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Q1(a). Explain in detail the oSI model with all its seven layers. Bliveryofpackets.
Ans. OSI Model :
layerof
guarantee delivery of packets.
OSI model provides both the The network
erwork andl connectionless service. layer in TCP/P model provides
Application Layer oanection oriented connectionless service.
Software hassevenlayer. It hasfour layers.
|Presentation Layer Oslmodel has a problem of fitting the protocol TCPAP model does not fit any protocol.
Sender Layer
Session Layer intothemode!
Transport Layer >Heart of OSI which the network are built. TCPAP
model around model is, in a way implementation of
Receiver Network Layer Generallyitis used as a guidance tool. the OSl model.
Dala Link Layer Protocols are hidden in OSI model. and are In TCPIP replacing protocol is iot easy.
Hardware replaced:as the technology changes.
Physical Layer Layer easily
OSI stands for open svstem
an OSI model. interconnection. It has been developed by ISO. There are La Explain about the error detecting and eror correcting codes.
1. Physica! seven layers in Error detecting and error correcting codes :
Layer: The lowest layer of the OSIreference model the physical
is Lris acode or condition when the output information does not match with the input information.
for the
actual physical
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send them tobits.the When
bor Detecting Codes :
or detection is the process of detecting the errors that are present in the
data which is transmitted
2. Data Link dot redundancy codes to
Layer : It is batransmitter to the receiver in a communication system. We have to use some
this layer is to make sureresponsible for node to
the data transíer is node delivery of the message. The main codes are called error detecting codes."
t these errors. These
3. Network
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another. function f
different transmission of data from one pBS of Error Detection :
networks. It is also source to another
It providesrespcnsibleto routing and logical addressing of data.
4. for I. Parity check
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The data in theLayer: services application layer and takes
network layer is considered 2. Cyclic Redundancy Check(CRC)(LRC)
Redundancy Check
of complete message. as segments. It is also services from network layer. 3.4. Longitudinal transmitting
5. Session
Layer : This layer is responsible for end to end Check Sum
delivery Parity Check: Parity bit means annadditional bit added to the data at the transmitter before
two types of parity bit inerror
authentication and also ensuresresponsible establishment of
for vertical redundancy check". There are
connection, maintenance ofsessions, a, parity check is also called as
6.
Presentation Layer : Presentatsecurity. parity
Hection, i.e. even parityand odd Acyclic codei_aalinear block code with the property that every cyclic
application layer is extracted hereion layer is also called the 2.Cyclic Redundancy Check : codeword. Cycliciredundancy check nodes are shortened cyclic
network. and manipulated as per the translation layer. The data from in another encoding. CRC works in two phases i.e..
7. required format to transmit over thethe t of a codeword results are used for error detection and
Applwhich
data. icationhasLayer :It is
to be implemented by the des. These type of codes
CRCchecker. (LRC): In this method, a block of bits are arranged in
atable
network applications. These
transferred over the network. AC generator and Redundancy Check parity bit for each column separately.
application produce the . Longitudinal havetocalculatethe bitsexcept the number of bits in the
sum is larger than parity and
prmat and then we similartoparity this mearns that if the checksum is zero, error is detected.
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destination. implemented at
Simplex to speak they they the other 3Order the source.
not possiblechannels are not often used say switching is
to because it is only one person can talk atover", This is because implemented Packet
at | networklayer.
he transmit end.send back error or a time. is for
Circuit switching route is created
It's like aone
controisignals to 4Layers physical layer. oncepath issetallparts
Flexible because a the destination.
packet to travel to
way Half Duplex Operation cach
Television, or Radio.street.TheAnsimplex
example of simplex S. Flexibility
Inflexiblebecause
transmissionfollowsthe
samepath.

orresponds directly to
mmunication.
channel also
Shannon's model of A Two way but not at
of
UDPProtocols.
A CompareTCPand
Uni-MPage-125]
the same time
<(D).
Simplex Channel Operation 3. Full Ans. PleaseReferQ17
duplex Mode : In full duplex
can send data of ISDN ?
services
in system we thevarious
Example of Full both the service
ISDN is a digital
Duplex isdirections
What are
One way only leooooo00
in which there is a simulNetwork'
Telephone taneously. Q3(a). Define ISSDN.
'Integrated Services Digital Network,communication protocols
actually a set of simultaneously
abbreviatedas networks.ISDNisgroupoofdigital services that wires. ISDN
persons by a
talk and listentelephone communication
line, between two
at the same using which both can
Ans. ISDN :
The term ISDN is
existing
telephone
themto carry a
over companiesthatallowvideotobe transmitted
overexisting
telephone
designed to run
In full
duplex system theretime.can be two proposed1 by
telephone
voice, music,
graphicsand and Network Layers.
data-link
lines one Convey data, text,OSI model's
physical,
encompass the
 BCA
control. protocol still suffers from afew drawbacks. Firstly,
introducingflowfeedback ifthe receiver hadthe capacity to accept more than
BCA Vh Semester/Computer Network / solved by contain a ahoulds one frame, its resources are bing underutilized.
2019-20/142 be protocols. when it
ISDN is a wide area network becoming widely
Q3(b). Define Flow Control,
ay
inform the
sender rai Secondly, if the réceiyerwas busy and dËd not wish
available. Due to rapid advances in computer and one flow control algorithm Exnlalcof to receive any more packets, it may delay the
communication technologies, these two fields, have Ans. low Control : to ihe
next
frame. Control: acknowledgement. However, the timer on the
for Flow can be
oa
virtually merged into each other. ISDN is the product Flow control is one of the key Mechanism mechanisms Sender's side may go off and cause anunneçessary
control is a set aspects or types of
of such a merger of these technologies, The first layer. Flow of data lin
generation of ISDN is called as of two flow'ofdata mechanitm retransmission, These drawbacks are overcome by
Narrowband ISDN tell the sender how much
and is based on the use of 64 Kbps channel as the before it múst wait for an dátü it cana procedures thar controlthe flow control
are
the sliding window protocols..
