FINAL EXAM, QUIZ I and QUIZ II –Research Methods

SUBJECT:__________________ DATE:___________

NAME____________________________

YEAR & SECTION

TEST I. WORD DATA BANK A (20%)

Frequency Percentile

Relative frequency Quartile

Percentage Decile

Cumulative percentage Point Estimation

Interval Estimation Hypothesis

TWO-TAILED test ONE-TAILED test

Alpha (α) or Type I error Beta (β) or Type II error

Power

1.______________________________Actual count
2.______________________________Number of times the score occurs in
the data, divided by the total number of responses

3.______________________________Relative frequency multiplied by 100

4.______________________________Cumulative percent for a given score

or data value corresponds to the percent of people who responded with that
score or less than that score

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5.______________________________Values below which a specified
fraction or percentage of the observation in a given set must fall

6.______________________________Values that divide a set of

observations in an array into 100 equal parts; each part having one percent

7.______________________________Values that divide the array into 10

equal parts

8.______________________________Values that divide the array into 4

equal parts

9. ______________________________Involves the calculation of a

summary statistics from the sample that is used to estimate the value of the
parameter of interest

10._____________________________ involves the calculation of the range

of values such that the parameter of interest is expected to be included in
this range

11._____________________________a statement about the population. It

is usually concerned with the parameters of the population

12.____________________________ simply states that there is a

difference in the groups being compared

13._____________________________specifies the direction of the

difference

14. _____________________________is the probability level that is

considered too low to warrant support of the hypothesis being tested.

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15._____________________________the probability of committing a Type
II error (Error of not rejecting a false null hypothesis).

16._____________________________ probability of committing a Type I

error (error of rejecting a true null hypothesis)

17._____________________________ the probability of observing an effect

in the sample if the specified effect size or greater exist in the population

18._____________________________ 1- β

19. _____________________________is kept at a low level when it is

important not to make a mistake of rejecting a true hypothesis

20._____________________________ is kept at a low level if it is

important not to accept a false hypothesis

Test II. Choose the best answer from the three choices (Write the
whole word) (10%)

A. Mean
B. Median
C. Mode

1._________________ 50th percentile

2.________________Defined technically as the sum of all the data scores

divided by n

3.________________Easily affected by extreme values or outliers

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4.________________simplest, but also the least widely used

5.________________ Occurs most frequently

6.________________Insensitive to extreme values

7.________________Unimodal, bimodal, multimodal

8.________________Thevalue that cuts the distribution exactly in half

9.________________ “average” is the most widely used

10_______________May be used for ordinal data and not so easily affected

by extreme values

TEST III. Write the letter of the correct answer (10%)

A. PRIMARY DATA
B. SECONDARY DATA

_________ 1. Example is collecting data from people

__________2. previously collected data
__________3. example is health data by DOH for planning & eval.
Of health services delivery
__________4. Example is collecting data from experimental
animals
__________5. Example is data collected directly from the subjects
or objects of study
__________6. Example is hospital data for dx & tx of illness
__________7 example is census office for government planning
__________8 Example is collecting data from environment
__________9.If an investigator wants to determine if a respondent
fulfills the definition of a case of a disease or illness, he asks
questions or performs tests on the subject (the patient

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 __________10. More problematic since the investigator does not
have any control with regards to how the data was collected

TEST IV WORD DATA BANK B(10%)

Objectivity Practicability

Specificity Negative Predictive Value

Accuracy Sensitivity

Positive Predictive Value Validity

Precision, repeatability or reliability

_______________________1. means getting the true value or

measurement. It is analogous to hitting the bulls eye in a target.

______________________2. the ability of data collection or the

measuring device to measure what it is supposed to measure.

