Fadrigon, Qleous Blumei

BSEd- General Science 2

AP Worksheet 01m; Beer-Lambert Law

A. Nickel (II) ions are green in aqueous solution. With the aid of the color wheel,
explain why the incident light is set a particular wavelength, in this case is 640nm.

The solution, in this case, is to absorb some light while reflecting others. Typically, the
absorption spectra for all wavelengths are not the same intensity. To your eye or brain, the
resulting reflection spectrum "looks like green." It's similar to looking through a prism to see
which wavelengths are reflected. It's as if you're shining light through it onto a DVD player that's
angled up at you. The best tool would be a spectrum analyzer. It's not easy to determine the
color of molecules and solutions. It's worth noting that the source of light has its own spectrum,
whereas light is a mixture of the other colors, and an LED is most likely a very specific
wavelength of blue with a spectrum of green and red depending on the phosphorus added. For
the best experience, we can use direct sunlight, such as rainbow.

B. What is the relationship between absorbance and transmittance of the incident

light? Explain your answer.

The absorbance and transmittance have a logarithmic relationship, with an absorbance

of 0 corresponding to 100% transmittance and an absorbance of 1 corresponding to 10%
transmittance. As a result, absorbance is proportional to concentration, whereas transmittance
is proportional to the amount of light that enters the sample.

C. Use the following equation and the definition of transmittance (T) as the fraction
of incident light that passes through the sample to prove what you have the
written in b.

Absorbance (A)=-log T
Absorbance can be calculated from transmittance (T) using this formula:
Absorbance = – log(T)
The fraction of incident light that is transmitted is known as transmittance (T). In other
words, it's the amount of light that "successfully" passes through and emerges from a
substance. T = I/Io, where I denotes transmitted light (“output”) and Io denotes incident light
(“input”). Absorbance (A) is the inverse of transmittance and indicates how much light was
absorbed by the sample. It is also referred to as “optical density.” Absorbance is calculated as a
logarithmic function of T: A = log10 (1/T) = log10 (Io/I).

D. Determine the concentration of the unknown solution of Nickel (II) sulfate, given
that it exhibits an absorbance of 1.
 You'll use a Colorimeter or a Spectrometer to pass light through an unknown nickel (II)
sulfate solution, striking a detector on the other side, to determine the concentration. A
wavelength of light that is absorbed by the solution should be used. Due to the deep green color
of the NiSO4 solution, Colorimeter users will be instructed to use the red LED. The absorbance
spectrum of the solution will be used by spectrometer users to determine an appropriate
wavelength. The absorbance or percent transmittance of the light striking the detector is
reported. A colored solution with a higher concentration absorbs more light (and transmits less)
than one with a lower concentration.
Each sample is transferred to a small rectangular cuvette, which is then placed in the
Colorimeter or Spectrometer. The absorbance of each solution is calculated using the amount of
light that penetrates the solution and strikes the detector. When the standard solutions'
absorbance vs. concentration graphs are plotted, a direct relationship should emerge.
Beer's law is the direct relationship between absorbance and concentration in a solution.
The absorbance of an unknown NiSO4 solution is then used to determine its concentration. The
corresponding concentration can be found on the horizontal axis by finding the unknown's
absorbance on the vertical axis of the graph. The concentration of the unknown can also be
found using the slope of the Beer’s law curve.

E. Comment on the usefulness of this experiment/technique for the analysis of the

solution of magnesium chloride. Explain your answer.

Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid in a conical flask connected to an

inverted measuring cylinder in a thorough of water, making this experiment or technique useful.
As a result, over the course of a few minutes, the volume of hydrogen gas produced is
measured and the results are used to plot a graph.