SOLUTION

1
SECTION - A
1. When food is kept in air tight containers, it slows down the oxidation of foods containing fats and
oil and therefore prevents rancidity of food.

Related Theory
 Rancidity can be prevented by adding anti-oxidants to foods containing fats and oils.
 Keeping food in air tight containers.
 By packaging fat and oil containing foods in nitrogen gas.
 By keeping food in a refrigerator.
 By storing foods away from light.

OR
CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)
In this reaction, CuO (Copper oxide) loses its oxygen atom and therefore, gets reduced to Cu
(Copper).
In this reaction hydrogen gains oxygen atom and therefore is said to be oxidized to water.

2. Biogas contains about 75 % methane, which burns without smoke, has high heating capacity and
does not leave any residue when burnt.

3. The image will be 4.0 cm in size and formed at 50.0 cm in front of concave mirror.
Explanation: The focal length of concave mirror is 25.0 cm. It means its focus (F) is at a distance
of 25.0 cm and its centre of curvature will be at a distance of 2 × 25.0 cm = 50.0 cm. from the
mirror So the object is placed at centre of curvature (C). The image will also be formed at centre
of curvature and of the same size as the object. Image formed will be real and inverted.
M
A D

B
P
B' C F
E
A'
N

4. The refractive index of medium B relative to A will be greater than unity.

Explanation: As it is clear from the figure, when the light rays travel from medium A to medium
B, they bend towards the normal, which means that medium B is denser than medium A and
speed of light is less with respect to medium A. So, the refractive index of medium B with respect
to medium A will be greater than unity.

OR
Light will travel faster in medium A having refractive index 1.47.
Explanation: The speed of light in a medium is inversely proportional to the refractive index of the
medium. The medium in which speed of light is more is said to be optically rarer medium while
medium in which speed of light is less is optically denser. Speed of light in the optically rarer
medium (A) is greater than the speed of light in denser medium (B).

Sample Paper 1 83
 Related Theory
 The more the refractive index, the more denser is the medium and lesser will be the speed of light.

5. The phenomena involved in the formation of rainbow are refraction, dispersion, total internal
reflection and refraction of light.
Explanation: A rainbow is the natural spectrum formed in the sky after a rain shower due to the
dispersion of sunlight by the tiny droplets of water present in the atmosphere. The tiny droplets of
water act like small prisms which refract and disperse the incident sunlight, then reflect the light
internally and finally refract it again when it comes out of the raindrop. Different colours reach
the observer's eyes due to the dispersion of light and internal reflection.
Raindrop
Sunlight

6. Two devices used to harness solar energy directly are solar cooker and solar cell.

Related Theory
 Solar cooker is a device used to cook food by utilizing the energy radiated by the sun. It consists of an insulated
metal box or a wooden box which is painted black from inside in order to absorb maximum solar radiation.
 Solar cell is a device that converts solar energy into electrical energy and these are made of silicon.

7. The needle of a compass is a small magnet. When a compass needle is brought near a bar
magnet, its magnetic field lines interact with that of the bar magnet and therefore the compass
needle gets deflected.

8. The area of cross section of another conductor of length 3l and resistance R of the same material
= 3A i.e., 3 times the cross sectional area of the first conductor.
Explanation:
The resistance R of a conductor of length l, area of cross-section A and resistivity r is given by
l
R= r .
A

RA
Case 1: When length of a conductor is l and area of cross section is A, resistivity will be ρ =
l
Case 2: Let the area of cross-section be A’ when length is 3l and resistance is R.
RA'
Resistivity will be given by ρ =
3l
As given in the question, both conductors are of the same material and are at the same
temperature; therefore, resistivity will be equal.
RA RA'
⇒ =
l 3l
⇒ A' = 3A

9. As cities have too many structures made of concrete, the rain water that falls down is not absorbed
by the ground but instead flows into the drains. This way the groundwater does not get recharged

84 Science Class X
 naturally. Therefore, rain water harvesting is necessary in city areas so that the groundwater gets
recharged.

10. The part of the alimentary canal that receives bile from the liver is small intestine.
Explanation: Bile is secreted by the liver and is stored in the gall bladder from where it enters the
small intestine via a common duct.
OR
The oxygen during the process of photosynthesis comes from splitting of water molecules.

