Mi

ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

[
Speci
men]
56[a]
.Li
stanysi
xpr
obl
emsf
acedbymi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and
1900.[6]
 Di
seases
 Poort
ranspor
tandcommuni
cat
ion
 Opposi
ti
onofAf
ri
canl
eader
s
 Opposi
ti
onofMosl
ems/
Swahi
l
i
 Languagebar
ri
er
 Tr
adi
ti
onal
rel
i
gion
 Foodsuppl
i
eswer
escar
ce
[b]
.Descr
ibet
hewor
kofmi
ssi
onar
yor
gani
sat
ionswhi
choper
atedi
nZimbabwe1850
and1900. [
11]
 Londonmissi
onar
ysoci
etycamet
oMat
abel
elandaf
tersomeear
li
ercont
act
s
southofLi
mpopo
 1859J.
S.Mof
fatest
abl
i
shedami
ssi
onatI
nyat
hi
 Openedachur
chandaschool
toconv
ertandt
eacht
heNdebel
eSoci
ety
 1870LMSopenedanot
herst
ati
onatHopeFount
ainf
ort
hesamepur
poses
 Missi
onari
esi
nvol
vedbesi
desMof
fatwer
eThompson,
Sykes,
Char
lesHel
m
andDavidCar
negi
e
 1882t
heRomanCat hol
icscametoMat
abel
elandwhent
heJesui
tsopened
Empandeni
underf
atherBart
hol
omewknoot
 1879acat
hol
i
cmi
ssi
onwasest
abl
i
shedbyFrLawatMzi
l
abuti
tlat
erf
ail
ed
 1891theAngli
canChurchledbyKnightBr
ucecamet
oMashonal
and.Thei
r
fi
rstmissi
onstat
ionatStAugust
ines
 Lat
ert
heJesui
tsest
abl
i
shedami
ssi
onatChi
shawasha
 TheAmeri
canBoardofthechur
chofChri
stcametoEast
ernZi
mbabweand
openedamissi
onstat
ionatMtSel
i
nda[Chi
ri
nda]
 Ot
hermissi
onar
ygr
oupswhocamewer
etheMet
hodi
sts,
whoseear
li
est
mi
ssionwasOldMut
are.
 Between1860and1890mi ssionari
esr
epresent
ingtheDRC,Par
isEv
angel
i
cal
Missi
onandtheBerl
i
nMi ssionarySoci
etytowork,e,
gtheDRCwaswell
repr
esent
edintheMasvi
ngoar ea.
 Mai
nact
ivi
ti
esoft
hemi
ssi
onar
iesi
ncl
udedconv
ersi
ont
oChr
ist
iani
ty,

1
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

educati
on[3Rs],t
ransl
ati
ons,medi
cine,
techni
cal
wor
k,medi
ati
ngbet
ween
Afr
icansandotherEuropeans.
[
c].
Towhatext
entdi
dthemi
ssi
onar
iessucceedi
nthei
rwor
kint
hisper
iod?
[8]
 Educati
ondev
elopedi
nar
easwher
etheAf
ri
cansoci
etywasnott
ight
ly
contr
oll
ed
 I
nMatabel
elandmissi
onari
esonl
ymadi
n-r
oadsaf
terLobengul
awascr
ushed
i
nthe1893Anglo-
Ndebelewar
 Ast
echni
cianst
heydi
dmuchev
eni
nMat
abel
eland,
e,
grepai
rguns.
 Atf
ir
stf
ewAf
ri
cansaccept
edChr
ist
iani
ty,
bet
terr
ecept
ioni
nMashonal
and
 Manyhospi
tal
swereopenedandser
vedAf
ri
canswhower
ethensi
del
i
nedby
t
heGovernmentaf
ter1890.
 ManyAf
ri
cansremainedscept
ical
oft
hemi
ssi
onar
iesandi
nsomear
east
hey
madenoprogr
ess.
 InMatabel
elandt
heyt
ookt
hei
rrol
easl
inkpeopl
ewi
thotherEur
opeanstoan
extr
eme.Theybecamemai
nagent
sint
heplotst
odi
slodgetheNdebel
eand
occupyZimbabwe.
[
Nov2003]
57.[
a].
Listanysi
xai
msofmi
ssi
onar
ieswhocamei
ntoZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and
1900.[
6]
 Tospr
eadChr
ist
iani
ty
 Topr
omot
elegi
ti
mat
etr
ade
 Toendsl
aver
y,endci
vi
lwar
s
 Toci
vi
li
set
hel
ocal
peopl
e
 Tot
eachpeopl
etor
eadandwr
it
e

Topr
omot
eEur
opeanr
ule
 Tot
eachnewf
armi
ngmet
hods,
newski
l
lse,
gcar
pent
ry
[
b].
Descr
ibet
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
hemi
ssi
onar
iesi
nachi
evi
ngt
hei
rai
ms? [
11]
 TheLondonMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
etyest
abl
i
shedI
nyat
hiMi
ssi
oni
n1859l
edbyJ.
s
Moff
at
 I
n1870LMSopenedanot
hermi
ssi
onatHopeFount
ain
 Att
hemi
ssi
onst
hemi
ssi
onar
iest
aughtandpr
eachedt
hegospel