basic unit of switching and has a circuit switchind ihe receivèp: t i Ngement trahsmit
from Wait: This
eacknowledgementofthe
frameto
transmitting a data data i In sliding window protocols the sender's data link
orientation. The main important device in the Flow
after
layer maintains a »sending window' which çonsists
narrowband ISDN is the frame relay. The second related tocontrol is another
important design issge
sender
the
until
:
ofa set of sequence numbers corresponding to
the
generation of ISDN is referred to as the broadband handled the is data
what tolinkdolayer.
with The
the sender which sent
is received.
problem'to:k d
wait control the receiver
ISDN (B-ISDN). It supports very high ata Window : In this
flow frames it is permitted to send.Similarly, to the
maintains a receiving window' coesponding
the
typically hundreds of Mbps. It has a packet ratesystematicaly wants to receiver agree on
switching
orientation. The main important technical happens faster rate than transmit frames at oiiding sender and which the
is permitted to accept, The window
the capacity ofthe receiver, Thie sunistn,
both
data-frames aftër set of frames it policy and it
contribution of B-ISDN is When The sender is- 4sing Stop and wait
should be sent. resources this size is dependent
on the retransnission
transfer mode (ATM) which is the
a faster
asynchronous computet thùn the
called cell relay. swamp the receiver.receiver. This will completelv oi
pwledgemeint may differ in values for the receiver's and the
ISDN stands for Integratedalso The receiver
Services Digital som oftheframes simply because they keep will ontrol
mechanisA wastes
underlying resources sender's window. Th sequence numbers within the
Network. It is a design for completely make use of
sender's window represent the frames sent but as
digital: too-quicklyThe soluion to,this are arriving aUchas triesto a new packet
telephone/telecommunications
designed to carry voice, data, imagesnetwork.
and
It is introduce the flow çontrol Thè flow,contro problem possible.
Wait Protocol :.
yet not acknowledged.
network
Whenever
layer, the upper edge of
we could ever need. The 'èverything control:the: Tate of frame transmission, to:a, value op and is the simplest form
arrives from the
advancd by one. When an
Digital Network is a setIntgrated Jervices
of international which.can be hand<ed by the
receiver. It reguires Sop-and-waitflow control the window, is arrives from the receiver the
the,receiver acknowledgement
standards for access to advanced, al igitaiÍ receiver to the some kind of a feedback control. In this method,
one. The receiver's
public teleconmunications networks. sender mechanism from the ieates ow readinessto receivedata for each frame, edge is advanced by the
The key elements ofthis The flow of data must not be allowedtoova its into multipl frames. The lower corresponds to the frames th¡tframe
definition ar-:
1. Integrated services (Voice, the receiver. For this reason, message is broken (acknowledgement) after window receiver's data link layermay accept., Whenedge
a
of
Data and Mixed Media atVideo, Image,has a block èCnemory; calledcach receiving device nder waits for specified
aSbufferreserved
an ACK out). It
ime (called time the with sequence number equalpassed to the lower
network
a number of for stöfing incoming frame for received received, it is tothe
standard data rates). i I f the buffer begins todata until they are processed. lery sent to ensure that
the reçeiver has next frane the window is
acknowledgement is generated
and the
2. Digital (Digital terminal
equipment, Digital fill:up, the receivermust be me correctly. It will then send
the a frame falling
layer, an rotated by one. Ifhowever,receiver's
local loops, Digital trunks, Digital ableto tell the sendertohalt transmission ont itis 'aly after the ACK has been received. windowis window is received, the data
and Digital signaling). switching once again ready to receive. : g t shi outside the optipns.ltmay eitherdi_card this
3. Network The simplest way of flow control is a |Operations : frame ata time. link layerhas two untilthedesired
(Worldwide,
communications fabric interoperating
under
Go 'Stop
protocol' in which,a sender waits for an |1. Sender : and kecelver. Transmits
:Transmits a single
acknowledgement.,
frame and all subsequent främes
accept these
frames
control using common standards.distributed acknowledgement by the receiver before sending a frame.
or it may
frame is.received until the appropriate network
framne, is
ISDN integrates all services like another packet. Stop and.Go protocol' utílize only (ACK) as it receives
within time out. and buffer them
the frames to the
_witched voice 4% of the network bandwidth. To obtain
telephony, Centrex, Dedicated point-to-point 3. Sender
receive ACK
ueii and then pass
received sequençe.itr
carrier, packet switched data carrier etc by data throughput tates, sliding window high 1.. tiyy9l. employARO
Protocol is 4. Go to step protocolsalso
a small set of providing The sender and receiver are used. of Stop & Wait : layer in
methodof Mostslidingwindow mechanism. In ARO.
standard
protocols that tapply to all interfaces ánd access fixed window size, which is the programmed to use,a Pros and Cons
advantage'of this reQuest ) acknowledgement
services. Because ISDN of data that can be sent maximum amount Pros :The only ACK(AutomaticRepeat for,a positive frame. If no
is an international
standard, the same before an flow control is its simplicity. waitfor the the sender waits
t e x t certain time
access protocols should be interfaces. and acknowledgement arrives, sender needs to'
source acknowledoement
before received within a
he world. available anywhere in Why Flow Cons :The frame ittransmits. This is a when is
frame.
