5 − 2 5𝑥 + 6 5 − 20
= 4 3 − 2 cm
ℎ=
84 + 21 2
2
root of the equation 𝑥 2 +
2
= 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2 5𝑥 + 9 − 6 5 + 6 5 − 20
1+2 2
=𝑎𝑥 +− 11𝑏 = 0, where a and b
Perimeter = 2 6 3 + 3 + 4 3 − 2 2
𝑥 − 6𝑥
84 + 21 2 4 2 − 9
= 20 3 + 2 cm
∴are
𝑎 = −6,integers, find the value
ℎ=
4 2+9 4 2−9 𝑏 = −11

ℎ=
756 − 336 2 + 189 2 − 168 of a and of b.
The volume of a right square pyramid of length (3 + 2) 81 − 32
1
cm is (29 − 2 2) cm3. Without using a calculator, find the
3 588 − 147 2
height of the pyramid in the form (𝑎 + 𝑏 2) cm, where 𝑎 ℎ=
49
and 𝑏 are integers.
ℎ = 12 − 3 2 cm
1 2 1
3 + 2 ℎ = 29 − 2 2
3 3
29 − 2 2
ℎ=
11 + 6 2
29 − 2 2 11 − 6 2
=
49
319 − 174 2 − 22 2 + 24
=
49
343 − 196 3
=
49
= 7 − 4 2 𝑐𝑚

15
 POLYNOMIALS & PARTIAL FRACTION

Finding Unknown Values Remainder/Factor Theorem Forming Original Equation*

Substitution Method By RT, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑅 1. Check Degree

Compare Coefficients By FT, 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 2. Check Coefficient
3. Formation of Equation

Solving Cubic Equation Factorising Cubic Equation

Hence
1. Mode 3,4 (Casio Calc) 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
2. Factor Theorem
1. Nature of Roots 3. Long Division 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
2. Surds 4. Solve
3. Replacement Qn

1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 3
Case 1: Linear

1. Check Improper vs Proper Fraction

2. If Improper, do Long Division 1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
Case 2: Square = +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 + 3
3. Fully Factorise Denominator

Case 3: Quadratic 1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 + 2)2 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2

16
CHAPTER 4: POLYNOMIALS AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Polynomials

Long Division Long Division (Missing Algebra)

Divide 6𝑥 3 − 23𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 9 by 𝑥 + 1. Divide 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 15 by 𝑥 2 + 3. Important Concepts

Concept:
6𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 9 𝑥−5 There are two things to note in Long
𝑥 + 1 6𝑥 3 − 23𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 9 Division
𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 3 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 15
−( 6𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 )
−( 𝑥 3 +0𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 ) 1) Signs
−29𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 9
−(−29𝑥 2 − 29𝑥) −5𝑥 2+ 0𝑥 − 15 2) Missing Algebra
9𝑥 + 9 −(−5𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 15 )
−(9𝑥 + 9) Before you begin your long division,
0
0 always check for missing algebra. When
you are dividing, be very mindful of the
brackets and the sign.

Divide 3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3 by 3𝑥 + 1. Divide 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 15 by 2𝑥 − 5.

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5
3𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 3 −5𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 − 5 2𝑥 3−9𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 15
−( 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ) −( 2𝑥 3 −5𝑥 2 )
−6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥
−4𝑥 2 + 0𝑥
− −6𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 −(−4𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 ) Validation
12𝑥 − 3 −10𝑥 + 15
−(12𝑥 + 4) −(−10𝑥 + 25)
0 −10 Re-expand to check if you obtain the
original equation.

17
CHAPTER 4: POLYNOMIALS AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Polynomials – Question Type 1: Finding Unknown Values

Full Expansion & Compare Coefficients Substitution

Given that the identity 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 + Important Concepts

Given the identity, 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 =
𝐵 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶, for all real values of x, find the value of A,
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶𝑥 − 1 for all real of B and of C by substitution. Concept:
values for x, find the value of A, of B and of C by
comparing coefficients. Sub 𝑥 = 1
Most of the time, we will be using Method
2 2, Substitution as it is way faster and
3 1 + 1 −2 =0+0+𝐶
convenient as compared to Method 1.
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝐶𝑥 − 1 3+1−2 =𝐶
In certain cases where we use Method 1,
𝐶=2
= 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 − 1 we will compare the coefficient of degree
Sub 𝑥 = 0 and the constant.
= 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵 − 1
3 0 + 0 − 2 = 𝐴 −1 2 + 𝐵 −1 + 𝐶

−2 = −2𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶
By comparing coefficients
−2 = −2𝐴 + 2 + 2
𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 2, 𝐶−𝐴=2
−2𝐴 = −6
𝐶−1=2
𝐴=3
𝐶=3
Sub 𝑥 = −2
Validation
2
3 −2 + −2 − 2 = 0 − 3𝐵 + 𝐶

12 − 4 = −3𝐵 + 2 Substitute your values.

Ans: 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 2, 𝐶 = 2 −3𝐵 = 6 You can either

𝐵=2 1) Re-expand your equation

Ans: 𝐴 = 3, 𝐵 = 2, 𝐶 = 2 2) Substitute random values on the left and

right to make sure it tallies

18
CHAPTER 4: POLYNOMIALS AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Polynomials – Question Type 2: Remainder & Factor Theorem

Remainder & Factor Theorem

Important Concepts
The expression 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 15, The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 9, where a
where a and b are constants, has a factor (x – 3) and and b are constants, is exactly divisible by 𝑥 + 1
leaves a remainder of – 5 when divided by (x + 2). and leaves a remainder of 15 when divided by 𝑥 − Concept:
2. If you substitute a solution into the
(i) Find the value of a and b. equation, you will not have a remainder
(i) Find the value of a and of b. because it is a factor of the equation. This
By Factor Theorem,
is Factor Theorem.
By Factor Theorem,
𝑓 3 =0
If you substitute any other values, you will
𝑓 −1 = 0 have a remainder because it is not a factor.
9𝑎 + 3𝑏 = −12… (1)
3 2 This is called Remainder Theorem.
−1 + 𝑎 −1 + 𝑏 −1 + 9 = 0

𝑎 − 𝑏 = −8… (1)
By Remainder Theorem,

𝑓 −2 = −5
By Remainder Theorem,
4𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 18… (2)
𝑓 2 = 15

2 3 +𝑎 2 2 + 𝑏 2 + 9 = 15
Solving (1) and (2) using Simultaneous Eq,
4𝑎 + 2𝑏 = −2
𝑎=1
2𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1… (2)
𝑏 = −7
Solving (1) and (2) using Simultaneous Eq,

𝑎 = −3
Validation
𝑏=5
With your answers, form the equation and
conduct remainder and factor theorem, you
will see that the answer should be the same.

19
CHAPTER 4: POLYNOMIALS AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Polynomials – Question Type 3: Formation of Polynomials

Forming Polynomial (Easy)

The coefficient of 𝑥 3 of a cubic polynomial, 𝑓(𝑥), The term containing the highest power of 𝑥 in the Important Concepts
is 4 and that the roots of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 are polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) is 2𝑥 3. Two of the roots of the
− 1, 3 and 𝑘. equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 are − 4 and 2. It is given that 𝑓 𝑥 Concept:
leaves a remainder of 5 when divided by (𝑥 + 3). There are two things to note when you are
Given that f(x) has a remainder of 60 when divided Find 𝑓 𝑥 . forming back your original polynomials
by −2 , find the value of 𝑘.
1) Coefficient of Highest Power (Degree)

𝑓 𝑥 =4 𝑥+1 𝑥−3 𝑥−𝑘 𝑓 𝑥 =2 𝑥+4 𝑥−2 𝑥−𝑎 2) Number of Roots

𝑓 2 = 60 𝑓 −3 = 5 Always account for these 2 elements

4 2 + 1 2 − 3 2 − 𝑘 = 60 2 1 −5 −3 − 𝑎 = 5

−12 2 − 5 = 60 5
a=−
2
2 − 𝑘 = −5
𝑘=7 5
𝑓 𝑥 =2 𝑥+4 𝑥−2 𝑥− −
2

= 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 + 5

= 2𝑥 3 + 9 − 6𝑥 − 40

Validation
With your answers, form the equation and
conduct remainder and factor theorem, you
will see that the answer should be the same.

20
CHAPTER 4: POLYNOMIALS AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Polynomials – Question Type 3: Formation of Polynomials

Forming Polynomial (Advance)

Important Concepts
The term containing the highest power of 𝑥 in the The polynomial f(x) leaves a remainder of −5 and 7 when
polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) is 2𝑥 4 and the roots of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 are 2 divided by 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑥 − 2 respectively. Find the
and −7. 𝑓(𝑥) has a remainder of −72 when divided by remainder when f(x) is divided by 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2. Concept:
(𝑥 + 1), and a remainder of −80 when divided by There are two things to note when you are
(𝑥 − 1).
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 𝑄 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 forming back your original polynomials
(i) Find the expression for 𝑓(𝑥) in descending power of 𝑥.

𝑓 𝑥 = 2(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)

1) Coefficient of Highest Power (Degree)
When 𝑓 𝑥 is divided by 𝑥 + 1,
When 𝑓 𝑥 is divided by 𝑥 + 1, Using Remainder Theorem, 2) Number of Roots
Using Remainder Theorem, 𝑓 −1 = −5
𝑓 −1 = 2(−3)(6)(−1 − 𝑎)(−1 − 𝑏) Always account for these 2 elements
𝑎(−1) + 𝑏 = −5
−72 = −36(−1 − 𝑎)(−1 − 𝑏)
2 = 1 + 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 −𝑎 + 𝑏 = −5 For the Second Advance Question, you are
dividing by a quadratic equation.
When 𝑓 𝑥 is divided by 𝑥 − 1, When 𝑓 𝑥 is divided by 𝑥 − 2,
Using Remainder Theorem, Do take note of this special case..
𝑓 1 = 2(−1)(8)(1 − 𝑎)(1 + 𝑏) Using Remainder Theorem,
−80 = −16(1 − 𝑎)(1 + 𝑏) 𝑓 2 =7 The remainder is always one degree lesser
5 = 1 + 𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑎(2) + 𝑏 = 7 than the divisor, therefore the remainder
𝑏 = 7 − 2𝑎 will be 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏.
7=2+𝑏
𝑏=5
Sub (2) into (1), −𝑎 + 7 − 2𝑎 = −5
2 = 1 + 5 + 𝑎 + 𝑎(5)
6𝑎 = −4 −3𝑎 = −12
3 ∴𝑎=4
𝑎=−
2 Sub 𝑎 = 4 into (2), ∴ 𝑏 = −1
3
𝑓 𝑥 = 2(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 + )(𝑥 − 5)
Validation
2 ∴ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 𝑄 𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 1
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 7)(2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 5)
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 4 + 13𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 − 70
With your answers, form the equation and
The remainder is 4𝑥 − 1. conduct remainder and factor theorem, you
will see that the answer should be the same.

21
CHAPTER 4: POLYNOMIALS AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Polynomials – Question Type 4: Solving Cubic Equations

Solving Cubic Equations … With Quadratic Formula

Factorise the cubic expression 6𝑥 3 − 23𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 9 Given that g(x) = 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 9,show that (𝑥 − 3) Important Concepts
is a factor of g(x), hence solve the equation g(x) = 0.
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 3 − 23𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 9
𝑓 −1 = 6 −1 3 − 23 −1 2 − 20 −1 + 9 = 0 Concept:
∴ By FT, 𝑥 + 1 is a factor. (i) g 3 = 3 3 3 − 4 3 2 − 18 3 + 9 1) Use your calculator to find the first
= 81 − 36 − 48 + 9 factor
=0
6𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 9 Since g 3 = 0, 𝑥 − 3 is a factor by factor theorem. 2) Use Factor Theorem to prove that it’s a
𝑥 + 1 6𝑥 3 − 23𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 9 factor
(ii) 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = 0.468 or 𝑥 = −2.14
−( 6𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 )
3) Long Division
−29𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 9 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3
−(−29𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 ) 𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 9 Do take note of Sign and Missing Algebra
9𝑥 + 9 −3𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2
−(9𝑥 + 9) 5𝑥 2 −18𝑥 4) Fully Factorise the Equation
0 −5𝑥 2 − 18𝑥
−3𝑥 + 9 5) Solve if requested
− (−3𝑥 + 9 )

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 6𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 9 ∴ g 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3)
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 − 9 3𝑥 − 1 Given g 𝑥 = 0

𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3 = 0

−5± 52 −4(3)(−3)
𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 =
2(3)

𝑥 = 0.468 or 𝑥 = −2.14 Validation

Through the calculator, it will reveal all the
solutions of the equation. No mistakes should
be made here!

22
CHAPTER 4: POLYNOMIALS AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Polynomials – Question Type 4: Solving Cubic Equation (Hence Questions)

Level 1: Replacement Level 2: Nature of Roots

Factorise f 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2 = 0 Determine the number of real roots of the equation

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8, justifying your answer.
Hence, solve the equation Important Concepts
2 𝑦 − 1 3 − 𝑦 − 1 2 − 5 𝑦 − 1 − 2 = 0. f 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8
= (𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4) [Long Division]
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) Concept:
1 For the factor 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4, There are 3 levels of Hence Questions in Solving
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = − , 𝑥 = −1
2 Polynomials
By Observation, Discriminant = 1 − 4 2 4
1 = −31 < 0 1) Replacement
𝑦 − 1 = 2, 𝑦 − 1 = − , 𝑦 − 1 = −1
2 Hence, the equation 2𝑥 2
− 𝑥 + 4 = 0 has no real roots. Therefore
Level 1: By observation, you can clear see what
1 is replaced
𝑦 = 3, 𝑦 = , 𝑦 = 0 f(𝑥) = 0 has only 1 real root. The root is 𝑥 = −2
2
Level 2: Look at the coefficient of 𝑥 so you can
see that 𝑥 is replaced wit 2𝑥, 3𝑥
Method 3: Quadratic Formula
Factorise 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2 = 0 completely. Level 3: The coefficient of the equation has been
Hence, solve the equation swapped. This means that 𝑥 has been replaced
16𝑦 3 − 4𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 − 2 = 0 Solve the equation 3𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 = 0, expressing non-integer by its reciprocal.
𝑐± 𝑑
roots in the form , where 𝑐 and 𝑑 are integers.
3
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)
1 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2)
2) Nature of Roots
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = − , 𝑥 = −1 3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−2 Whenever the question talks bout roots:
2 𝑥−2 3𝑥3 −8𝑥2 +2𝑥+4
By Observation, 3𝑥3 −6𝑥2 Determine the number of Roots,
1 −2𝑥2 +2𝑥
2𝑦 = 2, 2𝑦 = − , 2𝑦 = −1 −2𝑥2 +4𝑥 Prove that it has 2 Roots,
2 −2𝑥+4
1 1 −2𝑥+4
Prove that it has only 1 Solution…
𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 = − , 𝑦 = −
4 2 3𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 = 0 This indicates that you have to use Nature of
Roots concept to explain
𝑥−2 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
Factorise 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 12 = 0 completely.
𝑥−2=0 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 3) Surds (Quadratic Formula)
Hence, solve the equation.
12𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 − 9𝑦 + 2 = 0 2
Whenever the questions talk about leaving your
2± −2 − 4 × 3 × −2
𝑥= 𝑐± 𝑑
2×3 answer in 2dp, in the form of or leave your
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)(2𝑥 − 3) 3
3 answer in exact values. This indicates that you
𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑥 = 2 ± 28 2 1 ± 7 should be using quadratic formula.
2 𝑥=
6
=
6
By Observation,
1 1 1 3
= −1, = 4, = 1± 7
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑥=2 𝑥=
3
1 2
𝑦 = −1, 𝑦 = , 𝑦 =
4 3

23
CHAPTER 4: POLYNOMIALS AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Polynomials - Question Type 5: Factorising Cubic Equations

𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
Factorise 250𝑥 3 − 54𝑦 3
𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )

Important Concepts
3
Factorise 𝑥 − 27 250𝑥 3 − 54𝑦 3
Concept:
𝑥 3 − 27 = 2(125𝑥 3 − 27𝑥 3 )
1. SOAP (Sign)
= 𝑥 − 3 [ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 3 2]
= 𝑥 − 3 [(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9] = 2 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 [ 5𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 3𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 ] Same, Opposite, Always Positive

Ans: 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9 = 2 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 25𝑥 2 + 15𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 2. Do not confuse with 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

3. Remember to apply powers for integers

Factorise 64𝑥 3 + 1
Ans: 2 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 25𝑥 2 + 15𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 2𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 2
64𝑥 3 + 1
= 4𝑥 + 1 [ 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 1 + 1 2 ]
= 4𝑥 + 1 [(16𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1]

Ans: 4𝑥 + 1 16𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
Factorise 8𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 1 3
completely.
Factorise 8 − 27𝑥 3

8 − 27𝑥 3
= 2 − 3𝑥 [ 2 2 + 2 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
8𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 1 3
= (2 − 3𝑥)(4 + 6𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 )
2
= [ 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 [ 2𝑥 + (2𝑥)( 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 − 1 2 ]
Ans: 2 − 3𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 + 9𝑥 2
= 𝑥 + 1 [ 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 ]

Factorise 64 + 27𝑥 3 = 𝑥 + 1 [7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1]

Validation
64 + 27𝑥 3
= 4 + 3𝑥 [ 4 2 − 4 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ]
= (4 + 3𝑥)(16 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 ) Re-expand back to obtain original equation
2
Ans: (𝑥 + 1)(7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)
Ans: 4 + 3𝑥 16 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥

24
 CHAPTER 4: POLYNOMIALS AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Partial Fractions

Case 1: Linear Factor (Improper Fractions)

Express
3𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +4𝑥−1
in partial fractions.
Important Concepts
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2

Concept:
𝑥3 − 𝑥2
3 1) Check whether it’s improper or proper
3𝑥3 +2𝑥2 +4𝑥−1
3𝑥3 +3𝑥2 )
fraction
−𝑥2 +4𝑥−1
2) If it is improper, conduct long division
Case 1: Linear Factor (Improper Fractions) 3𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +4𝑥−1 −𝑥 2 +4𝑥−1
= 3+ Do take note of Signs and Missing Algebra
𝑥 2 +𝑥 3 𝑥 2 𝑥+1

−𝑥 2 +4𝑥−1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 3) Fully Factorise Denominator

3𝑥 3 −5 = + +
Express in partial fractions. 𝑥 2 𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥+1
𝑥 2 −1 4) Decide the case to apply
By Long division −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐵 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑐𝑥 2
5) Cross Multiply and Solve
Let 𝑥 = −1 −1 − 4 − 1 = 𝑐
3𝑥 3 − 5 3𝑥 − 5
= 3𝑥 + 2 𝑐 = −6
𝑥2 − 1 𝑥 −1
3𝑥 − 5 𝐴 𝐵 Let 𝑥 = 0 𝐵 = −1
= +
𝑥+1 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
3𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐵 𝑥 + 1
−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑥 + 1 − 1 𝑥 + 1 − 6𝑥 2

𝑥 = 1: 3(1) − 5 = 2𝐵 Let 𝑥 = 1 −1 + 4 − 1 = 2𝐴 − 2 − 6
𝐵 = −1
𝐴=5
𝑥 = −1: −3 − 5 = −2𝐴
𝐴=4
3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 5 1 6 Validation
= 3+ − 2−
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1
Substitute a value to make sure both left and
3𝑥 3 − 5 4 1 right side balance
∴ 2 = 3𝑥 + −
𝑥 −1 𝑥+1 𝑥−1

25
CHAPTER 4: POLYNOMIALS AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Partial Fractions

Case 2: Repeated Linear Factor Case 3: Quadratic Factor

Express
16𝑥 2 −9𝑥+18
in partial fractions. 8𝑥 2 −2𝑥+19 Important Concepts
𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 Express in partial fractions.
(1−𝑥)(4+𝑥 2 )

16𝑥 2 −9𝑥+18 −5 6 21
Answer:
𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2
=
𝑥
+ 2
𝑥
+
𝑥+3
8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 19 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 Concept:
= + 1) Check whether it’s improper or proper
1 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥2
16𝑥 2 −9𝑥+18
=
16𝑥 2 −9𝑥+18 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 19 = 𝐴 4 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 1 − 𝑥 fraction
𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥+3 Sub 𝑥 = 1, 8 − 2 + 19 = 5𝐴 𝐴=5
16𝑥 2 −9𝑥+18 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let = + 2+ Sub 𝑥 = 0, 19 = 4(5) + 𝐶 𝐶 = −1 2) If it is improper, conduct long division
𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+3
16𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 18 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑥 + 3 + 𝐵 𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2
2 Compare coeff of 𝑥 2, 8 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 𝐵 = −3
Let 𝑥 = −3, 16 −3 2 − 9 −3 + 18 = 9𝐶 Do take note of Signs and Missing Algebra
9𝐶 = 189 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 19 5 3𝑥 + 1
= −
𝐶 = 21 1 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥2 3) Fully Factorise Denominator
Let 𝑥 = 0, 18 = 3𝐵
𝐵=6 4) Decide the case to apply

Comparing 𝑥 2 term, 16𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 2 5) Cross Multiply and Solve

𝐴 + 𝐶 = 16 4𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +6
Express in partial fractions.
𝐴 + 21 = 16 (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +2)

𝐴 = −5
16𝑥 2 −9𝑥+18 −5 6 21 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 6 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= + 2 + = 4+ +
𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+3 𝑥 − 2 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥2 + 2

Multiplying by 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 + 2 , we obtain
10𝑥 2 −7𝑥+10
4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 6
Express
(3𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +2)
in partial fractions. = 4 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 + 2 + 𝐴 𝑥 2 + 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 − 2

10𝑥 2 −7𝑥+10 4 2𝑥−1 Sub 𝑥 = 2: 4×8+4+6= 𝐴 4+2

Answer: = + 2
(3𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +2) 3𝑥−2 𝑥 +2 42 = 6𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 7
Sub 𝑥 = 0: 6 = −16 + 2(7) + 𝐶(−2)
10𝑥 2 −7𝑥+10
Let
(3𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +2)
=
𝐴
3𝑥−2
𝐵𝑥+𝐶
+ 2
𝑥 +2
−2𝐶 = 8 ⇒ 𝐶 = −4 Validation
2 2 Compare 𝑥 2: 1 = −8 + 7 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 2
10𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴 𝑥 + 2 + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(3𝑥 − 2)
2
Sub 𝑥 = to get 𝐴 = 4
3 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 6 7 2 − 4𝑥 Substitute a value to make sure both left and
Sub 𝑥 = 0 to get 𝐶 = −1 ∴ = 4+ + right side balance
𝑥 − 2 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥2 + 2
Sub 𝑥 = 1 (or any other value) to get 𝐵 = 2
10𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10 4 2𝑥 − 1
= +
(3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2) 3𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 + 2

26
 EXPONENTIAL

Simplifying Word Problems

Laws of Indices 1. Standard Exponential Solving Questions

Basic Rules Negative Powers Fractional Powers Zero Powers Advance Questions
1. Take note of Inequality Question
2. ROUND UP/DOWN
3. Infinity/Long Run Questions

Solving Graphs

Compare Power Add Ln Substitution log a 𝑥 = 𝑦

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦

1. Change Base 1. Change Base 1. Change Base

2. Combine to Single Base 2. Combine Base 2. Split Powers
3. Compare Powers OR 3. EXACT SAME Exponential,
Combine Powers (Adv.) apply Substitution
3. Add Ln and Solve

27
CHAPTER 5: EXPONENTIAL

Exponential – Solving Question Type 1

Powers Powers (Advance)

Given that 256𝑥 =

43−𝑥
, find the value of 𝑥. Solve the equation 3 9𝑘 + 2 4𝑘 = 5 6𝑘
Important Concepts
16

43−𝑥
256𝑥 = Concept:
16
3−𝑥 3 9𝑘 + 2 4𝑘 = 5 6𝑘 How to recognise:
4
44𝑥 =
42 2 2 • You can make them to similar bases
4𝑥
3 3𝑘 + 2 2𝑘 = 5 3𝑘 2𝑘
42 =4 3−𝑥−2 This allows you to compare the powers.
Let 𝑥 = 3𝑘 and 𝑦 = 2𝑘 ,
2𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 Steps:
1 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 5𝑥𝑦
𝑥= 1) Change Base
3
3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 0
2) Combine Powers
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
3) Compare Powers
Solve the following simultaneous equations 3𝑥 = 2𝑦 or 𝑥 = 𝑦

2𝑥 × 4𝑦−1 = 32 3 3𝑘 = 2 2𝑘 or 3𝑘 = 2𝑘
1 32𝑥+1
27 × 4𝑦−2 = 𝑘
9 3 3 2
=
𝑥 𝑦−1 2 3
2 ×4 = 32,
1
𝑦−2 32𝑥+1 1 5 𝑘 = −1 or 𝑘 = 0
27 × 4 = . 3 + 𝑦 − = 2𝑥 + 1 −
9 3 2 2

2𝑥 × 22 𝑦−1 = 25 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = −4
𝑥+2 𝑦−1 =5 1 × 2 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 14
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7 2 + 3 5𝑦 = 10
1
Validation
𝑦−2 32𝑥+1
33 × 3 = 1 𝑦=2
2+
3 2

Substitute (4) into (1) Substitute final answer back and make sure it
𝑥+2 2 =7
tallies

𝑥=3

28
CHAPTER 5: EXPONENTIAL

Exponential – Solving Question Type 2

Sub 𝑳𝒏 on both side Sub 𝑳𝒏 on both side (Advance)

Solve the following equations. It is given that 42𝑥+3 = 73−𝑥 . Important Concepts
Without using logarithms, find the exact value of 112𝑥 .
7 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥+5.
Hence use your results in (i), solve 42𝑥+3 = 73−𝑥 , giving Concept:
7 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥+5 your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
How to recognise:
𝑥ln7 = 3𝑥 + 5
42𝑥+3 = 73−𝑥 • There is no common bases so you are
𝑥 ln7 − 3 = 5 2𝑥 3 3 −𝑥 𝑥 343 unable to compare powers, in this case,
4 ×4 = 7 ×7 112 =
64
5 343
apply Ln to bring down power instead.
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑥= 16 × 64 = 343 × 7 𝑥lg112 = lg
64
ln7 − 3 343 343
16𝑥 ÷ 7−𝑥 = 𝑥 = lg ÷ lg112
= −4.74 (3𝑠𝑓) 64 64
343 For advance questions,
16𝑥 × 7𝑥 = 𝑥 = 0.3558
64
343
you need to regroup your bases.
𝑥
16 × 7 = 𝑥 = 0.36 (2 d. p. )
64
𝑥
Solve the equation 10 𝑥+1
= 2. 112𝑥 =
343 4𝑥 4
64 =
3𝑥 3
It is given that 22𝑥+1 + 4𝑥−1 = 2(31−𝑥 ). Or 4 𝑥 3 𝑥 = 12 𝑥
10𝑥+1 = 2 (i) Show that 12 𝑥 2
=2 .
3
𝑥+1 (ii) Find the value of x, correct to 2 decimal places.
lg 10 = 𝑙𝑔2

𝑥 + 1 𝑙𝑔10 = 𝑙𝑔2 (i) 22𝑥+1 + 4𝑥−1 = 2 31−𝑥 8

2𝑥 × 2𝑥 × 21 + 22 𝑥−1 = 2 × 31 × 3−𝑥
𝑥 + 1 = 𝑙𝑔2 2𝑥 × 2 𝑥 × 21 + 22𝑥 × 2−2 = 2 × 31 × 3−𝑥
1 6
22𝑥 2 + =
𝑥 = lg 2 − 1 4 3𝑥
6
4𝑥 × 3𝑥 =
𝑥 = −0.699 (3𝑠𝑓)
1
24 Validation
2
12𝑥 = 2
3

2 Substitute final answer back and make sure it

(ii) 12𝑥 = 2
3 tallies
2
lg12𝑥 = lg2
3
2
lg23
𝑥=
lg12
𝑥 = 0.39
29
CHAPTER 5: EXPONENTIAL

Exponential – Solving Question Type 3

Substitution

Solve the following equations. Solve the following equations.

