TORTS AND DAMAGES

SY 2021-2022

I. INTRODUCTION

A. SOURCES OF OBLIGATIONS

Civil Code – Articles 1156 to 1162, 2176

Causes of Action under the Revised Rules of Court

B. CONCEPT: CULPA AQUILIANA, QUASI-DELICT, TORTS

Padilla v. CA, GR L-39999, May 31, 1984

Syquia v. CA, GR 98695, January 27, 1993
Gashem Shookat Baksh v. CA, GR 97336, February 19, 1993
LRTA v. Navidad, GR 145804, February 6, 2003

C. DISTINCTIONS

1. Culpa Aquiliana
2. Culpa Contractual
3. Culpa Criminal

Revised Penal Code – Articles 100 and 365

Calalas v. CA, G.R. No. 122039, May 31, 2000
Barredo v. Garcia, GR L-48006, July 8, 1942
Cangco v. Manila Railroad Co., GR L-12191, October 14, 1918

II. QUASI-DELICT

A. ELEMENTS (ARTICLES 2176)

1. Culpable Act or Negligence

2. Damage to another
3. Casual relation between the culpable act or negligence and
the damage to another

Picart v. Smith, GR L-12219, March 15, 1918

Daywalt v. Corporacion de PP Agustino Recoletos,
GR L-13505, February 4, 1919
Air France v. Carrascoso, GR L-21438, September 28, 1966
Gilchrist v. Cuddy, GR L-9356, February 18, 1915

Damnum Absque Injuria

 Board of Liquidators v. Kalaw, GR 18805, August 14, 1967
Farolan v. Solmac Marketing Corp., GR 83589, March 31, 1991

B. NO DOUBLE RECOVERY RULE (ARTICLES 1161, 2176 AND 2177)

Joseph v. Bautista, GR L-41423, February 23, 1989

Bermudez, Sr. v. Herrera, GR L-32055, February 26, 1988
Singson v. BPI, GR L-24837, June 27, 1968
Air France v. Carrascoso, GR L-21438, September 28, 1966
Rafael Reyes Trucking v. People, GR 129029, April 3, 2000

III. NEGLIGENCE

A. CONCEPT (ARTICLES 2178, 1172, 1173, 1174 AND 1733)

Jarco Marketing v. CA, GR 129792, December 21, 1999

Applicability of ARTICLES 1172-1174.

Sarmiento v. Sun-Cabrido, GR 141258, April 9, 2003

B. AS PROXIMATE CAUSE (ARTICLES 2179)

Taylor v. Manila Electric, GR L-4977, March 22, 1910

Vda. De Bataclan v. Medina, GR L-10126, October 22, 1957
Fernando v. CA, GR 159751, December 6, 2006
Urbano v. IAC, GR 72964, January 7, 1988
Bernal v. House and Tacloban Electric, GR L-30741, January 30, 1930
Gabeto v. Araneta, GR L-15674
McKee v. IAC, GR L-68102

C. PROOF OF NEGLIGENCE

Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, GR L-7664, August 29, 1958

D. PRESUMPTION OF NEGLIGENCE

1. respondeat superior (ARTICLES 1755-1756)

China Airlines v. CA, GR 45985, May 18, 1990

PAL v. CA, GR L-46558, July 31, 1981
National Development Company v. CA, GR L-49407, August 19, 1988
International Flavors v. Argos, GR 130362, September 10, 2001
Castilex Industrial v. Vasquez, GR 132266, December 21, 1999
 2. Violation of rules and statutes

a. traffic rules (ARTICLES 2184-85)

Manuel v. CA, GR 96781, October 1, 1993

Mallari v. CA, G.R. No. 128607, January 31, 2000
RA No. 10586
RA No. 10913

b. statutes and ordinances / administrative rules

Marinduque Iron Mines Agents, Inc. v. Workmen’s Compensation,

GR L-8110, June 30, 1956
Cipriano v. CA, GR 107968, October 30, 1996
F.F. Cruz & Co. v. CA, GR L-52732, August 29, 1988
Sanitary Steam Laundry v. CA, GR 119092, December 10, 1998

3. Dangerous weapons and substances (ARTICLES 2188)

Araneta v. Arreglado, GR L-11394, September 9, 1958

4. res ipsa loquitur

Africa v. Caltex, GR L-12986, March 31, 1966

Cebu Shipyard v. William Lines, GR 132607, May 5, 1999
D.M. Consunji, Inc. v. CA, GR 137873, April 20, 2001
NPC v. CA, GR 124378, March 8, 2005
Perla Compania v. Sps. Sarangaya, GR 147746, October 25, 2005