2
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Booksi
nNdebel
ewer
epr
int
ed
 Theygr
ewf
oodcr
ops
 TheRomanCat
hol
i
cChur
chal
soopenedmi
ssi
onsatEmpandeni
near
Bul
awayo
 Afr
icanev angel
i
stsandcatechist
sfrom TransvaalandLesot
hosent
missionari
estoMashonalande,gtheDutchRef ormedChurch,Ber
li
n
MissionarySoci
etyandtheParisEvangel
icalMission.Somepermanent
missionstati
onswereestabl
ishede,gatChivi,
Mat ibe,
Mposi
.AtChivii
twas
shortli
ved.
 Angl
icanchur
chest
abl
i
shedt
heDi
oceseofMashonal
andi
n1882l
edby
Kni
ghtBruce
 After1890somestati
onswer eest
abli
shedalongtheeast
ernborders:
Mt
Chiri
ndaMutambaraMi ssion,
MaryMount,StAugusti
nes,
Ny anga[Mari
st
Brother
s]Missi
ons,
Regi naCoelMissi
on.
[
c].
Howsuccessf
ulwer
ethesemi
ssi
onar
iesi
nachi
evi
ngt
hei
rai
ms? [
8]
[
i]Fai
l
ures:
 Suspect
edconv
ert
swer
epuni
shed
 Year
nedf
ordest
ruct
ionofNdebel
est
atewhi
chr
esi
stedChr
ist
iani
ty
 Af
ri
cansunwi
l
li
ngt
oabandont
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gion
[
ii
].
Successes
 J.
S.MoffatandC.Hel
m hel
pedC.
J.Rhodest
ocol
oni
seMashonal
andand
Matabel
eland
 Pr
omot
edt
radebet
weenWhi
tesandAf
ri
cans
 Bet
ween1890and1900conv
ert
sst
art
edt
oincr
easei
nnumber
s
 Est
abl
i
shedf
ewmi
ssi
ons
 Taughtf
ewpeopl
etor
eadandwr
it
e
 Conv
ert
edf
ewt
oChr
ist
iani
ty
[
June2004]
58.Namethr
eemi ssi
onaryor
gani
sat
ionsandt
hei
rrespect
ivemi
ssi
onsst
ati
onsi
n
Zimbabweinthe19thcent
ury
. [6]
 LondonMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
ety–I
nyat
hi,
HopeFount
ain.
 RomanCat
hol
i
cChur
ch-
Empandeni
 TheDut
chRef
ormedChur
ch-
Mor
genst
erMi
ssi
on

3
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

[
b].
Describet
hewor
koft
hreemi
ssi
onar
yor
gani
sat
ionsi
nZi
mbabwei
nthi
s
per
iod.
[11]
 1859J.SMoffat
,sonofMzi l
ikazi
’
sfri
endRober tMoff
at,al
lowedtoopen
Missi
onstat
ionatInyat
hinearBulawayo.Lobengulal
aterall
owedtheLondon
Missi
onar
ySocietytofur
theropenanothermissionatHopeFountain.
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesoft
heLMSengagedi
nteachi
ng,
preachi
ngandl
i
ter
arywor
k
 i
siNdebel
ebookswer
epr
int
ed
 mor
eLMSmi
ssi
onar
iesl
i
keThompson,
Sykes,
Hel
m andCar
negi
ear
ri
ved
 LMSmissionari
esweregiv
enlandtogrowcropsandt
orepai
rguns,
i
nocul
ate
cat
tl
e,t
reatthesickwri
teLobengul
a’
slet
ter
s
 I
ntur
nmi
ssi
onar
ieswer
eal
l
owedt
opr
eachamongt
heNdebel
e
 TheRomanCat hol
icChurch‘sJesuit
smi ssionari
esf oundedami ssi
onat
Empandeni un1887nearpr esentdayPlumt ree.Undertheleadershi
pofPeter
Prest
igeandAndr eHart
mann, t
heirmissionstruggledwithveryli
mited
success.Thisf
orceditt
ocl osein1889, onl
yt ore-openthemi ssi
onin1895
aft
erdefeatandconquestoft heNdebelekingdom
 Thi
sfol
l
owedFrBKr
oot
’sv
isi
ttoLobengul
ain1882
 TheJesui
tssubsequent
lyest
abl
i
shedanot
hermi
ssi
onst
ati
onnearBul
away
o
 TheJesui
tsal
soengagedi
nteachi
ng,
preachi
ngandl
i
ter
arywor
k
 TheDutchRef
ormedChur
chofSout
hAfri
canev
angel
i
sts-t
otheEast
ernpar
t
ofMashonal
andbet
ween1860and1890
 Af
ri
canev
angel
i
stswer
eusedbecauseoff
ear
sthatLobengul
awoul
dnot
wel
comewhi
tes
 DRCevangel
ist
swer
eMi
chael
Buy
s–appr
oachedt
heGov
eraChi
ef,
Zimut
o
[
thesecond]
.
 Subsequent
lyest
abl
i
shedmi
ssi
onatMor
genst
erMi
ssi
onnearMasv
ingo
[
c].
Howf
arwer
ethemi
ssi
onar
iessuccessf
uli
nthei
rwor
k?
 Missi
onar
ieswer
elar
gel
yunsuccessf
uli
nespeci
all
yconv
ert
ingpeopl
eto
Chri
sti
ani
ty
 LMSmi ssionar
iesi
nMat abel
elandmadeli
tt
leheadwaybecauseChri
sti
ani
ty
wasincompat i
blewi
thNdebelecult
ureandNdebeler
eli
gionwasint
erwoven
wit
hpolit
icsandmi l
i
tar
yr egi
ments
 Ndebel
eeconomy–par tl
ysust
ainedbyrai
dingwhi
chal
sowasi
ncompat
ibl
e
wi
thChrist
iani
typr
eachedbymissions.
 Henceconv
ert
swer
esuspect
edandof
tenpuni
shed