______________________3.ability of the device to give the same or

identical results when the test is done on the same subject by different

observers

______________________4. ability of a measuring device to give

consistent results

_______________________5. involves the time, amount of work or

ease in the collection of data and interpretation necessary for general us

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 ___________________________6. the capacity of a test to pick up or

label positive those who have the disease

___________________________7.capacity of the test to exclude or

label negative those who do not have the disease

____________________________8. the chance that a positive result is

truly indicative of the presence of a disease or condition

____________________________9. the chance that a negative result is

truly indicative of the absence of a disease or condition

___________________________10.The tools of data collection should have

a high degree of _______________which is measured by its sensitivity and

specificity

TEST V. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE. If the statement is correct write True

but if not correct underline the wrong word or words or phrases and on top
of what was underline write the correct word or words or phrases (20%)

_____________1.When a test is highly sensitive its specificity is

usually high.

_____________2.A highly specific test can pick up most cases of the

disease but it will erroneously label as positive many persons who do

not have the disease

_____________3.A highly sensitive test will correctly label as negative

those who do not have the disease but it will miss many cases

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_____________4.A very specific test gives a low predictive value since

it produces many false positives.

_____________5.Conversely, a very sensitive test gives high positive

predictive value

_____________6.The positive predictive value of a test increases with

the incidence of the disease.

_____________7.The negative predictive value of a test depends on

the sensitivity and specificity of the test and the prevalence of the

condition in the target population

_____________8.Even if the sensitivity of the test is high, if the

prevalence of the condition is low the predictive value will be low.

_____________9.A Specificity of 96% means that 96% of the persons

with Syphilis will be detected by PTA 50.

____________10.A Sensitivity of 98.5% means that 98.5% of persons

without the disease will be correctly labeled by the test as not diseased

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 TEST VI. WORD DATA BANK C (10%) Write the whole word

Edit create the data file Master tables

field supervisors Editing

to summarize the data Code

interviewers Cross tabulations

1. The first step of data processing is to ____________

2. _____________is done by examining the completed forms or

questionnaires to detect errors and omissions which are corrected
following editing guidelines

3. ____________________ is the step that the completeness,

consistency and accuracy are ensured

4. Editing is performed by ___________________and

___________________

5. The second step of data processing is to ________________

6. _________________ is the conversion of data into numbers or

symbols which can be more easily counted and tabulated.

7. The objective of coding_____________ is to make the data

manageable and quantifiable.

8. The third step of data processing is to __________________________

9. The final step in processing is to _________________________

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10. The output of the process are ____________________ and
________________________ which permit the researcher to have a
preliminary overall view of the results. This is helpful in the analysis
and interpretation of the findings.

Test VII. WORD DATA BANK D - Determine the nature of the

variable for the following type of graph. (10 points)

Qualitative or Discrete Quantitative

Qualitative
Continuous Quantitative
Quantitative
Time Series

___________________________________1. Pie Chart

__________________________________2. Histogram
____________________________________3. Line Diagram
___________________________________4.Horizontal Bar Graph
____________________________________5.Frequency Polygon
____________________________________6. Scatterpoint
____________________________________7. Vertical Bar Graph
___________________________________8. Component Bar Diagram
___________________________________9. Dot Diagram
____________________________________10. Scatterplot

Test VIII. WORD DATA BANK E -Determine the type of graph for the following
functions. (10 points)

Histogram Pie Chart Dot Diagram

Vertical Bar Graph Component Bar Diagram Scatterplot
Line Diagram Horizontal Bar Graph
Scatterpoint Frequency Polygon

_______________________ 1. and __________________________ 2. Shows the

breakdown of a group or total where the number of categories is not too many
_________________________________3. Shows trend or changes with time or age
with respect to some other variables
________________________________4. And _________________________5. For
comparisons of absolute or relative counts, rates, etc. Between categories of a qualitative
or a discrete quantitative variable

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_______________________________6. And _____________________________7.
Graphic representation of the frequenmcy distribution of a continuous variable or
measurement including age groups
_______________________________8.____________________________9.
And_________________________________10 Show correlation between two
quantitative variables

QUIZ I

Test I. WORD DATA BANK A – Fill in the Blanks (10 points)

Arithmetic Mean for Ungrouped data Arithmetic Mean for grouped
data
Median for Ungrouped data Median for grouped data
Mode for Ungrouped Data Mode for grouped Data

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Range Standard Deviation
Variance Coefficient of Variation