11. The rings of cartilage present in the throat ensure that the air passage does not collapse.

Related Theory
 During inhalation, the air is drawn through the nostrils into the nasal passage. From there, air enters into pharynx,
larynx, trachea (windpipe), bronchi, lungs and finally to the alveoli.

12. The number of chromosomes of a particular species remain constant in parents and offsprings
due to halving of chromosomes during gamete formation.
Explanation: The gametes have half the number of chromosomes as compared to that of normal
body cells of organisms. Reduction division (meiosis) takes place during gamete formation, which
halves the number of chromosomes in both male and female gametes. So, when a male gamete
combines with a female gamete during sexual reproduction, then the new cell zygote will have a
normal amount of DNA, i.e. original chromosome number (as in parent) is restored.

13. (a) Green solution slowly turns brown.

Explanation: As aluminium is more reactive than iron, it displaces iron from ferrous sulphate
solution. The green colour of ferrous sulphate solution slowly changes to brown as iron is formed.
2Al + 3FeSO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3Fe

14. (c) (A) is true but, (R) is false.

Explanation: Carbonic acid does not ionize completely in water.
The acids that give more H+ ions in water are said to be strong acids and acids that give rise to
less H+ ions in water are said to be weak acids.

15. (c) (A) is true but, (R) is false.

Explanation: Acquired traits are the changes which do not occur in the DNA of the individual or
in its genes and are developed during the Life of an individual. Acquired traits bring changes in
non reproductive tissues so they do not bring any change in DNA.

OR
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of the assertion.
Explanation: Both copies have to be ‘t’ for the plant to be dwarf as dwarfness (t) is a recessive
trait.

Sample Paper 1 85
 16. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Explanation: Fossil fuels contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur. When these are burnt,
products formed are carbon dioxide, water and oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. Carbon dioxide
is a greenhouse gas and leads to global warming. Whereas oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are
poisonous at high concentrations and cause acid rain and air pollution.

17. (A) (d) Anemia

Explanation: A low haemoglobin level is referred to as anemia or low red blood count and
haemoglobin levels reflect this number.

Related Theory
 Asthma is a condition in which a person's airways become inflamed, narrow and swell and produce extra mucus,
which makes it difficult to breathe.
 Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs
(alveoli) are damaged. Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture — creating larger air spaces
instead of many small ones.
 The cause of emphysema is usually long-term exposure to irritants that damage your lungs and the airways.
 Respiratory alkalosis is a condition marked by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood due to breathing excessively.
Respiratory alkalosis occurs when the blood pH level is out of balance.

(B) (a) Part/organ of human respiratory system—Trachea

Function—cartilaginous tube that connects the mouth cavity to the larynx
Explanation: The incorrect statement is (a) as the trachea, also called the windpipe, is a
cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of
air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs. The trachea extends from the
larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi.
(C) (d) (I), (II) and (IV) only
Explanation: When the body size of animals is large, the diffusion pressure alone cannot take care
of oxygen delivery to all parts of the body. Instead, respiratory pigments take up oxygen from the
air in the lungs and carry it to tissues which are deficient in oxygen before releasing it. In human
beings, the respiratory pigment is haemoglobin which has a very high affiinity for oxygen. This
pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles.
Realated theory: Blood is a connective tissue which transports hormones, enzymes, digested
food, waste etc. from one part of the body to another mineral.
(D) (a) Iron
Explanation: Iron is an important component of haemoglobin which is present in red blood cells.
It carries oxygen from lungs to different parts of the body. Iron deficiency can lead to anaemia,
that is a low count of haemoglobin as there is insufficient iron in the body to produce
enough of haemoglobin.
(E) (b) In dissolved form
Explanation: Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen is and hence is mostly
transported in the dissolved form in our blood.

Related Theory
 When the body size of animals is large, the diffusion pressure alone cannot take care of oxygen delivery to all parts
of the body.
 Instead, respiratory pigments take up oxygen from the air in the lungs and carry it to tissues which are deficient in
oxygen before releasing it.

In human beings, the respiratory pigment is haemoglobin which has a very high affinity for oxygen. This pigment
is
present in the red blood corpuscles.
 The energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to synthesise a molecule called ATP which is
used to fuel all other activities in the cell.