3 Control is Used : after every particularlybad
andis muchlongerthonh interval it
retransmits the
Considera situation in which the sender transmits of
inefficiency,
delay is oftvo
types :
lost or received
'n': If a frame is
ARQ is
naPlease Refer Q17 Uni-II Page-42) frames faster than the reçeiver can accept them. f
the sender keeps pumping out frames at high rate,
the Propagation
transmission delay, ta) Go Back receiver may simply discard
in error, the
all

at some point the: receiver will be completely Window Protocols stop

and wait
swamped and will start losing some 2. Sliding of
timers, the
frames.his Inspite of the use
 Routing
the
:
ofmoving packets
process
Distributed hash table (DHT)
hosttoa another. Path computation element (PCE)
BCA Vth Semester /Computer Network / 2019-20/ 144
performedbyedicated
I devices e Policy-based routing
Qoality ofservice in routing
subsequent frames,:sending no acknowledgments for the
windowis of size 1. Since no discarded frames. In this casethe Routers.
featureoftheIntermet
andit Satic routing
acknowledgements
un, the sender will eventually time out are being received the sender's recety of deliberate Warm hole routing
starting from the damaged and
or lost frame. Theretransmit
window
all the unacknowledged frames inwilondIl AI iswith a
key
a
great dea transníssion)fines Distanee Vector Routing
obtained as follows. Assume that the window size maximum window size for this protocol can bne yofhighcapacity microwave),isa In thís routing scherise, eachrouerperiodically
contain the frames with sequence numbers from 0 toof the sender isn. So the window will intisllao cable.and
fiber
(ie,resistance shares its kowledge about the eatire network
these frames and the receiver's data link layer (w-1). Consider that the sender transmits a .optical
the
inthe
robustness with its neighbour.
data link layer does not receive any receives al of them correctly. However, the failure)ofthe
Internet.
Itis alsoknoWn as Bellma-Ford
algorithm.
retransrnit all the frames after its timeracknowledgements as all of them are lost. So the sendersenderactof
w
ipment routingby
routerperformsnextrouter. hasa table with informaionabout
goes off. intermediary ' Each router
overlap, the sum of theHowever
to w. Hence to avoid the receiver window has already to the updated by
two windows should be less than advancel t themessage analyzing self network. These tables are immediate
number space. the sequenen? aloug involves information with the
process deierminethe exchanging
w-1 +1< Sequence Number f this routingtables to neighbour. the
Le., w < Sequence Number Space
Space anfiguring. original ARPANEI,ndin
optimal)path.network, there are "tisusedinthe
Maximum Window Size = Sequence Number Space i lie.,
t switched internet as RIP
entire routingtable
(b) Selective Repest : In this protocol rather - 1 lna packet different stations are
numberofnodesand thesenodes.Apacket Whenanupdateissent,the
than discard all the subsequent frames followine a,communicatingthrought "
damaged or lost frame, the receiver's data link layer simply stores tobeissent.
sender does not receive an them in buffers, When the network,whichhaspathto VectorRosting:
acknowledgement
time interval and it retransmits only the lost
for the first frame it's timer goes off after a Cerlain sintroduced lin the The Advautage of Distance &use.
destinationstation. bythe configure wel
sender's data link layer will have a sequenceframe.Assuming error - free transmission this time. the is ad
to
1. Itiseasyhasbeenaroundsolong,itis
of a many correct frames which it can hand over deliveredat thepacketisdecidedfindout 2. Sinceit widelyUsed.
the network layer. Thus there is less overhead in to by trieslo
protocol. retransmission than in the case of Go Back n be followed algorithm. Routing path betveen nownand
requirebigh-levelknowledge
to
outing optimized does not
In case of selective repeat protocol the window size may be least-cost orthedesstinationstations.If 3. k levelto
size of both the sender's and the receiver's window is w. So calculated as follows. Assume that the thee and the congestion deploy demandhighbancdwidth size ofthe
initially both of them contain the values source properly, tdoes not asthe
Oto (w-1), Consider that sender's data link layer transmits all the the
is not done 4.
theirperiodic updates
wframes, the routing
layer receives them correctly and sends acknowledgements for each of them.receiver's data link may takeplace.
send relativelysmall.
packetsarcerequirea largeamountof
CPU
However, all the Techuiques: routing
acknowledgements are lost and the sender does not ad.nce it's window. The receiver window at Algorithms and implemented t doesnot memnorytostore
the
this point contairs the values w to (2w-1). To avoid overlap when the sender's
data link layer outing algorithmshavebeen themareas 5. SOurcesor
retransmits, we must have the sum of these two windows less than sequence number space. Manyrouting techniques.Someof Routing:
Hence, we get the condition sing different Distance Vector convergence
Dlow:
of
Shortconmi scalability duetoslow routing
Maximum Window Size = Sequence Number Space /2 Dynamicrouting Limited consumptionand
1. bandwith
" Deflectionrouting time,
Q4(a). What is Routing ? Explain distance vetor algorithm with an example. pairalgorithm routingis
distancevector correct
Ans. Routing : Edge disjointshortest loops.
problemwith coaverging tothe
."
" Dijkshtra'salgorithm 2. The
count
slownessin aproblemcalled
In intermetworking, the process of moving apacket of data from source to destination is 'Routing'. Floodsearchrouting its
This isdue to
Routing is usually perforned by adedicated device called a'Router. Routing is akey feature of the anSwer:
o-infinity problem. bandwidth
theineoute.
Internet because . rables messages to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the " Fuzzy routing
Geographicrouting routing does nottakechoosing
target machine. Each intermediary computer perforns routing by passing along the message to the next Thisconsideration when
Heuristicrouting into
computer. Part of thisprocess involves analyzing arouting table to determine the best path. 7The importance "Hierarchical routing
of Routing' is that it can determine best path for data to reach the destination. It can linit the forwardingalgorithm
collision domain and can connect different media &architectures. ""IP
Multipathrouting
Routing is the process or selecting best path in a network. In the past, the term 'routing' also mean pathbridging
routingschemes
forwarding network traffie among networks'. However, it is better deseribed as'forwarding' Routing > Shortest
network
Key-based routing(KBR)
Overlay
is performed for many kinds of networks including the Telephone Network (circuit switching), Electronic
Data Networks (such as the internet) and Transportation Networks,
 congestion control algorithm:
BCA VIh Semester /Computer Network / main
2019-20/ 148 Bucket
Algorithm: hole in the
Q4(b). Explain the following : required are 3. bucket through an example, imagine abucket with a small
understadleaky
(i) Hamming Code enters bucket, the outilow is at constant rate.
the
(ü) IEEE Standard 802.3 Ans. (li) IEEE Standard rate water
802.3 : matteratwhat additional water enteringspills over the sides and is lost. Similarly each
Ans. () Hamming Code : water, leaky bucketalgorithm.
