Conclusion:

The hypothesis is accepted. Different antibiotics have different effect on

bacteria. Ampicillin is the most effective antibiotic against Escherichia Coli and
Staphylococcus aureus compared to other antibiotics.

Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria. Bacteria can cause infections such
as strep throat, ear infections, urinary tract infections, and sinus infections
(sinusitis). There are many types of antibiotics. Each works a little differently
and acts on different types of bacteria.

Don’t antibiotics cure everything?

Antibiotics are powerful medicines, but they cannot cure everything.

Antibiotics do not work against illnesses that are caused by a virus. They do
not help illnesses such as:

 Common colds.
 Influenza (flu).
 Most cases of acute bronchitis.
 Most sore throats not caused by strep.
 Runny noses.

These illnesses usually go away by themselves. If you take antibiotics when

you do not need them, they may not work when you do need them. Each time
you take antibiotics, you are more likely to have some bacteria that the
medicine does not kill. Over time these bacteria change (mutate) and become
harder to kill. The antibiotics that used to kill them no longer work. These
bacteria are called antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

These tougher bacteria can cause longer and more serious infections. In order
to treat them you may need different, stronger antibiotics that cost more. A
stronger antibiotic may have more side effects than the first medicine.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria also can spread to family members, children, and

friends. Your community then will have a risk of getting an infection that is
harder to cure and costs more to treat. Some antibiotics that doctors once
prescribed to treat common infections no longer work. Taking antibiotics you
do not need will not help you feel better, cure your illness, or keep others from
being infected. On the other hand, take them when unnecessary may cause
harmful side effects. Those side effects include:

 Nausea.
 Diarrhea.
 Stomach pain.

When antibiotics kill the normal bacteria in your intestine and allow the
C.difficilebacteria to grow, this causes diarrhea, fever, and belly cramps. In
some rare cases, it can even cause death. This condition is known as
Clostridium difficilecolitis or C. difficile colitis which is the swelling and
irritation of the large intestine, or colon. Women may develop vaginal yeast
infections from taking antibiotics. Rarely, antibiotics can cause a dangerous
allergic reaction that requires emergency care.

The right way to take antibiotic:

Take it exactly as directed. Always take the exact amount that the label says to
take. If the label says to take the medicine at a certain time, follow these
directions.

Take it for as long as prescribed. After the first few days of taking the
medicine, you might feel better. However, it is important to keep taking the
antibiotic as directed and usually until it is finish. Full prescription is always
needed to get rid of those bacteria that are a bit stronger and able to survive
the first few days of treatment. Bacteria that an antibiotic cannot kill
(antibiotic-resistant bacteria) can develop if only part of an antibiotic
prescription is being taken. Most importantly, leftover medicine must not be
saved for the purpose of future use.

Antibiotics are usually safe despites of all the side effects. Common side
effects include nausea, diarrhea, and stomach pain. In women, antibiotics can
lead to vaginal yeast infections. Some minor side effects are inevitable. In rare
cases, antibiotics can cause a dangerous allergic reaction that requires
emergency care.

Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern

medicine. Antibiotics cure disease by killing or injuring bacteria. After the first
antibiotic, penicillin which was accidentally been discovered from a mold
culture, there are now over 100 different antibiotics available to cure minor
discomforts as well as life-threatening infections.Although antibiotics are
useful in a wide variety of infections, it is important to realize that antibiotics
only treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are useless against viral infections
such as the common cold and fungal infections ringworm.

Types of Antibiotics

Although there are well over 100 antibiotics, the majority come from only a
few types of drugs. These are the main classes of antibiotics.

 Penicillins such as penicillin andamoxicillin

 Cephalosporins such as cephalexin(Keflex)
 Macrolides such as erythromycin (E-Mycin), clarithromycin (Biaxin),
andazithromycin (Zithromax)
 Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin(Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin),
andofloxacin (Floxin)
 Sulfonamides such as co-trimoxazole (Bactrim) and trimethoprim
(Proloprim)
 Tetracyclines such as tetracycline (Sumycin, Panmycin)
 Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin (Garamycin) and tobramycin
(Tobrex)

The use of right antibiotic is crucial as each antibiotic cures only certain types
of infections but not all. Also, a person may have allergies that eliminate a
class of antibiotic from consideration, such as a penicillin allergy which should
not prescribe amoxicillin. Other factors may be considered when choosing an
antibiotic. Medication cost, dosing schedule, and common side effects are
often taken into account. Patterns of infection in your community may be
considered too.

In some cases, laboratories may help to decide which antibiotic to be used.

Special techniques such as Gram stains may help narrow down which species
of bacteria is causing infection. This is because certain bacterial species will
take a stain while the others will not. Cultures may also be obtained. In this
technique, a bacterial sample from infection is allowed to grow in a laboratory.
The way bacteria grow or what they look like when they grow can help to
identify the bacterial species. Cultures may also be tested to determine
antibiotic sensitivities. A sensitivity list is the roster of antibiotics that kill a
particular bacterial type. This list can be used to double check that you are
taking the right antibiotic.
Escherichia coli

E. coli is a common type of bacteria that can get into food, like beef and
vegetables. E. coli is short for the medical term Escherichia coli. The strange
thing about these bacteria and lots of other bacteria – is that they’re not
always harmful to you.

Theodor Escherich first described E. coli in 1885, as Bacterium coli commune,

which he isolated from the feces of newborns. It was later renamed Escherichia
coli, and for many years the bacterium was simply considered to be a
commensal organism of the large intestine. It was not until 1935 that a strain
of E. coli was shown to be the cause of an outbreak of diarrhea among infants.
The GI tract of most warm-blooded animals is colonized by E. coli within hours
or a few days after birth. The bacterium is ingested in foods or water or
obtained directly from other individuals handling the infant. The human bowel
is usually colonized within 40 hours of birth. E. coli can adhere to the mucus
overlying the large intestine. Once established, an E. coli strain may persist for
months or years. Resident strains shift over a long period (weeks to months),
and more rapidly after enteric infection or antimicrobial chemotherapy that
perturbs the normal flora. The entire DNA base sequence of the E. coli
genome has been known since 1997.

E. coli normally lives inside your intestines, where it helps the body to break
down and digest the food. Unfortunately, certain types of E. coli can get from
the intestine.
Bibliography
Business Bliss Consultants FZE. (November 2018). The Effect of Different
Antibiotics on Bacteria. Retrieved from https://nursinganswers.net/essays/the-
effect-of-different-antibiotics-on-bacteria-health-essay.php?vref=1

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