Important Concepts
𝑥 2−𝑥
2 3 −3 =3 2(3 𝑥 ) − 8 = 6 3𝑥
Concept:
2 3𝑥 − 32−𝑥 = 3 Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥
Split and Simplify the base, you will find
9 2𝑢2 − 8 − 6𝑢 = 0 that there are similar terms that you can
2 3𝑥 − −3=0
3𝑥 substitute. This is different from Type 1
let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 , 𝑢2 − 3𝑢 − 4 = 0 and Type 2.
9
2𝑢 − −3=0 𝑢−4 𝑢+1 =0
𝑢 You can’t apply Type 1 because you won’t
2
2𝑢 − 3𝑢 − 9 = 0 𝑢 = 4 or 𝑢 = −1 get a result of 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 .
2𝑢 + 3 𝑢 − 3 = 0
3 3𝑥 = 4 3𝑥 = −1 You can’t apply Type 2 because there are
𝑢 = 3 or 𝑢 = − (𝑟𝑒𝑗) multiple terms and substitute Ln does not
2
3𝑥 = 3 ⟹ 𝑥 = 1 3𝑥 = 16 help.
lg16
𝑥= = 2.52
lg3
Solve the following equations.

25𝑥+1 − 10 = 45 5𝑥 .

25 𝑥+1 − 10 = 45 5𝑥

25 52𝑥 − 45 5𝑥 − 10 = 0

let 5𝑥 = 𝑢

25𝑢2 − 45𝑢 − 10 = 0

5𝑢 − 10 5𝑢 + 1 = 0 Validation
1
𝑢=2 𝑢=−
5 Substitute final answer back and make sure it
𝑥 𝑥 1 tallies
5 =2 5 = − (reject)
5

lg 2
𝑥= = 0.431 (3𝑠𝑓)
lg 5

30
CHAPTER 5: EXPONENTIAL

Exponential – Word Problem

Word Problems

A man buys an antique porcelain at the beginning of The mass, m grams, of a radioactive substance, present An grandfather clock had an initial value $2000 in 1850. The
2015. After 𝑡 years, it value, $𝑉, is given by clock appreciated in its value such that its value $V can be
at time t days after being observed, is given by the
modelled by the equation 𝑉 = 20000 − 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡 , where t is the
𝑉 = 15 000 + 3000𝑒 0.2𝑡 . formula m = 30 𝑒 −0.025𝑡 . number of years after its manufacture date.
(i) Find the mass remaining after 30 days. (i) Find the value of A.
(i) Find the value of the porcelain when the man (ii) Find the number of days required for the mass to drop (ii) In the year 1880, the clock reached five times its
initial value. Show that 𝑘 = −0.01959 correct to
first bought it. half of its initial value. Give your answer correct to 4 significant figures.
the nearest integer. (iii) Explain why the value of the clock will not exceed
(ii) Find the year in which the value of the porcelain $20000.
(iii) State the value m approaches when t becomes large
first reaches $50 000 (i) When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑉 = 2000
2000 = 20000 − 𝐴𝑒 𝑘 0
𝐴 = 20000 − 2000 = 18000
(i) 𝑚 = 30𝑒 −0.025(30) = 14.171 = 14.2
(ii) In the years 1880, 𝑡 = 30, 𝑉 = 5 2000
(i) Sub 𝑡 = 0,
20000 − 18000𝑒 30𝑘 = 10000
𝑉 = 15 000 + 3000𝑒 0 = 18 000 (ii) Sub 𝑚 = 15 −18000𝑒 30𝑘 = −10000
15 = 30𝑒 −0.025𝑡 5
𝑒 30𝑘 =
9
1 5
𝑒 −0.025𝑡 = ln 𝑒 30𝑘 = ln
(ii) 50 000 = 15 000 + 3000𝑒 0.2𝑡 2 5
9
30𝑘 = ln
1 9
35 000 = 3000𝑒 0.2𝑡 −0.025𝑡 = ln 5
ln9
2 𝑘= = −0.01959 (4𝑠𝑓)
30
35
=𝑒 0.2𝑡 𝑡 = 27.726
3
𝑡 = 28
35
0.2𝑡 = ln As t → ∞, 30 𝑒 −0.0125𝑡
→ ∞, 30𝑒 −0.0125𝑡 → 0, (iii) Hence the value of the clock will not exceed $20000.
3
For values of 𝑡 ≥ 0, 𝑒 −0.01959𝑡 > 0
𝑡 = 12.283… the value m approaches to 0.
−18000𝑒 −0.01959𝑡 < 0
Ans: 2027 20000 − 18000𝑒 −0.01959𝑡 < 20000
𝑉 < 20000

Hence the value of the clock will not exceed $20000.

31
CHAPTER 5: EXPONENTIAL

Exponential – Word Problems

Word Problems

A liquid is allowed to cool after being heated. The The population of a town is given by 𝑃 = 250342𝑒 0.012𝑡 , Important Concepts
temperature, 𝜃°𝐶 of the liquid, 𝑡 seconds after being where 𝑡 = 0 represents the population in the year 2000.
removed from the heat is given by 𝜃 = 25 + 80𝑒 −0.03𝑡 .
(i) Find the new town’s population in the year 2010. Concept:
(i) Find the initial value of 𝜃. Round off the answer to the nearest whole number. 1) Initial means at the beginning, 𝑡 = 0
(ii) Find the time taken for the liquid to cool to 60°𝐶. (ii) Find the year in which the population will be 2) Inequality vs Equation
320,000. Falling Below, Less Than, More Than, Exceeds
(iii) Explain why does not fall below 25°𝐶. (iii) Find the minimum number of years required for the For Inequality, do take note of the negative
Ans: new town’s population to be at least doubled from signs.
the year 2010. Some questions may ‘mask’ a negative in Ln
(i) When 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃 = 25 + 80𝑒 0 Ans: value and you will unknowingly forget to change
𝜃 = 150 the sign direction.
(i) 𝑃 = 282260 For example,
𝑃 = 250342𝑒 0.012𝑡
𝑙𝑛0.2 𝑥 < 5
(ii) 60 = 25 + 80𝑒 −0.03𝑡 = 282259.82
−1.61𝑥 < 5
= 282260 5
35 𝑥>
𝑒 −0.03𝑡 = −1.61
80 (ii) 320000 = 250342𝑒 0.012𝑡 𝑥 > −3.1
35 320000 3) Rounding Up/Rounding Down
−0.03𝑡 = ln 𝐼𝑛 = 0.012𝑡
80 250342 On which day, In which year (Round Down)
320000 Find the number of days/years (Round Up)
𝑡 ≈ 27.6𝑠 𝐼𝑛
250342
𝑡= 4) Infinity & Long Run
0.012
= 20.46 (Year 2020) Take note of the presentation for this. Many
(iii) Since 𝑒 −0.03𝑡 > 0 (iii) times, students just sub t to be 100, 1000. That is
282259.82 × 2 wrong. Look at the answers on the right to see
80𝑒 −0.03𝑡 > 0 how I present.
= 564519.64
25 + 80𝑒 −0.03𝑡 > 25 564519.64 = 250342𝑒 0.012𝑡
564519.64 Validation
𝐼𝑛 = 0.012𝑡
𝜃 does not fall below 25℃. 250342
564519.64
𝐼𝑛 Substitute final answer back and make sure it
250342
𝑡= tallies
0.012
= 67.76
= 68

32
CHAPTER 5: EXPONENTIAL

Exponential – Word Problems

Word Problems

The percentage, 𝑃, of carbon-14 remaining in a piece of A manufactures produces a disinfectant that destroys 21% if all
The number of bacteria in a culture doubles every 3 hours. fossilised wood is given by 𝑃 = 100𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 , where 𝑘 is a known germs within one minute of use. If 𝑁 is the number of
It is given that 𝑁0 is the number of bacteria present at a constant and 𝑡 is measured in years. It takes 5730 years for germs present when the disinfectant is first used, and assuming
particular time and that 𝑁 is the number of bacteria present the carbon-14 to be reduced to half of the original amount. germs continue to be destroyed at the same rate, explain why
𝑡 hours later. the number of germs expected to be alive after 𝑛 minutes is
Calculate
given by 0.79 𝑛 𝑁.
The number of bacteria in a
Calculate the value of the constant 𝑘 in the relationship (i) the value of 𝑘,
(i) The manufacturer decides to advertise by stating that the
𝑁 = 𝑁 𝑒 . doubles every 3
culture 0
𝑘𝑡
(ii) the percentage of carbon-14 which would indicate a disinfectant destroys 𝑥% of all known germs within 20
fossil age of 8000 years. minutes of use. Calculate, to 2 significant figures, the
hours. It is given that 𝑁0 is value of 𝑥.
The size, 𝑆, and intensity, 𝐼 of a naturally occurring event (ii) Given that the number of germs expected to be alive after
the number 𝑁of= 𝑁 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝐼
are connected by the formula 𝑆 = lg , where 𝑐 is a
𝑐
𝑛 minutes can be expressed as 𝑁𝑒 𝑘𝑛 ,
find the value of the constant 𝑘.
0 constant. Calculate, to 1 decimal place, the size of the event
which has intensity 50 times that of an event of size 2.4.
bacteria present at a
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑁 = 𝑁 0 (i) Number of germs expected after n minutes
= 𝑁 × 1 − 21% × 1 − 21% … × (1 − 21%)
𝑡 = 0, 𝑁 = 𝑁 𝑒 3𝑘 (i) When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑃 = 100
particularWhentime and that 𝑁 is
3𝑘
0
When 𝑡 = 5730, 𝑃 =
100
2
n times
𝑁𝑒 0 = 50 = 𝑁 × 0.79 × 0.79 × ⋯ × 0.79
the number of 𝑁 bacteria
=2
0 50 = 100𝑒 −5730𝑘
= (0.79)𝑛 𝑁 (shown)
1
𝑒 −5730𝑘 =
present 𝑡 hours
3𝑘 (ii) Number of germs that are destroyed in 20 minutes
𝑒 =2
later. 2
1 = 𝑁 − (0.79)𝑛 𝑁
3𝑘 = ln 2 −5730𝑘 = ln 𝑁 −= (0.79)20 𝑁
2 × 100% = 𝑥%
1 𝑁
Calculate the𝑘 =value
ln 2 of the 𝑘=
ln
2 1 − 0.79 20 × 100 = 𝑥
3 −5730 𝑥 = 𝟗𝟗 (2 s.f.)
constant 𝑘= 𝟎.in𝟐𝟑𝟏(3
the sig. fig)
= 0.000 120 968
= 0.000 121 (3 𝑠. 𝑓)
(iii) (0.79)𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑒 𝑘𝑛
(0.79)𝑛 = (𝑒 𝑘 )𝑛
relationship 𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 . (ii) When 𝑡 = 8000,
𝑃 − 100𝑒 −8000(0.000 120 968)
𝑒 𝑘 = 0.79
𝑘 = ln 0.79
= 38.0 (3 𝑠. 𝑓) = 0.236 (3 𝑠. 𝑓. )
The percentage of carbon -14 which would indicate a fossil
age of 8000 years is 38.0%.

33
 LOGARITHM

Simplifying Solving

1 Log Multiple Logs

Log to Index CCC Substitution

1. log a y = x 1. Change to same base 1. Change to same base

2. y = ax 2. Combine to single Log 2. EXACT SAME Log,
3. Cancel Log on both side apply Substitution

Graphs

34
CHAPTER 6: LOGARITHM

Simplifying Logarithm

Given that log 𝑥 2 = 𝑝 and log 4 𝑦 = 𝑞, express the Given that 𝑎 = log 2 𝑥 and 𝑏 = log 4 𝑦, express in terms of
following in terms of 𝑝 and/or 𝑞. 𝑎 and/or 𝑏,
(i) log 4
4𝑥
𝑦
, (ii) 𝑥𝑦. (i) log 2 64𝑥 3, (ii) log 𝑦 𝑥. Important Concepts
Ans: Ans:
4𝑥
Concept:
(i) log 4 (i) log 2 64𝑥 3 = log 2 64 + log 2 𝑥 3
𝑦 1) Remember all the properties in Log
= log 4 4 + log 4 𝑥 − log 4 𝑦
= 3(2 + 𝑎) 2) Must be clear when to Split vs Merge
log𝑥 𝑥
=1+ −𝑞 3) Must be strong is converting from
log𝑥 22
1
=1+ −𝑞 log2 𝑥 Log to Number and Number to Log
2log𝑥 2 (ii) log 𝑦 𝑥 =
1 log2 𝑦
=1+ −𝑞 log4 𝑦
2𝑝
=𝑎÷ Logarithm Properties:
log4 2
1
𝑏
ii 𝑥 = 2𝑝 =𝑎÷ 1
2
𝑦 = 22𝑞 𝑎
1 =
+2𝑞
𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑝 2𝑏

Given that 𝑢 = log 3 𝑧, find, in terms of u, Given that 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 , 𝑎 = 𝑏, express

(i) log 3 9𝑧,
(i) a in terms of b,
𝑧
(ii) log 3 , 𝑎4
27 (ii) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 in terms of b,
32
(iii) log 𝑧 27. 1 𝑏
(iii) in terms of a.
8

(i) log 3 9𝑧 = log 3 9 + log 3 𝑧

= log 3 32 + log 3 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑢 (i) 𝑎 = 2𝑏
Validation
𝑎4
𝑧 (ii) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑎4 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32 = 4𝑎 − 5
(ii) log 3 = log 3 𝑧 − log 3 27 32
27
For simplifying here, you can let your algebra
= log 3 𝑧 − log 3 33 = 𝑢 − 3 1 𝑏 1
(iii) = 2−3𝑏 = 𝑎−3 = be any values and make sure that your final
8 𝑎3
answer tallies with the values you substitute.
log3 27 3
(iii) log 𝑧 27 = =
log3 𝑧 𝑢

35
CHAPTER 6: LOGARITHM

Logarithm – Solving Question Type 1 – One Log

Log to Index

Important Concepts
Solve log 8 𝑦 + log 2 𝑦 = 4 Solve log 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 28) = 2

Concept:
log 8 𝑦 + log 2 𝑦 = 4 How to recognise:
𝑥2 = 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 28
log 2 𝑦 Log to Index is used when you have only
+ log 2 𝑦 = 4 2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 28 = 0
log 2 8 one log term.
𝑥+7 𝑥−2 =0
log 2 𝑦 Steps:
+ log 2 𝑦 = 4
3 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥 = −7 (𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡)
Convert Log to Index &
4 solve using algebra
log 2 𝑦 = 4
3
log 2 𝑦 = 3

𝑦=8

Validation
Substitute final answer back and make sure it
tallies

36
CHAPTER 6: LOGARITHM

Logarithm – Solving Question Type 2 – Multiple Logs

CCC

Solve the equation log 2 2𝑥 + 1 − log 4 𝑥 + 1 = 1. Find the value(s) of y that satisfy the equation
Important Concepts
log 4 2𝑦 = log16 𝑦 − 3 + 3log 9 3,
Concept:
log 2 2𝑥 + 1 − log 4 𝑥 + 1 = 1 Identification:
log2 𝑥+1 log 4 2𝑦 = log16 𝑦 − 3 + 3log 9 3
log 2 2𝑥 + 1 − = log 2 2
log2 4 log4 (𝑦−3) log3 3 There will be multiple logarithm terms in
1
log 4 2𝑦 = + 3 the equation.
log 2 2𝑥 + 1 − log 2 𝑥 + 1 = log 2 2 log4 16 log3 9
2
log4 𝑦−3 3
2𝑥+1 log 4 2𝑦 = + You will be able to change all of them to
log 2 = log 2 2 2 2
𝑥+1 the same base
2log 4 2𝑦 = log 4 𝑦 − 3 + 3
log 4 2𝑦 2 − log 4 𝑦 − 3 = 3 Steps:
2𝑥 + 1 = 2 𝑥 + 1 (2𝑦)2
log 4 =3 1) Change Base
4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 4𝑥 + 4 𝑦−3
4𝑦 2
4𝑥 2 =3 ∴ = 43 2) Combine Logarithm
𝑦−3

3) Cancel Log on both sides

𝑥=
3
or 𝑥 = −
3
(reject) 4𝑦 2 = 64(𝑦 − 3)
2 2
𝑦 2 = 16(𝑦 − 3)
2
𝑦 − 16𝑦 + 48 = 0
𝑦 − 4 𝑦 − 12 = 0
Solve log 2 (3𝑥 − 5) + 3 = log 2 (4𝑥 + 5),

∴ 𝑦 = 4 or 𝑦 = 12)
log 2 (3𝑥 − 5) + 3 = log 2 (4𝑥 + 5) Validation
log 2 (3𝑥 − 5) + log 2 23
= log 2 (4𝑥 + 5)
Substitute final answer back and make sure it
log 2 8 3𝑥 − 5 = log 2 (4𝑥 + 5)
tallies
24𝑥 − 40 = 4𝑥 + 5

37
CHAPTER 6: LOGARITHM

Logarithm – Solving Question Type 3 – Multiple Logs with Similar Terms

Substitution

Solve the equation 3log x 3 = 8 − 4log 3 𝑥. Solve the equation log 4 𝑥 2 − 3log 𝑥 4 = 1. Important Concepts

3log 𝑥 3 = 8 − 4 log 3 𝑥 log 4 𝑥 2 − 3 log 𝑥 4 = 1 Concept:

3 log 4 43
= 8 − 4 log 3 𝑥 2log 4 𝑥 − =1 Identification – you will realise that 90% of
log 3 𝑥 log 4 𝑥 the times, your base has an algebra.
Let y = log 3 𝑥 2 log 4 𝑥 2
− 3 = log 4 𝑥
3 2 log 4 𝑥 2
− log 4 𝑥 − 3 = 0 However, the key observation is once you
= 8 − 4𝑦 change to common base, you will realise
𝑦 Let log 4 𝑥 be u.
3 = 8𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 that they are similar terms. Just like in
2𝑢2 − 𝑢 − 3 = 0
4𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 3 = 0
exponential, this indicates the substitution
2𝑢 − 3 𝑢 + 1 = 0 method.
2𝑦 − 3 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 3
𝑢= or −1
𝑦 = 1.5 or 0.5 2 From there, proceed to solve in
3
𝑥=3 1.5
or 3 0.5 log 4 𝑥 = or log 4 𝑥 = −1 algebraically and then find your final
2
3 value.
= 27 or 3 𝑥 = 42 or 𝑥 = 4−1
1
𝑥=8 or 𝑥=
4

Solve the equation lg 𝑥 = log 𝑥 1000, giving your answer

to 2 significant figures. Solve the equation 4log 6 𝑥 − 2log 𝑥 6 = 7.

lg 𝑥 = log 𝑥 1000 4log 6 𝑥 − 2 log 𝑥 6 = 7

2log 6 6
4log 6 𝑥 − =7
lg 103 log 6 𝑥
lg 𝑥 = let 𝑢 = log 6 𝑥
lg 𝑥
4𝑢 − = 7
2 Validation
2 𝑢
lg 𝑥 =3 2
4𝑢 − 7𝑢 − 2 = 0
(4𝑢 + 1)(𝑢 − 2) = 0 Substitute final answer back and make sure it
lg 𝑥 = 3 or − 3 1 tallies
𝑢= − or 2
4
3
𝑥 = 10 or 10− 3 1
log 6 𝑥 = − or log 6 𝑥 = 2
4
1
−4
𝑥 = 54 or 0.019 (2sf) 𝑥=6 𝑥 = 36

38
 BINOMIAL THEOREM

Binomial Expansion Finding Specific Term

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−0 0 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 1 +… 𝑇𝑟+1 = (𝑎𝑛−𝑟 )(𝑏 𝑟 )
0 1 𝑟

1. Second Term, b, include Sign 1. SPLIT every term

2. Apply Power to every value 2. REARRANGE & COMBINE
3. Remember to add +… 3. Compare Powers to find 𝑟

Hence
Advance

Selective Full Appro-

Expansion Expansion ximation

Unknown Power
Decide Method

𝑛
=1 𝑛 (𝑛)(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 (𝑛 − 2)
0 = =
𝑛 2 3
=𝑛 2×1 3×2×1
1

39
CHAPTER 7: BINOMIAL THEOREM

Binomial Theorem – Question Type 1 Binomial Expansion

Binomial Expansion Binomial Expansion

Expand 1 − 2𝑥 9
in ascending powers of x up to the term Find in descending powers of x, up to and including the 𝑥 3 term, Important Concepts
in 𝑥 3. 3 7
the terms in the expansion of 𝑥 − .
𝑥
Concept:
9
1 − 2𝑥 = 1 − 18𝑥 + 144𝑥 2 − 672𝑥 3 + ⋯ 7 1 2
3 7 6 3 7 5 3 Please remember the below common
1 − 2𝑥 9
=
9
−2𝑥 0
+
9
−2𝑥 1
+
9
−2𝑥 2 𝑥− = 𝑥7 + 𝑥 − + 𝑥 − +⋯ mistakes.
0 1 2 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑥

+
9
−2𝑥 3
+⋯ = 𝑥 7 − 21𝑥 5 + 189𝑥 3 … 1) Correct Formula
3
= 1 − 18𝑥 + 144𝑥 2 − 672𝑥 3 + ⋯ 2) Missing +…

3) Forgetting to input Signs

Write down and simplify the first 4 terms in the expansion 4) Apply Powers to Coefficient
Write down and simplify the first four terms in the
1 8
𝑝 5 of + 2𝑥 in ascending powers of x.
expansion 2𝑥 − 2 in descending powers of 𝑥, where 𝑝 2
𝑥
is a non-zero constant.

8
1
𝑝 5 + 2𝑥
2𝑥 − 2 2
𝑥 8 7 6
𝑝 𝑝 2 8 1 8 1 8 1 2
= 2𝑥 5
+ 5 2𝑥 4
− + 10(2𝑥)3 − 2 = + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥 0 2 1 2 2 2
𝑝 3 5
2 1
+ 10 2𝑥 − +⋯ 8 3
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 +⋯
3 2
5 2 80𝑝2 40𝑝3
= 32𝑥 − 80𝑝𝑥 + − +⋯
𝑥 𝑥4 1 1 7
= + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 3 + ⋯
256 8 4 Validation
You can use small approximation to validate.

If not, just double check your expansion

manually.

40
CHAPTER 7: BINOMIAL THEOREM

Binomial Theorem – Question Type 1 Binomial Expansion (Hence Questions)

Selective Expansion Full Expansion

Expand 1 − 2𝑥 9 in ascending powers of x up to the term Given that the expansion of (𝑎 − 𝑥)

1
+ 2𝑥
8
in ascending
Important Concepts
2
in 𝑥 3. 1 63
Find the value of k, given that the coefficient of x in the powers of x is + 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + ⋯, find the value of a & of b.
128 256
1 Concept:
expansion of 3𝑥 + 2 1 − 2𝑥 9 is −53. 8
𝑘𝑥
1 1 63 3 Types of Hence – Binomial Expansion
𝑎−𝑥 + 2𝑥 = + 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + ⋯
1 − 2𝑥 9
= 1 − 18𝑥 + 144𝑥 2 − 672𝑥 3 + ⋯ 2 128 256 Question
9 9 9 1 1 7 1 63
9
1 − 2𝑥 = −2𝑥 0 + −2𝑥 1 + −2𝑥 2 𝑎−𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 3 = + 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + ⋯
0 1 2 256 8 4 128 256
9 1) Selective Expansion
+ −2𝑥 3 + ⋯
3 Comparing 𝑥 0:
𝑎
=
1
This method is used when the question asked for
= 1 − 18𝑥 + 144𝑥 2 − 672𝑥 3 + ⋯ 256 128
the coefficient of a specific value. We do not
𝑎=2
need to expand every single term, therefore, we
1 9 7 1 specifically expand the terms that will give us
3𝑥 +
𝑘𝑥 2
1 − 2𝑥 Comparing 𝑥 2: 𝑎 − = 𝑏
4 8
1 27 what we need.
= 3𝑥 + 1 − 18𝑥 + 144𝑥 2 − 672𝑥 3 + ⋯ 𝑏=
𝑘𝑥 2 8
1
Term in 𝑥 = 3𝑥 1 + (−672𝑥 3)
𝑘𝑥 2 2) Full Expansion
coefficient of 𝑥 = −53
672 This method is used when the question asks for
3− = −53
𝑘 𝑥 5
Obtain the first three terms in the expansion of 2 − , in several unknown values. We have to fully
𝑘 = 12 3
expand and compare coefficients to obtain the
ascending powers of 𝑥. Given that the first three terms in the
𝑥 5 answer.
−1
expansion of 1 + ℎ𝑥 + 𝑥 2 2− are 32 − ℎ𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥 2 .
Given that the coefficient of 𝑥 in the expansion 3

𝑝 5 𝑥 5 𝑥 𝑥 2
4𝑥 3 − 1 2𝑥 − is −160𝑝2, find the value of 𝑝. 2− = 25 +
5
2 4 − +
5
−
𝑥2 3 1 3 1 3
80 80 2
= 32 − 𝑥+ 𝑥 +⋯
3 9
𝑝 5
4𝑥 3 − 1 2𝑥 − 80 80 2
𝑥2
80𝑝 2
40𝑝 3
1 + ℎ𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (32 −
80 80 2
3
𝑥+
9
𝑥 +⋯)
80ℎ 2
Validation
= 4𝑥 3 − 1 32𝑥 5 − 80𝑝𝑥 2 + − 4 +⋯ = [32 −
3
𝑥+
9
𝑥 + 32ℎ𝑥 −
3
𝑥 + 32𝑥 2 ]
𝑥 𝑥 80 80 2 80ℎ 2
= 32 − 𝑥 + 32ℎ𝑥 + 𝑥 + 32𝑥 2 − 𝑥 Take a rough paper and expand out again.
Coefficient of 𝑥 −1 = 4 40𝑝3 + −1 80𝑝2 3 9 3

= −160𝑝3 − 80𝑝2 −2[−

80
+ 32ℎ] =
80
+ 32 −
80ℎ
Alternatively, sub a random value and make sure
3 9 3
−160𝑝3 − 80𝑝2 = 160𝑝2 160 80 80ℎ that every line has a similar value.
− 64ℎ = + 32 −
80𝑝2 2𝑝 − 1 = 0 3
112
9
112
3
1
− ℎ=− ⇒ ℎ=
𝑝 = 0 (𝑁𝐴) or 𝑝 = 0.5 3 9 3

41
CHAPTER 7: BINOMIAL THEOREM

Binomial Theorem – Question Type 1 (Hence Questions)

Approximation

3 8 Find the first four terms in the expansion of

Important Concepts
Write down the expansion of 3 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 in
ascending powers of 𝑥, up to 𝑥 2. 𝑥 11
(2𝑥 + 3) 1 − , in ascending power of x.
2
By letting 𝑥 = 0.01 and your expansion in (iii), find the Concept:
value of 2.993 × 3.028, giving your answer correct to 3 Hence estimate the value of 3.2 × 0.9511.
significant figures. 3 Types of Hence – Binomial Expansion
Question
Show your workings clearly.
𝑥 11
(i) 2𝑥 + 3 1−
2
3
(i) 3 − 𝑥 = 27 − 27𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 3a) Replacement – Numbers
11 𝑥 11 𝑥 2 11 𝑥 3
= 2𝑥 + 3 1+ − + − + − + ⋯.
1 2 2 2 3 2
8
(ii) 3 + 2𝑥 11 55 2 165 3
= 2𝑥 + 3 1− 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 +⋯ 3b) Replacement - Algebra
2 4 8
8 8 8
= 38 + 3 7 2𝑥 + 3 6 2𝑥 2 + 3 5 2𝑥 3
1 2 2 33 165 2 495 3 55 3
=3− 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 11𝑥 2 + 𝑥 +⋯
= 6 561 + 34 992𝑥 + 81 648𝑥 2 + 108 864𝑥 3 + ⋯ 2 4 8 2
29 121 2 275 3
=3− 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 +⋯
2 4 8
3 8
(iii) 3 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥
= their i × their (ii)
= 177 147 + 767 637𝑥 + 2 854 035𝑥 2 + ⋯ (ii) 3.2 × 0.9511
Let x be 0.1.
(iv) 2.993 × 3.028 0.1 11
= 177 147 + 767 637 0.01 + 2 854 035 0.01 2 2 0.1 + 3 1−
2

= 185108.7735 = 3−
29
(0.1) +
121
(0.1)^2 −
275
(0.1)^3 + ⋯
2 4 8
= 185 000
= 1.818125
(v) For 23 × 58, need to use 𝑥 = 1
Validation
Since 1 is large in comparison to 0.01, the value is
Take a rough paper and expand out again.
inaccurate because a significantly large value is
removed after the 3rd term. Alternatively, sub a random value and make sure
that every line has a similar value.