Codes which allow error detection and correction (Please Refer 03 Unit-IV Page-67j is
obucket fullof
a
contains
leakyibucket and the following steps are involvedin
into the bucket.
are called 'Error Detecting' and
e
sendIthe packet is thrown
'Correcting algorithm.
Codes'. 'Hamming code' is the most commonly Q5(a). Explain various inertace
hostwants
to
rate, means thatthe
packets at aconstant
network interface transmit
used eror detccting and correcting code. Hamming Ans. Congestion :
congestion control at a
the leaks.
gbucket
constant
code is basically alinear block code named after its traffic bythe leaky bucket.
inventor R.H. Hamming. It is an error correcting Congestion is a situation in convertedtoa uniform afinite rate.
code. The parity bits are inserted in between the
networks in which too
apart of subnet,
communication
many packets are present in sY
is
traflic
a firnite
queue that outputs at
data bits. performance degrades. bucketis
may occur
D,D, Ds P D3 P; P¢-7bit hamming code he capacitywhen the löad on network is Congestion y
of network. When to0 much greater than Inflow
offered, traffeit maybe
D,D. D.D congestion sets in and
D's represent data bits while P's represent parity degrades sharply. performance bursty
-Consent
bits. outflow
The parity bits are inserted at each 2 where n =
Max. Carrying Capacity
Delivered
of Subnet Bucket
Packet
Perfect Representation ofLeaky
0, 1,2,3,.... Diagrammatic
P, is at 20 =1(first bit) burstythetrafficis,
Desirable Algorithm : theaveragerate,nomatterhow notlost.Onesuch
P, is at 2 =2 (second bit) patternat datais
okenBucket algorithmenforcesoutputneedaflexiblealgorithmsothatthealgorithmare asfollows:
P, is at 22=4(fourth bit) etc. leakybucket traffic we token bucket
u the bursty Algorithm.Seps includedin
The concept of hamming code can be extended Congested Aordertodeal withToken Bucket
Lo any number of bits. If a hamming code consists called as intothebucket.
sthmis
intervaltokensarethrown packetissent.
of D-data bits and P-parity bits, their total number Packet Sent ilnregular maximum capacity. from the bucketandthe
of bits Thus, a state occurring in network layer when The bucket has a packet,a tokenisremovedcannotbesent. following ways:
the message traffic is so heavy ready packet algoriühm, inthe butitis
»N=D+P -.(1) that it slow down Ifthereis a token in the bucketthe thanthe leakybucket introducedinthenetwork, bucket
Minimum Number of parity bits : If P is the network response time. there is no is superior packet are Inthe token
If
bucket algorithm whichthe bucketalgorithm. capturea
number of parity bits and D is the number of data theroleat transmitted,itmust some
bits, then
Effects of Congestion : Thetokenbucketalgorithmcontrols isintroducedinthetoken packetto be introduces
" As delay increase, performance
decrease heleaky Someflexibility Foranincoming availableandthus
Ds2 =P-1 ..(2)
" Ifdelay increase, retransmission occurs, making servativein nature.
generatedateach
tick.
sameate, if
tokensare
situation worse. tokensare placeatthe
The number of required parity bits may be Borithim transmissiontakes Host
Computer
calculated as follows : Congestion Control Algorithm : Kenandthe system.
in the
Let number of data bits be 4. If performance degrades in a subnet because of nOuntofflexibility Host
too many data pckets in present, i.e. traffic load Computer
Let P=2;then equation (2) gives:
4s2-2-l=4s4-3 temporarily exceeds the offered resources. This .Onetokenis
4s1 situation is called 'Congestion'. addedtobucket
So the above condition (2) is not satisfied, now let Congestion control refers to the mechanisms The bucket atevery4T
P=3, then and techniques used to control congestion and holds to Kin
keep the traffic below the capacity of the network. Network
4s2 -3-1 The number of packets delivered is proportional to (b)Afer
4s2 the number of packets send. But iftraffic increases NetworkTokenBucketRepresentation
So condition (2) is satisfied; hence number ofthe to0 much, routers are no longer able to handle all
bits in hamming code. ()Before
the traffic and packets willget lost. With further
N=D+P4+3-7 growing traffic this subnet will collapse and no more
Thus, for sending a 4-bit message, parity bit packets are delivered.
 BCA VIh

occurin Stop and port.

BCA VN Semester /Computer Network / 2019-20 /148 transition may Port 25 is the default SMTP non-encrypted port.
jllowing
Q5(b). Differentiate HDLC and SDLC. counter. Port 2525 : This port is opened on all site ground
Ans, Difference between HDLCand SDLC : maintainsthe timeout starts the sender in case port 25 is filtered and we want to
r
sender
thesender
HDLC(High level Data link control) and SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control) are two protocols The
theframe
issent, send non-encrypted emails with SMTP.
that provide point to multipoint interconnection between computers. When
timcoutcounter. comes in time, Port
G56:This is the port used if we want to
The main difference between HDLCand SDLC is actualy their origin. I'acknowledgmentofframe message using SMTP securely.
HDLC is actually astandard protocol that was used by many hardware makers while SDLC 0s not transmitsthe next
tframe in queue. send
time, IMAP :
but is still used in some lBM hardware. sender
the acknowledgment tdoes not comein is a mail
The another main difference between HDLC and SDLC is that it supports only the NRM
(Normal fthe assumes that either the frame or Internet Message Access Protocolremote web
Response Mode), where secondary stations do not communicate with the primary, unless this is sender transmit.Sender protocol used for accessing email ona
pemitted. Besides this, the HDLC can also supports ARM (Asynchronous response mode), where the sacknowledgmentislostinstart the timeout sender from a local client. IMAP and POP3 are the
secondary stations can initiate communication with the primary, with out our prior frame and internet protocol for
and iansmits the two most commonly used
ssynchronous balance mode where each station can act as a primary or secondary.permission
r
counter. acknowledgmentis received. retrieving.
SDLC is quite old and has since been replaced by HDLC and Advance Data Communication negative frame.
, Ifthe the Addressing?
Control Procedures or ADCCP. retransmits
Q7(6). What is DNSand IP
the sender Explain with example.
