Mf

ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

[
Speci
men2003]
25.
[a]
.st
atesi
xfact
orst
hatcausedt
heMf
ecanei
nNguni
l
and [
6]
 Gr
owt
hinpopul
ati
onandpr
essur
eonl
and
 Desi
ret
ocont
rol
trade,
especi
all
ywi
tht
hePor
tugueseatDel
agoaBay
 I
mpor
tanceofcat
tl
einsoci
etyanddesi
ret
oacqui
remor
e
 Desi
ret
ocont
rol
hunt
inggr
oundsespeci
all
ywher
eiv
orywasconcer
ned
 Desi
ret
ocont
rol
thegr
azi
ngl
andsf
ort
hei
ncr
easi
ngnumberofcat
tl
e
 Dev
elopmentofadv
ancedmi
l
itar
ytact
icswhi
chpr
omot
edaggr
essi
on
 Emer
genceofambi
ti
ousAf
ri
canl
eader
swhodesi
redt
odomi
nat
eot
her
s
 Famine[
Madl
atul
eFami
ne]t
hatoccur
redcausedr
ival
ryasf
oodshor
tage
spr
ead
 Cr
eati
onoflar
gepower
ful
kingdomssuppor
tedbysmal
lerones,egThe
Mthet
hwa;t
heNdwandwe;theNgwane;
etc,
thesmal
lZuluethni
cgroup
si
dedwit
htheMthet
hwa
[
b].
Descr
ibethef
ight
ingthatt
ookplacebet
weent
heet
hni
cgr
oupsi
nNguni
l
and
dur
ingMfecanef
rom 1818to18123.
[
11]
1816ri
val
ryoft
heNdwandweandNgwanebeganov
erl
andt
hel
att
erwer
e
def
eat
edandpushedawaynor
th
1818NdwandweunderZwi
deat
tackedMt
het
hwaofDi
ngi
sway
o
Di
ngi
swayowascapt
uredandki
l
ledandt
heMt
het
hwawer
edef
eat
edand
scat
ter
ed
Ndwandweat
tackedt
heot
hergr
oupsi
nthear
eaeastoft
heDr
ankensbur
g
Someremnantsoft
heMt
het
hwaf
ledgi
vi
ngZwi
def
reer
eigni
nthear
eaof
Nguni
land
Zwi
det
hendeci
dedt
ofi
ghtt
hesmal
lZul
utr
ibenowunderTshaka
Themi
li
tarytact
icshedevelopedi
ntheearl
yst
agesoft
hemf
ecanegav
eTshaka
adecisi
veadv ant
ageovertheNdwandwe
Tshakathenreassembl
edt
heMt
het
hwaandt
heZul
usi
ntoapower
ful
mil
i
tar
y
machine
Weakert
ri
beswhocoul
dnotfl
eedeci
dedt
oseekr
efugeunderTshakaand
becamepartoft
heempi
re
Thr
eatoft
hewhit
esfrom t
hesouthal
sohel
pedthepeopletor
all
ybehi
ndt
he
mostpower
full
eader,
thusbecomi
ngpartofanenl
argedst
ate

1
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

Tshakaadoptednewfighti
ngmet
hods,
li
kethecow-hornf
ormati
onandbegant
o
att
ackhisnei
ghbours.Hi
ssmal
lZul
ukingdom begant
oexpandandbea
chal
lengetot
heNdwandwe
1818Zwidedeci
dedtocr
ushtheemergingZul
ust
ate.I
nthef
ir
stbat
tl
ethe
Ndwandweweredef
eatedanddr
ivenoff
Endof1818hesentaf ul
larmyacrosstheMf ol
ozi Ri
ver
.Tshakaatf
ir
sthe
withdr
ewhi swholepopul at
ionandwealt
h.Zwi defol
lowedacr
ossdeserted
countr
ywi thnofood.Ndwandwear mybecameweakenedandbegant o
ret
reat.TshakathenattackedanddrovetheNdwandwebackt otheircapit
al
whichher ansacked.Ndwandwewer edefeated.
Tshakadrovet
heNdwandwegenerals-
ZwangendabaandSot
shanganaaway
.
Theyf
ledaf
terZwi
dewasdefeated
Zwi
def
ledt
other
egi
onofupperNkomat
iRi
ver
Soshanganaleftin1821att
ackingtr
ibest
otheNor
thandendedupi
nGazal
and,
nearmodern-dayChipi
nge/chi
ri
nda.
Ot
hersmall
ertri
besfl
edtothewesti
ntot
heSot
hoandTswanaar
eaIt
err
orand
int
urnspreadtheter
roront
hei
rway
Tshakaproceededtoat
tacktri
besbet
ween1819and1822andsubduedt
hem
andi
ncorporat
edtoform alar
geZul
uki
ngdom
[
c].
Howf
ardi
dtheMf
ecanel
eadt
other
iseoft
heZul
ust
ate?
Mf
ecanewar
sal
l
owedTshakat
odev
elopt
heZul
ust
ate
.
Deser
ti
onbyt
hekeyr
ival
s,e,
gMzi
l
ikazi
oft
heKhumal
o.
[
JUNE2004]
26.[
a].
Stateanythr
eestat
esandthei
rrespect
ivel
eader
swhi
chemer
gedamongst
t
h
theNorthernNgunii
ntheear
ly19 century
.
[
11]
TheMt
het
hwaunderDi
ngi
sway
o
TheNdwandweunderZwi
de
TheNgwaneunderSobhuza
TheNgwaneunderMat
iwane
[
b].
Out
li
net
hemi
l
itar
yref
ormsi
ntr
oducedbyTshakai
ntheZul
uKi
ngdom.
[
11]
Tshakagai
nedcont
rol
oft
heZul
ucl
anont
hedeat
hofSenzangakhonai
n1816.
Adoptedandper
fect
edmil
it
aryi
nnovat
ionsbyDingi
swayosuchasbanni
ngof
ci
rcumci
si
onanddraf
ti
ngboysint
oage-setr
egiment
s