4
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Ndebelesociet
ywasor gani
sedoncast
ebasi
swhi chmil
it
atedagai
nst
Chri
sti
anprinci
pleofequali
ty,
maki
ngtheChr
ist
ianit
yunaccept
able
 Al
soi
nMashonal
andmi
ssi
onar
ieswer
enotv
erysuccessf
ul
 Missi
onar
ieswer
ewelcomei
nMashonal
andar
oundMasv
ingobutl
ater
ar
rest
edbyLobengul
a
 However
,mi
ssi
onari
esmadesomeheadwayi
nli
ter
arywor
kandt
eachi
ng
,r
eadi
ngandwr
iti
ng
 Mi
ssi
onar
ywor
kbegant
omakeheadwayaf
tercol
oni
sat
ion.
[
Nov2004]
59[a]
.I
dent
if
yanysi
xmi
ssi
onar
ieswhowor
kedi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and
1900.
[6]
 Rober
tMoffat
,J.
S.Moffat
,Char
lesHel
m,FrancoisCoil
lar
d,Wil
l
iam Sy
kes,
ThomasM Thomas,FrRober
tLaws,Kni
ghtBruce,FrLaw,FrKr
oot.
[
b].
Descr
ibet
her
olepl
ayedbymi
ssi
onar
iesi
nthecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe.
[11]
 1836-Mzi
li
kazisi
gnedatr
eat
ywit
hRober
tMoffat
-est
abl
i
shi
ngal
ongt
erm
fr
iendshi
pthathel
pedt
heBri
ti
shi
nthe1880s
 TheMof f
atAgr eementi n1888-inwhichLobengul awaspersuadedtodrop
theGrobl
erTr eaty–Lobengul aagr
eedt obeafriendoftheBri
tishQueenand
nottoenterintoanyagr eementwithouttheknowledgeoftheBr i
ti
sh.
Lobengul
at houghtJ.S.Mof fatwastrustwor
thy.Thist
reat
ysignedbya
missi
onaryledt othesigningoftheRuddConcessi on.
 Dur
ingnegoti
ati
ons,l
eadi
ngtotheRuddConcessi
on,RevCharl
esHelm
pl
ayedaleadi
ngrolei
npersuadi
ngLobengul
at osi
gntheconcessi
on
 Missionar
iesusual
lypl
ayedanimpor t
antr
olei
nthel
i
nkbet
weenconcessi
on
seekersastheyspokelocal
languages.
 Theest
abli
shmentofmissi
ons,
e,gI
nyat
hiandEmpandeni,hel
pedt
hosewho
vi
sit
edZimbabwetofi
ndaplacetost
ay[
fl
agfol
lowedcross]
 Thef ai
lur
eofMi ssi
onar i
estoconver
tmanyl ocalpeopl
et oChri
sti
ani
ty
result
edinsomeMi ssionar
iese,
gJ.S.Moffat,
tohatetheNdebeleState..
..
”i
t
willbeablessi
ngt othewor l
dwhent heyarebrokenup”.Soinaway
encouragedtheBSACt ousewart odestr
oytheNdebeleSt at
einorderto
l
oosengr iponpotentialconver
ts
 Missi
onar
yroadtothenort
hf r
om Sout
husedbywhi
tes,
trade–encour
aged
byMissi
onar
ygroupsatt
ractedwhit
es.
[
c].
Howimport
antwast
her
olepl
ayedbyMi
ssi
onar
iesi
nthecol
oni
sat
ionof
Zi
mbabwe?[8]
[
i]I
mpor
tanceofMi
ssi
onar
ies