Summary: Back-N-ARO: utilize (DNS) :
1. HDLC is actually adopted from SDLC.
ARQ mechanism does not the Ans. Domain Name System domain and host
2. HDLC is a stahdard protocol while SDLC is not. nnand Wait When DNS translates lnternet
their best, idle The automaticallyconverts
3. HDLC has Asynchronous balance mode feature while SDLC does not. resources at the sendersets both namesto IPaddresses. DNS address bar
- received,
Anowledgnent is Go-Back-NAROmethod, web browser
4. HDLC supports from that are not multiple bit-octets while SDLC does not. the names wetype in our servers hosting those
5. HDLC is removed some procedure that were present is SDLC. nothing. In addresses-ofweb
* n ddoes receiver maintain a window, tothe IP distributed database to
aerand Receiver sites. DNS implements ainformationforallpublic
Q6(a). What is Bridge ? Explain bridges from 802.X to 802.Y. andaddress
Sender storethisnarne assumes IP addresses
Ans. Frame 0 lnternet DNS hierarchy
Set Timer for 0 hosts on the daabase residesona likeweb
[Please Refer QI2 Unit-IV Page-75] Set Timer for 1
Frame 1 donot change The
sefvers. When clients
host
database Interinet
06(b). State whether true or false "STOP-and-WAIT ARQ is a type of Go-Back-N ARQ t: Frahe 2 ofspecial requ¢sts invoBving resolver
Set Timer for 2 browsers issueófsoftware calledtheDNS
Protocol." Justify. apiece determine the
Ans. "STOP-and-lVAIT ARO isatype of Go-Back-N ARQ Protocol". This statement is true. n Go Closcd Timer for 0 7 names, server to
and Send 3 contacts a DNS DNS serverdoes not
first
Back-N-ARQ if sender window size is one, it becomes STOP-and-WAITARQ. II's detailed justification address. Ifthe turnfoward
is described below: Server'sIP mapping,it willin the next
containthe neededdifferent DNS server at
Stop-and-Wait-ARQ and Go-Back-N-ARQ are thetypes of techniques available with which Data Link windows it the request to a hierarchy.
Layer may deploy to control the error by ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request). the frames in received delegation
When sender sends all has higherlevelintheseveral forwardingand
Stop-and-Wait-ARQ : sequence No it frames are potentially withinthe DNS hierarchy, the
tasrg checks up to what, If all After
positive acknowledgement. set are sent eventually arrives at
Sender Receiver the sender send next
NACKMessages
forthe givenhost th¹requestover
Frame 0 positively acknowledged,thatit has received Paddress
thatinturn
completes
of frame. If sender find a theresolver,
particularframe,it Internet Protocol. caching
Timeout ACK 0 or it has receive any ACK
for
additionally includes supportfor
the frame. DNS redundancy.
Frame 1 etransmit all andfor work as fillows
:
Timeout E-mail Protocols. Ohy requests does DNS Work? DNS
IP
address, an
Frame 1 V(a). Explain How nane onto an procedure
: 1. To map a program calls a library
Timeout Ans, E-mail Protocols Sending Emails application name is passec on to
Protocol for (SMTPis the resolver. The
SMTP Standard Transfer Protocol acrosthe called resolveras a
parametcr.
Simple Mail emails
for sending
the
the standard protocol works on
three
internet. protocol,
SMTP
By default, the
 BCA Vth
2. The resolver sends a
Semester /Computer
Network / 2019-20 / 130
UDP
IP address to packet to a local DNS
corresponding
3 The the resolver. server which looks up the Computer Network
with resolver
the then sends this address
IP Address destination
or to the
sends in the UDP caller. Then the
program can
name and
returns th 2020-21 BCA N-502
packets. establish aTCP
connestifgne:Three Hours IMaximum Marks:70|
Q8. Write short (Please Refer Q17 Unit-V Attemptany Five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
(0) oSI Modelnotes on the
(iü)) TDM and following: Page-101] vte:

FDM List allthe layers of OSI model and also explain each layer in
(iin) ATM and X.25 isOSI model ?
What
(iv) Network Security
Ans.
() OSI
Model : Please Refer Q12 Unit-l Page-15j
What is Time Division
Multiplexing?
(Please Refer Q12 Unit-I Multiplexing (TDM)-:
(iü)) TDM and
FDM: Page-15] Time Division
Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a communications process that
transmits tvo or more
common channel. TDM, incoming signal are divided into equal
(Please Refer Q20 Unit-II Page 45] aaming digital signal over
a shared medium and
these signals are transmitted over a
(iii) ATM and .length time slots. After multiplexing,demultiplexing. Time slot selection is directly proportional to
X.25: embled into their original format after
ATM Overview: 'erall system efficiency. Digital Circuit Switching. TDM wasTDM for
initially
ATM is (TDM) is also known as a switching network use
Tme division multiplexing
packet aconnectiIton-ori
switching ented, unreliable guaranteedacknowledge
networking system.technology.
Unlike most
(does not
provides predictable, connectionless the receipt of cells sent),
qualitynetworking
of service. protocols,
system telegraphy
implementation. Packet
assigned fixed tíme slots for
yeloped in 1870 for large packets are divided into fixed lengths andwithin assigned time slots, are
From end to end, every componentassembled into acomplete signal at the destination. TDMis comprisedoftwo major categories :
virtual circui ecommunication links, i.e. transmitted
in an ATM network ATM is a and packet, which must be
provides a Sansmission. Each divided signal
deterministic traffic loads
Asynchronous Transfer Mode, a
high-level
of control.
long-distance communication
links and bears heavy data
fixed size. ATM sought to network technology
based on transfèrring
data in cells or packets of a 1. from TDM:TDM is used for
Sync TDM is used for
high-speed
networks. To provide fast resolve the conflict between
data circuit-switched end users.
networks and packet-switched 2. Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (syne TDM):
sized packets called ATM cell.transfer, the ATM switch divides the data received from sender the signal ofa
givensub
created as asampleof error correctionchannel.