1. ________________________________________1. As a measure of variability it

takes the mean as the reference point, i. e. It takes into account the deviations of the
individual variations from the mean.
2. ________________________________________2. The simplest measure of
variability which is the difference between the highest and lowest value.
3. ________________________________________3. A very crude estimate is the
midpoint of the modal class, i.e. the class with the highest frequency
4. ________________________________________4.this is equal to total observations
or sum divided by the number of observations
5. ________________________________________5. This requires identification of
the median class which is the first class whose cumulative frequency is greater than
or equal to n/2.
6. _________________________________________6. A measure of relative
dispersion that expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of the mean.
7. _________________________________________7. To compute this measure of
central tendency we assume that all observations within a category have the
midpoint as their value.
8. _________________________________________8. This is computed by simply
taking the square root of the variance
9. _________________________________________9. This is the middlemost
observation in a set of observations put in numerical order or in array.
10. ________________________________________10. This is the most frequently
occurring value in a set of observations.

TEST II WORD DATA BANK B (25 points)

Cause-of –Death Rate Incidence Rate

Cumulative Incidence Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Crude Death Rate (CDR) Proportionate Mortality Ratio (PMR)
Average Length of Stay Case Fatality Rate (CFR)
Incidence Density Swaroop’s Index
Prevalence Proportion Specific Mortality Rates
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) General Fertility Rate (GFR)
Expectation of Life at Birth (Life Expectancy) Neonatal Mortality Rate
Post-neonatal Mortality Rate

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1._________________________measures how fast people are added to the
population through births including men, children and the elderly who
are not capable of giving birth.

2. __________________________ is a more specific rate than the

crude birth rate since births are related to the segment of the
population deemed to be capable of giving birth in which in some
countries, the reproductive age group for women is defined as 15 –
49 years of age

3. The _____________________ gives the rate with which mortality

occurs in a given population

4. __________________________or Mortality Rate from specific

diseases or conditions gives the rate of dying secondary to specific
causes

5. The ________________________is defined as the number of

deaths among infants under one year of age in a calendar year per
1,000 livebirths in the same period.

6. ______________________ a death rate due mainly to prenatal or

genetic factors while postneonatal deaths are influenced by
environmental or genetic and nutritional factors as well as
infections.

7.______________________a death rate due mainly to prenatal or

genetic factors while postneonatal deaths are influenced by
environmental or genetic and nutritional factors as well as infections.

8.______________________ is the proportion of total deaths

occurring in a particular population group or from a particular cause.

9._______________________ show rates of dying in specific

population groups.

10.The ___________________ a special kind of Proportionate

Mortality Ratio is a sensitive indicator of the standards of health care.

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11.The _________________________is the proportion of cases which
end up fatally.

12.________________________ measures the development of a

disease in a group exposed to the risk of disease in a period of time

13.________________________ measures the proportion of persons

in a population who are initially free of the disease of interest and who
develop the disease within the specified time interval. There is a follow
up period and the exposure periods for the individuals are the same

14. _______________________ When the exposure periods for the

individuals are not the same. The denominator is not the total number
of individuals at the start of the study but person-time of exposure.

15.The _______________________ measures the proportion of

existing cases of a disease in the population. Then term “existing”
refers to old and new cases of the disease.

16.The ______________________ is more useful than Incidence

Measure in describing the occurrence of chronic conditions and as an
indicator or basis for making decisions in the administration of health
services

17.______________________________is defined as the average

number of years an infant is expected to live under the mortality
conditions of a given year.

18._______________________________ measures the mean length

of time a specific group of patients spend in the hospital continuously.

19. __________________________This measure tells us how much of

the afflicted die from the disease.

20.A classical application of the concept of _____________________

is in the computation of the incidence of nosocomial infections wherein
the lengths of stay of patients in the hospital differ

21. A high __________________________ means a more fatal

disease.The time element implied here is not annual but the usual
duration of the particular disease.

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22. ________________________is a sensitive index of the level of
health in a community. A high rate means low levels of health
standards which maybe secondary to poor maternal and child health
care, malnutrition,poor environmental sanitation or deficient health
service delivery.