42
CHAPTER 7: BINOMIAL THEOREM

Binomial Theorem – Question Type 2 – Finding Specific Terms

Finding Specific Terms

Find the term independent of 𝑥 in the binomial expansion 4 2 13

Important Concepts
2 9 In the expansion of 2 + 𝑘𝑥 3 − where 𝑘
of 𝑥 − . 𝑥4 𝑥
𝑥2 is a constant and 𝑘 ≠ 0, find the value of 𝑘 if there
1 Concept:
is no coefficient of .
9 𝑥
𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑥 9−𝑟 −2𝑥 −2 𝑟
∴ 𝑇4 1) Apply General Term Formula
𝑟
=
9
−2 𝑟 𝑥 9−𝑟−2𝑟 =
9
−2 3 For 𝑥 −1, 𝑥 0+𝑟 = 𝑥 −1, For 𝑥 5, 𝑥 −4+𝑟 = 𝑥 −1,
𝑟 3 2) SPLIT into individual terms
9 0 + 𝑟 = −1 −4 + r = −1
= −2 𝑟 𝑥 9−3𝑟 = −672
𝑟 𝑟 = −1 𝑟=3 3) Rearrange (Numbers and Algebra)
9 − 3𝑟 = 0 => r=3
𝑟=3 4) Look at 𝑥 term to compare powers and
solve r
13 𝑟
2 13 2
Given that the coefficient of 𝑥8 in the expansion of 𝑘𝑥 3 − = 𝑘𝑥 3 13−𝑟 − +⋯ 5) Substitute your 𝑟 to find the coefficient
𝑥 𝑟 𝑥
𝑝 10 10
2𝑥 2 − is negative times the coefficient of
𝑥 3 13 2 9 13 2 10
1 = 𝑘𝑥 3 4 − + 𝑘𝑥 3 3 −
𝑥 5. Show that the value of 𝑝 is . 9 𝑥 10 𝑥
2
512 1024
= 715𝑘 4 𝑥12 − + 286𝑘 3 𝑥 9 +⋯
For 𝑥 5, 𝑥 20−2𝑟−𝑟 = 𝑥 5, 𝑥9 𝑥 10
For 𝑥 8, 𝑥 20−2𝑟−𝑟 = 𝑥 8,
20 − 3𝑟 = 5 292864 3
20 − 3𝑟 = 8 = −366080𝑘 4 𝑥 3 + 𝑘 +⋯
𝑥
𝑟=4 𝑟=5
4 292864 3
= 2+ −366080𝑘 4 𝑥 3 + 𝑘 +⋯
𝑥4 𝑥
4 5
10 10−4
1 10 10 10−5
1 585728𝑘 3 1464320 4
2 − =− 2 − = − 𝑘 +⋯
4 2 3 5 2 𝑥 𝑥
10 6
2 585728𝑘 3 − 1464320𝑘 4 = 0
Validation
4 3
× =𝑝
10 5 10
5
2 𝑘 3 585728 − 1464320𝑘 = 0 Take a rough paper and expand out again.
1 Alternatively, sub a random value and make sure
𝑝= 2
2 𝑘= that every line has a similar value.
5

43
CHAPTER 7: BINOMIAL THEOREM

Binomial Theorem – Question Type 3

Unknown Power

𝑥 𝑛
Given that the expansion of 1 +
2
(3 − 2𝑥) up to the Find the value of 𝑛, given that the coefficients of 𝑥 4 and 𝑥 6 in Important Concepts
first three terms, in ascending powers of x, is 1 2 𝑛
the expansion of 1 + 𝑥 are in the ratio of 3: 2.
3
ℎ + 10𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 2, find the values of h, k and n.
Concept:
𝑥 𝑛
𝑛 Formula
1+ 3 − 2𝑥 1
2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 2 3
= 1+ + +⋯ 3 − 2𝑥 2 3
1 2 2 2 𝑛 1 2 𝑛 1 2 𝑛 1 2
=1+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +. . With unknown powers,
1 1 1 3 2 3 3 3
= 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑥 2 + ⋯ 3 − 2𝑥
2 8
Comparing coefficient of 𝑥 0 : ℎ = 3 1 2 𝑛 1 4 𝑛 1 6 You can be applying either binomial
=1+𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +. .
3
3 2 9 3 27 expansion or finding specific term method.
Comparing coefficient of 𝑥 1 : 𝑛 − 2 = 10 => 𝑛 = 8
2 𝑛 1 Read the question to determine what they
Comparing coefficient of 𝑥 : 2 2 9 3 𝑛 1
𝑛 1 = [Showing the coeff of 𝑥 4 = ] are looking for.
3 27
2 2 9
3
𝑛 𝑛−1 −𝑛 = 𝑘
8 𝑛
1 𝑛 1
2
3 𝑛 = [Showing the coeff of 𝑥 6 = ]
𝑘 = 8 8 − 1 − 8 = 13 3
2 3 27
8
Ans: ℎ = 3𝑛 = 8𝑘 = 13 𝑛 𝑛
2 =
2 3

The first 3 terms in the binomial expansion 1 + 𝑘𝑥 𝑛

are 2𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑚 𝑛−1 𝑛−2
=
1 + 5𝑥 +
45 2
𝑥 + ⋯ Find the value of 𝑛 and of 𝑘. 2 6
4
𝑛−2=6
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 2 2 𝑛=8
1 + 𝑘𝑥 = 1 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑥 +⋯
1 2
2
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑘 2
= 1 + 𝑛𝑘𝑥 +
2
𝑥 +⋯ Validation
Comparing coefficients : 𝑛𝑘 = 5
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑘 2 45 Take a rough paper and expand out again.
=
2 4
2𝑛 𝑘 − 2𝑛𝑘 2 = 45
2 2 Alternatively, sub a random value and make sure
that every line has a similar value.
Subs (1) in (2) : 50 − 10𝑘 = 45
1
∴ 𝑘 = and 𝑛 = 10
2

44
 COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Perpendicular Bisector Collinear (Similar Triangle) Area (Shoe-Lace Method)

𝑦1 −𝑦2
1. Gradient of line: 𝑚 =
𝑥1 −𝑥2
1, Pick 1 coordinate
2. Equation of line: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 1. Ratio of Triangles 2. Anti Clockwise
2. Method 1 vs Method 2 3. Repeat First Coordinate
3. Length of line: (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
4. Midpoint Theory: ( , )
2 2

1
5. Gradient of Perpendicular Bisector = −
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
(5.5, 7)
6. Perpendicular Bisector

-Find Midpoint of Line

-Find Gradient of Line
-Find Gradient of Perpendicular Bisector
-Find Equation of Perpendicular Bisector (Midpoint & Grad)

45
CHAPTER 6: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Coordinate Geometry

The diagram shows a rhombus ABCD. B and D are (0, 5)

and (12, 11) respectively and A lies on the x-axis.

Show that the gradient of AC is −2. Important Concepts

Find,
the midpoint of BD,
the coordinates of A and C, Concept:
1.) Midpoint formula
11−5
(i) 𝑚𝐵𝐷 = The diagram shows a parallelogram 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 in which the 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
12−0 ,
=
1 coordinates of the points 𝐴 and 𝐶 are (2, 1) and (7, 14) 2 2
2 respectively. Given that the point 𝐷 lies on the 𝑦-axis and
Since BD is perpendicular to AC, 𝑚𝐵𝐷 × 𝑚𝐴𝐶 = −1 2.) Gradient
1
that the gradient of 𝐴𝐷 is −3, find
𝑚𝐴𝐶 = −1 ÷ = −2 (shown)
2 (a) the coordinates of 𝐵 and of 𝐷, 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= =
0+12 5+11 𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
(ii) Midpoint of 𝐵𝐷 = , 𝐷 0, 𝑑
2 2
= (6,8) 𝑑−1 3.) Equation of Line
(iii) Equation of AC: Gradient 𝐴𝐷 = = −3
0−2
Since midpoint of BD is also the midpoint of AC, 𝑑=7 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 8 = −2(𝑥 − 6) ∴ 𝐷(0,7)
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 12 + 8 4) Gradient of Normal
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 20
At A, 𝑦 = 0 𝐵(𝑝, 𝑞) 𝑚,1 × 𝑚2 = −1
−2𝑥 + 20 = 0 Midpoint AC = Midpoint BD
5) Area of Quadrilateral (Shoe Lace Method)
𝑥 = 10 2 + 7 1 + 14 0+𝑝 7+𝑞
∴ 𝐴(10,0) , = ,
2 2 2 2
Let the coordinates of C be (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑝=9
10 + 𝑥1 10 + 𝑦1
6,8 = , 𝑞=8
2 2
𝐵(9,8)
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2,16)
∴ 𝐶(2,16)
OR Possible to solve by find equation of 𝐵𝐶 (M1) and
By observation, equation of 𝐶𝐷 (M1) and get answer by solving
𝐴(10,0) → 𝐷(12,11) simultaneously. (A1)
𝐵(0,5) → 𝐶(2,16)

46
CHAPTER 6: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Coordinate Geometry – Involving Similar Triangles Method

In the diagram, the line 2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 6 cuts the y-axis at point The points 𝐴 (−0.50, 2), 𝐵 (1, 3.5), 𝐶 and 𝐷 are the four
A and passes through point B. The line CD cuts the y-axis vertices of a parallelogram. The point 𝐸 lies on 𝐵𝐶 such that
at (0, -2) and intersects line AB at point E. the two lines 1 1
𝐵𝐸 = 𝐵𝐶. The line 𝐶𝐷 has the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 − . Lines
3 2
AB and CD are perpendicular to each other.
(i)Find the coordinates of E.
are drawn, parallel to the 𝑦-axis, from 𝐴 to meet the 𝑥-axis at Important Concepts
𝑁 and from 𝐸 to meet 𝐶𝐷 at 𝐹.
(ii) The ratio of 𝐴𝐸 ∶ 𝐴𝐵 is 3 ∶ 5. Find the coordinates of
(i) Calculate the coordinates of the 𝐶 and 𝐸.
B.
Concept:
2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 6
6) Collinear (Similar Triangle Method)
2𝑦 = −𝑥 + 6
1
𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 3 ------ (1)
2
1 1
Gradient of line AB is − Sub 𝑦 = 0, 0 = 𝑥 −
2 2
Gradient of CD is 2. 1
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 = ,0
2
Equation of CD is
Mid Pt. 𝐴𝐶 = Mid Pt. BD
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 ----- (2) −0.5+𝑥 2+𝑦𝑐 1+0.5 3.5+0
Sub, (1) into (2), , = ,
2 2 2 2
2(2𝑥 − 2) + 𝑥 = 6 𝑥𝑒 = 2, 𝑦𝑒 = 1.5 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐶 = 2, 1.5
4𝑥 − 4 + 𝑥 = 6
5𝑥 = 10
𝑥 = 2 sub into (1)
𝑦=2
Identify the similar traingles
2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 6 𝐵𝐸 𝐵𝐿
= (similar triangles)
𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝑘
When 𝑥 = 0, 2𝑦 = 6 1 3.5−𝑦𝑒 Since they are similar, if the hypothenuse
𝑦=3 =
3 3.5−1.5 has a ratio of 3:2, the base and the heights
17
A(0,3) 𝑦𝑒 = will also have a ratio of 3:2.
6
Using similar triangles,
𝑎 2 𝐵𝐸 𝐵𝐿
= = (similar triangles) Use this ratio to find out the actual size of
1 3 𝐵𝐶 𝐾𝐶
2 1 1−𝑥𝑒
𝑎 = (Application of similar triangles) = the triangles so you can obtain the
3 3 1−2
𝑏 2
= (Application of similar triangles) 𝑥𝑒 =
4 coordinates.
2 3 3
4 1 5
𝑏= 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐸 1 , 2
3 3 6
3 2 1 1
∴ 𝐵 2 + ,2− = 𝐵 3 ,1
4 3 3 3

47
CHAPTER 6: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Coordinate Geometry – Advance Questions

The diagram shows a quadrilateral with vertices The diagram shows a quadrilateral The diagram below shows a trapezium OABC, where O is
O, (0, 0), A( k, 2k), B((0,10) and C. ABCD. The coordinates of A and B the origin. The equation of AO is 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and the equation
are (2, 8) and (8, 6) respectively. of OC is 𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 0. The line through A perpendicular to
M is the midpoint of AB and CM is OA meets y-axis at B and BC is parallel to AO. Given that
The length of OA is 4 5 units and OA
perpendicular to AB. The equation of the length of OA is 1700 units, find the coordinates of A,
is perpendicular to AB. The line OC is of B and of C
BC is 3y = 4x – 14. The point D lies
parallel to the line 4y = 3x + 20 and the
on the y-axis and DAB = 90˚.
perpendicular bisector of AB passes
through the point C. Find
(i) Find the coordinates of D.
(ii) Find the coordinates of C.
(i) The value of k, explaining why the diagram
(iii) Find the area of ABCD.
is necessary
(ii) the coordinates of C. 𝐴(𝑥𝐴 , 4𝑥𝐴 )
Let D 0, 𝑎
(iii) Find the area of the quadrilateral OABC. (𝑥𝐴 − 0)2 +(4𝑥𝐴 − 0)2 = 1700
1
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = − 17𝑥𝐴 2 = 1700
2 3
𝑥𝐴 = 10
𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 2
= 4 5 𝑀𝐴𝐷 =3
8−𝑎
∴ 𝐴(10, 40)
5𝑘 2 = 16 5 =3
𝑘 = 4 or −4 2−0
𝑎=2 𝐵(0, 𝑦𝐵 )
The diagram is necessary because it indicates the point A lies in 1
𝐷(0,2) gradient of 𝐴𝐵 = −
quadrant I, and so the value of k is positive therefore 𝑘 = 4. 4
𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦𝐵 − 40 1
=−
At (5,7); 𝑐 = −8 0 − 10 4
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 8 𝑦𝐵 = 42.5
0+4 10+8
Mid-point of AB, 𝑀 = , 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 ∴ 𝐵(0, 42.5)
2 2 4 14
3 𝑦= 𝑥−
= (2, 9) Gradient of OC = 3 3
4 𝐶(𝑥𝐶 , −3𝑥𝐶 )
1 3 4 14
Gradient of line 𝐶𝑀 = − 8−10 Equation of OC: 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥− = 3𝑥 − 8 gradient of 𝐶𝐵 = 4
4−0
4 3 3
3 𝑥=2 42.5 − (−3𝑥𝐶 )
=2 (1) = (2) 2𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 =4
4 𝑦 = −2 0 − 𝑥𝐶
5
Equation of CM : 𝑦 − 9 = 2(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 = −5 𝐶(2, −2) 85
4 𝑥𝐶 = −
𝑥 = −4 14
1 2 8 2 0
85 255
𝑦 = −3 2 ∴𝐶 − ,
2 8 6 −2 2 8 14 14
Coordinates of C are (−4, −3) 1
= 12 − 16 + 4 − (64 + 12 + 4) 𝐴(10,40), 𝐵(0,42.5), C −
85 255
,
2 14 14
= 40units 2

48
 CIRCLES
Centre (𝑎, 𝑎)
Radius = 𝑎 units

Forming Equation Finding Centre & Radius

a
Follow
x 2 + y 2 + 6x − 4y + 9 = 0 Complete The Square Rules OR
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 ‘Shortcut Formula’
a
Centre (𝑎, 𝑏) Radius: 𝑟 x 2 + 6x + y 2 − 4y = −9 x 2 + 6x + y 2 − 4y = −9
x + 3 2 + y − 2 2 = −9 + 32 + 22 x + 2𝑔x + y 2 + 2fy + 𝑐 = 0
2

∴ x + 3 2 + y − z 2 = 22
Hence, centre = −3, 2 , Radius = 2 units Centre −𝑔, −𝑓 , Radius 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
Centre (−3,2) Radius 9 + 4 − 9 = 2

(Vertical/Horizontal Chord)
Centre is Midpoint Position of Reflection About Tangent, Chords &
of the 2 Intersections
Coordinates Line Perpendicular Bisector

Perpendicular Bisector of Chord

1. Find length of line 1. Always remember to sketch. passes through Centre*
X (Centre to Coordinate) 2. Radius of the circle remains the same.
2. If 𝑙 > 𝑟, outside circle Chord
Normal

X 3. If 𝑙 = 𝑟, on circle Reflection about Vertical & Horizontal Lines

C
4. If 𝑙 < 𝑟, inside circle 1. Remember that the Distance between Centre and Mirror Midpoint
is Equal to Distance between Reflected Centre and Mirror Centre
X X
X
d
d Tangent

Reflection about Diagonal Lines

1. Find the Gradient of Diagonal Line (Mirror)

2. Find the Gradient of Perpendicular Line to the Mirror
3. Form Equation of Perpendicular Line passing through Centre
4. Simultaneous Equation between Equation of Perpendicular Line & Mirror
5. Use Midpoint Theory to find the Reflected Centre
6. Form the Reflected Circle Equation

49
CHAPTER 7: CIRCLES

Finding Equations of Circle – General and Standard Form

Write down the equation of the circle with centre A(8, 2) The equations of the circles are
and radius 80. Find the length PQ.
C1 : x 2 + y 2 + 6x − 4y + 9 = 0,
Eqn. of circle: x − 8 2 + y − 2 2
= 80
C2 : x 2 + y 2 − 8y + 15 = 0.
x = 0, 64 + y 2 − 4y + 4 = 80 Important Concepts
y 2 − 4y − 12 = 0
(a) Find the centre and radius of the circle C1 .
(y − 6)(y + 2) = 0
y = 6 or −2 Concept:
(b) Find the centre and radius of the circle C2.
Length of PQ = 6 − (−2) 1.) Equation of a circle
= 8 units 𝑥 − ℎ 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑘 2 = 𝑟2
C1 : x 2 + y 2 + 6x − 4y + 9 = 0 2.) Coordinates of the Center of the circle
A circle, centre C, has a diameter AB where A is the point x 2 + 6x + y 2 − 4y = −9 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
ℎ, 𝑘 = ,
(−13, −4) and B is the point (3, 8). x + 3 2 + y − 2 2 = −9 + 32 + 22 2 2
(i) Find the coordinates of C and the radius of the circle. ∴ x + 3 2 + y − z 2 = 22 3.) Finding the radius of the circle
Find the equation of the circle. 𝑟 = 𝑥−ℎ 2+ 𝑦−𝑘 2
Hence, centre = (−3, 2)
−13 + 3 −4 + 8 Radius = 2 units
centre = ,
2 2
= −5,2 C2 : x 2 + y 2 − 8y + 15 = 0
radius = 3 + 5 2 + 8 − 2 2 x − 0 2 + y − 4 2 = −15 + 42
= 10 units x − 0 2 + y − 4 2 = 12

2 2 Hence, centre = (0,4)

x+5 + y−2 = 100
Radius = 1 unit
A circle C1 , centre C(3, −1), has a diameter AB where A is
the point (6, 3).
Find the radius of the circle C1 and the coordinates of B.
Find the equation of the circle C1 . The equation of a circle is x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 2y − 20 = 0.

r = 5 units, B = (0, −5) Find the coordinates of the centre, C and the radius of the
circle.
r = 6 − 3 2 + 3 + 1 2 = 5 units
Let B = (p, q) x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 2y − 20 = 0
Midpt. of AB = C, x − 2 2 − 4 + y + 1 2 − 1 = 20
p+6 q+3 x − 2 2 + y + 1 2 = 25
, = (3, −1) Centre, C = (2, −1)
2 2
∴ p + 6 = 6 & q + 3 = −2 Radius = 5
p=0 q = −5
B = (0, −5)
(ii) Eqn C1 : x − 3 2 + y + 1 2 = 52

50
CHAPTER 7: CIRCLES

Variations of Questions to Obtain Equations of Circle

.A circle C1 passes through the points P (1, 2) and Q (4, -1). The centre of The circle C has centre A with coordinates (7,3). The line l, with
1 equation y=2x – 1, is the tangent to C at the point P.
the circle lies on the line y = - x + 2 .
3
(i) Find the equation of the line PA.
(i) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ.
(ii) Find an equation of the circle C.
(ii) Find the equation of circle C1 .
Important Concepts
1
Midpoint PQ = (2.5, 0.5) Gradient of PA = −
2
2+1 Equation of PA
Gradient PQ = = −1
1−4 1
Equation of perpendicular bisector of PQ: y−3= − x−7
2
Sub (2.5,0.5) 1 7
y=− x+ +3
0.5 = 2.5 + c 2 2
c = −2 1 13
y=− x+
y=x−2 2 2

1 13
1 2x − 1 = − x +
y=− x+2 y=x−2 2 2
3 x=3
1 When x = 3, y = 2(3) − 1 = 5
x−2=− x+2
3 Equation of circle
4 x−7 2+ y−3 2 = 7−3 2 + 3−5 2
x=4
3 x−7 2+ y−3 2 = 4 2 + 2 2
x = 3, y = 1 x − 7 2 + y − 3 2 = 20
centre 3,1
Equation of circle : x − 3 2 + y − 1 2 = r 2
Sub P(1,2)
−2 2 + 1 2 = r 2 The positive x- and y-axes are tangents to a circle C.
Radius = 5 The line T is tangent to C at the point (8, 1) on the circle.
Equation of circle C1 : x − 3 2 + y − 1 2 = 5 Given that the centre of C lies above and to the right of (8, 1),
find the equation of C.
A circle, centre A, passes through the points P (0, 8) and Q (8, 12). The y-axis is a tangent
to the circle at P.
Find the equation of the circle. The values of the x and y coordinates are the same.
Centre is on the line y = x,
0+8 8+12
Midpoint of PQ = 2
, 2 = 4,10 Let centre of C be (a, a),
12−8 1
x − a 2 + y − a 2 = a2
Gradient of PQ = 8−0 = 2 At (8,1),
Gradient of perpendicular bisector of PQ = −2 Equation of perpendicular bisector of PQ
is
8 − a 2 + 1 − a 2 = a2
y − 10 = −2 x − 4 64 − 16a + a2 + 1 − 2a + a2 = a2
y = −2x + 18 a2 − 18a + 65 = 0
y-coordinate of centre of circle = 8
Sub. y = 8, 8 = −2x + 18 => x = 5
(a − 13)(a − 5) = 0
Circle of the circle, A is 5,8 a = 13 or a = 5 (NA)
Radius2 = 5 − 0 2 = 25 Equation of circle,
Equation of the circle is x − 5 2 + y − 8 2 = 25
x − 13 2 + y − 13 2 = 132

51
CHAPTER 7: CIRCLES

Circles – Reflections Concept (Vertical/Horizontal/Diagonal Lines)

Reflections Reflections about Line

A circle with centre 𝐶(−4,3) and radius 2 units is reflected in the A circle, C1, has equation 2x 2 − 3x + 2y 2 − 4y − 3 = 0 .
1

y-axis. 2 Important Concepts

Find the equation of another circle, C2, which is a reflection of C1
(i) Sketch a diagram to locate the centre of the reflected circle.
in the line y − x − 3 = 0.
(ii) Find the equation of the reflected circle.
Concept:
2 2
C1, : x − 0.75 + y − 0.5 = 0.252
Under reflection, we must remember that
y=x+3 the size of the circle (radius) is the same.
Gradient = 1
(ii) Centre of reflected circle There are 2 type of reflection questions:
Perpendicular gradient = -1
= (4,3)
Equation of the line joining the two centres:
Radius of reflected circle 1) Reflection about vertical & horizontal
y − 0.5 = − x − 0.75
= 2 units (radius remains the same) line
y = x + 1.25 ….. (1)
∴ Equation of the circle is 𝑥 − 4 2 + 𝑦 − 3 2 = 22
y = x + 3 ………. (2)
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 − 4 = 0 Straightforward: Use midpoint theory to
Sub (2) into (1),
∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 21 = 0 identify the location of the new centre.
x + 3 = −x + 1.25
7
x=−
8 2) Reflection about 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
A circle with centre C(3,5) and radius 1 unit is reflected in the 7
Sub x = − into (2).
8
line y = 3. 1 a) Obtain the gradient of the line
y=2
8 b) Find the gradient of the Normal
(i) Sketch a diagram to locate the centre of the reflected circle. Let centre of C2 be (x, y)
7 1 x+0.75 y+0.5 c) Find the equation of the Normal that
(ii) Find the equation of the reflected circle. − ,2 = ( , )
8 8 2 2 passes through the centre of the circle
x = −2.5
3
d) Simultaneous Equation to find the
y=3 e) Midpoint theory to find the centre of the
4
Equation of C2 : new circle
2 3 2 1
x + 2.5 + y−3 =
4 16
(ii) Centre of reflected circle
= (3,1)
Radius of reflected circle
Validation
= 1 units (radius remains the same)
∴ Equation of the circle is x − 3 2 + y − 1 2 = 12 Sketch out the circle to check whether the
x 2 − 6x + 9 + y 2 − 2y + 1 − 1 = 0 graphs make sense
∴ x 2 + y 2 − 6x − 2y + 9 = 0

