The present experiment concerns the modulation of frequency, which is an

analog technique of modulation that involves varying the frequency of the

carrier signal according to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.
The carrier signal is generated using the IC 555 timer in its astable mode of
operation. In this mode, the output signal is produced based on the externally
connected resistance and capacitance R and C. The resistors R1, R2, and
capacitor C are utilized to determine the generated square wave output time
period. During the high output, capacitor C1 charges to Vcc through resistor
R1 and diode D, whereas, during the low output, it discharges through resistor
R2 and pin number 7. The 555 timer produces the output based on the
charging and discharging of the capacitor through the resistor and diode,
thereby producing the carrier signal.

The design equation for the carrier signal's frequency of oscillation is time
period = 1.38 times R into C, which yields a frequency of oscillation as 0.72 by
R times C. The experiment employs resistor values of 6.8 kilo ohms and a
capacitor value of 0.1 microfarad, resulting in a frequency of oscillation of 1
kilo hertz. The frequency obtained has been verified to be produced by the
555 timer output.

In the breadboard connections, the experiment utilizes a 555 timer IC, with pin
numbers 4 and 8 shorted. +5 volts is connected to either pin number 4 or pin
number 8. A 6.8 kilo ohms resistor is connected between pin number 7 and 8,
and a diode is connected between pin number 6 and 7.

In conclusion, the present experiment demonstrates the modulation of

frequency using an analog modulation technique, which involves varying the
frequency of the carrier signal according to the instantaneous amplitude of the
message signal. The experiment employs the IC 555 timer in its astable mode
of operation to generate a carrier signal, which is produced based on the
charging and discharging of the capacitor through the resistor and diode. The
experiment's design equation yields a frequency of oscillation of 1 kilo hertz,
which has been verified to be produced by the 555 timer output.