23. Developed countries have higher ___________________ than the

less developed ones because in developed countries have a higher
older population than developing countries.

24._________________________This is an important indicator

especially for hospital administrators. This is computed by adding up
the duration of stay of all patients and dividing the sum by the number
of patients

25._________________________ The ten leading causes of death are

determined using this measure

TEST III. WORD DATA BANK C: VITAL STATISTICAL RATES AND

FACTORS AFFECTING THEM

The RATES:

Crude Birth Rate Incidence rate only

Crude Death Rate Prevalence Proportion only

Cause of Death Rate

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Infant Mortality Rate Both Incidence and Prevalence Proportion

Maternal Mortality Rate Both Crude Birth Rate & Crude Death Rate

Case Fatality Rate Both Cause of Death Rate and MMR

The FACTORS that affect the above rates. Choose the rate that is
affected by the following factors:

1). _____________________Fertility/marriage patterns and practices

of a place

2). _____________________Sex and age composition of a population

3)._____________________ Birth registration practice

4)._____________________ Adverse experimental and occupational

conditions

5)_____________________ peace and order conditions of a place.

6).____________________ Completeness of registration of deaths

and even the composition of the population

7). _____________________More importantly death is affected by

the disease ascertainment level in the community.

8). ____________________Maternal health practices of mothers who

die from a disease

9). ___________________The completeness of registration of deaths

10).____________________ nature of the disease itself which is

causing the deaths of patients,

11).____________________ the diagnostic ascertainment of a

particular disease that is causing the death of patients

12).____________________The level of reporting of deaths from a

particular disease in the population

13.)____________________ Diagnostic capabilities in the community

(Incidence Rate vs Prevalence proportion)

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 14)._____________________Levels of Notification(Incidence Rate vs
Prevalence Proportion)

15.) ____________________can be artificially lowered just by

improving the registration of births.

QUIZ II.

TEST I. WORD DATA BANK A (10 points)

Demography Population Composition

Census Continuing Population Registers

De Jure Method of Allocating People enumerated during census taking

De Facto Method of Allocating People enumerated during census taking

Vital Registration Systems Sex Ratio

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Age- Dependency Ratio Population Pyramid

1._______________________the empirical, statistical and mathematical

study of populations focusing its attention on three (3) human phenomenon-
the population size, its composition, and its spatial distribution

2. __________________________pertains to all the measurable

characteristics of the people who make up a given population

3. _________________________defined as the total process of collecting

compiling and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining
at a specified time or times , to all persons in a country or delimited
territory.

4.________________________deal with the continuous recording of vital

events like births, deaths, stillbirths, marriages, adoptions, divorces and
annulments as they occur in the population

5.________________________provides for a non-stop recording of

information about the population in such a manner that data on particular
events that occur to each individual in a population, as well as selected
characteristics describing him are maintained on a current basis.

6. _______________________compares the number of male individuals to

the number of females in the population.

7. _______________________provides an index of age-induced economic

drain on manpower resources which relates the dependent segment of the
population ( very young and the very old) to the economically productive
age group.

8. _______________________a graphical representation of age and sex

composition of the population

9._________________________assigns individuals to the place of their

usual residence regardless of where they are actually enumerated during
the census.

10. _________________________where people are allocated to the areas

where they were physically present at the census date regardlessof where
they usually live.

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TEST II. PICTURE DATA BANK of Various Types of Population Pyramid
(See Whiteboard) Write the numbers only (don’t draw!) (15 points)

1. __________has a broader base and its sides bow in much more

sharply as they slant from the 0 – 4 age group to the top.
2. __________a bell-shaped one, is a transitional type of pyramid
3. __________has a broad base and gently sloping sides
4. __________does not resemble a pyramid but an old-fashioned
beehive

5. ____________represents a population which is experiencing a marked

and rapid decline in fertility

6. ____________It is typical of countries that are beginning to grow

rapidly because of marked reduction in infant and child mortality but
are not yet reducing their fertility

7. ___________It is typical of countries with levels of birth and death

rates found in the Western European countries

8. ___________It is typical of countries with high rates of birth and

death

9. ___________It is a transitional type of pyramid

10. ________________the population represented by this pyramid

has usually a low death rate and has reduced its birth rate very rapidly

11. ________________ the population represented by this pyramid

can also be characterized as having a low median age and high
dependency ratio.