E. DEFENSES

1. Plaintiff’s negligence is proximate cause of injury

PLDT v. CA, GR 57079, September 29, 1989

Kim v. Phil. Aerial Taxi, GR L-39309, November 24, 1933
American Express v. Cordero, GR 138550, October 14, 2005

2. Comparative v. Contributory Negligence (ARTICLE 2179)

Umali v. Bacani, GR L-40570, January 30, 1976

Phoenix Construction v. IAC, GR L-65295, March 10, 1987
PCI Bank v. CA, GR 121413, January 29, 2001
Estacion v. Bernardo, GR 144723, February 27, 2006
Rakes v. Atlantic Gulf, GR 1719, January 23, 1907
 Taylor v. Manila Electric, GR L-4977, March 22, 1910
Philippine Bank of Commerce v. CA, GR 97626, March 14, 1997
Lambert v. Heirs of Castillon, GR 160709, February 23, 2006
Estacion v. Bernardo, GR 144723, February 27, 2006
PNR v. Brunty, GR 169891, November 2, 2006

3. Assumption of Risk (ARTICLE 1174)

Afialda v. Hisole, GR L-2075, November 29, 1949

Transporto v. Mijares1
Ilocos Norte Electric Company v. CA, GR L-53401, November 6, 1989
Co v. CA, GR 124922, June 22, 1998

4. Doctrine of Last Clear Chance

Picart v. Smith, GR L-12219, March 15, 1918

Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, GR L-7664, August 29, 1958
PLDT v. CA, GR L-57079, September 29, 1989
Raynera v. Hiceta, GR 120027, April 21, 1999
Phoenix Construction v. IAC, GR L-65295, March 10, 1987

5. Prescription (ARTICLE 1146)

Kramer v. CA, GR L-83524, October 13, 1989

Spouses Santos v. Pizardo, GR 151452, July 29, 2005
De Guzman v. Toyota Cubao, GR 141480, November 29, 2006

6. Force Majeure / Fortuitous Event (Article 1174)

Gotesco Investment Corp. v. Chatto, GR L-87584, June 16, 1992

Servando v. Phil. Steam, GR L-36481-2, October 23, 1982
Yobido v. CA, GR 113003, October 17, 1997

7. Diligence (ARTICLE 2180, last paragraph)

Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, GR L-7664, August 29, 1958

Dulay v. CA, GR No. 108017, April 3, 1995
Go v. IAC, GR L-68138, May 13, 1991

8. Mistake & Waiver (ARTICLES 6 and 1170)

Gatchalian v. Delim, GR L-56487, October 21, 1991

Theis v. CA, GR 126013, February 12, 1997

1
See AQUINO, TORTS AND DAMAGES 242 (2001).
 YHT Realty v. CA, GR No. 126780, February 17, 2005
Valenzuela Hardwood and Industrial Supply v. CA, GR 102316, June 30, 1997
Sabena Belgian World Airlines v. CA, GR 104685, March 14, 1996

9. Emergency or sudden peril doctrine

Delsan Transport Lines, Inc. v. C&A Construction, Inc., GR 156034, October 1, 2003
See Mckee case
Gan v. CA, GR L-44264, September 19, 1988

F. CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE

Gula v. Dianala, GR L-40308, September 28, 1984

San Ildefonso Lines v. CA, GR 119771, April 24, 1998

IV. VICARIOUS/PRIMARY/SOLIDARY LIABILITY

A. VICARIOUS LIABILITY (ARTICLES 2180-2182)

1. Parents & guardians (ARTICLES 216 to 219, 221, 236, Family Code)

Exconde v. Capuno, GR L-10134, June 29, 1957

Cuadra v. Monfort, GR No. L-24101, September 30, 1970
Tamargo v. CA, GR 85044, June 3, 1992
St. Mary’s Academy v. Carpitanos, GR No. 143363, February 6, 2002
Libi v. IAC, GR 70890, September 18, 1992

2. Owners & managers of enterprises/Employers

Pestano v. Sumayang, GR No. 139875, December 4, 2000

Jose v. CA, GR Nos. 118441-42, January 18, 2000
Real v. Belo, GR No. 146224, January 26, 2007
Castilex Industrial v. Vasquez, GR No. 132266, December 21, 1999
Carticiano v. Nuval, GR 138054, September 28, 2000
L.G. Foods v. Pagapong-Agraviador, GR 158995, September 26, 2006
Mercury Drug Corporation v. Huang, GR 172122, June 22, 2007
Filamer Christian Institute v. CA, GR 75112, October 16, 1990 and
August 17, 1992
Del Carmen v. Bacoy, GR 173870, April 24, 2012
Jayme v. Apostol, GR 163609, November 27, 2008