5
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Hel
pedi
nthesi
gni
ngoft
reat
ies
 Pl
ayedasal
i
nkbet
weenRhodesandLobengul
a
 Est
abl
i
shmentofmi
ssi
onswhi
chl
att
erbr
oughtl
i
ter
acy
 Hadknowl
edgeoft
hecul
tur
eoft
hel
ocal
peopl
e
 Gav
eAf
ri
cansf
alsesenseofsecur
it
y
[
ii
]Ot
heri
mpor
tantFact
ors:
 Rol
eoft
rader
s,hunt
ersandexpl
orer
s
 Rhodesandhi
sBSACr
egar
dedt
heNdebel
eSt
ateasofst
rat
egi
cimpor
tance
 Thescramblef
orSout
her
nAf
ri
cai
ncr
easedcompet
it
ionf
orZi
mbabweasan
arear
ichingol
d
 Lackofuni
tyi
nthest
ate[
Ndebel
e]
 Weaknessoft
hel
ocal
peopl
emi
l
itar
il
y
 Lackofuni
tyamongt
heShona.
[
Nov
2005]
60[a].
Identi
fyanysi
xai
msofChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
iesi
nMat
abel
elandi
nthe19th
centur
y .[
6]
 Toconv
ertheat
hen/
spr
eadChr
ist
iani
ty
 Toci
vi
li
set
heAf
ri
cans
 Toturnsubsi
stencecul
ti
vat
orsi
ntoi
ndependentcommer
cial
producer
sand
cr
aftsmen
 Todev
elopani
ndi
genousmi
ddl
ecl
asst
omai
ntai
nandst
affchur
ches
 Topr
omot
elegi
ti
mat
etr
ade
 Todecampai
gnsl
avet
rade
 Topr
omot
eequal
i
ty/
uni
ty
 Tocol
oni
se/
pav
ewayf
orcol
oni
sat
ion
[b]
.Describet
hewor
kofChr
ist
ianMi
ssi
onar
iesi
nMat
abel
elandi
nthe19th
century
.[11]
 Mzi
li
kaziall
owedJ.
S.Mof
fatt
oest
abl
i
shami
ssi
onatI
nyat
hinear
Bul
awayo[1859]
 Lobengul
aal
l
owedL.
MSt
oopenHopeFount
ainMi
ssi
on[
1870]
 I
nyat
hiandHopeFount
ainmi
ssi
onar
iest
aught,
preachedandwr
ote

6
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

I
siNdebel
ebooks
 Cul
ti
vat
edcr
opsonl
andgi
venbyLobengul
arespect
ivel
y
 Mi
ssi
onar
ieshel
pedMzi
l
ikazi
andLobengul
ato:
Repai
rguns
I
nocul
atecat
tl
e
Tr
eatt
hesi
ck
Wr
it
eki
ng’
sdi
plomat
icl
ett
ers
 OpenedEmpandeni
nearBul
away
o
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesact
edasi
nter
pret
ersandadv
isor
s
 Pav
edt
hewayt
ocol
oni
sat
ione,
gChar
lesHel
m
[
c].
Towhatext
entdi
dthemi
ssi
onar
iessucceedi
nthei
rwor
kdur
ingt
hisper
iod?
[
i]
Successes[
li
mit
ed]
:
 Setupmi
ssi
onst
ati
ons
 I
ntr
oducedl
i
ter
acy
 I
ntr
oducedbet
terf
armi
ngmet
hods
 Thosewhoshowedi
nter
esti
nmessagesentt
odi
stantpl
acesorpuni
shed
[
ii
]Fai
l
ures:
 Ti
ll1894whenMatabel
elandwascol
oni
sedbyB.S.
AC,missi
onar
ies
pr
oducednofol
lowingamongNdebel
eafter30y
earsef
for
t.
 Ndebel
ehadownr
eli
gion
 Ndebel
eeconomybasedonr
aidi
ngy
etChr
ist
iani
typr
omot
edpeace
 Ndebel
esoci
etyhadcast
esy
etmi
ssi
onar
iespr
eachedequal
i
ty
 Pot
ent
ialconv
ert
spuni
shed/sentt
or emoteareas/
thosewhoshowedi
nter
est
i
nChri
sti
anmessageweresenttodistantpl
acesorpunished
 LMSandJesui
tst
hencampai
gnedf
ordest
ruct
ionofNdebel
eSt
ate
[
Nov2007]
61[
a].
Namesi
xear
lymi
ssi
onar
yor
gani
sat
ionsi
nZi
mbabwedur
i he19thcent
ngt ury
[
6]
 LondonMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
ety
 RomanCat
hol
i
cChur
ch

7
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Dut
chRef
ormedChur
ch
 TheAngl
i
canChur
ch
 ThePar
isEv
angel
i
cal
Chur
ch
 TheBer
li
nMi
ssi
onar
yChur
ch
 Amer
icanBoar
dofFor
eignMi
ssi
onar
y
 Met
hodi
stChur
chofZi
mbabwe
[b]
.Descr
ibet
hewor
koft
hemi
ssi
onar
yor
gani
sat
ioni
nMashonal
andbet
ween1850
and1900. [11]
Dut
chRef
ormedChur
ch
 Af
ri
canev
angel
i
stswer
etr
ained
 Francoi
sCoil
l
ardoft
heP.E.M.wi
thevangel
istSehahabane/
setupa
permanentst
ati
onatChi
vibutwasshortli
ved
Ber
li
nMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
ety
 Mati
beandMposistat
ions-setupbyev
angel
i
stsMadzi
maandSamuel
who
di
dthegroundwor
k
 In1886/
7Ger manmissi
onarieswereKnotheandSchel
lnusl
atercameand
enj
oyedsomesuccesses,preachi
ng,t
eachingski
l
lssuchasreadi
ngand
wri
ti
ng,agr
icul
tur
e,car
pentr
y
 Bui
l
dingofhospi
tal
s
 Tr
ansl
ati
ngt
hebi
blei
ntol
ocal
languages
 I
nocul
ati
ngcat
tl
e,r
epai
ri
ngguns,
croppr
oduct
ion,
tradi
ng,
let
terwr
it
ing
 Publ
i
shi
ngbooks
 Pav
edwayf
orcol
oni
sat
ion
 Di
scour
agi
ngt
radi
ti
onal
pract
ices
RomanCat
hol
i
cChur
ch
 In1879,FrLaw,tri
edtoestabl
i
shamissionst
ati
oninChi
efMzil
a‘slandin
theborderr
egionbetweenZimbabweandMozambique,
thesewereaskedto
conver
totherAfri
cans
 MichaelBuysopenedast
ati
onatZi
mut
onearMasv
ingounderChi
efMugabe
[
Mor genst
er]
 Anot
herst
ationwasopenedatChi
efChi
vi
’scapi
tal
andar
esi
dentmi
ssi
onar
y
wasappoi
nted