2
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

Eachr
egi
menthaddi
sti
nctdr
essandcol
or
Tshakabannedt
heuseofsandal
sint
hear
my;
sol
dier
swer
etowal
kbar
efootf
or
speed
Equi
ppedhissol
dier
swit
ht heshortst
abbi
ngspear[
assegai
]forhand-
to-hand
f
ight
ingandl
argeman-sizeshi
elds
Sol
dier
swer
epuni
shedbydeat
hforl
osi
ngweaponsespeci
all
ytheassegai
Tshaka’
sar
miesempl
oyedt
hecow-
hor
nbat
tl
efor
mat
ion
Adopt
edsur
pri
seat
tackonenemyasast
rat
egy
Empl
oyedspi
est
ogat
heri
nfor
mat
ionabouthi
senemi
es
Madeuseofsmokesi
gnal
sforcommuni
cat
ion
Bannedmar
ri
edofal
lmenbef
oret
heageof40orbef
oremi
l
itar
yser
vice
Empl
oyedy
oungboy
sasbaggagecar
ri
ersf
orsol
dier
s
I
sol
atedsol
dier
sfr
om communi
tyandf
edsol
dier
sonbeef
Bel
i
evedintot
aldestr
ucti
onoft
heenemy,ki
l
li
ngt her
uli
ngf
ami
l
yofdef
eat
ed
tri
besandtot
all
yincor
por
ati
ngdef
eat
edtribes.
[
c].
Expl
ainwhyShakawasassassi
nat
edi
n1828.
[
i]
.Reasonsf
orShaka’
sassassi
nat
ion
Shakabecamedi
ctat
ori
al.
Di
dnotconsul
ttr
adi
ti
onal
counci
lofadv
isor
sonnat
ional
issues
Nordi
dheconsul
thi
sindunasf
requent
ly
Mai
ntai
nedacr
uel
syst
em ev
enwheni
twasnol
ongerj
ust
if
ied
Shaka’
sst
ri
ctdi
sci
pli
ne-andcr
uel
tyki
l
li
ngofsubj
ect
sformi
norof
fences
[
ii
].
Shaka’
sal
sokepthi
ssol
dier
sonceasel
esscampai
gns
Ar
mybecameexhaust
ed
Howev
er,Shakasuccessmadehisrel
ati
vesuchashal
fbrother
s,Di
nganeand
Mhlangana,
auntMkabayijeal
ousandambi t
ioust
orule.
Mkabay
i-
suspect
edShakaofhav
ingki
l
ledhi
sownmot
her
Subsequent
lyki
l
ledl
argenumber
sofpeopl
eforf
ail
i
ngt
omour
nhi
smot
her
Nandi
Shaka’
sbr
other
swer
eal
soqui
teambi
ti
ous.
[
NOV2004]

