ETHICS AND RESEARCH  Foundations are from writings of Edmund

QUANTITATIVE STUDY Husserl( German philosopher –father of

 Numbers phenomenology)
 Statistical test  Experiences can be bracketed or detached to each
individual
 Survey (cross-sectional)
2. Interpretive
 Conceptual or theoretical framework
 Foundations are from the writings of Martin
QUALITATIVE STUDY
Heidegger(German philosopher
 Narrative text
 Impossible to detach oneself to other individuals
 Working framework
experiences
 Flexible components
3. Ethnography
 Can change
 Immerse self to community
Confounding variable- variable outside the study that shows different
 Do participant observation
relationship
Regression Analysis – controls confounding variable  Concept of culture(not statistic changing

Theoretical/ Conceptual framework

 For Quantitative study POST COLONIALISM
Working Framework - Experiences of colonization
- Beliefs and races pf colonialism still seen in contemporary world
 For Qualitative study
- Power imbalance are seen
 Results can change
- Scholars do their best to decolonize ways of thinking of post
colonialism
EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY DESIGN
Feudalism
1. Case Control
Decolonization- exposed information unconsciously
 studying rare diseases
Mary Seacole- Jamaican nurse who contributed during war
 ex: comparing of a person with disease and a person
with no disease COMODIFICATION OF CULTURE
2. Cohort studies -significance is lost
 Following group of individuals
 Continuous collection and monitoring of data PARADIGM
 Lengthy  Thomas Kuhn (Harvard Scholar)
 Doing follow- ups  Ways of looking into the world
3. Cross-sectional  Why existing theories cannot cover all anomalies/ new
 Survey phenomenon
 Analyze data from different statistics/ analysis in one  Book Title: The structure of Scientific revolutions
point  Paradigm shift:
 Snapshot of a particular phenomenon  Ex: Cupernicus believed that the earth is the
 Ex: Want to know kidney disease from 2010 and you center of the solar system while Galileo believed
check same source of record that the sun is the center of the solar system. With
4. RTC (Randomized Control Trial) diff ideas the church did not allow Galileo as he is
 Gold standard spreading the info to people.
 Cause and effect
 Ex: Effect of vaccine in certain age group ETHICAL ISSUES
5. Meta-analysis 1. Confidentiality
 Combination of results of different studies  identifiable characteristics
 Overall effect  identity can be traced since characteristics were
 Similarities of data mentioned
2. Anonymity
6.Systemic Review  Cannot trace identity of participants
 No quantitative data  Even researchers cannot identify the participants
 Has variables identity
ANALYZATION OF:  Both protects identity
QUALITATIVE STUDY 1. Equality
1. Framework Analysis  Same set of resources
2. Thematic Analysis- no existing framework 2. Equity
QUANTITATIVE STUDY  Consider different socioeconomic status
1. SPSS(Statistical Package for social Sciences  Knowing individual differences
 Needs subscription fees to access
 Difficult to access 1. Misinformation
2. Jamovi  Accidentally/ Unconsciously sharing of wrong
 Open access information
 Computer Sciences were the ones using since they are 2. Disinformation
already not using SPSS  Intentional/Deliberate sharing of wrong information
3. LEARNING SOFTWARE
a. Chat GPT Universal Health Care Act
b. Coursera- platform/ open discussion - Centralized healthcare act

PHENOMENOLOGY
1. Descriptive