8
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Theymanagedt
opr
each,
teachanddi
dli
ter
arywor
k
Par
isEv
angel
i
cal
Missi
on
 Afri
canevangel
istsandcatechi
stsf
rom Lesot
hodi
dmuchoft
hework
,becauseitwasfearedLobengul
awouldnotall
owwhi
temi
ssi
onar
iest
oent
er
Mashonaland
 Ev
angeli
stexpedi
tionsr
eachedMati
be,Mposi,
Mudavanhu,Chingoma,
Nyamhondo,Chiv
i,Mugabe,Chi
l
imanzi
andDzikeinsout
heaster n
Mashonal
andstati
onswereopenedatthesepl
acesandpreachingwasdone
Angl
i
canChur
ch
 Kni
ghtBr
uceledanexpl
orat
oryexpedit
iontot
heZambezii
n1888.Hevisi
ted
manyShonachi
efs.
In1891establ
ishedtheDi
oceseofMashonal
and;
a
st
ati
onwasopenedatStAugusti
nes.
Chur
chofChr
ist
 Establ
ishedamissi
onstati
onatChi
koreandMtSel
i
nda[
Chi
ri
nda]i
nthe
easter
npr ov
inceofManical
and[
Chi
pinge]
[C]
.WereMissi
onar
iessuccessf
uli
nthei
rwor
kdur
ingt
hisper
iod?Expl
ainy
our
answer
.[
8]
[
i]Successes
 Managedt
oconv
ertsomeAf
ri
canst
hought
oal
i
mit
edext
ent
 Pr
int
edbooks
 Taughtpeopl
etor
eadandwr i
te,t
echni
cal
ski
l
lswer
eimpor
tede,
gMposi
,Morgenst
er,
Mzil
a,StAugust
ine
 Tr
adi
ti
onal
pract
icesl
i
kepol
ygamyet
cwer
edi
scour
aged
 I
ntr
oduct
ionofnewcr
opswi
denedt
heeconomy
 Medi
cal
ser
viceswer
emadeav
ail
abl
e
[
ii
].
Fai
l
ures
 Somemi
ssi
onar
ieswer
eat
tackedandl
eftt
hear
ea
 Onl
yconv
ert
edv
eryf
ewAf
ri
cans
 Att
ackedAfr
icant
radi
ti
onsanddi
vi
dedAf
ri
cans-Chr
ist
iansandnon-
Chri
sti
ans
 Powerofchief
sunder
minedbecausechi
efsdi
scour
agedconv
ersi
ont
o
Chr
ist
iani
ty
 Fami
ne

9
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 di
seases
[
Nov2008]
62[a]
.Nameanysi
xmi ssi
onst
ati
onsest
abl
i
shedbyear
lyEur
opeanmissi
onar
iesi
n
Zimbabwebef
ore1900. [
6]
Mi
ssi
onSt
ati
on
I
nyathi
,Empandeni
,Mzil
a,HopeFountai
n,Mashayamombe, Chi
shawasha,St
August
ines,
MtSeli
nda,OldMut
are,Pendamatenka,Rusi
tu,
HolyCross,
Zimut
o,
Gokomere,Mposi
,Chiv
i,Ber
nar
dMi zeki
,Morgenster
[
b].
Out
li
net
hewor
kofCat
hol
i
cmi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabweupt
o1900.
 Jesuit
sledbyFrBar
thol
omewKr
ootopenedMi
ssi
onatEmpandeniand
Bulawayo
 UsedbyNdebel
etor
epai
rguns,
treatt
hesi
ckandwr
it
etheki
ng’
slet
ter
s
 Mi
ssi
onar
iespr
eachedt
othepeopl
e
 Missi
onari
esal
sotaughtandcarr
iedoutl
it
erar
ywor
kegSi
ndebel
ebooks
werepri
ntedf
orNdebelechi
ldr
entoread
 Depel
chi
nledJesui
tst
oZambeziVall
eyandsetupastat
ionat
Pandamat
enka,
hebuil
tthe“
Resi
denceoftheHol
yCross”
 Chi
washawashawasf
oundednearSal
i
sbur
yin1892
 Onl
yinthe1895whenmanymor
emi
ssi
onsopenedwer
emanyconv
ert
s
made,aft
ercol
oni
sat
ion
 Bui
ltnumer
ouschur
chesandmanyconvert
smade,
bui
l
tnumer
ouschur
ches
andmanyconver
tsaccept
edChr
ist
ianst
andar
ds
 Bui
l
tschool
sthatt
aughtr
eadi
ngandwr
it
ing
 Theypr
oducedgrammarbooks,
transl
atedr
eli
giousandeducat
ional
books
i
ntover
nacul
ars
 Newcropsandv
eget
ableswer
eint
roducedandnewcr
aft
sandski
l
ls
pr
act
isede,
gcar
pent
ryatChi
washawashaetc
 Tr
adedwi
thl
ocal
peopl
e
 Pav
edwayf
orcol
oni
sat
ion
 CondemnedAf
ri
canr
eli
gion
 Newf
armi
ngmet
hods
 I
ntr
oducedl
i
vest
ockbr
eedi
ng
 FrPr
est
igesuppor
teddest
ruct
ionoft
heNdebel
est
ate