Medical negligence/malpractice

Ramos v. CA, GR 124354, December 29, 1999

Ramos v CA, GR 124354, Resolution dated April 11, 2002
 Nogales v. Capitol Medical, GR 142625, December 19, 2006
Professional Services v. Natividad, GR Nos. 126297, 126467 and 127590,
January 31, 2007; February 11, 2008 and February 2, 2010

3. State

Fontanlla v. Maliaman, GR 55963, December 1, 1989

Fontanila v. Maliaman, GR Nos. 55963 and 61045, February 27, 1991
Merritt v. Government of Philippine Islands, GR 11154, March 21, 1916

4. Teachers/heads of establishments (ARTICLES 218 and 219, Family

Code)

St. Joseph’s College v. Miranda, GR 182353, June 29, 2010

Salvosa v. IAC, GR 70458, October 5, 1988
Ylarde v. Aquino, GR L-33722, July 29, 1988
Amadora v. CA, GR L-47745, April 15, 1988
Mercado v. CA, GR L-14342, May 30, 1960
Aquinas School v. Inton, GR 184202, January 26, 2011

B. PRIMARY LIABILITY (ARTICLES 2183-2193, 1723)

1. Possessors/Users of animals (ARTICLE 2183)

Vestil v. IAC, GR 74431, November 6, 1989

2. Owners of motor vehicles (ARTICLE 2184)

Mallari v. Ca, GR 128607, January 31, 2000

3. Manufacturers & Processors (ARTICLE 2187)

Coca-Cola Bottlers v. CA, GR 110295, October 18, 1993

Pascual v. Ford Motor Company, GR 220667, January 27, 2016

4. Municipal Corporation (ARTICLE 2189)

City of Manila v. Teotico, GR L-23052, January 29, 1968

Jimenez v. City of Manila, GR 71049, May 29, 1987
Guilatco v. City of Dagupan, GR 61516, March 21, 1989
Q.C. Gov’t v. Dacara, GR 150304, June 15, 2005
See Section 24 of the Local Government Code (RA 7160)

5. Building proprietors (ARTICLES 2190-2191, 2193)

 Deroy v. CA, GR 80718, January 29, 1988

6. Engineers/Architects/Contractors (ARTICLES 2192 & 1723)

Nakpil & Sons v. Ca, GR L-47851, October 3, 1986 and April 15, 1988

C. SOLIDARITY LIABILITY (ARTICLE 2194)

Lanuzo v. Ping, GR L-53064, September 25, 1980

Gelisan v. Alday, GR L-30212, September 30, 1987
But see Philippine Rabbit v. IAC, GR Nos. 66102-04, August 30, 1990
PNCC v. CA, GR 159270, August 22, 2005
Chan v. Iglesia ni Cristo, GR 160283, October 14, 2005

D. STRICT LIABILITY TORTS

Exceptionally, liability is created even where there may have been no

fault or negligence.

1. Possessors/Users of animals (ARTICLE 2183)

Vestil v. IAC, GR 74431, November 6, 1989

2. Manufacturers & Processors (ARTICLE 2187)

3. Head of Family (ARTICLE 2193)

V. SPECIAL TORTS (HUMAN RELATIONS)

A. ABUSE OF RIGHT (ARTICLE 19)

See:
Velayo v. Shell, GR L-7817, October 31, 1956
Rellosa v. Pellosis, GR 138964, August 9, 2001
Cebu Country Club, Inc. v. Elizagaque, GR 160273, January 18, 2008
Albenson Enterprises Corp. v CA, GR 88694, January 11, 1993

B. CONTRARY TO LAW AND MORALS (ARTICLES 20 and 21)

See:
Hermosisima v. CA, GR L-14628, September 30, 1960
Ponce v. Legaspi, GR 79184, May 6, 1992
Wassmer v. Velez, GR L-20089, December 26, 1964
 Garciano v. CA, GR 96126, August 10, 1992
Martires v. Cokieng, GR 150192, February 17, 2005

C. UNJUST ENRICHMENT (ARTICLES 22 & 23)

See:
Pecson v. CA, GR 115814, May 16, 1995
Security Bank v. CA, GR 117009, October 11, 1995
Uy v. PEA, GR Nos. 147925-26, July 7, 2010
Car Cool Philippines, Inc. v. Ushio Realty and Development Corporation,
GR 138088, January 23, 2006