52
 LINEAR LAW

Paper 1 Paper 2

1. Equation of Line: y − y1 = m x − x1 Are you in the Linear World or Non-Linear World

We can replace the x and y base on the AXIS. (Curve)?
LINEARISING the equation.
Remember that we sketch NEW y axis against NEW x
2. Process of Linearizing Non-Linear Functions
axis.
Remember the generic formula:
1. Linearise Equation
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
2. Find New Coordinates
Gradient and y intercept MUST be a CONSTANT. 3. Draw your Line
4. Find Gradient & Y Intercept

54
CHAPTER 8: LINEAR LAW

Linear Law

Paper 1 – Linearisation Process

y 𝑥2 3𝑦 2
The variables x and y are such that when values of are
x
Two variables x and y are related by the equation
𝑝2
=1+
𝑞2
, Important Concepts
plotted against x, a straight line passing through (1, 1.5) where p and q are constants. When the graph of y2 against x2 is
and (1.4, 2.5) is obtained. drawn, a straight line is obtained. Given that the line passes
1 Concept:
through the point (25, 1) and has a gradient , find:
15
(i) Find y in terms of x.
(i) The exact values of p and q 1) Linearisation

y Do remember that both the gradient and

2.5−1.5 5
Gradient = = 2 y intercept should not contain variables.
1.4−1 2
They are constant values.
5 (25, 1)
Y= X+c 2) Finding Gradient and Y Intercept
2
Sub 1, 1.5 ,
x
5 2
1.5 = 1 +c
2
c = −1
x2 3y2 q2 2
= 1+ =
p2 q2 3 3
5
Y= X+1 3y2 x2
2 = −1 q=± 2
q2 p2
y 5 q3 q2
= x−1 y2 = x2 − Sub q2 = 2 into (1) :
x 2 3p2 3

5 1 q3 1 2 1
y = x2 − x Since gradient = ,
15 3p2
=
15 3p2
=
15
2
q3 1
Sub = and (25, 1) p = ± 10
3p2 15
q2
1=
1
15
25 −
3
∴ p = 10, q = 2, Validation
p = − 10, q = − 2,
p = 10, q = − 2,
p = − 10, q = 2

55
CHAPTER 8: LINEAR LAW

Linear Law

Sub into Curve Equation Sub into Line Equation

x+c
Variables x and y are related by the equation y = ax b + 3 where a
and b are
The equation y =
x+d
, where c and d are constants, can
Important Concepts
be represented by a straight line when xy − x is plotted
constants. When lg(y − 3) is plotted against lg x, a
against y. The line passes through the points (0, 4) and Concept:
straight line is obtained. The straight
(0.2, 0).
line passes through (−2.5, 8) and (3.5, −4). Find 3) Substitution
(i) the value of a and of b, We need to be clear which equation to use
(i) Find the value of c and of d,
(ii) Find y when x = 10. over here. Do we use the curve equation or
(ii) If (2.5, a) is a point on the straight line, find the value of a.
line equation?
This depends on if they are finding the
(i) y = ax b + 3
(i) y(x + d) = x + c value on the Curve or on the Line.
y − 3 = ax b Read the question to internalise this.
xy − x = −yd + c
lg y − 3 = lg a + b lg x
∴c=4 a) Sub into Curve Equation
8−(−4)
Gradient =
−2.5−3.5
b) Sub into Line Equation
= −2 Grad = −
4
= −20
0.2
b = −2
∴ −d = −20
Sub lg x = −2.5, lg y − 3 = 8 and b = −2,
d = 20
8 = −2 −2.5 + lg a
lg a = 3
(ii) ∴ xy − x = −20y + 4
a = 103 = 1000 a = −20 2.5 + 4 = −46

(ii)𝑦 = 1000𝑥 −2 + 3
Sub x = 10
𝑦 = 1000 10−2 + 3 = 13

56
CHAPTER 8: LINEAR LAW

Linear Law Paper 2

The amount of energy, 𝐸 erg, generated in an A cup of hot coffee was put on the table to cool at 3 pm. The
earthquake is given by the equation 𝐸 = 10𝑎+𝑏𝑀 , where temperature of the coffee, 𝑇 °𝐶, after 𝑥 minutes, is given 𝑇 = 20 +
𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants and 𝑀 is the magnitude of the 𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 where 𝑎 and 𝑘 are constants. The table shows that values of 𝑇 Important Concepts
and 𝑥 taken at different timings. It is believed that an error was made
earthquake. The table below shows some corresponding
in recording one of the values of 𝑇.
values of 𝑀 and 𝐸. Concept:
𝑥 5 10 15 20
𝑀 1 2 3 4 5 1) Identify NEW Coordinates
𝐸 2.0 6.3 2.0 6.3 2.0 A cup𝑇 of68.5hot 60.1coffee52.6was 37.1 put
(erg) × 1013 × 1014 × 1016 × 1017 × 1019 2) Plot the line
The amount of energy, 𝐸 erg,
(i) Plot lg 𝐸 against 𝑀.
lnon
𝑇 − 20the table
, plot ln to cool
𝑇 − 20 against 𝑥 and drawat 3 pm.
Using a scale of 4 cm to 5 minutes for 𝑥 and 4 cm to 1 unit for
a straight-line graph.
3) Find the gradient and y intercept
generated
(ii) Using your graphs,in an
find an estimate for the value of 𝑎 and of 𝑏. The
recording and usetemperature ofvalue.
your graph to estimate its correct the
Determine which value of 𝑇, in the table above, is the incorrect
4) Substitution
(iii) Using your answers from (ii), find the amount of energy
earthquake isearthquake
generated, in erg, by an given by the
of magnitude 7. coffee, 𝑇 °𝐶, after 𝑥 minutes,
Use your graph to estimate,
the value of 𝑎 and the value of 𝑘.
a) Line Equation vs Curve Equation

𝑎+𝑏𝑀
equation M 1𝐸 = 2 10 3 4 , 5where iswhen
the time given 𝑇 =of the20
the temperature coffee+ 𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥
is 50°𝐶.
5) Missing Points

ln E 13.3 14.8 16.3 17.8 19.3 6) Drawing NEW Line

𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants and 𝑀 where
Incorrect value of𝑎 𝑇= 37.1 𝑘 are constants.
and
ln(𝑇 − 20) = 3.25
is the magnitude of the
𝑙𝑔𝐸
The table shows that values
Correct value: 𝑇 − 20 = 25.790

earthquake. The table below of 𝑇 and 𝑥 taken at different

𝑇 = 45.79 ≈ 45.8

shows some corresponding timings. It is𝑇 −believed 20 = 𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥

that an
ln 𝑇 − 20 = ln 𝑎 − 𝑘𝑥
values of 𝑀 and 𝐸. error was made
Gradient = −𝑘 =
4.15−3.25
−20
= −0.045
in recording
lg 𝐸 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑀 one of the values
𝑘 = 0.045[0.04 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 0.045] of 𝑇.
𝑎 = vertical intercept = 11.8 ln 𝑎 = 4.15 [4.05 ≤ ln 𝑎 ≤ 4.15] Validation
𝑏 = gradient (their rise/run) 𝑎 = 63.4 [57.4 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 63.4]
= 1.5
lg 𝐸 = 11.8 + 1.5 7 = 22.3 ln(50 − 20) = ln30 = 3.40119
𝐸 = 2.0 × 1022 Erg
From the graph, 𝑥 = 16.25[16.25 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 16.9]

57
CHAPTER 8: LINEAR LAW

Linear Law Paper 2

𝑥+𝑠𝑦
Variables x and y are related by the equation = 𝑥𝑦, where s The table below shows experimental values of two variables 𝑥
𝑡
and t are constants. The table below shows the measured values of and 𝑦 obtained from an experiment.
x and y during an experiment Important Concepts
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑥 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
𝑦 5.1 17.5 37.5 60.5 98 137
𝑦 0.48 0.65 0.85 1.00 1.13 Concept:
𝑥
(i) On graph paper, draw a straight-line graph of against x, using It is also given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑦 =
𝑦
𝑥
a scale of 4 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis. The vertical -
𝑦
A cup of hot coffee was put
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants.
1) Identify NEW Coordinates

The amount of energy, 𝐸 erg,

axis should start at 1.5 and have a scale of 1 cm to 0.1 units.
(ii) Determine which value of y is inaccurate and estimate its
on the table to cool at 3 pm.
𝑦
(i) Plot against 𝑥 and draw a straight-line graph.
𝑥
2) Plot the line

3) Find the gradient and y intercept

generated
correct value.
in an
(iii) Use your graph to estimate the value of s and of t.
UseThe
2 cm to temperature ofaxisthe
represent 1 unit on the horizontal
to represent 10 units on the vertical axis.
and 4 cm
4) Substitution
earthquake
value of x and y whichissatisfy
given bypairthe
(iv) By adding a suitable straight line on the same axes, find the
the following of coffee, 𝑇to °𝐶,
(ii) Use the graph the value of𝑥
estimateafter minutes,
𝑎 and of 𝑏. a) Line Equation vs Curve Equation
(iii) By drawing a suitable straight line, estimate the value of 𝑥
simultaneous equations.
equation 𝐸 =𝑥 + 10 𝑠𝑦
𝑎+𝑏𝑀
= 𝑥𝑦
, where is 𝑏 + 5 𝑥 =𝑇
given
which 38 −=𝑎. 20 + 𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 5) Missing Points
𝑡
𝑎(i) and 𝑏 are 5𝑦constants
𝑥 + 𝑠𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑡
− 2𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 and 𝑀 where 𝑎 and 𝑘 are constants. 6) Drawing NEW Line
𝑦
is the
𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑡𝑥 −magnitude
𝑠 of the The table shows 𝑎 = − intercept
𝑥 that values
𝑥 = 1.5
earthquake. The table below
Gradient = 𝑡 and − intercept = −𝑠
𝑦 of 𝑇 and 𝑥 taken 𝑏 = gradientat different
13.5
shows some corresponding
(ii) Incorrect value of 𝑦 = 0.65.
From graph, correct value of = 2.2
𝑥 timings. It is believed =
3.8 that an
𝑦 = 3.55
valuesEstimated of 𝑀
correct valueand 𝐸.
of 𝑦 = 0.68. error was made in recording
(𝑏 + 5)𝑥 = 38 − 𝑎
(iii) From the graph,
𝑠 = −1.75 −1.82~ − 1.72
one of the 𝑏𝑥 + 5𝑥values
= 38 − 𝑎 of 𝑇.
𝑡 = 0.3 0.28~0.32 𝑦
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 = 38 − 5𝑥 Validation
Draw = 38 − 5𝑥, at point of intersection, 𝑥 = 4.25
𝑥
𝑥 5
(iv) Draw the line : = −𝑥 +
𝑦 2
From graph, 𝑥 = 0.575 (0.55~0.60)
𝑥
and = 1.93 1.92~1.95 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0.30
𝑦

58
 TRIGONOMETRY

Simplifying Graphs

1. Trigonometric Special Angles 1, Basic Graph Shapes (sin, cos, tan)

2. Basic Angles 2. Obtaining Amplitude, Period, Shifting
3. Trigonometric Identities 3. Application to Real World Context
4. Addition Formula
5. Double Angle Formula
6. Half Angle Formula

Quadrants Solving R Formula

Step 1: Identify Quadrant 1. Simplifying 1. Find Right Angle Triangle

Step 2: Draw your Triangle 2. Basic Angle 2. Find more Theta, 𝜃
Step 3: Label the Sides of the Triangle -Ensure it is Positive 3. Never CUT Theta, CUT 90°
-Check Radian or Degree 4. Max/Min Value & it’s 𝜃
(Please be careful of the Signs)
3. Quadrant (ASTC) 5. Solving
Step 4: Find all the sides (Pythagoras)
4. Domain (Change Domain if required)
Step 5: Solve 5. Solve

59
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 1

Simplifying

Without using a calculator, find the exact value of It is given that tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 8 and tan 𝐵 = 2. Without using Important Concepts
tan 105° . a calculator, find the exact value of cot 𝐴.

tan 105° = tan 60° + 45° Concept:

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
tan 60°+tan 45° I − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 There are 2 important concepts here.
= Since tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 8 and tan 𝐵 = 2,
1−tan 60° tan 45°
tan 𝐴 + 2 Special Angles & Surds (Rationalise)
8=
3+1 1+ 3 I − 2 tan 𝐴
= × 8 − 16 tan 𝐴 = tan 𝐴 + 2
1− 3 1+ 3
17 tan 𝐴 = 6 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
3+3+1+ 3 2( 3+2) 6 30° ( ) 45° ( ) 60° ( )
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑
= = =− 3−2 tan 𝐴 =
1+3 −2 17
𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 2 3
17
cot 𝐴 = 2 2 2
6
Without using a calculator, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2 1
1+ 3 2 2 2
show that sin 105° = ,
2 2 2+ 6
Hence, express 1 + cot 2 105° in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏 3, where
Without the use of calculator, show that sin 75 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 1 1 3
4
𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers. 3

sin 105° = sin 45° + 60°

= sin 45° cos 60° + cos 45° sin 60° sin 750 = sin 300 + 450
=
1 1
+
1 3 = sin 30 cos 45 + cos 30 sin 45
2 2 2 2 1 1 3 1
1+ 3 = +
= 2 2 2 2
2 2 1+ 3 2
= ×
2 2 2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 105° = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 105° 2+ 6
=
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 105°
=
4 Validation
2
2 2
=
1+ 3
8 Insert equation into calculator to obtain the
= value. Double check with your answer.
4+2 3
4 2− 3
= ×
2+ 3 2− 3
=8−4 3

60
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type

Principal Value Principal Range

Without using a calculator, find, in radians, the principal State the values between which each of the following must lie: Important Concepts
value of
(i) tan−1(cos 𝜋), (i) the principal value of tan−1 𝑥 ,
5𝜋 Concept:
(ii) cos −1(sin ),
4 (ii) the principal value of cos −1 𝑥 .
Principal Value is the range of angles
(i) tan−1 cos 𝜋 , (iii) the principal value of sin−1 𝑥,
tan−1 cos 𝜋 = tan−1 −1
where it will give you all the possible
=−
𝜋 solutions of a trigonometry.
4
5𝜋
(ii) cos −1 sin Step 1: Understand range of principal
4 (a)(i) −90° < tan−1 𝑥 < 90° or
values
5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos −1 sin = cos −1 − sin − < tan−1 𝑥 <
4 4 2 2
2
= cos −1 −
2
3𝜋
=
4 (ii) 0° ≤ cos −1 ≤ 180° or

3 0 ≤ cos −1 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
State the principal value of cos −1 − , giving your answer in
2
radians in exact form.
Step 2: Special Angle Concept
Principal value of cos −1 𝑦 are 0 ≤ cos −1 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋 (iii) −90° ≤ sin−1 𝑥 ≤ 90° 1 1 𝜋
principal values of cos −1 −
3
=𝜋−6 =
𝜋 5𝜋 If 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = , we know that 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 =
2 2 6
2 6 𝜋 𝜋
− ≤ sin−1 𝑥 ≤
2 2 Step 3: Double check
−1 8
Evaluate, without using a calculator, tan cos − . Ensure that it is in the principal range
17

8
Let 𝐴 = cos −1 −
17

cos 𝐴 = −
8 Validation
17

15 Insert equation into calculator to obtain the

tan 𝐴 = −
8 value. Double check with your answer.
8 15
∴ tan cos −1 − =−
17 8

61
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 2

Quadrants

Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵 =

5 5
3 12
where A and B lie between Given that sin 𝐴 = −𝑝 and cos 𝐵 = −𝑞, where A and B are in Important Concepts
90 and 270, find without using the calculator the same quadrant and p and q are positive constants, find the
value of
(i) The value of tan (A + B) Concept:
(ii) The value of sin 2A (i) sin(−𝐴),
𝐵 (ii) tan(45° − 𝐴), 1) Identify Quadrant
(iii) The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 .
(i) tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵 (iii) sec(2𝐵).
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
3 12
2) Draw and Label Triangle
− +
4 5
= 3 12
1− − sin −𝐴 = − sin 𝐴
4 5 3) Check the SIGNS
33
= 56
=𝑝
(ii) sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 Signs follow the coordinate geometry
3 4
= 2 5 −5 concept
24 tan 45°−tan 𝐴
= − 25 tan 45° − 𝐴 =
1+tan 45° tan 𝐴
𝐵
(iii) cos 𝐵 = 2 cos 2 2 − 1
5 𝐵
− 13 = 2 cos 2 2 − 1 =
1−tan 𝐴
since tan 45° = 1
𝐵 4 1+tan 𝐴
cos 2 2 = 13
𝐵 4
cos 2 = ± −𝑝
13 1−
𝐵 − 1−𝑝2
Since 180° < 𝐵 < 270°, 90° < 2
< 135° = −𝑝
𝐵 1+
cos 2 < 0 − 1−𝑝2
𝐵 2
∴ cos 2 = − 4) Solve
13
2 13
=− 1−𝑝2 −𝑝
13
=
1−𝑝2 +𝑝
3 𝑥
Given that cos 𝑥 = − 5 and tan 𝑥 < 0, find sin 2 .
𝑥 1
cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 sec 2𝐵 =
2 cos 2𝐵
3
− = 1 − 2 sin2
𝑥 Validation
5 2 1
4 =
sin2 𝑥 = 2 cos2 𝐵−1
5
4
You can find the EXACT angle from the
sin 𝑥 = ± 1 question and use that the see if it tallies with
5 =
2 −𝑞 2 −1 your answers!
4 4
sin 𝑥 = , − (reject)
5 5
1
2 5 =
= 2𝑞2 −1
5

62
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 3

Trigonometry Graphs Sketching

Given that 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 4𝑥, where a and b are integers, and x
1
It is given that 𝑦 = 𝑝cos 𝑥 + 𝑞, where p and q are positive integers. is in radians, state the period of y.
2
State the period of y. Given that the maximum and minimum values of y are 3 and -5 Important Concepts
Given that the maximum and minimum values of y are 3 and –1 respectively, find the amplitude of y, the value of a and of b.
respectively, find the value of p and q. Using the values of a and b found in part (iii),
Using the values of p and q found in part (ii), sketch the graph of y for sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 4𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋. Concept:
0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋. 1) The amplitude of a trigonometric function is
half the distance from the highest point of the
Answers: curve to the bottom point of the curve:
2𝜋 𝜋
(i) Period of 𝑦 = 1 = 4𝜋 or 720° (i) 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 − (𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚)
2 2 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 =
3−(−5) 2
(ii) amplitude = 4 amplitude = =4
2
(ii) 3 = 𝑝 1 + 𝑞
(iii) 𝑏 = 4 2) The period is the minimum interval it takes to
−1 = 𝑝 −1 + 𝑞
𝑎 = −1 capture an interval that when repeated over and
over gives the complete function. The periods of
𝑝=2 (iv)
the basic trigonometric functions are as follows:
𝑞=1

The function f is defined by f(x) = −3cos(0.5x). Write down the

period and amplitude of f(x). Sketch the graph of f(x) for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤
360°.
Period = 4𝜋 or 720°
Amplitude = 3
2𝜋 𝑥
Period = Sketch y = tan for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
0.5 2
= 4𝜋 or 720°
𝜋
Amplitude = 3 Period - 1 = 2𝜋
2

Validation

63
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 3

Trigonometry Graphs (Hence)

1
𝑥
The function f is given by f 𝑥 = −3 sin + 2 .
2
It is given that 𝑦1 = −2 cos 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦2 = sin 𝑥.
2 Important Concepts
For the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋.
(i) State the amplitude and period of 𝑦1 and of 𝑦2 ,
(i) State the amplitude and period of f.
(ii) Sketch, on the same diagram, the graphs of 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 ,
(ii) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = f(𝑥) for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋.
(iii) Find the 𝑥-coordinate of the points of intersection of the two graphs
By drawing a suitable straight line on the same axes,
drawn in (ii),
state the number of solutions to the equation
𝑥
(iv) Hence, find the range of values of 𝑥 for which 𝑦1 ≤ 𝑦2 .
4𝜋 − 𝑥 − 6𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋. Amplitude of y1 = 2, Period of y1 = 2𝜋
2
Amplitude of y2 = 1, Period of y2 = 4𝜋
(i) Amplitude = 3, Period = 4𝜋
Amplitude = 3
1
Period = 2𝜋 ÷
2
= 4𝜋
(ii)

1
−2 cos 𝑥 + 1 = sin 𝑥
2
2
𝑥 1
−2 1 − 2 sin + 1 = sin 𝑥
2 2
2
𝑥 1
𝑥 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0
4𝜋 − 𝑥 − 6𝜋 sin = 0 2 2
2
𝑥 1
4𝜋−𝑥−6𝜋 sin2 0 sin 𝑥 = 0.6403882
= 2
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥 𝑥
2 − − 3 sin = 0 𝑎 = 0.69500
2𝜋
𝑥
2
𝑥
1
𝑥 = 0.69500, 𝜋 − 0.69500 Validation
−3 sin + 2 = 2
2 2𝜋
= 0.695 𝑜𝑟 2.4466
Since there are 3 points of intersection between the graphs 𝑦 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 1.39, 4.89
− 3 sin + 2 and 𝑦 = , there are 3 solutions.
2 2𝜋
0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.39 or 4.89 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋

64
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 3

(Symmetry Properties)

The diagram shows part of the graph of 𝑦 = 5 − 3 sin 2𝜃, Important Concepts
passing through the points 𝑎, 3 , 𝑏, 3 and 𝑐, 7 , where
a, b and c are constants.

The diagram above shows part of a graph of 𝑦 = 5 − 3 cos 2𝑥,

passing through the points 𝑘, 3 , 𝑙, 7 and 𝑚, 3 , where k, l
and m are constants. Using the symmetry of the graph, or
otherwise, find an equation connecting

Using the symmetry of the graph, or otherwise, find an 𝜋, 𝑘 and m, [1]

equation connecting
𝜋, 𝑘 and l, [1]

𝜋, 𝑎 and b 1

𝜋, 𝑏 and c. 2 Ans: (i) 𝑘 + 𝜋 = 𝑚 (ii) k + 𝑙 =

𝜋
2
Validation
𝜋
Ans: 𝑎 + 𝜋 = 𝑏 , 𝑏 + = 𝑐.
2

65
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 3

Trigonometry Graphs Application To study the effects of water waves, a wave generator and a rubber duck A waterwheel rotates 5 revolutions anticlockwise in 1 minute.
were placed in a water tank as shown in the diagram above. The height, ℎ Tom starts a stopwatch when the
metres, from the bottom of water tank was modelled by ℎ = asin(𝑘𝑡) +
bucket B is at its highest height
𝑏, where 𝑡 is the time in hours after midnight and 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑘 are
constants. The motion of the rubber duck was observed for 36 hours. The
above water level. The radius of
A buoy floats and its height above the seabed, ℎ m, is
minimum height of 1.5 m from bottom of water tank was first recorded the waterwheel is 8 m and its
given by ℎ = acos 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐, where 𝑡 is time measured in
at 06 00. The maximum height of 2.5 m was first recorded at 18 00. centre is 5 m above the water level.
hours from 0000 hours and 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants. The
The height of bucket B above water level is given by ℎ =
least height of the buoy above seabed is 180 metres and is
𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐, where t is the time, in seconds, since Tom started
recorded at 0000 hours. The greatest height of the buoy
the stopwatch.
above seabed is 196 metres and is first recorded at 0600
Determine the value of each of the constant a, b and c.
hours.
For how long is ℎ < 0?
(i) Find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐.
𝜋
(ii) Using values found in (i), sketch the graph of (i) Find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑘. (i) 𝑎 = 8, 𝑏 = , 𝑐 = 5
6
(ii) Using the values found in (i), sketch the graph of ℎ = Given: ℎ = 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐
ℎ = acos 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 24.
asin(𝑘𝑡) + 𝑏 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 36.
(iii) The buoy floats above the top of a huge rock first at Starting point is when B is at its highest point, i.e.,
1.5 − 2.5 when 𝑡 = 0, ℎ = 13
0500 hours. State the number of hours in each day that 𝑎= = −0.5 ∴ 13 = 𝑎 1 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 13 … (1)
2
the buoy is above the rock. −0.5 + 𝑏 = 1.5 and lowest point is when B is 3 m below water level.
Ans:
𝑏=2 ∴ −3 = 𝑎 −1 + 𝑐 ⇒ −𝑎 + 𝑐 = −3 … (2)
2𝜋
Period = = 12 × 2 Solving (1) and (2),
𝑘
196 − 180
= 8 ⇒ 𝑎 = −8 𝑘=
2𝜋 𝜋
= 12 𝑎 = 8, 𝑐 = 5
2 24
Given: 5 revolutions take 1 minute
196 − 180 1
𝑐= = 188 ∴ 1 revolution take minute (=12 seconds)
2 5
2𝜋 𝜋
2𝜋 𝜋 So, period: = 12 ⇒ 𝑏 =
𝑏 6
𝑏= = 𝜋
12 6 ∴ ℎ = 8 cos 𝑡 + 5
6
(ii) Duration = 3.42 seconds
𝜋
ℎ < 0 ⇒ 8 cos 𝑡 +5<0
𝑦 = 2.1 6
𝜋 𝜋
−0.5 sin 𝑡 + 2 = 21 When ℎ = 0, 8 cos
𝑡 +5=0
6
12 𝜋 5
𝜋 21 − 2 cos 𝑡 = −
sin 𝑡 = 6 8
12 −0.5 5
= −0.2 Basic angle = cos −1 = 0.895 66
8
Basic ∠ = sin−1 0.2 𝜋
The variable angle 𝑡 lies in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants,
= 0.201358 (6 s.f.) 6
𝜋
4 hours
𝜋
𝑡= 𝜋 + 0.201358, 2𝜋 − 0.201358 ∴ 𝑡 = 𝜋 − 0.895 66 or 𝜋 + 0.895 66 in the 1st revolution
12 6
𝑡 = 12.769 or 23.2309 𝑡 = 4.289 or 7.710
= 12.8 or 23.2 (3s.f.) Duration = 7.710 – 4.289
∴ range of 𝑡 is 12.8 < t < 23.2 = 3.42 seconds

66
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 3

Trigonometry Graphs Application An object is connected to the wall with a spring that has a The Ultraviolet Index describes the level of solar radiation on
original horizontal length of 20 cm. The object is pulled back 8 the earth’s surface. The Ultraviolet Index, U, measured from the
cm past the original length and released. The object completed 4 top of a building is given by 𝑈 = 6 − 5 cos 𝑞𝑡, where t is the
cycles per second. time in hours, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 20, from the lowest value of Ultraviolet
(a) Find, in radians, the two principal values of 𝑦 for which
Index and q is a constant. It takes 10 hours for the Ultraviolet
2 tan2 𝑦 + tan 𝑦 − 6 = 0. Index to reach its lowest value again.
(b) The height, ℎ m, above the ground of a carriage on a
carnival ferris wheel is modelled by the equation (i) Explain why it is impossible to measure an Ultraviolet
ℎ = 7 − 5 cos(8𝑡), where 𝑡 in the time in minutes after Index of 12.
𝜋
the wheel starts moving. (ii) Show that 𝑞 = .
5
State the initial height of the carriage above ground. (iii) The top of the building is equipped with solar panels
Find the greatest height reached by the carriage. (i) Given that the function 𝑥 = 8 cos(𝑎𝜋𝑡) + 𝑏, where 𝑥 is the that supply power to the building when the Ultraviolet
Index is at least 3.5. Find the duration, in hours and
Calculate the duration of time when the carriage is 9 m horizontal distance, in centimetres, of the object from the
minutes, that the building is supplied with power by the
above the ground. wall and 𝑡 is the time in seconds after releasing the object, solar panels.
find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
(a) 2tan2 𝑦 + tan 𝑦 − 6 = 0 (ii) Find the duration of time for each cycle such that the object (i) Since max value of 𝑈 = 11, we cannot measure a Ultraviolet
2 tan 𝑦 − 3 2 tan 𝑦 + 2 = 0 Index of 12.
is more than 27 cm from the wall.
tan 𝑦 =
3
or tan 𝑦 = −2 Max 𝑈 = 6 + 5 = 11
2 Since max value of 𝑈 = 11, we cannot measure a Ultraviolet
3
𝑦 = tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 (−2) (i) 𝑏 = 20 Index of 12.
2
2𝜋
= 0.9827 = 1.1071 Period = 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝜋
≈ 0.983 (3s.f.) ≈ 1.11 (3s.f.) 1 2𝜋
(ii) 10 = 𝑞= =
𝑞 10 5
= ⇒𝑎=8
(bi) Initial height = 2 m 4 𝑎𝜋
(iii) Duration = 13 hours 20 mins
(ii) Greatest height = 7 − 5(−1)
=12 m (ii) 27 = 8 cos 8𝜋𝑡 + 20 𝜋
6 − 5 cos 𝑡 = 3.5
7 5
(iii) 7 − 5 cos 8𝑡 = 9 cos 8𝜋𝑡 = 𝜋 1
8 cos 𝑡 =
2 5 2
cos 8𝑡 = − 𝑎 = 0.50536 𝜋
5 𝛼=
3
𝑎 = 1.1592 8𝜋𝑡 = 0.50536 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑡 = , 2𝜋 − , + 2𝜋, 2𝜋 − + 2𝜋
5 3 3 3 3
8𝑡 = 1.9823, 4.300 𝑡 = 0.020107
𝑡 = 1.6666, 8.3333, 11.66, 18.33
𝑡 = 0.2477, 0.5375 Duration of time = 0.020107 × 2
Duration = 0.5375 − 0.2477 = 0.0402 s Duration = 8.3333 − 1.6666 + 18.33 − 11.66
= 0.2898 = 13.3367
≈ 0.290 minutes (3s.f.) = 13 hours 20 mins

67
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 4

Proving (Simple Trigo) Proving (Further Trigo)

Prove that
tan 𝐴−cot 𝐴
= 2 sin2 𝐴 Prove sec 3𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 2 sin3 3𝑥 = tan 3𝑥 cos 6𝑥. Important Concepts
tan 𝐴+cot 𝐴

tan2 𝑥−1 Prove that cosec 2𝑥 + cot 2𝑥 = cot 𝑥.

