Physiology & Injuries in Sports

● Physiological factor determining component of Physical Fitness

● Effect of exercise on Cardio Respiratory System
● Effect of exercise on Muscular System
● Sports injuries :
Classification
Soft Tissue Injuries : (Abrasion, Contusion, Laceration, Incision, Sprain &
Strain)
Bone & Joint Injuries : (Dislocation, Fractures: Stress Fracture, Green Stick,
Commutated, Transverse Oblique & Impacted) Causes, Prevention&
treatment
● First Aid – Aims & Objectives
 SPORTS INJURIES TYPES, TREATMENTS, AND PREVENTION

Sports injuries are injuries that occur during sport, athletic activities, or
exercising. 21 percent of the injuries observed in elite college athletes caused
the athlete to miss at least one day of sport, and approximately 77 percent of
these injuries involved the lower leg, ankle, or foot. Another important aspect
of sport injury is prevention, which helps to reduce potential sport injuries.
You’re at risk for sports injuries if you:
➢ haven’t been regularly active
➢ don’t warm up properly before exercise
➢ Play Field
 Sports medicine
Sports medicine is a branch of physical education. It deals with the diagnosis, treatment
and prevention of Injuries related to participation in sports and/or exercise.
Aims of sports medicine : To provide information to athletes about injuries.
 Soft Tissue Injuries
➢ Strain is also a muscle injury. A strain is caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon. A sudden strain
is caused by a recent injury, lifting heavy objects or rods in wrong way and over stressing the muscles.
Chronic strain are usually caused by moving the muscles and tendons in repetition.
➢ Sprain is a ligament injury. It may occur due to overstretching or tearing of ligaments. Many things can
cause sprain. Falling, twisting, or getting hit can force a point out of its normal position. This can cause
ligaments around the joints to tear. Generally, Sprain occurs at wrist and ankle joints.
 Prevention of sprain and strain
➢ Conditioning should be performed during the preparatory period.
➢ Sports equipment's must be of good quality.
➢ Play courts should be smooth and clean.
➢ The scientific knowledge of games should be must for preventing sprain.
➢ Player should discontinue during the condition of fatigue.
➢ Players should be careful and alert during practice, training and competition.

➢ Abrasion is a key injury generally occurs due to friction with certain equipment's or
a fall over the area where bone is very close to skin. It may be caused by a fall on
hard surface. As someone falls or slides on the ground, friction causes layers of the
skin to rub off.
 Soft Tissue Injuries
➢ contusion is a muscle injury. A direct hit with or without any sports equipment can be the main cause
of contusion. Contusion can also be due to minor accidents to the skin such as falling, bumping into
something or being hit or kicked. In contusion blood vessels in muscles are broken and sometimes
bleeding may occur in the muscles which may cause bruise. Stiffens and swelling are common
features at the site of contusion.
➢ Incision : sharp strait wound.
➢ Laceration : irregular cut from tearing.
 Management
PRICE therapy
➢ Protect the injured area from further injury, for example ,by using a support ,or in
the case of an ankle injury ,wearing shoes that enclose and support your feet
,such as lace ups
➢ Rest: avoid regular exercise and reduce daily physical activity. Using crutches or a
walking stick may help if you are unable to put weight on your ankle or knee.
➢ Ice: apply an ice pack to the affected area for 10 to 30 minutes. Do not allow the
ice to touch your skin directly as this may cause a cold burn. Before applying ice,
wrap it in a wet towel or put a wet towel over the injured area.
➢ Compression: apply pressure (compression) using elastic compression bandages.
This may help to limit swelling.
➢ Elevation: keep the injured leg, knee, arm, elbow or wrist raised above the level of
the heart as this may also help reduce swelling.
✓ After 48 hours of PRICE therapy, stop compression and try moving the injured
area. If, after this time, your symptoms are worse, get advice from a healthcare
professional.
 Additional treatment
PRICE therapy can be useful for any sports injury, but severe injuries may require
additional treatment.
➢ Immobilisation : Immobilization is a treatment that helps prevent further damage by reducing
movement.
➢ Surgery : Most sports injuries do not require surgery. However, very severe injuries, such as torn
connective tissue or badly broken bones, may require corrective surgery.
➢ Rehabilitation : Rehabilitation is an important part of treating sports injuries. A rehabilitation
programmed aims to return the injured body part to normal function by gradually introducing it
to movement and exercise.
➢ Physiotherapy a range of treatments, including manipulation, which improve the range of
motion and return the functioning of injured areas to normal.
➢ Massage: using the hands to apply pressure to the affected area and encourage blood to flow
to the site of the injury to help the healing process.
 Joint injuries & its types
A hard blow to a joint, a fall, a forceful throwing, lifting or hitting may cause dislocation. Infact it is dislocation of
surface of bones.