12. _________________the population represented by this

pyramid , after more than 100 years of declining birth and death
rates , has reversed the trend in fertility while maintaining the death
rates at low level.

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13. __________________As a consequence of a rapidy increasing
population, the median age is decreasing

14. _________________because of the low birth rates, the median

age is highest and its dependency ratio compared with other age-sex
structures is lowest
15. _________________ the age-sex structure shows the most
number of dependents are elderlies

TEST III WORD DATA BANK B (10 points)

Crowding Index Annual Rate of growth

Natural Increase of population size Sex Structure
Life Expectancy at birth Rate of Natural Increase
Relative increase per year Absolute Increase per year
Sample Surveys

1. __________________________instead of collecting data from the

whole population just like in census information is collected from a
subset of the population.
2. __________________________another way aside from sex ratio of
determining the sex composition of a population which is
determined by computing the sex ratio of each group
3. _________________________defined as the average number of
years an infant is expected to live under the mortality conditions for
a given year.
4. _________________________this is computed by dividing the
total number of persons in the household by the number of rooms
in the house.
5. _________________________a measure of a population size
which is simply the difference between the number of births and the
number of deaths which occurred in a specific population within a
specified period of time (usually one year).
6. _________________________the higher this index the easier it
will be for disease transmission to occur.

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 7. _________________________ a measure of a population size
which is the difference between the number of births and the
number of deaths are expressed relative to the population size.
8. _________________________measures the average number of
people added to the population per year. The numerator is the
difference between the two population counts P1 and P0 while the
denominator is the time interval in years between the two census
dates.
9. _________________________it is defined as the actual difference
between the two census counts expressed in percent relative to the
population size during the earlier census.
10. _______________________it is similar to the absolute increase
and relative increase but unlike the two earlier measures , however,
this rate of growth takes on the assumption that the population is
changing at a constant rate per year.

TEST IV. WORD DATA BANK C (15 points)

Skewed to the right Point Estimate

Skewed to the left Interval Estimate

Normal Curve Estimation

Statistical Inference Non-parametric statistical tests

Parameter Hypothesis Testing

Statistic Critical Region

Independent samples paired or related samples

Parametric statistical tests

____________________________1. Statistical tests of hypothesis which

were based on assumptions made concerning the parameters of the
population from which the sample was drawn.

_____________________________2. Statistical tests of hypothesis in

which no assumptions are made about the population parameters.

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_____________________________3. The set of values of the test statistic
which leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis.

_____________________________4. A set of procedures that culminates in

either the rejection or non-rejection of the null hypothesis

_____________________________5. Is the process by which a statistic

computed for a random sample is used to approximate (estimate) the
corresponding parameter.

_____________________________6. Is the process of generalizing or

drawing conclusions about the target population on the basis of results
obtained from a sample.

_____________________________7. A numerical constant obtained by

observing the total population.

_____________________________8. A single numerical value used to

approximate the population parameter

_____________________________9. A numerical variable obtained by

observing a random sample from the population.

_____________________________10. It contains two numbers , a lower

limit and an upper limit, which serve as the bounding values within which
the parameter is expected to lie with a certain degree of confidence.

_____________________________11. Bell-shaped and symmetrical

distribution of variables

_____________________________12. Reflects a frequency distribution

which has lower frequencies as the measurements take on higher values
such as income of people in most developing countries

_____________________________13. A curve with a larger number of

observations in the higher values of the variable being considered such a
distribution at the age of onset of diabetes

_____________________________14. Samples which are matched for

certain variables, hence the probability of selection of elements in one
sample is influenced by the composition of the other sample

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_____________________________15. The probability of selection of the
elements in one sample is not in any way influenced by the caharacteristics
of the elements selected in the other sample.

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