Prove that = 1 − 2 cos 2 𝑥 Concept:
tan2 𝑥+1

Prove that
1+tan2 𝑥
= sec 2𝑥 Prove that sin 3𝑥 = 3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin3 𝑥 Like walking through a maze, you want to
1−tan2 𝑥
move forward from origin, and trace
Prove that
sin 𝑥
+
sin 𝑥
= 2 cot 𝑥 Prove that sin 3𝑥 = 3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin3 𝑥
sec 𝑥+1 sec 𝑥−1 backward from destination until you
1−cos 2𝑥+sin 𝑥
MEET.
Prove that (sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥) cosec 𝑥 + 1 = cot 𝑥 Prove that = tan 𝑥
sin 2𝑥+cos 𝑥
Start from the more complex side and
1+sin 𝑥 1−cos 2𝑥+sin 𝑥
Prove that tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 2
= Prove that = tan 𝑥 simplify the expression.
1−sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥+cos 𝑥

1 1 2
Prove that − = 2 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥. Prove tan 45° + 𝐴 + tan 45° − 𝐴 =
1−sin 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥 cos 2𝐴

1+sin 2𝐴−cos 2𝐴
Prove that sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 + 1 = cot 𝑥. Prove = tan 𝐴
1+sin 2𝐴+cos 2𝐴

Simple 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

sin2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
cot 2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

68
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 5

Solving

Solve 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360 Important Concepts

sin 𝜃 = 1 cos 𝜃 = 0
Left Column are questions

𝜃 = 90° 𝜃 = 90°; 270°

𝜃 = 90° 𝑜𝑟 270°

Solve 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3 = 0 for 0 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋.

3
sin 𝜃 =
2
𝜋 2𝜋
𝜃= ,
2 3

Solve 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = tan(2) for 0 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋.

(iii) tan 𝜃 = tan 2
tan 𝜃 = −2.185039863 (Basic Form)

B.A = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2.185039863 = 1.1415 rad.

Validation

Substitute your answer back into

the equation to make sure it tallies.

𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝑩. 𝑨., 2𝜋 − 𝑩. 𝑨.
∴ 𝜃 = 2.00 rad., 5.14. rad. (Round off to 3sf)

69
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 5

Solving

Solve the equation Find, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, the exact solutions of the equation
2 tan 𝑥
Important Concepts
2 sin2 𝐴 = 5 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 for 0° < 𝐴 < 360° 2 cot 𝑥 =
3

2 cot 𝑥 =
2 tan 𝑥 Concept:
2 sin2 𝐴 = 5 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 3
sin 𝐴(2 sin 𝐴 − 5 cos 𝐴 = 0) Simplify
tan2 𝑥 = 3
sin 𝐴 = 0 or 2 sin 𝐴 = 5 cos 𝐴
1) Basic Angle
𝐴 = 180° or tan 𝐴 =
5 tan 𝑥 = ± 3
2 -Must be Positive
5 𝜋 -Check Radian or Degree Mode
basic angle, 𝑎 = tan−1 = 68.2° Basic angle =
2 3
-5SFs or 3DPs for intermediary Step
For 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4,
𝐴 = 68.2°,180°, 248.2°
2) Quadrants (ASTC)
𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
3) Domain (Remember to change Domain)

4) Brackets (Solve bracket)

Solve the equation 2 tan2 𝑦 + 5 sec 𝑦 − 1 = 0 Solve the equation

for 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝜋. sin 4𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥 = 0 for −180° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°.

2tan2𝑦 + 5 sec 𝑦 − 1 = 0
2 sec 2 𝑦 − 1 + 5 sec 𝑦 − 1 = 0 2 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥 = 0
2sec 2 𝑦 + 5 sec 𝑦 − 3 = 0 sin 2𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 + 3 = 0
sec 𝑦 + 3 2 sec 𝑦 − 1 = 0
1 3
∴ sin 2𝑥 = 0 or cos 2𝑥 = − (no solution)
sec 𝑦 = −3 or 2
2
1
cos 𝑦 = − or 2 (rejected) basic angle = 0° Validation
3

1 ∴ 2𝑥 = −360°, 180°, 0°, 180° or 360°

Basic angle = cos −1
3
𝑥 = −180°, −90°, 0°, 90° or 180° Substitute your answer back into
= 1.23096 the equation to make sure it tallies.
𝑦 = 𝜋 − 1.23096, 𝜋 + 1.23096
𝑦 = 1.91, 4.37

70
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 5

Solving

Find all angles between 0° and 360° inclusively, for

Find all angles between 0° and 360° inclusively, for which Important Concepts
2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − 2 = − cos 𝑒𝑐𝜃.
which 3tan 𝜃 = 2 − 4.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1 sin 𝜃 1 Concept:
2 1
sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − 2 = − cos 𝑒𝑐𝜃 sec 𝜃 = ; tan 𝜃 = ; cos 𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
3 tan 𝜃 = − 4 (i.e. 3 tan 𝜃 = 2 × − 4)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃 1 Simplify
1 −2 =−
3 tan 𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃 − 4 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1) Basic Angle
1 sin 𝜃 − 2 cos 𝜃 1 -Must be Positive
=−
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 -Check Radian or Degree Mode
3 tan 𝜃 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 − 4
3 tan 𝜃 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 2 − 4 -5SFs or 3DPs for intermediary Step
sin 𝜃 − 2 cos 𝜃 −1
0 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 − 3 tan 𝜃 − 2 =
cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 2) Quadrants (ASTC)

2 tan 𝜃 1 tan 𝜃 3) Domain (Remember to change Domain)

sin2 𝜃-2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = −cos2 𝜃 (Cross multiply)
tan 𝜃 −2 −4 tan 𝜃
4) Brackets (Solve bracket)
tan 𝜃 − 2 2tan 𝜃 + 1 = 0 (Cross-Factorise)
2 tan2 𝜃 −2 −3 tan 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − 2sin𝜃 cos 𝜃 = − cos2 𝜃 (Make RHS 0)

tan 𝜃 − 2 = 0
(sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)2 = 0 [Factorise using 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ]
tan 𝜃 = 2 (Basic Form)
sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = 0
B.A.= tan−1 2 = 63.434°
(Set Calc. to Deg. Mode; Truncate to 3dp) sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
𝜃 = 63.4°, 243.4° (Round off to 1dp)
OR sin 𝜃
=1
2 tan 𝜃 + 1 = 0 cos 𝜃
1
tan 𝜃 = − (Basic Form) Validation
2
1 tan 𝜃 = 1 (Basic Form)
B.A.= t𝑎𝑛−1 2 = 26.565°
(Omit “-” Sign; Truncate to 3dp ) Substitute your answer back into
B.A.= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 = 45° (Set Calc. to Deg. Mode)
𝜃 = 153.4°, 333.4° (Round off to 1dp) the equation to make sure it tallies.

∴ 𝜃 = 63.4°, 153.4°, 243.4°, 333.4° (Leave final Ans. In Ascending

Order) ∴ 𝜃 = 45°, 225°

71
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – Question Type 5

Solving

Find all the angles between 0° and 360° inclusive which Find all the values of x between 0 and 5 for which Important Concepts
satisfy the equation sin 2𝑥 − 1 = −0.75.
tan 2𝑥 + 60° = 1.2,
sin 2𝑥 − 1 = −0.75 (Basic Form) Concept:
tan(2𝑥 + 60°) = 1.2
B.A.= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0.75 = 0.84806 𝑟𝑎𝑑. Simplify
basic angle, 𝑎 = 50.19443
1) Basic Angle
0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360° -Must be Positive
0° ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 720° d -Check Radian or Degree Mode
0° ≤ 2𝑥 + 60 ≤ 780°
-5SFs or 3DPs for intermediary Step
2𝑥 − 1 = 3.9896, 5.4351, −0.84806
2𝑥 + 60° = 230.194, 410.194, 590.194, 770.19443
2) Quadrants (ASTC)

𝑥 = 85.1°, 175.1°, 265.1°, 355.1° 2𝑥 = 4.9896, 6.4351, 0.15194 3) Domain (Remember to change Domain)
x = 2.49, 3.22, 0.0760 (Round off to 3sf)
4) Brackets (Solve bracket)
∴ 𝑥 = 0.0760 rad., 2.49 rad., 3.22 rad.

Validation

Substitute your answer back into

the equation to make sure it tallies.

72
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – R Formula

R Formula

Express 12 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 8 cos 2 𝜃 + 7 in the form The expression 6 sin 𝜃 – 7 cos 𝜃 is defined for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π Important Concepts
𝐴 sin 2𝜃 + 𝐵 cos 2𝜃 + 𝐶, where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 ate constants. radians.
𝜋
Solve 12 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 8 cos 2 𝜃 + 7 = 0 for (i) Using R sin 𝜃 − 𝑎 , where R > 0 and 0 < a < , Concept:
2
0° < 𝜃 < 180° solve the equation 6sin 𝜃 - 7 cos 𝜃 = 8. 1) Identify Triangles
12 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 8 cos 2 𝜃 + 7 (ii) Find the minimum value of 90 – (6sin 𝜃 - 7 cos 𝜃)2
= 6 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 8 cos 2 𝜃 + 7 2) Never Cut Angles
and the corresponding value of θ
1 + cos 2𝜃
= 6 sin 2 𝜃 − 8 +7 3) Use TOA CAH SOH to Prove
2
= 6 sin 2 𝜃 − 4 cos 2𝜃 + 3 6 sin 𝜃 − 7 cos 𝜃 = 8. For Solving,
𝑅= 62 + 72 = 85
Do take note of BQDB (Concept)
6 sin 2 𝜃 − 8 cos 2 𝜃 + 7 = 0 −1
7
𝑎 = tan
6 Do take note that 95% of the time, your
6 sin 2 𝜃 − 4 cos 2𝜃 + 3 = 0
solution is between 0 to 90 because of the
Let 6 sin 2 𝜃 − 4 cos 2𝜃 = 𝑅 sin(2𝜃 − 𝑎) 85 sin 𝜃 − 0.862170 = 8
context of the question. You have to reject
8
𝑅= 62 + 42 = 52 sin 𝜃 − 0.862170 = solutions.
85

4 8
tan 𝑎 = Basic angle = sin−1 = 1.050600 For Maximum/Minimum & Corresponding
85
6 Angles,
𝜃 − 0.862170 = 1.05060, 2.09099
𝑎 = 33.690°
𝜃 = 1.91, 2.95 (3𝑠𝑓) 1) Apply Concept from Trigonometry
52 sin 2𝜃 − 33.690° + 3 = 0
Graphs
3
sin 2𝜃 − 33.690° = − 2
52 Minimum value = 90 − 85 =5
basic angle = 24.583° Corresponding values of θ :
2𝜃 − 33.690° = −24.583° or 2𝜃 − 33.690° = 180° +
Validation
sin 𝜃 − 0.862170 = 1
24.583° 𝜋
𝜃 = + 0.862170 = 2.43 rad (3s.f.)
𝜃 = 4.553° 𝜃 = 119.137° 2

𝜃 = 4.6° 𝜃 = 119.1°

73
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – R Formula

R Formula

The diagram shows the cross-section of a house with a The figure shows a stage prop ABC used by a member of Important Concepts
rooftop 𝐵𝐴𝐶. The length of 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 are 10 m and 24 the theatre, leaning against a vertical wall OP. It is given
m respectively. The angle between 𝐴𝐵 and the horizontal that 𝐴𝐵 = 30 cm, 𝐵𝐶 = 100 cm, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 90°
Concept:
through 𝐴 is 𝜃 degrees and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 90°. and ∠𝐵𝐶𝑂 = 𝜃.
1) Identify Triangles

2) Never Cut Angles

3) Use TOA CAH SOH to Prove

For Solving,
The base of the house is of length 𝐿 m. Show that 𝑂𝐶 = (100 cos 𝜃 + 30 sin 𝜃) cm.
Let D be foot of B on OC, let E be foot of A on BD. Do take note of BQDB (Concept)
(i) Show that 𝐿 = 10 cos 𝜃 + 24 sin 𝜃. Express OC in terms of 𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝛼), where R is a
(ii) Express 𝐿 in the form 𝑅 sin(𝜃 + 𝛼) , where 𝑅 > 0 positive constant and 𝛼 is an acute angle. Do take note that 95% of the time, your
and 𝛼 is an acute angle. State the maximum value of OC and the corresponding solution is between 0 to 90 because of the
(iii) Find the longest possible base of the house and the value of 𝜃. Find the value of 𝜃 for which 𝑂𝐶 = 80 cm. context of the question. You have to reject
corresponding value of 𝜃. solutions.
(i) shown
(i) Let the point vertically above B and C be M and N 𝐶𝐷
cos 𝜃 = ⟹ 𝐶𝐷 = 100 cos 𝜃 For Maximum/Minimum & Corresponding
100
respectively. 𝐴𝐸 Angles,
∠𝐴𝐶𝑁 = 90° sin 𝜃 = ⇒
𝐴𝐸 = 30 sin 𝜃
30
𝐴𝑀 = 10 cos 𝜃 and 𝐴𝑁 = 24 sin 𝜃 𝑂𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐴𝐸 = 100 cos 𝜃 + 30 sin 𝜃 1) Apply Concept from Trigonometry
𝐿 = 𝑀𝑁 = 10 cos 𝜃 + 24 sin 𝜃 (ii) 𝑅 = 1002 + 302 = 100 109 Graphs
30
𝛼 = tan−1
100
(ii) 𝑅 = 102 + 242 = 16.7°(1𝑑𝑝)
= 26
∴ 𝑂𝐶 = 10 109 cos 𝜃 − 16.7°
𝑎 = tan−1
10
24 (iii) 𝑂𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10 109 Validation
= 22.620° (3d.p.) 𝜃 = 16.7°
𝐿 = 26 sin(𝜃 + 22.6°) (iv) 80 = 10 109 cos(𝜃 − 16.7°)
8
cos(𝜃 − 16.7°) =
(iii) Longest possible base is 26 m. 109

𝜃 + 22.620° = 90° 𝜃 − 16.7° = 39.98° (𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑒)

𝜃 = 67.4° (1 d.p.) 𝜃 = 56.7°

74
CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry – R Formula

R Formula

The figure below shows two circles, 𝐶1 and 𝐶2, touching each The diagram below shows a quadrilateral ABCD with Important Concepts
other in the first quadrant of the Cartesian plane. 𝐶1 has radius
5 and touches the 𝑦-axis at 𝐷. 𝐶2 has radius 4 and AB = 3cm, BC = BD = 4cm and
touches the 𝑥-axis at 𝐸. The line 𝐴𝐵 joining the centre of 𝐶1 and ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90∘. The acute angle DBC is x. Concept:
𝐶2 , meets the 𝑥-axis at 𝐹. Angle 𝐵𝐹𝑂 is 𝜃.
(i) Show that the area, A cm2, of the
quadrilateral is given by For more advance questions, you may need
A = 6cos x + 8sin x. to apply
(ii) Express A in the form R cos (x – a),
1) Area of Triangle
\ where R > 0 and a is acute.
(iii) Hence state the maximum area of 2) Pythagoras Theorem
the quadrilateral.
(iv) Find x for which the area of ABCD is 7cm2 3) Sine or Cosine Rule
(i) Find expressions for 𝑂𝐷 and 𝑂𝐸 in terms of 𝜃 and
show that 𝐷𝐸 2 = 122 + 90 cos 𝜃 + 72 sin 𝜃.
1 1
(ii) Hence express 𝐷𝐸 2 in the form 122 + 𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝛼), (i) Area = 3 4 sin 90° − 𝑥 + 4 4 sin 𝑥
where 𝑅 > 0 and 𝛼 is acute. 2 2
(iii) Calculate the greatest possible length of 𝐷𝐸 and state = 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥
the corresponding value of 𝜃. (ii) Let 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 = 𝑅 cos(𝑥 − 𝑎)
(i) 𝑂𝐸 = 5 + 9 cos 𝜃
= 𝑅 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑎 + 𝑅 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑎
𝑂𝐷 = 4 + 9 sin 𝜃 Hence 𝑅 cos 𝑎 = 6 (1)
𝐷𝐸 2 = 𝑂𝐸 2 + 𝑂𝐷 2 𝑅 sin 𝑎 = 8 (2)
= (5 + 9 cos 𝜃)2 +(4 + 9 sin 𝜃)2
(2) 4
= 25 + 90 cos 𝜃 + 81 cos 2 𝜃 +16 + 72 sin 𝜃 + 81 sin2 𝜃 : tan 𝑎 =
(1) 3
= 41 + 81 + 90 cos 𝜃 + 72 sin 𝜃
4
= 122 + 90 cos 𝜃 + 72 sin 𝜃 𝑎 = tan−1 = 53.13°
3
(ii) Let 90 cos 𝜃 + 72 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝑎)
2 2
𝑅 = 902 + 722 (1) +(2) : 𝑅 = 82 + 62 = 10
= 13284 Therefore, 𝐴 = 10 cos(𝑥 − 53.1°)
= 115 (3s.f.)
72 (iii) Max Area = 10 cm2
𝜃 = tan−1 90
(iv) 10 cos(𝑥 − 53.13°) = 7 Validation
= 38.65°
𝐷𝐸 2 = 122 + 115 cos(𝜃 − 38.7°) cos(𝑥 − 53.13°) = 0.7
𝑥 − 53.13° = −45.57°, 45.57°
(iii) DE is greatest when cos(𝜃 − 38.7°) = 1
𝑥 = 7.6° or 𝑥 = 98.7° (rejected since x is acute)
𝐷𝐸 = 122 + 115 = 15.4 units (3s.f.) Thus 𝑥 = 7.6°

Corresponding 𝜃 is 38.7°.

75
 DIFFERENTIATION

Chain Rule Product Rule Quotient Rule

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
= (𝑛)(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛−1 (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)2

Equation of Increasing & (Connected) Maxima &

Tangent & Normal Decreasing Functions Rate of Change Minima

1. Gradient of Tangent 1. Finding Range 1. Basic Questions 1. First Derivative Test (Box)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Decreasing Rate
2. Gradient of Normal -Quadratic Inequalities = × 2. Second Derivative Test
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 *Put Negative
3. Forming Equations -Reverse Quadratic Inequalities
-Explanation 2. Advance Questions Coordinate
Mensuration
Geometry
2. Proving Questions 𝒅𝒙 𝐝𝐲
=𝒌 × “Double Split”
-Prove by Deduction 𝒅𝒕 𝐝𝐭 *Similar Triangles
-Prove by Completing The Square *Pythagoras Theorem
Mensuration *TOA CAH SOH
*Similar Triangles
*Pythagoras Theorem
*TOA CAH SOH

Trigonometry Exponential Logarithm

Differentiate 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 only

𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑓′(𝑥)
Use Trigo Identities for the rest 𝑒 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) ln 𝑓 𝑥 =
Process: Power Trigo Bracket 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

Recall Law of Indices Recall Law of Logarithm

76
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques

Chain Rule Product Rule

𝑑 2 2 1 1 1
Important Concepts
− 𝑑 1
( )= 6𝑥 + 5 2
𝑥 3− 𝑥2 =𝑥 3− 𝑥 2 −2 −2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥2 2
𝑑𝑥 3 6𝑥+5 3 𝑑𝑥 2
3 1 1
2 1 − 2 2 −2
=
3
−
2
6𝑥 + 5 2 = −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥2 2
1
2 −2
=− = 3 − 𝑥2 [−𝑥 2 + 3 − 𝑥 2 ]
(6𝑥+5)3 3−2𝑥 2
=
3−𝑥 2

𝑑 5𝑥−3 6
=
1
6 5𝑥 − 3 5
5
Quotient Rule
𝑑𝑥 8 8
30 5
= 5𝑥 − 3
8
15
= 5𝑥 − 3 5 𝑑 2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 1+2𝑥 4𝑥+1 − 2𝑥2 +𝑥+1 2
4 =
𝑑𝑥 1+2𝑥 1+2𝑥 2

4𝑥+1+8𝑥2 +2𝑥−4𝑥2 −2𝑥−2

=
1+2𝑥 2

4𝑥2 +4𝑥−1
=
𝑑 𝑥 4 𝑥 3 1 1+2𝑥 2
3 −1 =3 4 −1 ( )
𝑑𝑥 6 6 6
𝑥 3
=2 −1
6 1
𝑑 2𝑥−7 2 𝑥+1− 𝑥+1 −0.5 (2𝑥−7)
2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1 (𝑥+1)
1
𝑥+1 −0.5 [ 2 𝑥+1 − 2 2𝑥−7 ]
= (𝑥+1)
4 𝑥+1 −(2𝑥−7)
= 3
2 𝑥+1 2
2𝑥+11
= 3
2 𝑥+1 2

77
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques

Trigonometry - Basic Trigonometry - Advance

Differentiate 𝑦 = tan(2𝑥 + 1) with respect to x. Differentiate 𝑦 = sin3 𝑥 with respect to 𝑥.

Important Concepts
𝑑𝑦
= [sec 2 2𝑥 + 1 ] 2 Concept:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 When you are differentiating
= 2 sec 2 2𝑥 + 1 = 3sin2 𝑥cos𝑥 Trigonometry,
𝑑𝑥
Follow the flow of
1) Differentiate Power, Trigo, Bracket
Differentiate 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 3 + 1) with respect to x. Differentiate 𝑦 = 3 cos 2 2𝑥 +
𝜋
with respect to 𝑥.
6

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
= 3𝑥 2[cos 𝑥 3 + 1 ] = −12 cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6 6

Differentiate 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 3 + 1) with respect to x. Differentiate 𝑦 = tan3

𝜋
− 2𝑥 with respect to x.
8

𝑑𝑦 15 5𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
= − sin( ) = −6 tan2 − 2𝑥 sec 2 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 8 8

Validation

78
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques

Exponential - Basic Exponential - Advance

Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 2𝑥 with respect to 𝑥. Important Concepts

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
Concept:
Apply your Laws of Indices when dealing
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑒 3𝑥 with Exponential
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑥 × 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦

Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 with respect to 𝑥. 𝑎 𝑥 ÷ 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦

𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒1+2 − 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 1+𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥+2 Differentiate 𝑦 = 6𝑒 2𝑥 +

1
with respect to 𝑥.
𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑦 = 6𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑒 3𝑥+2 = 12𝑒 2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 +3𝑥
Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 4𝑒 3𝑥 −3
Differentiate 𝑦 = with respect to 𝑥.
𝑒𝑥

2 +3𝑥 Validation
𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 4𝑒 3𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑦= 𝑥 − 𝑥
2
= (4𝑥 + 3)𝑒 2𝑥 +3𝑥 𝑒 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 8𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥

79
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques

𝑳𝒏- Basic 𝑳𝒏 - Advance

Differentiate 𝑦 = ln 𝑓 𝑥 Differentiate 𝑦 = ln 4 − 𝑥 7 , 𝑥 < 4 with respect to 𝑥. Important Concepts

𝑦 = 7ln(4 − 𝑥) Concept:
𝑦 = ln 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −7 Apply your Laws of Logarithm when
𝑑𝑦 𝑓′(𝑥) =
= 𝑑𝑥 4 − 𝑥 dealing with Ln Integration.
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
ln 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 + ln 𝑏

Differentiate 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 Differentiate 𝑦 = ln 2𝑥 2 + 1 with respect to 𝑥. 𝑎

ln = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 − ln 𝑏
𝑏
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 1
𝑦 = ln(2𝑥 2 + 1) ln 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 1 2
= 𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 2(2𝑥 2 + 1) (2𝑥 2 + 1)

Differentiate 𝑦 = ln( 3𝑥 + 4) Differentiate 𝑦 = ln[ 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 ] with respect to 𝑥.

𝑦 = ln( 3𝑥 + 4)
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + ln(𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 3
= 𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 + 4 = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + 1

𝑥
Differentiate 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 Differentiate 𝑦 = ln
2𝑥+1
with respect to 𝑥.

𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 Validation
𝑦 = 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 1
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ln(2𝑥 + 1)
2 2
𝑦=
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 1
= −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 + 1

80
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques

Mixed Further Differentiation

1 2
Show that
𝑑 ln 𝑥
=
1−ln 𝑥
. If 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 , find the value of the constant k for It is given that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 − and 𝑓(0) = . Find
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥 2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+1 3
which
𝑑𝑥 2
− 6
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑘𝑦 = 0. an expression for 6𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥).
1
d ln 𝑥 4𝑥 − 4 ln 𝑥 2
𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 3 cos 3𝑥 +
dx 4x 4𝑥 2 = 1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 3𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 2
𝑑𝑥
3𝑥
4−4 ln 𝑥
=𝑒 3𝑥 + 4 1 1
= 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 = − cos 3𝑥 − ln 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑐
16𝑥 2
= 3𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑥 + 4 + 3𝑒 3𝑥 3 2
𝑑𝑥 2
1−ln 𝑥
= (shown) = 3𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑥 + 5 Sub 𝑓 0 = ,
2
4𝑥 2 3
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−6 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑥 + 5 − 6𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 1 1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − cos 3 0 − ln 1 + 𝑐
Given that 𝑦 = sin 4𝑥, show that 2 × = −32 sin 8𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (9𝑥 + 15 − 18𝑥 − 24) 3 3 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = −9𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
= 4 cos 4𝑥 𝑐=1
𝑑𝑥 = −9𝑦
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 1
Thus, −6 + 9𝑦 = 0. 𝑓 𝑥 = − cos 3𝑥 − ln 2𝑥 + 1 + 1
= −16 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3 2
𝑑𝑥 2
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 6𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥
× = −16 sin 4𝑥 (4 cos 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 Given that 𝑦 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 −
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
+ 4𝑦 =
𝑑2 𝑦
and 2
2 𝑑𝑥 2
= −32(2 sin 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥) = −2 cos 3𝑥 − 3 ln 2𝑥 + 1 + 6 + 3 cos 3𝑥 +
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 + 1, find the value of each of the following 2𝑥 + 1 2
= −32 sin 8𝑥 constants A and B.
1 2
𝑦 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 cos 4𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 = cos 3𝑥 − 3 ln 2𝑥 + 1 + 6 + 2
2 2𝑥 + 1
Differentiate cos 2𝑥 (tan2 𝑥 − 1) with respect to 𝑥. 𝑑𝑦
= 4 𝐵 sin 4𝑥 − cos 2𝑥
No simplification is required 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦
= 16 𝐵 cos 4𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑
[cos 2𝑥(tan2 𝑥 − 1)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
+ 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
= cos 2𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 + (tan2 𝑥 − 1)(−2 sin 2𝑥) 1
= 16𝐵 cos 4𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥 + 4[ 𝐴 − 𝐵 cos 4𝑥 − sin 2𝑥]
2
= 2 cos 2𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥 (tan2 𝑥 − 1) = 12 𝐵 cos 4𝑥 + 4𝐴
∴ 12𝐵 cos 4𝑥 + 4𝐴 = 3 cos 4𝑥 + 1
1 1
𝐵= ,𝐴=
4 4

81
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques – Equation of Tangent and Normal

Equation of Tangent Normal Equation of Tangent Normal

(Algebra) (Trigonometry)
2𝑥
The equation of a curve is 𝑦 =
1+𝑥
.
A curve 𝐶 is such that
𝑑𝑦
= 8 cos 2𝑥 and 𝑃
𝜋
,2 3 − 3 is a
Important Concepts
(I) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at point 𝑃(1,1 ). 𝑑𝑥 3
point on 𝐶.
(ii) The tangent cuts the axes at 𝑄 and 𝑅 respectively.
(i) The normal to the curve at 𝑃 crosses the 𝑥-axis at 𝑄.
Find the triangle 𝑂𝑃𝑄. Concept:
Find the coordinates of 𝑄.
(ii) Find the equation of 𝐶.
This component is closely related to
Ans:
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 1 𝜋 𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝜋
8 cos 3 = −4
Coordinate Geometry.
(i) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
0− 2 3−3 1
2 𝜋 = I highly recommend you to do a mini
= 𝑥− 4
1+𝑥 2 3

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑄 12 − 8 3 +
𝜋
,0 or (−0.809, 0)
sketch so you can easily visualise the
ฬ= 3
graph.
𝑑𝑥 x=12
1 1 1 𝑦 = 4 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
Equation of Tangent : 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥−1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥+
2 2 2 𝜋 2𝜋
Sub 3
,2 3−3 2 3 − 3 = 4 sin 3
+𝑐
3
1 3
(ii) 𝑄 −1,0 and R 0, 2 3−3=4 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 4 sin 2𝑥 − 3
2 2
1 1 1
Area of Triangle = 1 = units2
2 2 4
Equation of Tangent Normal
The equation of a curve is 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 ln 1 − 𝑥 . Find the exact
(Exponential)
𝑥-coordinate of the point at which the normal is parallel to the 𝑦-
𝑒 4𝑥−3
axis. A curve has equation given by 𝑦 = .
8𝑒 2𝑥
(i) The curve passes through the 𝑦-axis at 𝑃.
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 ln 1 − 𝑥 Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve at
𝑑𝑦 1 point 𝑃.
= 𝑥−1 −1 + 1 ln(1 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥−3
= 1 + ln(1 − 𝑥) 𝑦=
𝑑𝑥 8
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥−3
=
Given that normal is parallel to the y-axis, 𝑑𝑥 4
1
Validation
𝑑𝑦 When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 8𝑒 3
=0 1
𝑑𝑥 Gradient of tangent at 𝑃 = 4𝑒 3
1 + ln 1 − 𝑥 = 0
Equation of tangent at P:
ln 1 − 𝑥 = −1 1 1 𝑥 1
1 − 𝑥 = 𝑒 −1 𝑦− 3 = 3 𝑥 ⇒𝑦= 3+ 3
8𝑒 4𝑒 4𝑒 8𝑒
1 Gradient of normal at 𝑃 = −4𝑒 3
𝑥 =1−
𝑒 Equation of normal at P:
𝑒−1 1 1
𝑥= 𝑦 − 3 = −4𝑒 3 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = −4𝑒 3 𝑥 + 3
𝑒 8𝑒 8𝑒

82
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques – Increasing & Decreasing Functions

Increasing Decreasing The function 𝑓 is defined, for all values of 𝑥, by

Functions (Type 1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 .

Find the values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓 is a decreasing function

The equation of a curve is 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 14.
Determine the values of 𝑥 for which 𝑦 is increasing function. f 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 Important Concepts
f ′(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (2𝑒 2𝑥 )
f ′(𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
For y to be an increasing function, For increasing function,
𝑑𝑦 Concept:
>0 f ′(𝑥) < 0
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 1 + 𝑥 < 0
3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4 > 0 Since 𝑒 2𝑥 > 0
This component is closely related to Nature
3𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 2 > 0 𝑥 1+𝑥 <0 of Roots and Quadratic Inequalities. Study
Ans: −1 < 𝑥 < 0 them together.

𝑥2 Take a look at questions in the middle,

Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥 , find the range of values of 𝑥 for which 𝑦 is an
2
2 2 𝑒
increasing function.
learn the presentation and explanation
𝑥< or 𝑥 > 2 technique when you have to find a specific
3 3
𝑥2 range of answers.
𝑦=
𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
= =
Reverse Inequalities 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑒𝑥
Since y is an increasing function, 𝑑𝑥 > 0
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
A curve has the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 3𝑏𝑥 + 11. >0
𝑒𝑥
The only values of 𝑥 for which y is a decreasing function of 𝑥 Since 𝑒 𝑥 > 0, 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 > 0
are those values for which 2 < 𝑥 < 5. 𝑥(2 − 𝑥) > 0
Find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏. 0<𝑥<2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
= 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑏 A curve has 𝑦 = 2−3𝑥 where 𝑥 ≠ 3.
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Obtain an expression for .
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Find the values of x for which y is a decreasing function. Validation
𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, <0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − (−3)𝑥 2 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
= =
𝑑𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 2 − 3𝑥 2
2<𝑥<5 Substitute the values in your range back to
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑥−2 𝑥−5 <0 Since the curve is decreasing 𝑑𝑥 < 0 and 𝑥 ≠ 3 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10 < 0
your
4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
<0
6𝑥 2 − 42𝑥 + 60 < 0 2 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
Since 2 − 3𝑥 2 > 0 This allows you to validate whether your
4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 < 0 𝑑𝑥
Comparing terms,
𝑥(4 − 3𝑥) < 0 is Positive or Negative.
2𝑎 = −42, 𝑎 = −21 4
3𝑏 = 60, 𝑏 = 20 ∴ 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 3

83
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques - Increasing & Decreasing Functions

Increasing Decreasing Functions Proving by Completing the

(Proving by Deduction) Square
3𝑥 1
A curve has an equation 𝑦 = . A curve has equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 −
3
2𝑥−3
Show that, for all real
3 Important Concepts
values of 𝑥 where 𝑥 ≠
2
, y is a decreasing function of 𝑥. 2𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 5. Determine, with explanation, whether 𝑓 is
an increasing or decreasing function.
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 − 3 3 − 3𝑥(2) −9 Concept:
= =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 − 3 2 2𝑥 − 3 2
2
f ′(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 13 This component is closely related to Nature
3
For all real values of 𝑥 where 𝑥 ≠ , = 𝑥−2 2 2
− 2 + 13 of Roots: Proving and Showing Question.
2
2𝑥 − 3 2 > 0 = 𝑥−2 2
+9
−9 We have to rely on either Deduction or
<0 𝑥−2 2
≥ 0⇒ 𝑥−2 2
+9>0 Completing The Square to prove that the
2𝑥 − 3 2
𝑑𝑦 equation is always above or below 0.
<0 ∴ f ′ 𝑥 > 0, f is an increasing function.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Since < 0, y is a decreasing function. We use Completing The Square when we
𝑑𝑥
1 3 see a quadratic equation because we are
Given that 𝑦 = − 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 1, show that for all
3 2 unable to explain the magnitude of the
real values of x, y is a decreasing function of x.
27 equation (even with factorisation).
A curve has equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − .
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
(i) Find .
𝑑𝑥
27 𝑑𝑦
(ii) Show that 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − is an increasing function for 𝑥 > 0. = − 𝑥 − 1.5 2 − 2.75; For all real values of x,
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
(iii) Show that the function 𝑓 𝑥 =
2𝑥
is always decreasing 𝑥 − 1.5 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ − 𝑥 − 1.5 2 < 0
𝑥 2 −1
for 𝑥 > 1. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ − 𝑥 − 1.5 2 − 2.75 < 0 ⇒ < 0; Since < 0, y is
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a decreasing function of x. (shown)
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 3 +54
(i) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3
3𝑥 3 +54 𝑑𝑦
(ii) For 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 3 > 0 & 3𝑥 3 + 54 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥3
> 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 > 0;
𝑑𝑦
Since > 0, y is an increasing functions. [Shown]
𝑑𝑥
Validation
𝑑𝑦 2 1+𝑥 2 2 1+𝑥 2
(iii) =− ; For 𝑥 > 1, 𝑥 2 − 1 2
>0⇒ >0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 2 𝑥 2 −1 2
2(1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒− <0 ⇒ < 0; Since < 0 when 𝑥 > 1, f(x)
(𝑥 2 −1)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
is always decreasing for x>1. [Shown]

84
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques – Rate of Change

Connected Rate of Change (Easy)

𝑥−4
The equation of a curve is 𝑦 = . A particle moves along the curve in such as way that
Important Concepts
2𝑥+5
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 they y-coordinate of the particle is decreasing at a
(i) Show that can be expressed in the form 3 where 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+5 2 constant rate of 0.1 units per second. Find the rate of
and 𝑏 are constants. change of the x-coordinate at the instant when x = 2.
(ii) Given that 𝑦 is increasing at a rate of 0.4 units per second, Common Careless Mistake:
find the rate of change of 𝑥 when 𝑥 = 2.
Forget to put Negative for decreasing Rate
Ans: 𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2
= of Change
𝑑𝑦
1
1 −
1
2𝑥+5 2 1 −2(𝑥−4) 2𝑥+5 2 (2) 𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 3
(i) =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥+5 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+5
1
−2
(2𝑥+5−𝑥+4)
=
= 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
2𝑥+5
=
𝑥+9
3
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+5 2 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 1 + 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑡
(ii) When 𝑥 = 2, = ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
2+9 𝑑𝑥 When 𝑥 = 2,
0.4 = 3 ×
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
4+5 2
27
3(2)2 𝑑𝑥
= 0.4 × −0.1 =
𝑑𝑡 11 1 + 2(2)3 𝑑𝑡
54
= or 0.982 unite per second
55 𝑑𝑥 17 1
= −
𝑑𝑡 12 10
(i) Differentiate 𝑦 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥) with respect to 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 17
=
(ii) Given that 𝑥 is decreasing at a rate of 5 units per second, 𝑑𝑡 120
find the rate of change of 𝑦 at the instant when 𝑥 = −1.5. 17
Rate of change of the x-coordinate when 𝑥 = 2, − unit/s.
120
3𝑥
(i) 𝑦 = 2𝑒 (1 − 2𝑥) OR x-coordinate decreases at a rate of
17
unit/s when 𝑥 = 2.
𝑑𝑦 120
= 2𝑒 3𝑥 −2 + 6𝑒 3𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 3𝑥 (1 − 6𝑥)
Validation
𝑑𝑦
(ii) Given that = −5 unit/s
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑒 3𝑥 (1 − 6𝑥)(−5)
= 2𝑒 3 −1.5 (1 + 6 × 1.5)(−5)
= 1.11 units/sec

85
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques – Rate of Change

Rate of Change (Advance Type 1) Rate of Change (Advance Type 2)

4 𝑥 6
Given that 𝑦 = − 1 and that both x and y vary with A rectangle has sides of length 2𝑥 cm and 3𝑥 cm.
5 12 36𝑐𝑚2
time, find the value of y when the rate of change of y is 12
4
5
Given that the area is increasing at a rate of
increase of the perimeter when 𝑥 = 3.
𝑠
, Find the rate of
Important Concepts
times the rate of change of x.
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝐴
4 𝑥 6 = ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑡
Concept:
𝑦= −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
5 12 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑦 24 𝑥 5 1 2 𝑥 5 = × × Advance Type 1: =𝑘×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
= −1 = − 1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 5 12 12 5 12
𝑑𝑦 64 𝑑𝑥
Given = × Area of rectangle, 𝐴 = 2𝑥 × 3𝑥 = 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝐴
= × = 12𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
Advance Type 2: Double Chain Rule
64 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
× = × 𝑑𝐴
Sub 𝑥 = 3, = 12 3 = 36
5 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 64
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 5
Perimeter of a rectangle, 𝑃 = 2 2𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 = 10𝑥
2 𝑥 5 64
−1 = 𝑑𝑃
5 12 5 = 10
𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
− 1 = 32 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝐴
12 = × ×
𝑥 = 36 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 = 51.2 𝑑𝑃 1
= 10 × × 36 = 10𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡 36

The variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 increase in such a way that, when 𝑥 = 5, the rate When 𝑥 = 3, Perimeter is increasing at a rate of 10𝑐𝑚/𝑠.
of increase of 𝑥 with respect to time is thrice the rate of increase of 𝑦
with respect to time. Given that 𝑦 = 𝑚 2𝑥 − 1, where 𝑚 is a constant,
Some liquid is poured onto a flat surface and formed a circular patch. This
find the value of 𝑚. circular patch is left to dry and its surface area decreases at a constant rate of 4
cm2/s. The patch remains circular during the drying process. Find the rate of
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 change of the circumference of the circular patch at the instant when the area
=3× of the patch is 400 cm2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=3×( × ) 𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = ×
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
1=3× 𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑟
×( × )
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑡 Validation
= 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐶
𝑑𝑥 3 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 => 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 => 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋
20
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎: 𝜋𝑟 2 = 400 => 𝑟 =
𝑦 = 𝑚 2𝑥 − 1 =2 => 𝜋
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐴
= ×( × )
𝑑𝑦 𝑚 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑥 = 5, = = 𝑑𝐶 1
𝑑𝑥 2 5 −1 3 = 2𝜋 × ( × −4)
𝑑𝑡 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑦 𝑚 1 𝑑𝐶 1
= = => 𝑚 = 1 = 2𝜋 × × −4 = −0.354𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑥 3 3 𝑑𝑡 20
2𝜋
𝜋

86
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques – Rate of Change

Rate of Change (Mensuration)

𝜋ℎ3
The volume of a cone of height ℎ is . If ℎ increases at a A vessel filled with water is in the shaped
12
of an inverted cone with radius 6 cm and
constant rate of 0.2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 and the initial height is 2cm.
height 20 cm. Water is leaking out from Important Concepts
(i) Express 𝑉 in terms of 𝑡
(ii) find the rate of change of 𝑉 at time 𝑡. the vessel at a rate of 5 cm3/s.

(i) Show that the volume of water, V cm3, at the instant Concept:
(i) 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
3𝜋ℎ3
ℎ = 2 + 0.2𝑡 when the depth is h cm, is given by 𝑉 = . For Cone Questions, you can apply Similar
100
(ii) Find the rate of decrease of the height when ℎ = 12. Triangle
𝜋ℎ3 𝜋 2+0.2𝑡 3 𝜋 10+𝑡 3
(ii) 𝑉 = = =
12 12 1500
2 Given Info:
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 10 + 𝑡 The concept is we cannot differentiate an
= Conical Vessel;
𝑑𝑡 500 equation with 2 variables. Therefore, we
Radius of Cone: 6; have to replace one of the variable.
𝑑𝑉
A right circular cone of depth 40 cm and radius 10 cm is held Height of Cone = 20 = −5
𝑑𝑡
with vertex downwards. It contains water which leaks out through In order for us to do that, we have to create
a hole at a rate of 8 cm3s-1. Find the rate at which the water level is 1
(i) Volume of Cone, 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ an equation connecting the 2 variables.
3
decreasing when the radius of the surface of the water is 4 cm. 𝑟 ℎ
Consider a Pair of Similar ∆𝑠, =
6 20
By similar triangles,
10 𝑟 3ℎ
= ∴𝑟=
40 ℎ 10
ℎ 3ℎ 1 3ℎ 2
𝑟= Sub. 𝑟 = into (1), 𝑉 = 𝜋 ℎ
4 10 3 10
1 1 9ℎ 2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑉= 𝜋 ℎ
3 3 100
1 ℎ 2
= 𝜋 ℎ 3𝜋ℎ2
3
1
4 ∴𝑉= (shown)
100
= 𝜋ℎ3
48
𝑑𝑉 1 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉
= 𝜋ℎ2 (ii) Using chain rule, =
×
𝑑ℎ 16 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑉
When 𝑟 = 4, ℎ = 16 cm. 3𝜋 3
𝑑𝑉 𝑉= ℎ
Rate at which the volume is decreasing, = −8 100
𝑑𝑡 𝑑ℎ 9𝜋
ℎ2 (diff. using “Power Bring Down, Power -1”)
Using chain rule, 𝑑𝑉
=
100 Validation
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ Sub. ℎ = 12 into
𝑑ℎ
,
𝑑ℎ
=
9𝜋
(12)2 =
324𝜋
= × 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 100 25
𝑑𝑡 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑡 𝑑ℎ 25 𝑑𝑉
1 𝑑ℎ Sub. = (“Flip Over”) & = −5 into (1),
−8 = 𝜋 16 2 × 𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑉
25
324𝜋 𝑑𝑡
16 𝑑𝑡 = × −5 = −0.123 (3sf)
𝑑ℎ 1 𝑑𝑡 324𝜋
=− ∴When ℎ = 12, Height is decreasing at a rate of 0.123
𝑑𝑡 2𝜋
1
Rate at which the water level is decreasing is cm s-1. cm/s.
2𝜋

87
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques – Maxima and Minima

Nature of Stationary Point

The equation of a curve is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑥 − 1 3. 𝑒 2𝑥

The equation of the curve is 𝑦 = .
3+4𝑥
(i) Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the curve. (i) Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the
Important Concepts
(ii) Determine the nature of each of these points using the
curve, leaving your answer in exact value.
first derivative test.
(ii) Determine the stationary point. Concept:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑥 − 1 3 First Derivative Test
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑒 2𝑥 (3𝑥+4𝑥)−𝑒 2𝑥 (4)
= 2𝑥[3 𝑥 − 1 2 ] + 2 𝑥 − 1 3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3+4𝑥 2
= 6𝑥 𝑥 − 1 2 + 2 𝑥 − 1 3 x − 𝑥 +
= 2 𝑥 − 1 2 (3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1) 𝑒 2𝑥 (6 + 8𝑥 − 4)
= Sign of
= 2 𝑥 − 1 2 (4𝑥 − 1) 3 + 4𝑥 2 0
For
𝑑𝑦
=0 dy/dx
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 (8𝑥 + 2)
2 𝑥 − 1 2 4𝑥 − 1 = 0 =
1 3 + 4𝑥 2
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
4 𝑑𝑦 Substitute 𝑥 value into to check the
27 Stationary point, =0 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 0 or 𝑦 =− 𝑑𝑥
Gradient
128
1 27
1,0 and
4
,−
128
𝑒 2𝑥 (8𝑥 + 2)
=0 Minimum, Maximum Point or Point of
3 + 4𝑥 2
By first derivative test, 2𝑥 Inflexion
1 27
𝑒 8𝑥 + 2 = 0
1,0 is a point of inflexion and ,− is a min. point.
4 128 2𝑥
𝑒 > 0, 8𝑥 + 2 = 0
1 Second Derivative Test
The equation of a curve is 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑥=−
4
(i) Find the coordinates of the stationary point of the
−1ൗ4 𝑑2 𝑦
curve, leaving your answer in exact form. 𝑒2 > 0 refers to a Minimum Point
(ii) Determine the nature of this point 𝑦= 𝑑𝑥 2
3 + 4 − 1ൗ4
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
(i) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 = 0 −1ൗ2
< 0 refers to a Maximum Point
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑒 2𝑥 = 2 𝑦=
2
𝑥 = ln 2
1 1 Validation
𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 2 + 2𝑒 − ln 2
− ,
2 2 4 2 𝑒
= 2+ × = 2 2 Point is (ln 2 , 2 2)
2 2
(ii)
𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 1− 1 1+
𝑑𝑥 2 x − − −
𝑑2 𝑦 2 4 4 4
𝑥 = ln 2 , =2+ >0
𝑑𝑥 2 2
Minimum point Sign of
-ve 0 +ve
dy/dx

88
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques – Maxima and Minima

Mensuration - Word Problems

The diagram shows a cone of radius 𝑟 cm and height ℎ A right circular cone, 𝐴𝐵𝐶, is inscribed in a sphere of radius
cm. It is given that the volume of the cone is 10𝜋 cm3 10 cm and centre 𝑂. The perpendicular distance from 𝑂 to the
1
base of the cone is 𝑥 cm. [Volume of cone= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ] Important Concepts
Show that the curved surface area, 𝐴 cm2, of the cone, is 3
𝜋 𝑟 6 +900
𝐴= .
𝑟
Given that 𝑟 can vary, find the value of 𝑟 for which 𝐴 has a Concept:
stationary value.
Determine whether this value of 𝐴 is a maximum or a minimum, When proving in Mensuration, think of
1
(i) Volume = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 10𝜋
3
30
1) Pythagoras Theorem
ℎ=
𝑟2
𝑙 2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2 2) Similar Triangles
30 2 (i) Show that the volume, 𝑉, of the cone is
= 𝑟2 +
𝑟2 1
𝑉 = 𝜋(100 − 𝑥 2)(10 + 𝑥).
900 3
= 𝑟2 + 𝑟4 (ii) If 𝑥 can vary, find the value of 𝑥 for which 𝑉 has
900 stationary value.
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 = 𝜋𝑟 𝑟 2 + 𝑟4 (iii) Find this stationary volume.
(𝑟 6 +900) (iv) Determine whether the volume is a maximum or
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟
𝑟4 minimum.
𝜋𝑟 (𝑟 6 +900)
𝐴=
𝑟2 𝑑𝑉 1
𝜋 (𝑟 6 +900) = 𝜋[−2𝑥 𝑥 + 10 + 100 − 𝑟 2 ]
𝐴= 𝑑𝑥 3
1
𝑟
= 𝜋[−20 − 2𝑥 2 + 100 − 𝑥 2 ]
(ii) 𝑢 = 𝜋 𝑟6 + 900 ,𝑣=𝑟 3
1
𝑑𝑢 1
= ×𝜋× 𝑟6 + 900 −
1
2 × 6𝑟 5
𝑑𝑣
=1 = 𝜋(−3𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 100)
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
3
1 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑢
= 3𝜋𝑟 5 𝑟6 + 900 −
2
For stationary V, = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑟
1 1 1
𝑑𝐴 3𝜋𝑟 6 𝑟 6 +900
−
2 −𝜋 𝑟 6 +900 2 𝜋 −3𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 100 = 0
𝑑𝑟
=
𝑟2
3
−
1 −3𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 100 = 0
𝑑𝐴 𝜋 𝑟 6 +900 2 −[3𝑟 6 −𝑟 6 −900]
When =0 =0 (𝑥 + 10)(3𝑥 − 10) = 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2 10
𝜋[3𝑟 6 −𝑟 6 −900] 𝑥 = −10 (rejected), 𝑥 =
1 =0 3
𝑟 2 𝑟 6 +900 2
2𝑟 6 − 900 = 0 1 100 10
𝑟 6 = 450 𝑉 = 𝜋 100 −
3 9 3
+ 10 Validation
𝑟 = 2.77
(iii) = 1241.123
= 1240 cm3 (3s.f.)
r 𝑟 < 2.768 𝑟 = 2.768 𝑟 > 2.768
𝑑2𝑉 1
𝑑𝐴 = 𝜋(−6𝑥 − 20)
- 0 + 𝑑𝑥 2 3
𝑑𝑟 𝑑2 𝑉
Since < 0, V is a maximum.
𝑑𝑥 2
Sketch \ - /

89
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques – Maxima and Minima

Mensuration - Word Problems As part of a garden design, there are plans to put inside a rectangular
space which has sides of lengths r m and l m. This rectangular space is
to include a quadrant-shaped water feature and a lawn. The area of the
lawn is to be 360 m2.