D. JUDICIAL VIGILANCE (ARTICLE 24)

See:
Cruz v. NLRC, GR 98723, October 28, 1991
Everett Steamship Corp. v. CA, GR 122494, October 8, 1998

E. THOUGHTLESS EXTRAVAGANCE (ARTICLE 25)

F. DISRESPECTT FOR PERSON (ARTICLE 26)

See:
Tenchavez v. Escaño, GR L-19671, November 29, 1965
Gregorio v. CA, GR 179799, September 11, 2009
St. Louis Realty Corp. v. CA, GR L-46061, November 14, 1984
Hing v. Choachuy, Sr., GR 179736, June 26, 2013

G. DERELICTION OF DUTY (ARTICLE 27)

See:
Javellana v. Tayo, GR L-18919, December 29, 1962
Torio v. Fontanilla, GR L-29993, October 23, 1978
Tuzon v. CA, GR 90107, August 21, 1992

H. UNFAIR COMPETITION (ARTICLE 28)

See:
Manila Oriental v. NLU, GR L-4330, March 24, 1952
Spinner v. Hesslein, GR 31380, January 13, 1930
Calamba Medical Center v. NLRC, GR 176484, November 25, 2008

I. VIOLATION OF CIVIL/POLITICAL RIGHT (ARTICLE 32)

 See:
Lim v. Ponce de Leon, GR L-22554, August 29, 1975
MHP Garments v. CA, GR 86720, September 2, 1994
ABS-CBN v. CA, GR 128690, January 21, 1999
Bricktown v. CA, GR 112182, December 12, 1994
Newsweek v. IAC, GR L-63559, May 30, 1986
MVRS Publication v. Islamic Da’wah, GR 135306, January 28, 2003
Silahis Int’l Hotel v. Soluta, GR 163087, February 20, 2006
RCPI v. Verchez, GR 164349, January 31, 2006
PEA v. Ganac-Chu, GR 145291, September 21, 2005

VI. INTERFERENCE IN CONTRACTUAL RELATION (ARTICLE 1314)

Yu v. CA, GR 86683, January 21, 1993

So Ping Bun v. CA, GR 120554, September 21, 1999
Lagon v. CA, GR 119107, March 18, 2005
Go v. Cordero, GR 164703, May 4, 2010

See
Gilchrist v. Cuddy, GR L-9356, February 18, 1915
Daywalt v. Corporacion de PP Agustino Recoletos,
GR L-13505, February 4, 1919
Tayag v. Lacson, GR 134971, March 25, 2004

VII. CIVIL LIABILITY ARISING FROM CRIME (RULES OF COURT)

A. REMEDIES

1. Civil action with criminal action (Rule 111[1], ROC)

2. Separate civil action (Rule 111[2a])

3. Independent civil action (Article 29 to 31, CC; R111[3], ROC)

DMPI Employees v. Velez, GR 129282, November 29, 2001

Casupanan v. Laroya, GR 145391, August 26, 2002
Cerezo v. Tuazon, GR 141538, March 23, 2004
Rodriguez v. Ponferrada, GR 155531-34, July 29, 2005
Hyatt Industrial v. Asia Dynamic, GR 163597, July 29, 2005
Safeguard Security v. Tangco, GR No. 165732, December 14, 2006

See
 Phil. Rabbit Bus Lines v. People, GR 147703, April 14, 2004

B. EFFECTS

1. Acquittal/dismissal (ARTICLE 29, CC; R111 [2b] & 120 [2], ROC)

2. Extinction of civil liability (Rule 111[2b], ROC)

Manantan v. CA, GR 107125, January 29, 2001

Sanchez v. FEBTC, GR 155309, November 15, 2005
Manliclic v. Calaunan, GR 150157, January 25, 2007

C. PREJUDICIAL QUESTION (ARTICLE 36, CC; R111, Secs. 6 and 7, ROC)

Quiambao v. Osorio, GR L-48157, March 16, 1988

Yap v. Paras, GR 101236, January 30, 1992
Tamin v. CA, GR 97477, May 8, 1992

See
Spouses Lee-Yu v. PCIB, GR 14790, March 17, 2006
Marbella-Bobis v. Bobis, GR 138509, July 31, 2000

D. SUBSIDIARY LIABILITY (ARTICLE 102-103, RPC; ARTICLE 106-109 Labor

Code)

1. Concept and requisites

2. Diligence not a defense

Carpio v. Doroja, GR 84516, December 5, 1989

See
Bantoto v. Bobis, GR L-18966, November 22, 1966
Yonaha v. CA, GR 112346, March 29, 1996