86 Science Class X
  Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures
which are called alveoli.
 The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an
extensive network of blood-vessels.

18. (A) Chemically, vinegar is 5 – 8 % solution of ethanoic acid or acetic acid in water.
(B) Ethanoic acid is also called as glacial acetic acid as it often freezes during winter in cold
climates since the melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K.
(C) The organic compound A is carboxylic acid since it is given that it is used as a preservative in
pickles. Since A has two carbon atoms, it is ethanoic acid having chemical formula CH3COOH
(C2H4O2). When ethanoic acid is heated with ethanol and conc. H2SO4, esterification reaction
takes place in which B, an ester, is produced, which has pleasant and fruity smell.
The chemical reaction involved is:
CH3COOH+C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
We can get the compound B back from A by saponification reaction in which the ester is
treated with an alkali solution and the ester is converted back to the constituent alcohol and
sodium salt of the acid.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH

19. (A) (d) Fr

Explanation: Fr has greater atomic size as the atomic size increases gradually as we go down
the group.
(B) (c) Valency
Explanation: Elements of the same group have same number of valence electrons and hence
valency will remain same.
(C) (b) Atomic size and electropositivity
Explanation: On going down in a group of the periodic table, the atomic size, number of shells
and metallic character increases. When we move down from top to bottom in group 1 of alkali
metals, the size of atom increases gradually from lithium to francium. When going from top to
bottom in a group, a new shell is added to the atoms which increases the distance between the
valence electrons and the nucleus. When we go down a group, the electropositive character of
elements increases as the tendency of an atom to lose electrons increases.
In group 1 of alkali metals, lithium is the least metallic element whereas francium is the most
metallic element.
(D) (c) II and III
Explanation: On moving from left to right in a period, the size of atoms decreases due to the large
positive charge on the nucleus, electrons are pulled more strongly towards the nucleus. So, size of
Li atom is larger than the size of Be atom.
The size of an atom (radius) increases as we go down in a group as a new shell is added which
increases the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus. So, size of Na atom is
larger than the size of Li atom.
(E) (b) BeCl2
Explanation: Beryllium has a valency of 2 as it belongs to the 2nd group of the modern periodic
table. Since chlorine has a valency 1, the formula of Beryllium chloride will be BeCl2.

20. (A) Abscisic acid

Explanation: Phytohormones are chemical substances known as plant hormones which perform
the function of control and coordination in plants. The different types of plant hormones are:
Auxins, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Abscisic Acid.
Abscisic acid is an example of a plant hormone which inhibits growth.

Sample Paper 1 87
 21. (A) (a) + 10 cm
From S.No. 3, we can say that the radius of curvature of the lens is 20 cm because when an object
is placed at the centre of curvature of a convex lens its image is formed on the other side of the
lens at the same distance from the lens. And, we also know that focal length is half of the radius
of curvature. Thus, focal length of the lens is + 10 cm.
(B) (d) – 9 cm
S.No. 6 is not correct as for this observation the object distance is between focus and pole, and
for such cases the image formed is always virtual but in this case a real image is forming as the
image distance is positive.
(C) (a) (I) and (III)
Explanation: The image formed by the concave mirror is inverted and of the same size if the
object is placed at the centre of curvature. A convex lens forms a real and highly enlarged image
if object is placed at Focus.
A convex mirror forms a virtual and diminished image of the object for all positions of the object.
A concave lens forms a virtual and diminished image if object is placed between infinity and
optical centre O of the lens.
(D) (a) At infinity
Explanation: The focal length of a plane mirror is infinity as the image can be formed at infinite
distance inside the mirror. This is due to the parallel rays after reflection through a plane mirror
meet again at infinity.
(E) (b) – 2
Explanation: Magnification of a lens is defined as the ratio of the size of the image to the size of
Size of image h' v
the object. Thus, magnification, m = = =
Size of object h u

Here, u = - 15 cm and v = + 30 cm
Therefore, m = -2

22. (B) Acquired trait

Explanation: As the actor has sported a particular look in the film as required by the character
he has portrayed, it is an example of acquired trait as it is a change in non-reproductive tissues
and hence cannot be passed on to the DNA of his germ cells.