Important Concepts

Concept:
720
(i) Show that the perimeter, P m, of the lawn is given by 𝑃 = 𝑟 + 𝜋𝑟. When proving in Mensuration, think of
(ii) A hedge is to be planted along the perimeter of the lawn.
Given that 𝑟 can vary, find the dimensions of the rectangular space 1) Pythagoras Theorem
The diagram shows a cylinder of height ℎ cm and base radius 𝑟 which can allow the shortest length of hedge to be planted along the
cm inscribed in a cone of height 28 cm and base radius 10 cm. perimeter of the lawn.
Show that 2) Similar Triangles
(i) the height, ℎ cm, of the cylinder is given by Answers:
14 (i) Area of lawn:
ℎ = 28 − 𝑟. 𝜋𝑟 2
5 𝑙𝑟 − = 360
4
(ii) the volume, 𝑉 cm3, of the cylinder is given by 𝜋𝑟2
𝑟 360−
𝑉 = 14𝜋𝑟 2 2 − .
4
𝑙=
5 𝑟
360 𝜋𝑟
(b)(i) Given that 𝑟 can vary, find the maximum volume of the 𝑙 = 𝑟 + 4 ---------(1)
cylinder. Perimeter of lawn:
1
4 𝑃 = 𝑙 + 𝑟 + 𝑙 − 𝑟 + 4 2𝜋𝑟
(ii) Show that, in this case, the cylinder occupies of the
9 𝜋𝑟
𝑃 = 2𝑙 + 2 ------------(2)
volume of the cone.
Sub (1) into (2):
360 𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑟
(i) 𝑃=2 𝑟 + 4 + 2
720
Using similar triangles, 𝑃= 𝑟
+ 𝜋𝑟 (shown)
28−ℎ 𝑟
=
28 10 (ii) The shortest hedge can be planted when the rectangular space is
28
28 − ℎ = 𝑟 15.1cm by 35.7cm.
10 𝑑𝑃 720
17 = − 𝑟2 + 𝜋
ℎ = 28 − 𝑟(shown) 𝑑𝑟
5 𝑑𝑃
𝑑𝑟
= 0 for stationary values
720
− 𝑟2
+𝜋 =0
(ii) Vol of cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑟2 = 𝜋
720

14
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 28 − 𝑟
5
1
𝑟 = 15.1 (3s.f.) (𝑟𝑒𝑗. −15.1)
𝑑2 𝑃
= 1440𝑟 −3
Validation
𝑉 = 14𝜋𝑟 2 2 − 𝑟 (shown) 𝑑𝑟 2
5 𝑑2 𝑃
𝑑𝑉 14 ฬ = 0.415(3s.f.)> 0
(bi) = 56𝜋𝑟 − 𝜋 3𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟=15.138
𝑑𝑟 5
3  Shortest perimeter
= 14𝜋𝑟(4 − 𝑟) 360 𝜋(15.138)
5 𝑙 = 15.138 +
𝑑𝑉 4
At stat pt, =0 = 35.7 (3s.f.)
𝑑𝑟
3 The shortest hedge can be planted when the rectangular space is 15.1cm
14𝜋𝑟(4 − 𝑟) by 35.7cm.
5

90
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation Techniques – Maxima and Minima

Mensuration - Word Problems In the diagram, a solid model is made up of a

hemisphere of radius r cm and a cylinder. The
cylinder has a radius of r cm and a height of h cm.

(i) Given that the volume of the model is 650 cm3,

express h in terms of r.
(ii) Given that the total surface area of the model is
Important Concepts
1300 5𝜋𝑟 2
The diagram shows Car 𝐵, which is 48 km due east of Car 𝐴. Both cars start A 𝑐𝑚2, show that A= 𝑟 + 3
moving at the same time. Car 𝐴 travels due north at a constant speed of 110 km/h (iii) Given that r and h can vary, find the value of r for which A has a
while Car 𝐵 travels due west at a constant speed of 90 km/h. stationary value and determine whether this value of A is a maximum or a Concept:
minimum.
(i) The distance between Car 𝐴 and Car 𝐵 at time 𝑡 hours after the cars
started moving is denoted by 𝐿 km. Express 𝐿 in the form of
When proving in Mensuration, think of
𝑝𝑡 2 + 𝑞 − 𝑟𝑡 2 where 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 are constants. 2 3
𝜋𝑟 + 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 650
(ii) Given that 𝑡 can vary, find the stationary value of 𝐿. 3 1) Pythagoras Theorem
(iii) Determine whether this value stationary value of 𝐿 gives the
maximum or minimum distance between Car 𝐴 and Car 𝐵. 2
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 650 − 𝜋𝑟 3 2) Similar Triangles
Ans: 3
(i) Let the distance that Car 𝐴 travels be 𝑥 km.
2
Let the distance that Car 𝐵 travels be 𝑦 km. 650 3
𝜋𝑟 3
ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 −
For Car A, 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑥
110 = 650 2𝑟
𝑡 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 −
𝑥 = 100𝑡 km 3

For Car B, 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 2

𝑦
90 = 650 2𝑟
𝑡
𝑦 = 90𝑡 km 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 − + 3𝜋𝑟 2
𝜋𝑟 2 3

By Pythagoras Theorem, 1300 4𝜋𝑟 2

𝐿 = 𝑥 2 + 48 − 𝑦 2 (since 𝐿 > 0) 𝐴= − 3𝜋𝑟 2
𝑟 3
= 110𝑡 2 + 48 − 90𝑡 2
= 12100𝑡 2 + 48 − 90𝑡 2 1300 5𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐿 1 1 𝐴= −
= 12100𝑡 2 + 48 − 90𝑡 2 2 𝑟 3
𝑑𝑡 2 24200𝑡 + 2 48 − 90𝑡 2 (−90)

40400𝑡−8640
=
2 12100𝑡 2+ 48−90𝑡 2 1300 5𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐿 𝐴= −
=0 𝑟 3
𝑑𝑡
40400𝑡 − 8640 = 0
108 𝑑𝐴 1300 10𝜋𝑟
𝑡 = 505 h = 0.21386 hr = 2 +
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 3

Validation
2 2
108 108
𝐿= 12100 + 48 − 90 −1300 3 + 10𝜋𝑟 3 = 0
505 505
= 37.0621 = 37.1(3 s.f.)
𝑟 = 4.99

(iii) 𝑑 2𝐴
0.21386− 0.21386 0.21386+ 2600 10𝜋
t = +
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟3 3
𝑑𝐿
Sign of - 0 t
𝑑𝑟 𝑑 2𝐴 2600 10𝜋
Sketch of tangent − At 𝑟 = 4.99; 𝑑𝑟 2 = + > 0 A is minimum
4.99 3 3
\ /

91
 INTEGRATION

Indefinite Integral Definite Integral

(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛+1 𝑎
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑎
න(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 න (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑎) 𝑏

Trigonometry Exponential Logarithm

න 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟) 𝑑𝑥 =
−𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟)
+𝐶 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑞 න 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
In our syllabus, 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟) we only learn to integrate
න 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑞 sin 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 , sec 2 𝑥 . Recall Law of Indices Recall Partial Fractions
Apply identities if other trigo are tested. If the Denominator is not Linear,
𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 )
න 𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 Apply Algebra Integration
𝑞

Curves Rate of Change Area (Region) Kinematics

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
y s v a
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

1. Find displacement, velocity, acceleration

2. Find time during Instantaneous Rest
3. Find minimum/maximum velocity
4. Total Distance (First 5s vs. Fifth Second)
5. Average Speed
6. 2 Collisions (Same distance travelled)

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CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Algebra

Indefinite Integral Definite Integral

3
3𝑥 + 2 5 3
3𝑥 − 1 2 3 Important Concepts
න 3𝑥 + 2 4 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 න 3𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = [
3
]
(5)(3) 1 3 1
2
3𝑥+2 5 3
= +𝐶 2 3𝑥−1 2 3
15 =[ ]1
9
= 5.02 − 0.6285
= 4.40
1 2−𝑥 −3
න 3
𝑑𝑥 = න +𝐶
2−𝑥 (1)
2−𝑥 −2
= +𝐶
(−2)(−1)
1
1 1 1 1
= +𝐶 න −1 ]
2 2−𝑥 2 3 𝑥+1 2 𝑑𝑥 =[−
3
𝑥+1
0
0

1
= −0
6
1 𝑥 + 1 −0.5 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 =
(1) 6
𝑥+1
𝑥+1 0.5
= 1 +𝑐
2
= 2 𝑥 + 1 0.5 + 𝑐
=2 𝑥+1+𝑐

Validation

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CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Algebra – Rules of Integration

Definite Integral Definite Integral

3 7
3 4
Given that ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬3 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 . Given that ‫׬‬1 f x dx = 2 and ‫׬‬3 f x dx = 5, find Important Concepts
4 3
(i) Evaluate ‫׬‬0 2𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬4 𝑓
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . 7
(ii) Find the value of the constant k such that (i) ‫׬‬1 f x dx ,
3 3 3
‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8 . (ii) ‫׬‬1 2f x dx − ‫׬‬7 f x dx,
7
(iii) ‫׬‬3 f x − 2x dx
(i)
4 3
න 2𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 4
4 4 7 7 3
= 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫׬‬3 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (i) ‫׬‬1 f x dx = ‫׬‬3 f x dx + ‫׬‬1 f x dx = 5 + 2 = 7
4 4
= 2 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 3 3 3
=2 5+5 −5 (ii) ‫׬‬1 2f x dx − ‫׬‬7 f x dx = 2 2 − −5 = 9
= 15
(ii)
3 7 7
(iii) ‫׬‬3 f x − 2x dx = 5 − x 2 3
= −35
න 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8
0
3 3
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8
0 0
3
𝑘𝑥 2
5− =8
2 0
9𝑘
− =3
2
−9𝑘 = 6
2
∴𝑘=−
3
Validation

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CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Trigonometry

Simple Advance

sin 2𝑥 1
‫ ׬‬cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 + 𝑐 , ‫ 𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Important Concepts
where c is an arbitrary constant
= න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

tan 4𝑥
= +𝑐
4

‫ ׬‬sin
𝜋
− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
− cos
4
−𝑥
+𝑐 ‫ ׬‬2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 (−1)
where c is an arbitrary constant = න cos 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= cos − 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 sin 2𝑥
= +𝑥+𝑐
2

𝜋
𝜋 tan −2𝑥
‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬2 2
− 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
(−2)
+𝑐
where c is an arbitrary constant.
1 𝜋
= − tan − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2

Validation

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CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Exponential

Simple Advance

1
න 𝑒 𝑥+2 . 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑒 𝑥+2 . (𝑒 𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
‫׬‬ 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Important Concepts
𝑒𝑥 1 3
‫׬‬ 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant. = න 𝑒 𝑥+2 . 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2+2𝑥
1 = +𝑐
3
1
= න 𝑒 𝑥+2+2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
3
2𝑒 2+2𝑥
3 = +𝑐
= න 𝑒 2+2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3

‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑒
‫ 𝑒 ׬‬1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑒 ׬‬1−(1−3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥+1
‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = 2
+ 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant. = න 𝑒1−1+3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= න 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 3𝑥
= +𝑐
3

‫ ׬‬15𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫(׬‬1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥 ∗ = ‫ ׬‬1 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + (𝑒 𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥

15𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥
‫ ׬‬15𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (−1)
−
1
+ 𝑐, = න 1 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where c is an arbitrary constant.
2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
15 =𝑥+ + +𝑐
= − 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐 1 2
𝑒 𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + +𝑐
2
Validation

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CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Logarithm

Indefinite Integral Definite Integral

3 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 3 𝑑𝑥 4x3 +5x2 +x−1
𝑥 𝑥 (i) Express
x2 (x+1)
in partial fractions. Important Concepts
ln 𝑥
=3 +𝑐 4x3 +5x2 +x−1
1 (ii) Hence, find ‫׬‬ dx.
x2 (x+1)
3 ln 𝑥
= +𝑐
1
= 3 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
4x3 +5x2 +x−1 x2 +x−1
(i) =4+ 2
x2 x+1 x x+1
1 ln(2𝑥 − 1) x2 +x−1 A B C
= + 2+
න 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 x2 x+1 x x x+1
2𝑥 − 1 2 x 2 + x − 1 = Ax x + 1 + B x + 1 + Cx 2
When x = 0, −1 = B
When x = −1, 1 − 1 − 1 = C
C = −1
When x = 1, 1 = 2A − 1 + 1 − 1
1 = 2A − 3
7 2A = 4
‫ ׬‬5−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
A=2
1 7 ln(5 − 𝑥) 4x3 +5x2 +x−1
= න7 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 (ii) ‫׬‬
5−𝑥 (−1) x2 x+1
2 1 1
ln(5 − 𝑥) = −7 ln 5 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 ‫ ׬‬4 + x − x2 − x+1 dx
=7 +𝑐 1
(−1) 4x + 2 ln x + − ln x+1 +c
x

Validation

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CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Hence

dy 2x+16
(i) Given that y = 𝑥 5x 2 − 6, find . (i) Express
(x2 +4)(2x−1)
in partial fractions.
dx

(ii) Hence, evaluate ‫׬‬2

4 5x2 −3
dx.
2
(ii) Differentiate ln(x + 4) with respect to x. Important Concepts
5x2 −6 x+8
(iii) Hence, using your results in (i) and (ii), find ‫( ׬‬x2 +4)(2x−1) dx .

y = x 5x 2 − 6 2x+16 −2x 4
1 1 (i) = +
dy 1 x2 +4 2x−1 x2 +4 2x−1
= 5x 2 −6 2 +x 5x 2 − 6 (10x)
2 𝑑 2𝑥
dx 2 (ii) ln 𝑥 2 + 4 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +4

5x2 −6+5x2 x+8 −x 2

= (iii) ‫ ׬‬2 dx = ‫ ׬‬2 + dx
5x2 −6 (x +4)(2x−1) x +4 2x−1
2(5x2 −3) 1 2𝑥 2
= =− න 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥
5x2 −6
2 𝑥 +4 2𝑥 − 1
4 5x2 −3 1
(ii) ‫׬‬2 dx = 13.5 (3s.f.) =− ln 𝑥 2 + 4 + ln 2𝑥 − 1 + 𝑐
5x2 −6 2
4 5x2 −3
‫׬‬2 5x2−6 dx
d e3x e3x 6x−7
1 4 2 5x2 −3 (i) Show that = .
= ‫׬‬2 dx dx x−1 2 x−1 3
2 5x2 −6 3 e3x 6x−7
1 4 (ii) Hence or otherwise, find ‫׬‬2 dx.
x−1 3
= x 5x 2 − 6
2 2
1 1
= 4 74 − 2 14 d e3x 3e3x x−1−2 x−1
1 −2 3x
e
2 (i) =
= 13.5 (3s.f.) dx x−1 x−1
e3x 1
3 x−1−
x−1 2 x−1
e3x 6 x−1 −1
x−1 2 x−1
e3x 6x−7
2 x−1 3

3
(ii) ‫׬‬2
3 e3x 6x−7
2 x−1 3
dx =
e3x
x−1 2
Validation
3
1 3 e3x 6x−7 e3x
‫׬‬ dx =
2 2 x−1 3 x−1 2
3
3 e3x 6x−7 e3x
‫׬‬2 dx = 2
x−1 3 x−1 2
e9
=2 − e6
2
= 10652.6336

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CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Hence

Differentiate xcos 2x + 1 with respect to x.

Hence, find ‫ ׬‬4xsin 2x + 1 dx. (i) Differentiate sin3 2x with respect to x.
(ii) Hence evaluate the following Important Concepts
π
d
x cos 2x + 1 = x[−2 sin 2x + 1 ] + [cos 2x + 1 (1)] (a) ‫׬‬0 sin2 2x cos 2x dx
8
dx
π
= −2xsin 2x + 1 + cos(2x + 1)
(b) ‫׬‬08 cos3 2x dx
‫ ׬‬cos 2x + 1 − 2x sin 2x + 1 dx = x cos 2x + 1 + c
‫ ׬‬cos 2x + 1 dx − ‫ ׬‬2x sin 2x + 1 dx = x cos 2x + 1 + c
‫ ׬‬2x sin 2x + 1 dx = ‫ ׬‬cos(2x + 1) dx − x cos(2x + 1) + c1 (i) 6 sin2 2x cos 2x
‫ ׬‬4x sin 2x + 1 dx = 2 ‫ ׬‬cos 2x + 1 dx − 2xcos 2x + 1 + c2
2 sin(2x+1) d
= − 2x cos 2x + 1 + c3 (ii) (sin3 2x) = 3 sin2 2x(2 cos 2x)
2 dx
d
(sin3 2x) = 6 sin2 2x cos 2x
dx
(ii)(a) 0.0589 (3sf)
π
(i) Differentiate xcos 2x with respect to x. ‫׬‬08 sin2 2x cos 2x dx
π
1 d
2π
(ii) Using your answer to part (i), find ‫׬‬π xsin 2xdx. = ‫׬‬08 (sin3 2x) dx
6 dx
π
1
d = sin3 2x 8 = 0.0589 (3sf)
(i) x cos 2x 6
0
dx

= x(−2 sin 2x) + cos 2x = −2x sin 2x + cos 2x π

(b) ‫׬‬08 cos3 2x dx
2π
(ii) ‫׬‬π −2x sin 2x + cos 2x dx = [x cos 2x]2π
π
π

2π 2π = ‫׬‬08 cos2 2x cos 2x dx

‫׬‬π (−2x sin 2x) = ‫׬‬π cos 2xdx + [x cos 2x]2π
π π
2π 1 1 2π 1 = ‫׬‬08 (1 − sin2 2x) cos 2x dx
‫׬‬π x sin 2x dx = 2 2 sin 2x − [x cos 2x]2π
π
π 2 π π
1
= ‫׬‬08 cos 2x dx − ‫׬‬08 6 sin2 2x cos 2x dx
2π 1
6
π
Validation
‫׬‬π x sin 2x dx = sin 4π − sin 2π − [2π cos 4π − π cos 2π] 1 1
4
2π 1 1 = [ sin 2x − sin3 2x] 8
‫׬‬π x sin 2x dx = 0 − 0 − [2π − π] 2 6
4 2 0
2π
x sin 2x dx = −
π = 0.295 (3sf)
‫׬‬π 2

99
CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Equation of Curves

Algebra
dy 3
A curve is such that = x + 6 , where k is a constant. d2 y
dx k
Given that the gradient of the normal at the point −2, 1 A curve which 2 = 6x − 4 has a minimum point at (1, 5).
dx
1
on the curve is - , find Find the equation of the curve. Important Concepts
2
(i) The value of k,
(ii) The equation of the curve d2 y
= 6x − 4
dx 2
3(−2)
(i) +6 =2 dy
k
−6 = න 6x − 4 dx
k
= −4 dx
1
k=1 6x 2
2
= − 4x + c1
dy 3 2
(ii) = 3 x + 6 = 2x + 6 2
= 3x − 4x + c1
dx
2
2x2 dy
y= + 6x + c At (1, 5), = 0
2 dx
At (−2,1); 1 = 4 + 6 −2 + c 0 = 3(1)2 −4 1 + c1
c=9 = −1 + c1
y = x 2 + 6x + 9 c1 = 1
dy
d2 y = 3x 2 − 4x + 1
A curve is such that 2 = 2(1 − 2x). The equation of the
dx
dx
normal to the curve at the point (−1,7) is 9y = x + 64
Find the equation of the curve. y = න 3x 2 − 4x + 1 dx

d2 y
dx2
= 2(1 − 2x) x3 x2
=3 −4 + x + c2
dy
= −2x 2 + 2x + c 3 2
dx 3 2
1 = x − 2x + x + c2
Gradient of normal = Gradient of tangent = −9
dy
9 At (1, 5), 5 = (1)3 −1 1 2 + 1 + c2
Sub = −9, x = −1, ∴ c2 = 5
dx
−9 = −2 −1 2 + 2 −1 + C Hence, y = x 3 − 2x 2 + x + 5
C = −5 Validation
dy
= −2x 2 + 2x − 5
dx
2x3
y=− + x 2 − 5x + D
3
Sub −1, 7 , , 1
2 −1 3 2
7=− + −1 − 5 −1 + D
3
1
D=
3

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CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Equation of Curves

Exponential
1
𝑥
The curve y = f(x) is such that f"(x) = 3(ex − e−3x ) The gradient function of the normal to a curve is . Given that
𝑒2
3−2𝑒 𝑥
and the point P(0, 2) lies on the curve. Given that the
gradient of the curve at P is 5, find the equation of the
the curve passes through the point (ln 4,10), find the equation of the
curve.
Important Concepts
curve.
1
𝑥
𝑒2
Grad. Function of Normal =
3−2𝑒 𝑥
f ′ x = 3ex + e−3x + C, where C is a constant
𝑑𝑦 3−2𝑒 𝑥
f′ 0 = 5 ⇒ Grad. Function of Tangent,
𝑑𝑥
=− 1
𝑥
𝑒2
3e + e0 + C = 5
0
2𝑒 𝑥 − 3
C=1 = 1
𝑒 2𝑥
∴ f ′ x = 3ex + e−3x + 1
2𝑒 𝑥 − 3
f x = න(3ex + e−3x + 1)dx 𝑦=න 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
e−3x
2𝑒 𝑥 3
= 3ex − + x + D, where D is a constant 𝑦=න 1 − 1 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
f 0 =2 1 1
1 𝑦 = න 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3− +0+D =2
3 1 1
2 2𝑒 2𝑥 3𝑒 −2𝑥
D=− 𝑦= − +𝑐
3 1 1
−
1 2 2 2
Equation of curve : y = 3ex − 3x + x − 1 1
3e 3 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐
1
𝑥 6
𝑦 = 4𝑒 2 + 1 + 𝑐 ------- (1)
𝑥
𝑒2
1
6
Sub. (ln4,10) into (1), 10 = 4𝑒 2 ln 4 + 1 +𝑐
ln 4
𝑒2
10 = 11 + 𝑐
∴ 𝑐 = −1
1
6 6
∴ Equation of curve is 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + − 1 or 𝑦 = 4 𝑒 𝑥 + − 1
𝑒2
1
𝑥 𝑒𝑥 Validation

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CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

An ice cube is melting such that the side of the cube is 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑙

(ii) Using chain rule, = ×
1
decreasing at a rate of 𝑡 2 cm/min. It is given that the 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑡
Important Concepts
4 Sub. 𝑡 = 4 into = − 𝑡2
side of the cube is 8 cm at the start of the experiment, 𝑑𝑡 4
calculate 𝑑𝑙 1
= − (4)2
𝑑𝑡 4
𝑑𝑙
(i) The length of the side of the cube when 𝑡 = 4 = −4
(ii) the rate at which the total surface area of the cube 𝑑𝑡
Total surface area of cube, 𝐴 = 6𝑡 2
is decreasing when 𝑡 = 4 𝑑𝐴
Ans: = 12𝑙
𝑑𝑙 1 𝑑𝑙
(i) = − 𝑡 2 2 𝑑𝐴
Sub. 𝑙 = 2 into = 12𝑙
𝑑𝑡 4
1 𝑡3 3 𝑑𝑙
𝑙 = ‫׬‬− + 𝑐 , where c is an arbitrary constant 𝑑𝐴 2
4 3 = 12 × 2
𝑡3 𝑑𝑙 3
𝑙=− +𝑐 𝑑𝐴
12
𝑡3
= 32
Sub.𝑙 = 8 & 𝑡 = 0 into 𝑙 = + 𝑐, 𝑑𝑙
12 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑙
Sub. = 32 & = −4 into = × ,
(0)3 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑡
8=− +c 𝑑𝐴
12 = 32 × (−4)
𝑐 = 8, 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐴
𝑡3 = −128
∴𝑙= +8 𝑑𝑙
12 ∴ The total surface area of the cube is decreasing at a rate
𝑡 3
Sub.t = 4 into 𝑙 = + 8, of 128 cm/min.
12
(4)3
𝑙=− +8
12
2
∴𝑙=2
3
2
When 𝑡 = 4, the side of the cube is 2 cm.
3
Validation

102
CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Area under Graph

Integrating w.r.t Y Axis

1
The diagram shows the graph of y = − x − 2 4 + 16.
2
AB and AC are tangents to the curve at B and C respectively.
B lies on the y-axis and AB = AC.

16
The diagram shows part of the curve y = 1 + 3x , The diagram shows part of the curve y = 2 . Also shown are lines
x
intersecting the y-axis at A. The tangent to the curve at the perpendicular to the x-axis at the points with x-coordinates 1, k and 4.
point P(5,4) intersects the y-axis at B. (i) Find the gradient function of the curve.
(i) Find the coordinates of A and B. Given that the areas of the regions marked A and B are equal, find the value
(ii) Find the equation of the tangent at B.
(ii) Calculate the area of the shaded of k. Hence, state the coordinates of A.
region ABP. (iii) Find the area of the shaded region.
16
When x = k, y =
5 3 17 1Τ k2
(ii) = ‫׬‬0 𝑥 + − (1 + 3𝑥) 2 𝑑𝑥 Area of A 2 4
8 8
k 16 16 (i) y = − x−2 + 16,
5 = ‫׬‬1 dx − k − 1 3
i) y = 1 + 3x 3 𝑥2 17 (1 +
3
3𝑥) ൗ2
x2 k2
dy
Sub x = 0, y = 1 + 𝑥− = −
16 k 16
− k − k2
16 ∴ = −2(x − 2)3
8 𝑥 8 3 3ൗ2 x 1 dx
A(0, 1) 0
=
16 16
−k − −1 − k
16 16
+ k2
3ൗ
dy 3 25 17 2 1 − 15 2 2 32 16 (ii) Grad of AB = −2 (−8) = 16
= + (5) − − (1) = − k + 16 + k2
dx 8 2 8 9 9
1 1 At B, x = 0, ∴ y = 8
= 1 + 3x − Τ2 (3) 245
2
3
=
16
− 14 Area of B Eqn AB: y = 16x + 8
4 16
= 5 = ‫׬‬k x2 dx ∴ A is (2, 40)
2 1+3x = 1 16 or 1.3125 units2
When x = 5, 16 4
= − x k
Gradient 16 16 (iii) Area OBACD = (8 + 40) × 2
dy
=− − −
4 k
=
dx = −4 +
16 = 96 units2
3 k
= Area bounded by curve and axes
2 1+3(5)
Area of A = Area of B 4 1 4
=
3 32 16
− k + 16 + k2 = −4 + k
16 = ‫׬‬0 − x−2 + 16 dx
8 2
16 48 1 4
− + 20 = 0 = − x−2 5+ 16x
k2 k
Equation of tangent at P 16 − 48k + 20k2 = 0 10 0
3 5k2 − 12k + 4 = 0 1 1
y − 4 = (x − 5)
8
= − × 32 + 64 − × 32
(k − 2)(5k − 2) = 0 10 10
3 17
y= x+ k = 2 or k = 0.4 (N.A) = 57.6
8 8
17
B(0, ) ∴ shaded area − 96 − 57.6 = 38.4 units2
8

103
CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Area under Graph

Integrating w.r.t Y Axis

The diagram shows the curve (𝑦 − 1)2 = 𝑥 + 9, which cuts The diagram shows part of the curve 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3.
the y-axis at A and B. The diagram shows the curve 𝑦 = ln 𝑥.
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve, the Find the total area of the regions bounded by the curve, the
(i) Find the coordinates of A and B, x-axis and the y-axis
(ii) By integrating with x-axis, the y-axis and the line 𝑦 = 3.
respect to the y-axis,
find the area of the
region bounded
by the curve and
the y-axis.