ATM network uses an ATM switch into small transmission. packet) is
transfer from different computers. which receives the request for data TDM frame (or
data
During each time slot aconsists ofasynchronization
channelandsometime
an
errorcorrection
and newBycreated
whena samplewhen
also with its associated
(For More Information Please Refer Q17 channel. The frame sub-channel(along repeatedfora secónd sample interleaved one afer
ofgiven is
X.25 : Unit-IVPage-80j the first samplechannel)aretaken, the process frame, etc. andtheframessub-channel.
Atersynchronisation
repeated for athird repeatedfor the next
are

X.25 is an ITU-T standard and Then

frame is created, has expired the process
is differentiate
An X.25 WAN consists of protocol suite for packet switched wide area network(WAN) communication. asecond When the time
slot protocolandalso
packet-switching exchange
leased liñes, plain old telephone service connections or (PSE) nodes as the networking hardware, and the other.
and selective repeat
Go-back-Nprotocol
X.25 is a family of protocols that was popular duringISDN
the
connections as physical links. Explain
Transaction systems such as automated teller machines. X.251980s with telecommunications companies. Q2(6).
each other? Unit-IIIPage-56)
was originally defined bythe International between (PleaseReferQ12 switching.
Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CcITT, now ITU-T) in aseries of drafts and finalized Ans. circuit
in a publication known as The Orange Book in 1976. switchingand
between packet
Osbst. (For More Information Please Refer Q18 Unit-IV Page-83] Differentiate Unit-lIPage-37)
Q3(a). (PleaseReferQ13
(iv) Network Security : Ans.

(Please Refer Q19 Unit-VI Page-I26]

 NelW
Semester/Computel
BCA Vth
Ans. () Q0S (Quality of Service) :
petectingCodes: detectingthe Quality of Service (QoS) is performance of a
the description or
BCA Vth Semester/ Computer Network /2020-21 / 152 of
process measurerment of the overall
detectionis the the data which is, or computer network or
03(b). Discuss the transmission in ATM ar
present in
are transmittertothe
receiver in a service, such as telephony service, particularly the
networks. Also explain its reference Simplex Channel Operation that
computing
model. s
from a We have to use some Cloud the users of the network. To
saited system. errors. These performance seen by several
quantitatively measure quality ofservice,are often
Ans. nunication these
(Please Refer Q17 Uni-IV Page-&0] codesto detect codes," service
dancy detecting related aspects of the network
called error
One way only considered,suchaserror rates, bitrate, throughput,
Q4(a). What is twisted pair, coaxial cable, s
are
Detection : additional transmission delay, availability,jitter,etc. Qualityof
and fiber optics? Error an n
Differentiate
twisted pair and coaxial cable. between Half Duplex Mode : of
Check
bit means
: Paritythe transmitter
before
service is the ability to provide
differentpriority to
Ans. Twisted Pair, Coaxial In this type of transmission Parity data at called as applications. users, or data ilows, or to
Cable, and Fiber fmode, data can. dedtothe paritycheckis also types itferent level. performance to a data
Optics : ransmitted in both directions on asigial carrier bu!smitting data, There are two guarantee acertain of
important for
not at the same time. Example of half check". particularly
(Please Refer 03 Unit-II Page-25] duplex is icalredundancydetection, i.e. even parity and flow. Quality ofserviceis special requirements.
Walkie-Talkie which
in
time but messages are sent inmessage is sent one at : vbit in error with
the transportoftraffic also has responsibility for
Differences between Twisted-Pair Cable and both the directions (gar
dparity. Redundancy Check: A
cycliccode The Transport Layer service provided
Coaxial Cable : Direction of data property that every the quality of thecommunication anyor all.
Cyclic networks,
[Please Refer 07 Unit-II Page-29] block code with theresults in another to the SessionLayer. Forsome NetworkLayer.
Direction of data 2 linear codeword occur in the
ja nodes are ofseveral erfors might
olic shift of a redundancy check are might be:
Q4(b). What is meant by simplex & half Ahalf-duplex channel can send and Cyclic
receive. bu.ndeword.cyclic codes. These type codesworks Messages
of
duplex communication system ? not at the same time. It's like aone-lane bidgew CRC
Where.hortened detectionand encoding. checker. " corrupted
Ans. Transmission Modes : amountof time (if
two way trafic must give way in order to Cros.edfor error generatorandCRC lost
an inordinate
Transmission mode refers to the mechanism Only one end transmits at a time, the other endntwophasesi.e.,CRC Redundancy Check
(LRC) : " delayedfor internediatenodegoesdown),
of transferring of data between two devices recives. In addition, it is possible to perform errot Longitudinal arranged in a forexampe,an suddenlyreappear
3. of bits are andthenthey may
connected over a network, There are three types detection and request the sender to retransmitlin this method, a blockhave to calculatetheparity
of transmission modes. These are: information that arrived corrupted. then we " Duplicated or duplicate
ableformatand out of sequence sequence
1. Simplex mode Another example ofhalf-duplex is talk-back r it for each column separately. bits except
similarto parity parity
" deliveredmight bedeliveredout of ofthe
2. Half duplex mode and CB Radio (Citizens Band). We Kradi
have seen 4.o, Check Sum : It is
sum is larger than messages model lets the user
reference quantitatively,thequality
3. Full duplex mode movies where people communicate to each other, the number ofbits in theconstrainedtobe zero,this The OSI
Layerspecify,donebyprovidingQuality
Simplex Mode : through walkie-talkie and whenthey want the other andtheresultis checksumiszero,erroris detected. ofservice
always Transportrequired. is
Thisparameters along with the
In this tvoe of transmission mode, data can be person to speak they say "over". Thisisbecause meansthatifthe Service, or Q0S,communicationchannelorto
only one person can talk at a time. of defined for both
sent only in one direction i.e. communication is
Error Correcting Codes errordetecting establisha equestto
forboth Correction Parameters are andpacket
unidirectional. We cannot send a message back to, whichareused delivera packet.(connection-oriented)
Thecodes calledasError
the sendet. Half Duplex Operation
errorcorrectionare
correctingtechniquesare oftwo circuit-switched
Switched(connectionless)service.
and multiplebit
Examples of simplex Mode are Loudspeakers, Codes".Theerror erorcorrectionand
bit Establishment:
Television broadcasting etc. A Twotheway but not at A typesi.e.single
error correction. Connection performedby the
is Handshake.
