Diabetes

Mellitus
Type II
From – Mohammed Mazin Saiyed {RJ}
Class XII - C
 INDEX:
• What is type 2 diabetes?
• What is Insulin? How it works?
• Role of GLUCOSE.
• What are symptoms of Type 2
Diabetes?
• What are the causes of Type 2
Diabetes?
• What are the complications of
Type 2 diabetes?
• What are the preventions for Type
2 diabetes?
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• What is type 2
diabetes?
• Type 2 diabetes is a long-term condition
that occurs when the body doesn't
use insulin properly.
• Type 2 diabetes, the most common type
of diabetes, is a disease that occurs
when your blood glucose, also called
blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is
your main source of energy and comes
mainly from the food you eat. Insulin, a
hormone made by the pancreas, helps
glucose get into your cells to be used for
energy.
• In type 2 diabetes, your body doesn’t
make enough insulin or doesn’t use
insulin well. Too much glucose then stays
in your blood, and not enough reaches
your cells.
• What is Insulin?
How it works?
• Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone
made by your pancreas that helps your
body use sugar for energy. If your
pancreas doesn’t work as it should, it
may not make or release the insulin you
need to control your blood sugars,
resulting in diabetes.
• Insulin moves glucose from your blood
into cells all over your body. Glucose
comes from both food and your body’s
own natural release of stored glucose
• Once insulin opens your cell doors,
glucose can leave your bloodstream and
move into your cells where you use it for
energy. Without enough insulin, glucose
can’t get into your cells and instead
builds up in your blood.
• Role of GLUCOSE

• Glucose :- A sugar ,is a main source

of energy for the cells that make up
muscles and other tissues. The use
and regulation of glucose includes the
following:
• Glucose comes from two major
sources: food and the liver.
• Glucose is absorbed into the
bloodstream, where it enters cells
with the help of insulin.
• The liver stores and makes glucose.
• When glucose levels are low, the liver
breaks down stored glycogen into
glucose to keep the body's glucose
level within a healthy range.
• What are the
symptoms of Type
2 Diabetes?
• Symptoms of diabetes include :
• Increased thirst and urination
• Increased hunger
• Fatique
• Blurred vision
• Numbness or tingling in the feet or
hands
• Sores that do not heal
• Unexplained weight loss
• What are the
causes of type 2
Diabetes?
• Type 2 diabetes is mainly the
result of :
• Cells in muscle, fat and the liver
become resistant to insulin As a result,
the cells don't take in enough sugar.
• The pancreas can't make enough
insulin to keep blood sugar levels
within a healthy range.
• Being overweight and inactive are key
contributing factors.
• Overweight and obesity
• Not being physically active
• Insulin resistance
• Genes
• What are the
complications of
Type 2 Diabetes?
• Heart and blood vessel
disease: Diabetes is associated with an
increased risk of heart disease, stroke, high
blood pressure and narrowing of blood
vessels, a condition called atherosclerosis.

• Nerve damage in limbs: This condition is

called neuropathy. High blood sugar over
time can damage or destroy nerves. That
may result in tingling, numbness, burning,
pain or eventual loss of feeling that usually
begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and
gradually spreads upward.

• Other nerve damage: Damage to nerves

of the heart can contribute to irregular heart
rhythms. Nerve damage in the digestive
system can cause problems with nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation. Nerve
damage also may cause erectile dysfunction.
• Kidney disease: Diabetes may lead to chronic
kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease that can't
be reversed. That may require dialysis or a kidney
transplant.
• Eye damage: Diabetes increases the risk of serious
eye diseases, such as cataracts and glaucoma, and may
damage the blood vessels of the retina, potentially
leading to blindness.
• Skin conditions: Diabetes may raise the risk of
some skin problems, including bacterial and fungal
infections.
• Slow healing: Left untreated, cuts and blisters can
become serious infections, which may heal poorly.
Severe damage might require toe, foot or leg
amputation.
• Hearing impairment: Hearing problems are more
common in people with diabetes.
• Dementia: Type 2 diabetes seems to increase the risk
of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders that cause
dementia. Poor control of blood sugar is linked to a
more rapid decline in memory and other thinking
skills.
• What are the
preventions for type
2 Diabetes?
• Healthy lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2
diabetes. If you've received a diagnosis of prediabetes,
lifestyle changes may slow or stop the progression to
diabetes.
• A healthy lifestyle includes:
• Eating healthy foods: Choose foods lower in fat and
calories and higher in fibres. Focus on fruits, vegetables
and whole grains.
• Getting active: Aim for 150 or more minutes a week of
moderate to vigorous aerobic activity, such as a brisk
walk, bicycling, running or swimming.
• Losing weight: If you are overweight, losing a modest
amount of weight and keeping it off may delay the
progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. If you
have prediabetes, losing 7% to 10% of your body weight
may reduce the risk of diabetes.
• Avoiding long stretches of inactivity: Sitting still
for long periods of time can increase the risk of type 2
diabetes. Try to get up every 30 minutes and move
around for at least a few minutes.
• Bibliography:

• NIDDK
• WIKIPEDIA
• NCERT TEXTBOOK
• MAYO CLINIC