INTRODUCTION:

The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is a very useful and versatile laboratory instrument
used for display, measurement and analysis of waveform and other phenomena in electrical
and electronic circuits. CROs are, in fact, very fast X-Y plotters, displaying an input signal
versus another signal or versus time. The ‘stylus’ of this ‘plotter’ is a luminous spot which
moves over the display area in response to an input voltage. The luminous spot is produced
by a beam of electrons striking a fluorescent screen. The extremely low inertia effects
associated with a beam of electrons enables such a beam to be used following the changes in
instantaneous values of rapidly varying voltages. The normal form of a CRO uses a
horizontal input voltage which is an internally generated ramp voltage called ‘time base’. The
horizontal voltage moves the luminous spot periodically in a horizontal direction from left to
right over the display area or screen. The vertical input to the CRO is the voltage under
investigation. The vertical input voltage moves the luminous spot up and down in accordance
with the instantaneous value of the voltage. The luminous spot thus traces the waveform of
the input voltage with respect to time. When the input voltage repeats itself at a fast rate, the
display on the screen appears stationary on the screen. The CRO thus provides a means of
visualizing time-varying voltages. As such, the CRO has become a universal tool in all kinds
of electrical and electronic investigation
1. Objective of the experiment

1.1. To learn how to operate a cathode-ray Oscilloscope.

2. Equipment’s Used

The equipment used Cathode-ray Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Multimeter

and Jumper cable.

No. Description Code/Lab Reference Quantity

1 Cathode-ray Oscilloscope 1
2 Multimeter 1
3 Function Generator 2
4 Jumper cable 4

3. Components Used
Six different values of color coded carbon resisters described in the table
below

No. Description Type Quantity

1 Variable Resister -- 1
2 Variable Capacitor -- 1
4. Theory
Oscilloscope is a laboratory device used for several measurements among them
we have seen how to measure voltage , Frequency and Phase shift.

Voltage measurement
In this case we have seen how to measure AC and DC voltage.
In order to measure AC voltage with in a component a signal, display the
waveform over the screen. Multiply the number of centimeters between the
desired points by the setting of the amplitude control. Always make sure the
variable control is in the calibrated position.
For measuring DC level of a signal, set the input switch of the signal input
connector to the ground position a line the trace a line appropriate for the
polarity and amplitude of the signal to be measured, taking a certain point on
the display, the DC value of the signal will be the vertical shift of this point
when the input switch is changed between its point ac and dc position.

Time measurement
To measure the time interval between two position a signal wave form, multiply
the distance between the points in the calibrated position.

Phase shift measurement

We have seen that there is two types of techniques in phase shift measurement
1. Time Interval measurement
Measure the distance between two corresponding points on the input and
output waveforms of the phase-shifting circuit in centimeters. Dividing
this amount by the distance of one period and multiplying the rest by 360
gives the phase shift in degree, between the signals under measurement.
2. Lissajous
When two signals of the same frequency are applied separately to the
vertical and horizontal plates of the CRO, the resulting Lissajous pattern
is an ellipse which has interesting properties leading to the phase-shift
determination.
5. Basic Procedure

1. Apply a sinusoidal voltage of 1kHz(with a DC off set) to the vertical input of the scope.
2. Observe the effect of various controls.
3. Adjust the amplitude of the voltage waveform with the CRO to 10Vp, 5V dc offset and
measure the rms value of the signal with a vacuum-tube voltmeter(VTVM). Compare the
readings.
4. Measure the dc level of the signal with the CRO and the VTVM. Compare the readings
5. Using the circuit shown below and a 1kHz voltage source, determine the phaseshift angle
between the voltage across R and the input voltage V by using:
a) Lissajous pattern technique; take values of A, B, C , D, X & Y as marked in fig. 5 to
compute the phase shift from the different equations.
b) The time interval method.
For each of the following RC combinations.
R=500 Ohms, C=1μf
R=2000 Ohms, C=0.1μf
R=1000 Ohms, C=0.01μf

6. Apply a 1kHz signal to the X-input and sketch the display for each of the following
signals applied to the Y-input ; 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10kHz.
7.
8. Plot the path of the electron beam spot on the screen of the CRT when periodic voltages
having waveforms shown below are applied to the vertical and horizontal deflection
plates , as shown
6. Calculation
From our last lab we have seen procedure No. 1,2,3, and lets see the result and calculation
from N0. 4 to 8 as follows
N0.6. Apply a 1kHz signal to the X-input and sketch the display for each of the following
signals applied to the Y-input ; 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10kHz.
No. 8. Plot the path of the electron beam spot on the screen of the CRT when periodic
voltages having waveforms shown below are applied to the vertical and horizontal
deflection plates , as shown
7. Result

From the above results that we get by measuring and calculation I am going to put in a table
as follows to compare the difference. This is due to measurement error and human error.
which it tabulated below to compare them.

No. 4.

The measurement of rms Voltage 5.12V

Calculated rms 3.53V

N0. 5.

Lissajous Time Interval Method

1. When R=500 Ohms , C=1μf 30.0° 36.0°
2. When R=2000 Ohms, C=0.1μf 34.23° 41.4°
3. When R=1000 Ohms, C=0.01μf 90.0° 90.0°

8. Discussion and Conclusion

From the data analysis, we can see that most of the experimental and theoretical values are
equivalent. This shows us we can conduct 95% accurate experiment. Besides this, there are
some inequalities between theoretical and experimental values. This difference is a source of
our errors.

Therefore, Even though experimental error and human error exists while we measure the
voltage and calculating the Lissajous and time interval method still there is an equivalence
result on our componence table.