Direction of data
00000 same time check? (ü)
Connection
establishment To
CPU Monitor redundancy Three-way three-way
cyclic called a
TCP uses connectwith
Q5(b).Whatis concept
Page-52 establish a connection, to
Simplex channels are not often used because it is 05(a). Describe error-detection and Uni-HII Before a clientattemptstoaporttoopen
not possibile to send back error or control signals to correctiontechniques.
Ans.
Refer07 handshake. servermustfirst bind Passiveopen.
(Please withrespect a server, the is calleda
the transmit end. Ans. Error Detecting and Error Correeting : following may
connections:thisestablished, a client
It's like a one way street.An example of simplex Error is a code or condition when the output Describethe it up for passiveopen is
O6(a), layer: ofService) Once the Actiye open.
is Television, or Radio. The simplex hannel also information does not natch with theinput transport
(ü)ConnectionEstablishment
(Quality o
to initiate an
corresponds directly to Shannon's model of information. () Q0s
communication. (i)Flowcontrol
 BCA VUhSem

transmission streams toa multiplexer which combines them, then into a

their direct them to their
BCA Vth Semester l Computer Network / 2020-21 / 184 theleft direct strearmback<into its components transmissions and
on separatesthe refers to the physical path. The word channelrefers to the portion of
wwhich linkk
yines
To establish a connection, the three-way handshake occurs like this : The word given pair of lines. One link can have (n) channels.
tiplexer,
1. The active open is performed by the client sending a SYN to the
server.
pondingzlines.transmission between a
2. In response, the server replies with a SYN-ACK,
that
carriesa
main multiplexingtechniques:
3. Finally the client sends an ACK back to the server. s three Multiplexing
At this point, both the client and server have are
re
received an acknowledgeinent of the connection
Wavelength Time
(ti) Flow Control : Frequency
When a data frame is sent from one host to division division
another over a division multiplexing multiplexing|
and receiver should work at the same single medium, it is required that the sender
speed. If sender is sending too fast the receiver may be multiplexing|
(swamped) and data may be lost. overloaded Analog Digital
Analog
There are two types of mechanisms can be deployed to
1. Stop and Wait : This flow comtrol the flow of data: sends
control from transmitter's side that get
stop and wait until the acknowledgementmechanism forces the sender after transmitting a data frame to ofMultiplexing: channels are to be transmitted, then end alsoallinput we
2. Slidingg Window: In this flow
of the data-frame sent is received. signals or one, sothat atthe receiving
control mechanism, both sender and receiver agree on the Whenmany multiplexer converts many into
of )multaneouslyi.e. there is a
data-frames after which the
wastes resources, this protocolacknowledgement should be sent. Stop and wait flow control number mechanism snultaneously expensive and requires more
wires tosend So,
through single wire.
is
tries to make use of underlying resources as much as possible.
many signals separately
cable T.V distributor sends many channels(short muxing) is a term
Q6(b). What are the following standards: Sending For examplein networks, multiplexing
telecommunications and computer signalsordigitaldatastreamsare
fmultiplexing. combinedinto
edofelectronics, message
IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.4 multipleanalog
How do IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.4 and IEEE 802.5and IEEE 802.5 in
processwhere expensiveresource. analog
differ ? Explain. sdto refertoa medium. The aim is to share an analogsignalstobeprocessedbyone usingone
shared allows several transferred
Ans. IEEE Standard 802.3:
on2 signal over a electronics,multiplexing
telecommunications,severalphone
callsmaybe
[Please Refer 03 Unit-IV Page-67 Eorexample,in (ADC),and in
-digitalconverter Explain.
IEEE 802.4 : andLANS?
wire.
X.25 gate wayslinkhosts
[Please Refer Q5 Unit-IV Page-69) Gateway? Howdo with different
IEEE 802. 5 : 07(b). What isa between two networks operating at layer3,
operates
a passage networkgatewaydepending upon the
[Please Refer Q7 Unit-IV Page-71]
Ans. Gateway :
node that forms of gateways, the
gateway is a network most common type interconnection) model. However, as theentry-exit
A The model. Itacts gateway.Only
Comparison of IEEE standards 802.3, 802.4 and 802.5 : transmission protocols. (open systems layersof0SI throughthe
network layer ofthe OSIoperateatanyofthesevennetworksshouldpass
(Please Refer Q8 Unit-IV Page-72] i.e.
functionality, a gatewaycan flows acrossthe
trafficthat LANdoes notpass through thegateway.
networksinceall a
o Q7(a). What is multiplexing ?Briefly explain TDM and FDM. Why is multiplexing needed pointfora traffic betweenthe nodesof
rsodn datacommunication system ? the internal Internet
t0dAns. Multiplexing, TDM and FDM :
Gateway
[Please Refer Q11 Unit-VI Page-120]
Router or
Multiplexing : Switches
noT mdirnneH
MatiplexingYAis a technique used for sending several signals simultaneously over a common inLAN

inr# multiplexed system, n lines share the bandwidth of one link. The basic format of a multiplexed
itiw systemis:
21qmsta i Mux: Multiplexer
.n9qo 9vieat sbotisp Internet
MDemux: Demultiplexer between a LAN
and
n input n output Gateway
M
lines
Ilink, nchannels
 other eilu,
regeneratedatt the
network.