10
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

[
c].
Howsuccessf
ulwast
hewor
kofCat
hol
i
cMi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwei
nthi
s
per
iod?
[8]
Successes:
 Est
abl
i
shedmi
ssi
onst
ati
ons
 Inocul
ati
onofcat
tl
etr
ansf
ormedAf
ri
canl
anguaget
owr
it
tenf
rom [
Sindebel
e
andShona]
 Tr
ansl
atedr
eli
gionsandeducat
ional
books
 I
ntr
oducednewcr
opsv
eget
abl
es
 Newcr
aft
sandski
l
lspr
act
ised
 Knowl
edget
ousenewi
mpl
ement
se,
gSai
ntsandpl
oughs
 Est
abl
i
shedschool
s
 Setuphospi
tal
s,t
reat
edt
hesi
ck
 I
ntr
oducedl
i
vest
ockbr
eedi
ng
 Gotsomenewconv
ert
s
 Assi
stedi
ncol
oni
sat
ion
Fai
l
ures:
 Bef
orecol
oni
sat
ioni
n1890madel
i
ttl
eimpactt
oconv
ertNdebel
eShona
 Sl
averaidi
ngandclasssy
stem amongNdebel
einf
luencedNdebel
eki
ngst
o
di
scourageconv
ersion
 Pr
obl
emsofdi
seasesandpoorcommuni
cat
ion
 Opposi
ti
onf
rom Musl
i
ms
[
Nov2009]
63[a]
.Nameanythreemi
ssionar
ysoci
eti
esandt
hei
rrespect
ivel
eader
swhocame
i
ntoZimbabwebetween1850and1900. [
6]
 LondonMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
ety
---
-J.
S.Mof
fat
,CHel
m,Pr
ice,Sy
kes,
Thomas
 Angl
i
can-
Kni
ghtBr
uce
 Ber
li
nMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
ety
-Madzi
maandSamuel
 RomanCat
hol
i
cChur
ch—FrBar
thol
omewKr
oot
,FrLaw,
Depel
chi
n
 Dut
chRef
ormedChur
ch-
Michael
Buy
s
 Par
isEv
angel
i
cal
Missi
on-
Coi
l
lar
dandSehahabane

11
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

[b]Out
li
net
hepr
obl
emsexper
iencedbymi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850
and1900. [
11]
 Tr
opi
cal
diseases
 Languagepr
obl
emsast
heyt
ri
edt
ocommuni
cat
ewi
thl
ocal
s/wi
tht
hei
rhome
countr
ies
 At
tacksbyani
mal
s
 Local
sresi
stedChr
ist
iani
ty
 Tr
anspor
tpr
obl
ems
 Shor
tageoff
oodt
heywer
eusedt
o
 Pr
essur
efr
om pol
i
tical
leader
stobei
nvol
vedi
ncol
oni
sat
ion
 Caughtupi
nthecompet
it
ionamongt
heEur
opeancount
ri
es
 Shor
tageofmedi
cines
 Opposi
ti
onf
rom Af
ri
canr
uler
s
 Humanr
esour
ceshor
tage[
manpower
]
 Accommodat
ionpr
obl
ems/
shel
ter
[
c].
Towhatext
enthadmi
ssi
onar
iessol
vedt
hesepr
obl
emsby1900? [
8]
Met
hodst
osol
vepr
obl
ems
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesbr
oughtmedi
cine
 Useofsi
gnl
anguage,
int
erpr
eterf
rom Sout
hAf
ri
ca
 Setupschool
s
 Assi
stedi
nthecol
oni
sat
ionsot
hatt
hei
rwor
ktospr
eadChr
ist
iani
tywas
madeeasy
 Cr
eat
edr
oads
 Gr
ewt
hei
rowncr
ops
 Bui
l
tmi
ssi
onst
ati
ons
 UsedAf
ri
cancat
echi
stsandev
angel
i
sts
 Fr
iendshi
pwi
thAf
ri
canchi
efs
 Cheat
edsomechi
efs
[
I]Successes
 Hadassi
stedi
nthecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