VIII. DAMAGES

A. CONCEPT/KINDS OF DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2195, 2197-2198)

Spouses Ong v. CA, GR No. 117103, January 21, 1999

B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RECOVERY

See
Air France v. CA, GR 76093, March 21, 1989
Dichoso v. CA, GR 55613, December 10, 1990
 PAL v. Miano, GR 106664, March 8, 1995
DBP v. CA, GR 118342, January 5, 1998

C. ACTUAL DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2199-2203; 2207, 2209)

1. damnum emergens/lucrum cessans

2. disability
3. indemnity for death
4. interest
5. Attorney’s Fees (ARTICLE 2208)

PNOC Shipping v. CA, GR 107518, October 8, 1998

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Resolution No. 799 dated July 1, 2013
Francisco v. Co, GR 151339, January 31, 2006
Marikina Autoline v. People, GR 152040, March 31, 2006
Magbanua v. Junsay, GR 132659, February 12, 2007
NACAR v. Gallery Frames, GR 189871, August 13, 2013
People v. Jugueta, GR 202124, April 5, 2016

See
City Trust v. Villanueva, GR 141011, July 19, 2001
Spouses Ong v. CA, GR 117103, January 21, 1999
Ramos v. CA, GR 124354, December 29, 1999
Industrial Insurance Co. v. Bondad, GR 136722, April 12, 2000
Pestano v. Spouses Sumayang, GR No. 139875, December 4, 2000

D. MORAL DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2217-2220)

Villanueva v. Salvador, GR 139436, January 25, 2006

Morris v. CA, GR 91332, July 16, 1993
Francisco vs. Ferrer, Jr., GR 142029, February 28, 2001
Filipinas Broadcasting v. Ago Medical, GR 141994, January 17, 2005

See
Expertravel & Tours v. CA, GR No. 130030, June 25, 1999
Francisco v. Ferrer, GR 142029, February 28, 2001
Ramos v. CA, GR 124354, December 29, 1999
Industrial Insurance Co. v. Bondad, GR 136722, April 12, 2000
Calalas v. CA, GR 122039, May 31, 2000
Cocoland Dev’t v. NLRC, GR 98458, July 17, 1996

E. NOMINAL DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2221-2223)

China Airlines v. CA, GR 129988, July 14, 2003

Mercury Drug v. Serrano, GR 160509, March 10, 2006
 See
Cojuangco v. CA. GR 119398, July 2, 1999
Industrial Timber v. Ababon, GR 164518, January 25, 2006
Ventanilla v. Centento, GR L-14333, January 28, 1961

F. TEMPERATE DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2224-2225)

Victory Liner v. Gammad, GR 159636, November 25, 2004

Premiere Dev’t Bank v. CA, GR 159352, April 14, 2004
See Ramos

G. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2226-2228)

Azcuna v. CA, GR 116665, March 20, 1996

Filinvest Land, Inc. v. CA, GR 138980, September 20, 2005

See
Radiowealth Finance v. Del Rosario, GR 138739, July 6, 2000

H. EXEMPLARY DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2229-2234)

Makabali v. CA, GR L-46877, January 22, 1988

People v. Catubig, GR 137842, August 23, 2001
Trans-Asia v. CA, GR 118126, March 4, 1996

See
Q.C. Gov’t v. Dacara, GR 150304, June 15, 2005
Ramos v. CA, GR No. 124354, December 29, 1999

I. MITIGATION OF DAMAGES (ARTICLES 1192, 2203-2204, 2214-2215)

Malaysian Airlines v. CA, GR 78015, December 11, 1987

Bricktown v. Amor Tierra, GR 112182, December 12, 1994
Lim v. CA, GR 125817, January 16, 2002
Lemoine v. Alkan, GR 10422, January 11, 1916

See
Sanitary Laundry v. CA, GR 119092, December 10, 1998
IS v. CA, GR 131109, June 13, 1999

IX. PROCEDURAL RULES ON DAMAGES

A. SPECIFICATION OF AMOUNT OF DAMAGES

B. FILING FEES FOR CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES
 Sun Insurance v. Asuncion, GR 79937-38, February 13, 1989
Iniego v. Guillermo, GR 166876, March 24, 2006
Intercontinental Broadcasting v. Legasto, GR 169108, April 18, 2006

See
SC Circular No. 7 dated March 24, 1983
SC Circular No. 57-97 dated September 17, 1997
SC Circular No. 70-97 dated October 21, 1997
Ng Soon v. Alday, GR 85879, September 29, 1989
Manantan v. CA, GR 107125, January 29, 2001

GRADING SYSTEM
Recitation 35%
Midterms 30%
Finals 35%