To Find y-intercepts
(i) A and B on the y-axis, sub 𝑥 = 0 into (𝑦 − 1)2 = 𝑥 + 9, Cuts y-axis, sub 𝑥 = 0 into 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3,
(𝑦 − 1)2 = 9 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0
𝑦−1=± 9 𝑦−1 𝑦−3 =0
We have learnt in Topic 23 that we cannot integrate 𝑦 = ln 𝑥.
𝑦 − 1 = ±3 𝑦 = 1 or 𝑦 = 3
𝑦 − 1 = ±3 + 1 Thus, we have no choice but to integrate 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 with
𝑦 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 4 Total area of regions
respect to the y-axis instead. 1 3
Judging from the graph, the coordinates of A is (0, 4) and B is (0, -2)
= න 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑦 + න 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑦
0 1
(ii) To integrate with respect to the y-axis 1 3
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑦 3 4𝑦 2 𝑦 3 4𝑦 2
(𝑦 − 1)2 = 𝑥 + 9 = − + 3𝑦 + − + 3𝑦
𝑥 + 9 = (𝑦 − 1)2 log 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 2 0
3 2 1
1 3
𝑥 = (𝑦 − 1)2 −9 𝑦3 𝑦3
4 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑦 = − 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + − 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑦
Area of region = ‫׬‬−2 (𝑦 − 1)2 −9 dy 3 3
3 0 1
(𝑦 − 1)2
4 Area of Region = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 13 2
33 2
13 2
= −2 1 + 3(1) − 0 + −2 3 + 3(3) − −2 1 + 3(1)
= − 9𝑦 3 3 3
3×1 = [𝑒 𝑦 ]30
−2 1 1
(4 − 1)3 (−2 − 1)3 = 1 + −1
3 3
= − 9(4) − − 9(4 − 2 = 𝑒3 − 𝑒0 1 1 2
3 3 = 1 +1 =2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
= −36 = 19.1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 (3𝑠𝑓) 3 3 3
= 36 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2

104
CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Kinematics

Displacement

Mr. Tan drives his car along a straight road. As he passes a point A
he applies the brake and his car slows down, coming to a rest at A particle moves in a straight line so that its displacement, s
point B. For the journey from A to B, the distance, s meters, of the m, from a fixed point O is given by 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 9𝑡 + Important Concepts
car from A, t seconds after passing A, is given by 18, where t is the time in seconds after passing a point P on
the line.
s = 600 1 − e6 − 12t
(i) Find the initial displacement of the particle from
(i) Find an expression, in terms of t, for the velocity of the car fixed point O.
during the journey from A to B. (ii) Find the value(s) of t for which the particle is
(ii) Find the velocity of the car at A. instantaneously at rest. Hence, show the that at one of
(iii) Find the time taken for the journey from A to B. the two instances of rest, the particle will return to its
(iv) Find the average speed of the car for the journey from A to starting position.
B. (iii) Find the distance travelled by the particle during the
first 4 seconds.
t
v = 100e6 − 12 (iv) Calculate the minimum velocity of the particle.
t
(v) Sketch the velocity-time graph of the particle
s = 600 − 600e6 − 12t
t
for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4
ds 1
= −600 ∙ e6 ∙ − − 12
dt 6
t
v = 100e − 126 Ans:

(ii) v = 88 m/s (i) 18 m

t (ii) 𝑡 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 3; Show that 𝑠 = 18 when 𝑡 = 3
v = 100e − 126
(iii) 12 m
= 100 − 12
(iv)
= 88 m/s
(iii) t = 12.72 s
t
0 = 100e6 − 12
t
100e = 12
6

t 12
− = ln
6 100 Validation
t = 12.72 s
(iv) Ave speed = 29.5 m/s
tot dist
Ave speed =
tot time
12.72
600 1−e 6 −12(12.72)
=
12.72
= 29.5 m/s

105
CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

KINEMATICS

Velocity

A particle moves in a straight line so that, t seconds after passing A moving particle P starts with a velocity of 7 m/s from a point O The velocity, v ms-1, of a particle travelling in a straight line
a fixed-point O, its velocity, v m/s, is given by v = 2t 2 − 16t + and moves in a straight line so that its acceleration after t seconds at time t seconds after leaving a fixed point O, is given by
30. is given by a = (20 − 6t) m/s2. Find V = 2t 2 + 1 − 3k t + 8k − 1,
where k is a constant. The velocity is a minimum at t = 5.
(i) Find an expression, in terms of t, for the displacement (i) the value of t when the speed is at maximum,
of the particle. (ii) the total distance travelled by the particle during the fourth (i)Show that k = 7.
second. (ii)Show that the particle will never return to O with time.
(ii) Calculate the total distance travelled by the particle in
(iii)Find the duration when its velocity is less than 13 ms-1.
the first 7 seconds. For maximum velocity, (iv)Find the distance travelled by the particle during the third
20 − 6t = 0 second
1
t=3
3
v = 2t 2 − 16t + 30 dv
2t3 16t2
(i) = 4t + (1 − 3k)
d2 v dt
s= − + 30t + D = −6 dv
3 2 dt2 When vel is a minimum = 0
2t3 1 dt
s= − 8t 3 + 30t + D At t = 3 , velocity is a maximum.
3 4 5 + 1 − 3k = 0
3
Sub t = 0, s = 0: 3k = 21
D=0 v = ‫ ׬‬20 − 6t dt k = 7(shown)
v = 20t − 3t 2 + c (ii) When k = 7, v = 2t 2 − 20t + 55
When t = 3, Discriminant = (−20)2 −4(2)(55)
2 3 2 At t = 0, v = 7 = 400 − 440
s = −8 3 2 + + 30(3) ∴c=7
3
= −40
= 36 m v = 20t − 3t 2 + 7
<0
When t = 5,
⇒ there is no real values of t such that vel = 0, also
s = −8 5 2 +
2 5 2 1
+ 30 5 = 33 m s = ‫ ׬‬20t − 3t 2 + 7 dt
3 3 vel > 0 hence particle will never return to O with time.
s = 10t 2 − t 3 + 7t + c
When t = 7, (iii) 2t 2 − 20t + 55 < 13
2 2 7 3 2t 2 − 20t + 42 < 0
s = −8 7 + + 30(7) At t = 0, s = 0
2
3
∴c=0 t 2 − 10t + 21 < 0
= 46
m (t − 7)(t − 3) < 0
3 s = 10t 2 − t 3 + 7t
Total distance travelled in 1st 7 seconds ∴3<t<7
= 36 + 36 − 33 + 46 − 33
1 2 1
At t = 3, Duration = 7 − 3 = 4 s
3 3 3
= 52 m s = 10(3)2 − 3 3 + 7(3)
s = 84 m 3
(iv) s = ‫׬‬2 2t 2 − 20t + 55 dt
At t = 4, 3
2t3
s = 10(4)2 − 4 3 + 7(4) = − 10t 2 + 55t
3
s = 124 m 16
Total distance travelled = 124 − 84 = 18 − 90 + 165 − − 40 + 110
3
= 40 m = 17
2
m or 17.7 m (3sf)
3

106
CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Kinematics

Acceleration

A particle moving in a straight line passes a fixed point O with a A particle traveling in a straight line passes through a fixed point O
velocity 6 ms-1. with a speed of −10 m/s. The acceleration, a m/s2, of the particle, t s
The acceleration of the particle, a ms-2, is given by a = 2t − 5, after passing through O, is given by a =
24
2t+1 2
. The particle comes Important Concepts
where t seconds is the time after passing O. Find
to instantaneous rest at the point P.
(i) the values of t when the particle is instantaneously at rest,
(ii) the displacement of the particle from O at t = 3,
(i) Find the time when the particle reaches P.
(iii) the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 3
(ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the particle in the first 3
seconds of its motion.
sec.
(iii) Show that the particle is again at O at some instant during
a = 2t − 5
the ninth second after first passing through O.
Let v = ‫ ׬‬2t − 5 dt
= t2 − 5t + c
24(2t+1)−1
When t = 0, v = 6. v= +c
2(−1)
∴c=6 12
= +c
v = t2 − 5t + 6 2t+1
When v = 0, t2 − 5t + 6 = 0. When t = 0, v = −10 m/s
(t − 2) t − 3 = 0 ∴c=2
12
t = 2 or t = 3 ∴v= 2−
2t+1
Particle is instantaneously at rest when t = 2 and t = 3 At P, v = 0 ⇒ 2 − =0
12
2t+1
⇒ t = 2.5s
Let s = ‫ ׬‬t2 − 5t + 6 dt
t3 5t2 ln 2t+1
= − + 6t + c1 s = 2t − 12 + c1 .
3 2 2
When t = 0, s = 0, ∴ c1 = 0. = 2t − 6 ln 2t + 1 + c1
t3 5t2
s= − + 6t When t = 0, s = 0, ∴ c1 = 0
3 2
33 5×32 ∴ s = 2t − 6 ln(2t + 1)
When t = 3, s = − +6×3 t = 0, s = 0
3 2
45
=9− + 18 t = 2.5, s = 2 2.5 − 6 ln 6 = −5.750 5
2
1 t = 3, s = 2 3 − 6 ln 7 = −5.675 4
=4
2 Distance travelled = 5.750 5 + (5.750 5 − 5.675 4)
1
Displacement of particle from O at t = 3 is 4 m = 5.83 m (3 sf)
2

When t = 2, s =
23
−
5×22
+6×2 Validation
8
3 2 9th second means from t = 8 s to t = 9 s
= − 10 + 12 When t = 8, s = 2 8 − 6 ln 17 = −0.999 28 m
3
2 When t = 9, s = 2 9 − 6 ln 19 = +0.333 36 m
=4
3
2 2 1 ∴ s = 0 for 8 < t < 9
Distance travelled in the first 3 seconds = 4 + 4 -4 m i.e The particle is again at O during the 9th sec.
3 3 2
5
=4 m
6

107
CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATION

Kinematics

2 Particles

Two particles A and B, leave a point O at the same time and travel (b) For particle A,
in the same direction along the same straight line. sA = ‫ ׬‬2t + 9 dt
Particle A starts with a velocity of 9 m/s and moves with a constant sA = t 2 + 9t + c
Important Concepts
acceleration of 2 m/s2. When t = 0, sA = 0
Particle B starts from the rest and moves with an acceleration of a c=0
t sA = t 2 + 9t
m/s2 , where a = 1 + and t seconds is the time travel since leaving
3
O. Find For particle B,
(a) Expression for the velocity of each particle in terms of t, 1
sB = ‫ ׬‬t + t 2 dt
(b) Expression for the displacement of each particle in terms 6
1 1 3
of t, sB = t 2 + t
+c
2 18
(c) The distance from O at which particle B collides with A, When t = 0, sB = 0,
(d) The speed of each particle at the point of collision. c=0

(a) For Particle A, (c) When particle B collides with particle A,

vA = ‫ ׬‬2 dt sA = sB
1 1
vA = 2t + c t 2 + 9t = t 2 + t 3
2 18
When t = 0,vA = 9 18t 2 + 162t = 9t 2 + t 3
c =𝒴 t 3 − 9t 2 − 162t = 0
vA = 2t + 9 t = t 2 − 9t − 162 = 0
t t − 18 t + 9 = 0
For particle B, t = 0 (N.A.) or t = 18 or t = −9(N.A.)
t
vB = ‫ ׬‬1 + dt
1 2
3 Distance from O = (18)2 +9 18 = 486 m
vB = t + t
+c Speed of particle A = 2(18) + 9 = 45 m/s
6
When t = 0, vB = 0, 1
Speed of particle B = 18 + (18)2 = 72 m/s
c=0 6

Validation

108
 PLANE GEOMETRY

Congruence and
Circle Properties Midpoint Theorem
Similarity

Congruent Triangles

D is a midpoint of AB
E is a midpoint of AC
You can prove by SSS, SAS, AAS, RHS DE is parallel to BC
You CANNOT prove using AAA or ASS!
This means that ADE is similar to ABC.
1
Therefore, 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐵𝐶
2
Similar Triangles

Alternate Segment
Theorem
All 3 Corresponding Angles are same (AA)
𝐴 RATIO.
All 3 Corresponding Sides have the same

2 of the Corresponding Sides have the same RATIO

Angle Properties & included Angles are the same.

Triangle CDE is similar to CAB.

Vertically Opposite Interior Corresponding Alternate
Angles Angles Angles Angles Diagram is confusing,
Look the name of triangle

109
CHAPTER 11: PLANE GEOMETRY

PLANE GEOMETRY

Alternate Segment Theorem

The diagram shows two intersecting circles, 𝐶1 and 𝐶2. The diagram shows a point 𝑃 on a circle and 𝑃𝑄 is a
𝐶1 passes through the vertices of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐷. The tangent to the circle. Points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 lie on the circle Important Concepts
tangents to 𝐶1 at 𝐴 and 𝐵 intersect at the point 𝑄 on 𝐶2. such that 𝑃𝐴 bisects angle 𝑄𝑃𝐵 and 𝑄𝐴𝐶 is a straight
A line is drawn from 𝑄 to intersect the line 𝐴𝐷 at 𝐸 on line. The lines 𝑄𝐶 and 𝑃𝐵 intersect at 𝐷.
𝐶2.

Prove that
(i) 𝑄𝐸 bisects angle 𝐴𝐸𝐵,
(ii) 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐸𝐷,
(iii) 𝐵𝐷 is parallel to 𝑄𝐸.

Answer:
(i) Prove that 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴𝐵.
(i) Let ∠𝑄𝐸𝐴 = 𝑥 ° (ii) Prove that 𝐶𝐷 bisects angle 𝑃𝐶𝐵.
(iii) Prove that triangles 𝐶𝐷𝑃 and 𝐶𝐵𝐴 are similar.
∠𝑄𝐵𝐴 = ∠𝑄𝐸𝐴 (angles in same segment in 𝐶2 )
= 𝑥°
Answer:
𝑄𝐵 = 𝑄𝐴 (tangents to 𝐶1 from external point Q)
(i) ∠𝐴𝐵𝑃 = ∠𝐴𝑃𝑄 (alt. segment theorem)
∠𝑄𝐴𝐵 = ∠𝑄𝐵𝐴 (base angles of isosceles triangle) Since PA bisects ∠𝑄𝑃𝐵,
= 𝑥° ∠APQ = ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵
∴ ∠𝑄𝐸𝐵 = ∠𝑄𝐸𝐴 ∴ ∠𝐴𝐵𝑃 = ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 (base ∠𝑠 of isosceles triangle APB)
Hence, QE bisects angle AEB Hence, 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴𝐵.

(ii) ∠𝑄𝐵𝐴 = 𝑥 °(from (i)) (ii) ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 (∠𝑠 in the same segment)
∠𝐴𝐷𝐵= ∠𝑄𝐵𝐴 (angles in alternate segment in 𝐶1 ) either ∠𝐴𝐶𝑃 = ∠𝐴𝐵𝑃 (∠𝑠 in the same segment)
= ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 (shown)
= 𝑥°
∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝑃
∠𝐴𝐸𝐵 = 2𝑥 ° (from (i))
Hence, CD bisects ∠𝑃𝐶𝐵
∠𝐷𝐵𝐸 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐵- ∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 (exterior angle of triangle BDE)
= 2𝑥 ° −𝑥 °
(iii) ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝑃 (from ii)
= 𝑥°
∠𝐶𝑃𝐷 = ∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 (∠𝑠 in the same segment)
∴ ∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 = ∠𝐸𝐷𝐵 = ∠𝐸𝐵𝐷 = 𝑥 °(base angles of isosceles triangle BDE)
Hence 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐸𝐷
Hence, ∆𝐶𝐷𝑋 and ∆𝐶𝐵𝐴 are similar.
(iii) From (i) ∠𝐸𝐵𝐷 = ∠𝑄𝐸𝐵 = 𝑥
∴ ∠𝐸𝐵𝐷 and ∠𝑄𝐸𝐵 are alternate angles of parallel lines.
(alternate angles are equal)
BD is parallel to QE

110
CHAPTER 11: PLANE GEOMETRY

PLANE GEOMETRY

Circles Application

In the figure, 𝑋𝑌𝑍 is a straight line that is tangent to the Two circles intersect at 𝑀 and 𝑁. 𝐾 is a point on 𝑀𝑁
circle at 𝑋. 𝑋𝑄 bisects ∠𝑅𝑋𝑍 and cuts the circle at 𝑆. 𝑅𝑆 produced such that 𝐾𝐿 and 𝐾𝐽 are tangents to the circles Important Concepts
produced meets 𝑋𝑍 at 𝑌 and 𝑍𝑅 = 𝑋𝑅. at 𝐿 and 𝐽 respectively and 𝐾𝐿 = 𝐾𝐽.
Given that 𝐿𝑁𝐽 is a straight line, show that

(i) Line 𝐾𝑀 bisects ∠𝐿𝑀𝐽.

(ii) If 𝑀𝐾 is perpendicular
to 𝐿𝐽, explain why a circle
with 𝑀𝐾 as diameter passes
through 𝐿 and 𝐽.
Prove that
Answer:
(a) 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑆𝑋,
(b) a circle can be drawn passing through 𝑍, 𝑌, 𝑆 and 𝑄. (i) ∠𝐾𝐽𝑁 = ∠𝐾𝐿𝑁 (given)
∠𝐾𝐽𝑁 = ∠𝐽𝑀𝑁 (tan-chord thm)
Answer: ∠𝐾𝐿𝑁 = ∠𝐿𝑀𝑁 (tan-chord thm)
⟹ ∠𝐽𝑀𝑁 = ∠𝐿𝑀𝑁
(a) ∠𝑍𝑋𝑄 = ∠𝑆𝑅𝑋 (Alternate Segment Theorem) ∴ Line LON bisects ∠𝐿𝑀𝐽 (shown)
∠𝑍𝑋𝑄 = ∠𝑄𝑋𝑅 (XQ is the angle bisector of ∠𝑅𝑋𝑍)
∠𝑄𝑋𝑅 = ∠𝑆𝑅𝑋 (ii) Given that ∠𝑀𝑁𝐿 = ∠𝑀𝑁𝐽 = 90° and
By base angles of isosceles triangles, 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑆𝑋 Let ∠𝐿𝑀𝑁 = ∠𝐽𝑀𝑁 = ∠𝐾𝐿𝑁 = ∠𝐾𝐽𝐿 = 𝑥,
∴ ∠𝑁𝐿𝑀 = 90° − 𝑥 (∠𝑠 sum in ∆𝑁𝑀𝐿)
(b) Let ∠𝑄𝑋𝑅 be x ∠𝑀𝐿𝐾 = 90° − 𝑥 + 𝑥
∠𝑅𝑆𝑋 = 180° − 2𝑥 (Isosceles Triangle) = 90°
∠𝑌𝑆𝑄 = 180° − 2𝑥 (Vertically Opposite Angles) ∴ ∠𝑁𝐽𝑀 = 90° − 𝑥 (∠𝑠 sum in ∆𝑁𝑀𝐽)
∠𝑅𝑍𝑋 = ∠𝑍𝑋𝑅 = 2𝑥 (Base angles of Isosceles Triangle) ∠𝑀𝐽𝐾 = 90° − 𝑥 + 𝑥
∠𝑅𝑍𝑋 + ∠𝑌𝑆𝑄 = 180° − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 180° = 90°
Since ∠𝑀𝐿𝐾 and ∠𝑀𝐽𝐾 are 90°, they obey ∠ in semicircle
Since opposite angles are supplementary in cyclic quadrilaterals, property.
a circle that passes through Z, Y, S and Q can be drawn. ⟹ MK is a diameter of a circle which passes through L and J.
(shown)

111
CHAPTER 11: PLANE GEOMETRY

PLANE GEOMETRY

Similar Triangles Method

The diagram shows a circle with centre 𝑂, diameter 𝐾𝐿. 𝑁𝑀𝐿 is a The diagram shows a circle passing through points 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐶 and
tangent to the circle at 𝐿 and 𝑀 is the midpoint of 𝑁𝐿. The lines 𝐾𝑁 𝐹, where 𝐹𝐶 = 𝐹𝐷. The point 𝐷 lies on 𝐴𝑃 such that 𝐴𝐷 = Important Concepts
and 𝑂𝑀 cut the circle at 𝑃 and 𝑄 respectively. The lines 𝑃𝐿 and 𝑂𝑄 𝐷𝑃. 𝐷𝐶 and 𝐸𝐹 cut 𝑃𝐵 at 𝑇 such that 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑇𝐵.
intersect at 𝑅. The line 𝐿𝑄 bisects ∠𝑅𝐿𝑀 and ∠𝑁𝑃𝑄 = ∠𝑁𝐾𝐿.

(i) Prove that 𝑂𝐾𝑃𝑄 is a rhombus.

(ii) Prove that
𝐾𝑄 × 𝑅𝑄 = 𝐿𝑄 × 𝐿𝑅.

Answer:

(i) O is the centre of the circle

and KL is diameter (given)
⟹ 𝑂 is the midpoint of KL (i)Show that 𝐴𝐵 is a tangent to the circle at point 𝐹.
M is the midpoint of NL (given) (ii)By showing that triangle 𝐷𝐹𝑇 and triangle 𝐸𝐹𝐷 are similar
By Midpoint Theorem, show that 𝐷𝐹 2 − 𝐹𝑇 2 = 𝐹𝑇 × 𝐸𝑇.
1
By Midpoint Theorem, 𝑂𝑀 ∥ 𝐾𝑁 and 𝑂𝑀 = 2 𝐾𝑁. Answer:
⟹ 𝑂𝑄 ∥ 𝐾𝑃
∠𝑁𝑃𝑄 = ∠𝑁𝐾𝐿 (given) (i) DT is parallel to Ab (Midpoint Theorem)
⟹ 𝑃𝑄 ∥ 𝐾𝑂 (corresponding angles are equal) ∠𝐴𝐹𝐷 = ∠𝑇𝐷𝐹 (alt angles)
As 𝑂𝑄 ∥ 𝐾𝑃 and 𝑃𝑄 ∥ 𝐾𝑂, then OKPQ is a parallelogram.
(2 pairs of opposite and parallel sides)
= ∠𝐹𝐸𝐷
𝑂𝐾 = 𝑂𝑄 (radii) of circle Since ∠𝐴𝐹𝐷 and ∠𝐹𝐸𝐷 satisfies the alternate segment theorem,
As OKPQ is a parallelogram and adjacent sides, OK and OQ are equal, AB is a tangent at F.
thus OKPQ is a rhombus.
(ii) ∠𝑄𝐾𝐿 = ∠𝑁𝐿𝑄 (Alternate Segment Theorem) (ii) ∠𝐷𝐹𝐸 is common.
∠𝑅𝐿𝑄 = ∠𝑁𝐿𝑄 (LQ bisects ∠𝑅𝐿𝑀) ∠𝑇𝐷𝐹 = ∠𝐷𝐶𝐹 (base angles of an isos triangle)
∴ ∠𝑄𝐾𝐿 = ∠𝑅𝐿𝑄
∠𝐷𝐶𝐹 = ∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 (angles in the same segment)
Since 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑂𝐿 (radii of circle)
∆𝑂𝑄𝐿 is an isosceles triangles,
∴ 𝐷𝐹𝑇 and 𝐸𝐹𝐷 are similar triangles (AA)
𝐷𝐹 𝐹𝑇
∠𝑂𝐿𝑄 = ∠𝑂𝑄𝐿 (base ∠𝑠 of isosceles ∆) =
𝐸𝐹 𝐹𝐷
⟹ ∠𝐾𝐿𝑄 = ∠𝑅𝑄𝐿 𝐷𝐹 2 = 𝐹𝑇 × 𝐸𝐹
∴ ∆𝐾𝐿𝑄 is similar to ∆𝐿𝑄𝑅 (AA Similarity)
𝐷𝐹 2 = 𝐹𝑇 × (𝐸𝑇 + 𝑇𝐹)
𝐾𝑄 𝐿𝑄 𝐷𝐹 2 = 𝐹𝑇 2 + 𝐹𝑇 × 𝐸𝑇
Hence, = 𝑅𝑄 (ratio of corresponding sides are equal)
𝐿𝑅 𝐷𝐹 2 − 𝐹𝑇 2 = 𝐹𝑇 × 𝐸𝑇
∴ 𝐾𝑄 × 𝑅𝑄 = 𝐿𝑄 × 𝐿𝑅 (shown)

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CHAPTER 11: PLANE GEOMETRY

PLANE GEOMETRY

Deduction Questions

In the diagram, 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 are points on the circle The diagram shows a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 whose vertices lie on the
centre 𝑂. 𝐴𝑃 and 𝐵𝑃 are tangents to the circle at 𝐴 and 𝐵
respectively. 𝑄 and 𝐶𝑄 are tangents to the circle at 𝐷 and
circumference of a circle. The triangle 𝐷𝐸𝐹 is formed by Important Concepts
tangents drawn to the circle at the points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶.
𝐶 respectively. 𝑃𝑂𝑄 is a straight line.
(i)Prove that angle 𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 2 × angle 𝐶𝐷𝑄.

(i) Prove that angle 𝐷𝐸𝐹 = 2 × angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶.

(ii) Make a similar deduction about angle 𝐷𝐹𝐸.
(iii) Prove that 2 × angle 𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 180° + angle 𝐸𝐷𝐹.
(ii)Make a similar deduction about angle 𝐴𝑂𝐵.
(iii)Prove that 2 × angle 𝑂𝐴𝐷 = angle 𝐶𝐷𝑄 + angle
Answer:
𝐵𝐴𝑃
(i) ∠ABC = ∠ACE (Alternate Segment Theorem)
Answer: 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐶𝐸 (tangents from ext. points)
∴ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸 is an isosceles triangle. Hence, ∠𝐴𝐶𝐸 = ∠𝐸𝐴𝐶
(i) Let ∠𝐶𝐷𝑄 = 𝑎 ∴ ∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐸 + ∠𝐸𝐴𝐶 (ext ∠ of ∆),
∠𝑂𝐷𝑄 = 90°(𝑡𝑎𝑛 ⊥ 𝑟𝑎𝑑) = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐸 + ∠𝐴𝐶𝐸
= 2∠𝐴𝐶𝐸
∴ ∠𝑂𝐷𝐶 = 90° − 𝑎 = 2 × ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 (proven)
∴ ∠𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 180° − 2(90° − 𝑎) (∠𝑠𝑢𝑚, ∆𝐶𝑂𝐷) (ii) ∠𝐷𝐹𝐸 = 2 × ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵
(iii) ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶
(ii) ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2 × ∠𝐵𝐴𝑃 = 180° − ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 − ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 (sum ∠ in ∆)
1 1
= 180° − ∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 − ∠𝐷𝐹𝐸
2 2
1
(iii) From (i) and (ii), = 180° − (∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 + ∠𝐷𝐹𝐸)
2
2(∠𝐶𝐷𝑄 + ∠𝐵𝐴𝑃) = ∠𝐶𝑂𝐷 + ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 1
= 180° − (180° − ∠𝐸𝐷𝐹) (∠𝑠𝑢𝑚 in ∆ )
2
1 1
∠𝐶𝐷𝑄 + ∠𝐵𝐴𝑃= ∠𝐶𝑂𝐷 + ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 90° + ∠𝐸𝐷𝐹
2 2
1
∠𝐶𝐷𝑄 + ∠𝐵𝐴𝑃 = ∠𝐴𝑂𝑃 + ∠𝐷𝑂𝑄 ⊥ prop of chord ∴ 2 × ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 2 × 90° + ∠𝐸𝐷𝐹
2
∠𝐶𝐷𝑄 + ∠𝐵𝐴𝑃 = 180° − ∠𝐴𝑂𝐷 = 180° + ∠𝐸𝐷𝐹 (proven)
∠𝐶𝐷𝑄 + ∠𝐵𝐴𝑃 = 2∠𝑂𝐴𝐷

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