23. (A) (b) Fleming’s right hand rule

Related Theory
 Right Hand Thumb Rule is used to find the direction of magnetic field around a current
carrying conductor. It states that “Imagine that you are holding a current carrying wire in
your right hand such that the thumb is stretched along the direction of the current, then,

88 Science Class X
 the direction in which the fingers wrap around the conductor will give the direction of the field lines of the magnetic
field”.
 Fleming’s Left Hand Rule is used to find the direction of force exerted on a current carrying conductor when placed
in a magnetic field. It states that “Stretch the forefinger, the central finger and the thumb of your left hand mutually
perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger shows the direction of the field and the central finger that of the
current, then the thumb will point towards the direction of motion of the conductor, i.e., force”.

(B) (d) There must be a relative motion between the coil of wire and a magnet
Explanation: The phenomenon of inducing current in a coil by a changing magnetic field is called
electromagnetic induction. The magnetic field can be changed when there is a relative motion
between the coil and the magnet.
(C) (b) Only II
Explanation: Electric motor employs Fleming left hand rule.

Related Theory
 Electric Motor is a device that converts electric energy to mechanical energy and is used as an important component
in electric fans, washing machines etc.

(D) (a) the galvanometer needle deflects to the left

Explanation: When the magnet is moved towards the coil, the galvanometer needle deflects to
the right. Therefore, when magnet is moved away from the coil, direction of induced current is
reversed and galvanometer needle deflects to the right.
(E) (c) Direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of motion of coil.
Explanation: The induced current is found to be the highest when the direction of motion of the
coil is at right angles to the magnetic field.

24. The salesman withdraws his hand immediately upon touching the hot iron plate due to reflex
action, which is an involuntary and sudden response to stimuli.

SECTION - B
25. Conditions necessary for autotrophic nutrition are:
(1) Sun light,
(2) Water,
(3) Chlorophyll and
(4) Carbon Dioxide (Air)
All green plants make their own food by the process of photosynthesis where they use all these
conditions for autotrophic nutrition.
Sunlight
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Chlorophyll
(Green leaves)

OR
Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like human.s
For diffusion to take place, the entire body surface has to be in contact with environment but the
volume of human body is so big that oxygen cannot diffuse into all internal cells so quickly. Since
diffusion is a very slow process, it will take very long time to make oxygen available to all body
cells.

26. (A) The process depicted in the given diagram is of Multiple Fission.
Multiple fission can be defined as an asexual method of reproduction in organisms in which
the parent organism splits to form many new organisms at the same time.
Example: The malarial parasite, plasmodium reproduces by multiple fission.

Sample Paper 1 89
 (B) Asexual reproduction: The production of a new organism from a single parent without the
involvement of sex cells or gametes is called asexual reproduction.
Example: Binary fission in Amoeba.

27. Carbon forms covalent compounds with other atoms by sharing electron pairs because of the
following reasons:
(1) Carbon cannot form C4+ cation by losing four electrons, as it would require a large amount of
energy to remove four electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with six protons in its nucleus
holding on to just two electrons.
(2) Carbon cannot form C4– anion by gaining four electrons, as it would be difficult for the nucleus
with six protons to hold on to ten electrons.

OR
Yes, the given compounds belong to the same homologous series as they have the same formula
CnH2n+2.
Characteristics of homologous series are:
(1) All members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula.
For ex, the general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
(2) They have similar chemical properties.
(3) Any two adjacent homologues differ by —CH2 in their molecular formula.
(4) The difference in the molecular masses of any two adjacent homologues is 14 u.
(5) All the compounds belonging to the same homologous series have similar chemical properties.
(6) The members of a homologous series show a gradual change in their physical properties
with increase in molecular mass.
(Any 2 of the 6 points can be written to get full marks)

28. Ionic compounds are the compounds formed by the combination of oppositely charged ions
formed by transfer of electrons from one atom to another. eg. Na+ + Cl– → NaCl
Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state as they have a rigid structure as ions are
not free to move due to strong electrostatic forces of attraction between them.