BCA Vth Semester/ Computur Network/2020-21/ 156 Ii s d one
alache
i to
four:
Types of Gateways: notes onany
Communication
On basis of direction of data flow, gateways are broadly short
1. Unidirectional Gateways : They allow data to flowdivided into two categories :
in only one direction.
tuireless
e
Mode!
source node are replicated in the destination node, but not vice versa. They Changes made in thajDomain
0SI
namesystem
tools. can be cSMA/CD
used as archiving
2. Bidirectional Gateways: They allow data to flow in bothdirections. They can he ea Bridge
synchronization tools. WirelessCommunication:
Unit-IPage-32/
On basis of functionalities, there can be a
follows: variety of gateways, the prominent among them are [PleaseReferQ10
a)
> Network Gateway : This is the
most common type of gateway that provides as
two dissimilar networks operating with
different interface betweor Model: [PleaseRefer Q12 Unit-IPage-15)
without specifying the type, it indicates a networkprotocols. Whenever the term gateway is mentionedisl
Cloud Storage Gateway : is a network node gateway. or server that translates UnitIIIPage-62)
different cloud storage service API calls, such as SOAP storage requests RESCSMA/CD
(Simple Object Access Protocol) with :
(PleaseReferQ17
(Representational State Transfer). It automatically converts the
without necessitating transfer of thefacilitates integration of private cloud storage into applications System :
applications into any public cloud, thus simplifying data Domain Name Internet domain and host names to IP addresses. DNS
servers hosting thosesites.
of web hostson
communication.
translates the IP addresses
bar to forallpublic
information
DNS browser address andaddress hierarchy of special
There are some Features of Gateways are as follows: ie tyne in our web
a database tostorethisname databaseresides on a a piece
> Gateway is located at the boundary of a network and distributed change.The Internethostnames,
from that network.
manages all data that inflows or outflowe nlementsaassumnes IP addressesdo not issue requests involving theserver'sIPaddress. If
browsers determine different
It forms a passage between two different networks operating with different loternet. DNS clientslike web contactsa DNSserverto the requesttoa
transmission protocnls servers. When resolverfirst turn forward
Agateway operates as aprotocol converter, providing compatibility between the different protocnls knce the DNS mapping, it will in
ofware called
contain the
needed hierarchy,theIP
used in the two different networks. doesnot thehierarchy. messagesaresentwithin theDNS requestover
The feature that differentiates a gateway from other network devices is that it can DNS server higher level in completes the
operate at any S serveratthenext forwardinganddelegation resoBver, that in turn
layer of the OSI model. potentiallyseveral arrives at the
> It also stores information about the routing paths of the communicating networks. After given host eventually redundancy.
When used in enterprise scenario, a gateway node may be supplemented as proxy server or ress for the requests andfor the
iernetProtocol. suppor for caching procedure called
firewall. additionallyincludes work as follows : program calls a library
DNS application returnsthe
Agateway is generally implemented as a node with multiple NICs (network interface cards) DNS Work? DNS an
IP address, resolveras a
parameter. the name
and
connected to different networks. However, it can also be configured using software. Bow does whichlooks up
imap a name ontoan passed on to the server connection
> It usces packet switching technique to transmit data across the networks. I. To name is local DNS establisha TCP
resolver.The UDP packettoa can
Link host to X.25 with LANS : resolversends a resolver. program
The addresstothe caller.Thenthe
(a) This type of gateway costs about the same as a router. The difference will be in line-cost savings. . correspondingIP sendsthisaddresstothe
If the level of traffic to be transferred between LANs is low, the X.25 gateway is the most cost Theresolverthen sendsin theUDPpackets.
effective solution. If the levels of traffic are large enough to justify leased lines, or LAN-to-LAN J. destinationor
communication is required, a routing bridge or router would be the right choice. X.25 networks are withthe Unit-IV Page-72)
used when there is not enough traffic to justify leased lines or the remote nodes are so small and v Bridge : PleaseRefer09
geographically spread out that leased lines would simply be too ineficient.
(b) To allow devices made by different vendors in the same LÀN to talk to each other, a set ofinternet
protocols, such as TCPAP (°ransmission Control Protoco/Internet Protocol), is used. The gateway
converts the TCP/IP protocol into X.25. Then, at the remote node, X.25 traffic is converted into
whatever protocol is required.
(c) It can communicate with terminals attached to Ethermet using a DEC/LAT (DEC Local Area
Transport) protocol for better response times: the transmitting device need not wait for remote
acknowledgements. The gateway locally generates responses to the TCP/IP or LAT protocol. The
 about! network layer
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hase
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Refer 04 proper example.
Q1(b). Differentiate LAN, MAN &WAN. please Protocol: Name systemn with
System :
Unit-IIIPage-5I) Ans,
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Lor Internet domain and
Q5 The DNS translates converts
BASIS OF
LAN Please Refer ? addresses. DNS
automatically
COMPARISON MAN WAN protocol works namesto IP web browser
address bar
Expands to Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network ALOHA the names we type inour servers hosting those
How
ib), in
plain detail. addresses of webdistributed database to
Network to the IP implements a
informationforallpublic
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Meaning A network that connects a It covers relatively|It spans large locality and sites. DNS
andaddress addreses
PleaseReferQ14
group of computers in a large region such as connects countries storethisameInternet.
small geographical area. cities, towns. the DNS assumes IP hierarchy
together, Example Intemet Witn hosts on resides on a
the following
database
Ownership of Netwok Private Private or Public Private or Public change.The likeweb
ela), Describe sublayer: donot databaseservers.When clients host
|Design and maintenance Easy Difficult Difficult medium access of special involving Internet
Propagation Delay |Short Moderate Long sferenceto802.3standard requests resolver
browsers issue softwarecalledtheDNS
Speed High Moderate Low )(iüi) IEEE
TokenRing piece of determine the
names, a server to
Fault Tolerance More Tolerant Less Tolerant Less Tolerant a DNS does not
(ii)TokenBus first coatacts DNS server forward
Congestion Less More More Standard : IP address. If the in turn
server's mapping,itwill at the next
|Used for |College, School, Hospital. Small towns, City. Country/Continent. IEEE 802.3 Unit-IVPage-67
Ans. (i) 03 containtheneeded differentDNS
server
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the request thehierarchy.
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Internet Protocol..
support for
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Q2(a). Compare OSI-model with TCP/IP model. Differentiate
between
Bridges. additionally includes
DNS redundancy.
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follows :
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IP 1. To map programcalls a
application name is passed
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called parameter.
(Please Refer Q9 Unit-VI Page-19] Q6(a).
addressesindetail. as a
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