12
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 St
ati
onsbui
l
tandcl
i
nicsbui
l
t
 Wer
egr
owi
ngowncr
ops
 Rapi
dsuccessaf
terNdebel
ehadf
all
en
 Appoi
ntedsomeAf
ri
cancat
echi
stsatsomeChi
efs’
cour
t
[
ii
]Fai
l
ures
 Fewpeopl
econv
ert
edt
oChr
ist
iani
ty
 Notmanyr
oadscr
eat
ed
 Shor
tageofdr
ugs
 Somechasedoutoft
hecount
ry-
Coi
l
lar
d
 Somemi
ssi
onsabandonede,
gPandamat
enka
 Somemi
ssi
onar
ieski
l
ledeg,
Ber
nar
dMi
zeki
 Af
ri
canr
eli
gionr
emai
nedst
rong
(
Nov2010)
64.
(a)
Nameanythr
eepioneermi
ssi
onar
iesandanyt
hreepi
oneermi
ssi
onst
ati
ons
t
h
i
nZimbabwedur
ingthe19 cent
ury. (6)
Pi
oneerMi
ssi
onar
ies:
 JohnSmi
thMof
fat
,M.
ThomasMor
gan,
Fat
herBar
thol
omewKr
oot
 Char
lesHel
m,Ber
nar
dMi
zeki
,Madzi
maSamuel
Pi
oneerMi
ssi
onSt
ati
ons:
 I
nyat
hi,
HopeFount
ain
 Mor
genst
erMi
ssi
on,
Empandeni
 chi
shawasha
(b)
.Whatpr
oblemsweref
acedbypioneermi
ssi
onar
iesi
nthei
rwor
kinZi
mbabwe
t
h
duri
ngthe19 Cent
ury
? (11)
 Cul
tur
aldi
ff
erences–e,
gChr
ist
iani
tyhaddi
ff
icul
ti
esi
nconv
ert
ingpeopl
e
 Dist
rust
edast heypr
eachedagai
nstcust
omssuchaski
l
li
ngt
wins,
pol
ygamy
,
cast
esy st
em andrai
dingsyst
em
 Communi
cat
ionpr
obl
ems-
dif
fer
encesi
nlanguage
 Lackofsuppl
i
esofEur
opeangoods-
food,
medi
cine,
tool
s,cl
othes
 Tr
opi
cal
diseasessuchasmal
ari
a

13
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Host
il
it
yofl
ocal
peopl
e
 Ki
l
li
ngofconv
ert
sorexi
l
ingt
hem,
egi
ntheNdebel
eKi
ngdom
 War
far
eandr
aidi
ngcr
eat
edf
earamongt
hemi
ssi
onar
ies
 Lackofr
oads-
tr
anspor
tdi
ff
icul
ti
es
 Bei
ngembr
oil
edi
nlocal
pol
i
ticse,
gsuccessi
ondi
sput
es
 Manpowershor
tages
 Associ
atedwi
thcol
oni
ser
s
 Cl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
ons
 Li
ter
acy
 Compet
it
ionwi
thot
herr
eli
gions
 At
tackf
rom wi
l
dani
mal
s
 Communi
cat
ionwi
thmot
hercount
ri
es
 Ki
l
li
ngofmi
ssi
onar
ies
(
c).
Towhatext
entwer
ethemi
ssi
onar
iesabl
etosol
vet
hesepr
obl
emsatt
hatt
ime?
(
8)
 Teachi
ngnati
vechi
ldr
ent or
eadandwr
it
e,l
ear
ningnat
ivel
anguagesai
ded
communicat
ionandpreachi
ng
 Cl
ear
ingr
oads
 Fr
iendshi
pwi
thl
ocal
chi
efs
 Bui
l
dingcl
i
nicsf
orcur
ingt
ropi
cal
diseases
 Gr
owi
ngcr
opsf
orf
ood
 Tr
aini
ngofAf
ri
cancat
echi
sts
 Tr
ansl
ati
ngofbooksi
ntov
ernacul
ar
 Pr
omot
ingcol
oni
zat
ion

Unsol
ved
 Af
ri
cansst
il
lat
tachedt
othei
rtr
adi
ti
onal
rel
i
gionandcul
tur
e
 Ndebel
eti
l
lcher
ishedcast
eandr
aidi
ngsy
stems
 Roadsandt
elephonesst
il
lrar
e

14
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Af
ri
canssuspi
ci
ousofEur
opeansorMi
ssi
onar
ies.
[
June2011]
65[
a].
Nameanysi
xmi
ssi
onst
ati
onsest
abl
i
shedi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and
1900.[
6]
 Empandeni
,HopeFount
ain,
Iny
athi
,Chi
shawasha,
Mor
genst
er
 Chi
vi
,Mat
ibi
,Mposi
,Zi
mut
o,Har
tzel
,Howar
d,MountSel
i
nda
 StAugust
ine,
StDomi
nics,
Mut
ambar
a,Nhowe,
Ber
nadMi
zeki
[
b].Outl
inethewor
koft
heLondonMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
ety(
LMS)i
nMat
abel
elandinthe
19thCentur
y . [11]
 I
n1859JSMof
fatest
abl
i
shedI
nyat
himi
ssi
on
 LMSopenedHopeFountai
nin1870,
att
hemi
ssi
onst
hemi
ssi
onar
iest
aught
andpr
eached,
grewt
heirownfood
 JSMof
fatsi
gnedt
heMof
fatTr
eat
ywi
thLobengul
ainFeb1888
 RevCHel
m per
suadedLobengul
atosi
gnt
heRuddConcessi
oni
nOct1888
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nMat
abel
elandencour
agedt
radebet
weenNdebel
eandwhi
tes
 Est
abl
i
shedschool
s,hospi
tal
sandchur
ches
 Conv
ert
edNdebel
eint
oChr
ist
iani
ty
 Repai
redt
heki
ng’
sguns,
wrot
eki
ng’
slet
ter
s,t
reat
edt
hesi
ck
 Di
scour
agedandunder
minedAf
ri
canr
eli
gionandt
radi
ti
on
 TaughtNdebel
esnewski
l
sssuchascar
pent
ry,woodwor
k,met
alwor
ket
c
 Act
easi
nter
pret
ers(
transl
ator
s)
 Pr
omot
edl
i
ter
acy(
Ndebel
ewer
etaughthowt
oreadandwr
it
e)
[
c].
Howi
mpor
tantwast
her
olepl
ayedbyt
heLMSi
nthecol
oni
sat
ionof
Zi
mbabwe?
Rol
epl
ayedbyLMSi
ncol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe.
 InFeb188,JSMoffatsi
gnedtheMof
fatTreat
yonbehal
fofRhodes.
Lobengul
aagreedt
ocanceltheGr
obl
ertr
eaty
 Oct1888RevCHel
minf
luencedLobengul
aint
osi
gni
ngt
heRuddConcessi
on
 CHel
mrecommendet
hedest
ruct
ionoft
heNdebel
est
ate
 Mi
ssi
onar
ieshost
edur
opeanv
isi
tor
sfr
om Eur
ope
 Mi
ssi
onar
yroadbecamegat
ewayi
ntot
hei
nter
iorofSout
her
nAf
ri
ca