29. Scattering of light is the phenomenon of inter play of light with minute sized particles. As a result
of such interplay light spreads in different directions and also becomes visible.
The earth’s atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles including smoke, tiny
water droplets, suspended dust particles and molecules of air. When a beam of light strikes these
particles, the path of beam becomes visible due to scattering.

30. We know that,

P 40 W 2
l = = = = 0.182 A
V 220 V 11

2
0.182 A or A is required by one lamp.
11
Current rating i.e. maximum current = 5 A
current rating
No. of lamps =
current through one lamp

5
= = 27 lamps
0.18

90 Science Class X
 SECTION - C
31. The given information is not enough to decide which blood group is dominant. But universally,
blood group A is dominant whereas blood group O is recessive. Here, father’s blood group has
genotype AA or genotype AO, where as that of mother can be OO.
For daughter to be born with blood group O, she must receive O type gene one each from father
and mother. For this father's blood group must have genotype AO.

OR
Visible traits of garden pea that Mendel considered in his experiments were:
(1) Tall and dwarf plants.
(2) Round and wrinkled seeds
(3) Yellow and green colour of seeds
(4) Purple and white colour of flower
(5) Inflated and constricted shape of pod.
(6) Yellow and green colour of pod
(Any 2 of 6 can be written to get full marks)
As per Mendel’s experiment the traits which are dominant or recessive are:
(1) Mendel first crossed pure-breed tall pea plants (TT) with pure-breed dwarf pea plants (tt) and
found that all plants in this first generation, or F1 progeny, were tall (Tt).
(2) Mendel then crossed the tall pea plants (Tt) of the first generation and found that the second-
generation, or F2, progeny of the F1 tall plants are not all tall. Instead, one quarter of them
are short (tt).
(3) This indicates that both the tallness (T) and shortness (t) traits were inherited in the F1 plants,
but only the tallness trait (T), which was dominant, was expressed.
(4) The dwarfness trait (t) which was inherited in the F1 progeny and not expressed but was later
expressed in F2 progeny was the recessive trait.
(5) Thus, two copies of the traits are inherited in each sexually reproducing organism.
32. An ecosystem consists of biotic components comprising living organisms and abiotic components
comprising physical factors like temperature, rainfall, wind, soil and minerals. Artificial ecosystems
are those ecosystems which have been modified by human beings for their own benefit. Crop
fields are man made and some biotic and abiotic components are manipulated by humans.
(1) In a crop field, plants do not grow naturally. They are mostly grown by humans, hence, they
are considered as artificial ecosystems.
(2) It usually consists of a major crop (monoculture).
(3) Unwanted plants are removed using weedicides.
(4) Pests and unwanted insects are killed using pesticides and insecticides.
(5) Artificial fertilisers, manures and nutrients are externally supplied to the soil by man.
These activities of man alter the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Therefore,
crop fields are known as artificial ecosystems.
33. (A) Colourless lead nitrate turns yellow due to formation of lead oxide and reddish brown fumes
of nitrogen dioxide gas are evolved.
(B) Thermal decomposition reaction.
(C) 2Pb(NO3)2(s) Heat 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

34. (A) B > G > H > I > J > K > L

Explanation: As we move from left to right in the periodic table, metallic character decreases
and non-metallic increases. Due to increase in nuclear charge. The valence electrons are

Sample Paper 1 91
 pulled in more strongly by the nucleus and it becomes more and more diffiicult for the atoms
to loose electrons.
(B) Group–16 Electronic Configuration–2, 6 Period–2
The element ‘E‘ is Oxygen. Oxygen has 6 valence electrons, so it requires two more electrons
to complete its octet. Hence, it will share two of its electrons with two electrons of the other
oxygen atom to form a diatomic molecule O2 gas.

O + O O O or O = O

Oxygen Molecule
The bond formed is double covalent bond.