Types of dislocation
➢ a) Dislocation of lower jaw: it occurs when the chin strikes to any other object. It may occur if mouth is opened
excessively.
➢ b) Dislocation of shoulder joint: dislocation of shoulder joint may occur due to a sudden jerk or a fall over a hard
surface. The end of the humorous comes out from the socket. In face when your shoulder dislocates, a strong
force, such as a sudden blow to your shoulder. Pulls the bones in your shoulder out of place.
➢ c) Dislocation of hip joint: By putting maximum strength spontaneously may cause dislocation of hip joint. The end
of the femur is displaced from the socket
➢ Dislocation of wrist: A sportsperson who participates in a sports or game in which he may fall, runs the risk of
getting a dislocated wrist. A miscalculated landing can also cause a dislocated wrist. Infact, it generally occurs to
the person who use his hand to break his fall.
 Fractures
A crack (not only a break) in the bone is also known as a fracture. Fractures can occur
in any bone in the body. Most human bones are surprisingly strong and can generally
stand up to fairly strong impacts or forces. However, if that force is too powerful, or there
is something wrong with the bone, it can fracture.
Types
➢ Stress
➢ Green Stick,
➢ Transverse
➢ Oblique
➢ Impacted
➢ comminated fracture : A comminuted fracture is a break or splinter of the bone into
more than two fragments. Since considerable force and energy is required to
fragment bone, fractures of this degree occur after high-impact trauma such as in
vehicular accidents.
Types
 Types
➢ Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone. They're caused by repetitive force, often
from overuse such as repeatedly jumping up and down or running long distances.
Stress fractures can also develop from normal use of a bone that's weakened by a
condition such as osteoporosis
➢ A greenstick fracture is a fracture in a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and
breaks. Greenstick fractures occur most often during infancy and childhood when
bones are soft.
An open fracture, also called a compound fracture, is a
fracture in which there is an open wound or break in the skin
near the site of the broken bone. Most often, this wound is
caused by a fragment of bone breaking through the skin at the
moment of the injury.
➢ Oblique fractures are complete fractures that occur at a plane oblique to the long
axis of the bone. Like transverse fractures, the term is predominantly used in the
context of describing a fracture in a long bone
➢ transverse fracture : A transverse fracture is a specific type of broken bone where the
break is at a right angle to the long plane of the bone. Transverse fractures most
often occur as the result of a strong force applied perpendicular to the long axis of a
bone.
 Causes, Prevention& treatment
Consume adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D Exercise several times a week.
Ask your doctor about a bone mineral density test. Ask about medications to slow bone
loss and reduce fracture risk.

Management of Fracture

➢ b) Apply ice to the affected part for 24 to 48 hrs.

➢ c) If pain persists, give painkillers.

➢ d) If there is any need of immobilization to the affected part, use a support.

➢ e) After removal of swelling begin to put partial weight on the affected area.

➢ f) Crutches or walking stick may be used in the beginning. After two weeks start putting normal weigh

➢ g) For 6 to 8 weeks, avoid the activity that caused stress fracture. Then start doing the activity slowly.
➢ Aim of first aid is to preserve life by carrying out emergency first aid procedures. For example,
opening a casualty's airway or performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Preserving life should
always be the overall aim of all first aiders.
➢ First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a minor or
serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to
promote recovery.
➢ The primary objectives of First Aid are the 3Ps. The first objective is to Preserve Life. The second would
be to Prevent further complications. And the third would be to promote the casualties recovery,
sometimes this may not be entirely possible, but strong reassurance always goes a long way.
➢ Preserve Life.
➢ Prevent future complication
➢ Promote the casualties recovery