15
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

Ot
herf
act
ors
 I
nfl
uenceofexpl
orer
s,hunt
ers,
trader
sandot
herambi
ti
ouspeopl
e
 Rhodes’
Capet
oCai
rodr
eam
 Toexpl
oitmi
ner
alr
esour
ces(
secondr
andexpect
edi
nzi
m)
 Pr
est
ige,
needsf
ormar
ket
sandr
awmat
eri
als
 Needtoinvestsur
pluscapi
tal
,newt
echnol
ogyenabl
edt
heBr
it
isht
ocont
rol
f
orei
gnlands
 Compet
it
ionamongt
heBoer
s,Por
tugueseandGer
mans
 Av
ail
abi
l
ityofcheapl
abouri
nZi
mbabwe
 Fer
ti
lel
andsandf
avour
abl
ecl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
onsf
orEur
opeanset
tl
ement
[
Nov2011]
66.[
a].St
ateanysi
xreasonswhyt
helocal
peopl
eresi
stedmi
ssi
onar
yinf
luencei
n
Zimbabwebetween1850and1900. [6]
 Mi
ssi
onar
yfor
mal
educat
ionwasmeani
ngl
esst
oAf
ri
canwayofl
i
fe
 Lackofmat
eri
algai
ns
 Di
dnotwantt
oabandont
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onal
rel
i
gion
 Fear
edt
hei
rtr
adewoul
dbedi
stur
bed
 Di
dnotwantt
olear
nanewl
anguge
 Chr
ist
iani
tydenouncedaspect
ssuchasr
aidi
ng
 At
tackedAf
ri
canadmi
nist
rat
ivesy
stems
 Suspect
edmi
ssi
onar
iesofhav
ingcol
oni
alai
ms
 I
nfl
uencef
rom t
radi
ti
onal
leader
s/r
eli
giousl
eader
s
 I
nfl
uenceofi
sl
am
 Whi
tesbl
amedf
ornat
ural
cal
ami
ti
esegDr
ought
,di
seases,
fev
er
[b]
.Out
li
net
hewaysisedbyl
ocalpeopl
etor
esi
stmi
ssi
onar
yinf
luencei
n
Zi
mbabwebetween1850and1900. [
11]
 Mov
edf
arawayf
rom mi
ssi
onar
yset
tl
ement
s
 Cont
inuedt
opr
act
iset
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gion
 Rai
dscont
inued
 Ref
usedt
oat
tendschool
s

16
 Mi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Ki
l
ledsomemi
ssi
onar
ies
 Ref
usedt
ogi
vef
oodt
omi
ssi
onar
ies
 Accusedsomemi
ssi
onar
iesofspi
es
 Puni
shedorki
l
ledpot
ent
ial
conv
ert
s
 Accusedmi
ssi
onar
iesofusi
ngf
orbi
ddenr
out
es
 Expul
si
onofmi
ssi
onar
ies
 SomeAf
ri
canscont
inuedt
ofol
l
owi
slam
 Somecont
inuedt
otr
adewi
thMusl
i
ms
 Mov
ementofmi
ssi
onar
ieswasr
est
ri
cted.
 Ref
usedt
owor
kfort
hemi
ssi
onar
ies
 Af
ri
canl
eader
sdi
scour
agedpeopl
efr
om at
tendi
ngchur
ches.
[c].
Werethesepeopl
esuccessf
uli
nresi
sti
ngmi
ssi
onar
yinf
luenceatt
hatt
ime?
Explai
nyouranswer. [
8].
Successes
 Manypeopl
enotconv
ert
ed
 Fewpeopl
eat
tendedschool
s
 Ki
l
ledsomemi
ssi
onar
ies
 Someconv
ert
swer
eki
l
led
 Ref
usedt
olear
nthenewl
anguage
 Expul
si
onofmi
ssi
onar
ies
 Somepoi
ntsi
nBappl
i
es.

Fai
l
ures
 Hospi
tal
swer
ebui
l
t
 Somepeopl
ewer
econv
ert
ed
 Ot
herpeopl
ewer
eeducat
ed
 Mi
ssi
onst
ati
onswer
eest
abl
i
shed
 School
swer
ebui
l
t
 Al
lmi
ssi
onar
ysuccesseswer
efai
l
uresbyAf
ri
canst
oresi
st.

17