35. The metal A is aluminium and B is Al2O3.

4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
Reactions of aluminium oxide with HCl and NaOH are as given below:
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2NaAlO2(aq) + H2O(l)
Metal A aluminium (Al) reacts with oxygen to form aluminium oxide [Al2O3(B)], which is amphoteric
in nature. Thus, aluminium oxide can exhibit acidic as well as basic nature.
Hence, A – aluminium and B – aluminium oxide

36. Magnification of a spherical mirror is defined as the ratio of the size of the image formed to the
size of the object.
v h2 .
Thus, magnification, m = – =
u h1
Where h1 = size of the object, and h2 = size of the image.
To find the focal length of the concave mirror, we use the mirror formula.
1 1 1
= +
f v u
Where f = focal length of the mirror, u = object distance = – 20 cm, and v = – 40 cm (the minus
sign is used as a real image is formed, which is in front of the mirror)
1 1 1 −1 − 2 −3
=– − = =
... f 40 20 40 40
40
⇒ f =– cm = – 13.33 cm
3

Related Theory
 The object lies between F and C, so the image is real and inverted, magnified and formed beyond C.
 The sign convention used for the focal length of a concave mirror is minus, as concave mirror has a real focus.
 The sign convention used for the focal length of a convex mirror is plus, as convex mirror has a virtual focus.
 The minus sign here indicates that the image is inverted and magnitude 2 indicates that the size of the image is
twice the size of the object.
 Magnification in case of a concave mirror is positive for a virtual image and negative for a real image.
 Magnification in case of a convex mirror is always positive as it always forms a virtual image.

SECTION - D
37. (A) ‘Transpiration is a necessary evil’. This statement can be justified by outlining the useful and
harmful aspects of this process.

92 Science Class X
 Useful aspects of transpiration:
(1) It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it
from roots to the leaves.
(2) During the day when the stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes the major
driving force in the movement of water in the xylem.
(3) It also helps in temperature regulation.
(4) It removes excess amount of water.
(5) It maintains the shape and structure of the plants by keeping the cells turgid.
(Any three points)
Harmful aspects of transpiration:
(1) At high temperatures stomata close due to transpiration.
(2) Since transpiration involves removal of excess amount of water, it causes flaccidity in
cells.
(3) Plants wilt if transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorbed.
(B) Differences between breathing and respiration:

Breathing Respiration
(1) It is a physical process of intake of oxygen It is a biochemical process in which
(inspiration) and giving out of carbon oxidation of digested food takes place
dioxide (Expiration). with release of carbon dioxide, water and
energy. C6H12O6 + O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +
Energy.
(2) No energy is released. Energy is released in the form of ATP.
(3) No enzymes are involved in the process. Enzymes are involved in the process.
(Any two points)

38. (A) (1) Take three resistors R1, R2 and R3 of different values and connect them in series with the
help of a battery, ammeter and plug key as shown in the circuit diagram below:

(2) Plug in the key K and note the reading of the ammeter.
(3) Change the position of the ammeter in between any of the resistors, say between R1 and
R2, as shown, after taking out the key.

(4) Plug in the key again and note the ammeter reading.

Sample Paper 1 93
 (5) Repeat steps (3) and (4) for different positions of the ammeter.
Observation: We will observe that the ammeter reading remains same no matter where we
connect the ammeter.
Conclusion: This shows that same current flows through every part of a circuit having three
resistors in series connected to a battery.

(B) (i) In the circuit, the two resistors of 24 Ω each are connected in parallel to each other. The
1 1 1
equivalent resistance of the two resistances in parallel is given by = + . where
Rp R 1 R2
R1 and R2 are the two resistances in parallel.
1 1 1 2 1
+ = =
R p = 24 24 24 12
As this combination is in series with the 12 Ω resistance, the total resistance in the circuit
is given by R = Rp + 12 = 12 + 12 = 24 Ω.
V 6
Current is given by / = = A = 0.25A
R 24
The current flowing through the 12 Ohm resistance = 0.25 A
(ii) Since the same current flows through every part of a circuit having resistances connected in
series, both A1 and A2 will give the same reading, 0.25 A

OR
(A) Solenoid: A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape
of a cylinder is called a solenoid. Magnetic field around a current carrying solenoid is shown
in the figure.
These appear to be similar to that of a bar magnet. One end of the solenoid behaves like
North Pole and the other end behaves like the South Pole. Magnetic field lines inside the
solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines. This means that the field is same at all the
points inside the solenoid.

(B) No two field-lines are found to cross each other. If they did, it would mean that at the point
of intersection, the compass needle would point towards two directions, which is not possible.

94 Science Class X