3
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

27.
[a]
.Li
stanysi
xmi
l
itar
yref
ormsi
ntr
oducedbyTshaka.
[
6]
Useofl
ongshi
elds-
cowar
dicepuni
shedbydeat
h
Useofashor
t-
stabbi
ngspear[
assegai
]
Conscr
ipt
ionofal
lmenunder40y
ear
sint
othear
my-
runner
stor
elaymessages
Goi
ngt
owarbar
efoot
ed
Youngboy
stocar
rybaggagef
orsol
dier
s
Cr
eat
ionofast
andi
ngar
my
Tot
aldest
ruct
ionofenemi
es
I
mpr
ovementoft
hecow-
hor
nfor
mat
ion
Useoff
emal
eregi
ment
s
Bannedci
rcumci
si
oncer
emoni
es
Usedspi
es,
nyanga/
sangomas-
tot
reatsol
dier
s
Useofsmokesi
gnal
sforcommuni
cat
ion
Usedmockbat
tl
esast
rai
ning
[
b].
Outl
i
net
hepr
obl
emsf
acedbyTshakaaski
ngoft
heZul
uSt
ate
[
11].
Expansi
onpol
icycharact
eri
zedbyv
iol
entwar
far
e,pl
under
ingandr
aidi
ngot
her
st
atest
huscreat
inghatr
eds
ThedeathofNandi
,hi
smot her,cr
eatedproblemsforhi
m ashekill
edmany
people.Ev
enhissi
stersuspectedthatTshakawasresponsi
bleforNandi
’
s
death.Tshaka’
smotherwashi sadvisor
.
Jeal
ousr
elat
iveswhoul
ti
mat
elyassassi
nat
edhi
m
Hi
ghr
ateofexecut
ionscr
eat
edenemi
esf
orTshakaamongt
hear
my
Mzi
l
ikazi
’
srebel
l
ioni
n1822.
Thr
eatf
rom t
heexpansi
oni
stBoer
sandBr
it
ish
Bat
tl
edt
ocont
rol
theDel
agoat
rader
out
e
Shor
tageofr
esour
ces-
egl
and
Lackoft
rustbycommander
s
[
c].
Isi
ttr
uet
hatTshakawasr
esponsi
blef
orhi
sowndownf
all
?Expl
ainy
ouranswer
.
[
i]
.Tshaka’
sownr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ordownf
all
:

4
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Wasadi
ctat
or-
all
poweri
nhi
shands
 I
gnor
edt
radi
ti
onal
chi
efs
 Fai
l
edt
owor
kwi
thbr
other
sandsi
ster
swhoshoul
dhav
eassi
stedhi
m
 Fr
equentr
aidsexposedhi
m-notenoughpr
otect
ion
 Rathercruel,
egi ssaidt
ohaveki
ll
edmanypeopl
ewhenhi
smot
herdi
ed
especial
l
yt hosenotshowi
ngenoughsi
gnsofgri
ef
 Al
l
owedKhumal
otor
emai
naut
onomous
[
ii
].
otherf
act
ors
 Jeal
ousbr
other
sandsi
ster
s-env
iedTshaka’
ssuccess
 Ambi
ti
ousl
eader
swhoal
sowant
edt
orul
e
 Sol
dier
sti
redofcont
inuousr
aids
 Tshakawasani
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
d
 Usur
pedpowerf
rom br
otherSi
guj
ana
 Thr
eat
sofwhi
tes
[
NOV2009]
28.
[a]
.I
dent
ifyanyt
hreeNort
her
nNguni
leader
sandt
hei
rrespect
ivechi
efdomswho
werei
nvolv
edintheMfecanewars.
[
6]
 Di
ngi
sway
o–Mt
het
hwa
 Sobhuza-
Ngwane
 Zwi
de-
Ndwandwe
 Tshaka-
Zul
u
 Di
ngane-
Zul
u
 Mzi
l
ikazi
-Ndebel
e
 Nxaba-
Ngoni
 Soshangane-
Shangane
 Zwangendaba-
Ngoni
[
b].
Descr
ibet
hepol
i
tical
organi
zat
ionoft
heZul
uSt
ate [
11]
 Ki
ngwast
hesupr
emer
uler
 Ki
ngwascommanderi
nchi
ef

5
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Cont
rol
l
erofl
abour
,rel
i
gion,
tradeandl
and
 Kingassi
stedbychi
efsandcounci
l
lor
smostofwhom wer
erel
ati
vesand
thosehetr
usted
Powerdi
str
ibut
edatthr
eelev
els,
t heki
ngatt
het
op;
member
soft
her
uli
ngZul
u
li
neage;
theincor
por
atedtr
ustedchief
s
 Belowthem wer
eothersmal
l
erchi
efswhower
esupposedtor
egar
d
themselv
esasZuluandwoul
dbeall
owedtobecounci
l
lor
s
 Otherchi
efswerethosenotr
elatedtotheZul
u-hadpri
vi
legesbuthadt
o
paytri
but
e,excl
udedfrom makingimport
antdecisi
ons
 Ar
myusedbyt
heki
ngt
ocont
rol
thest
ate.Hadast
andi
ngar
my
 Zul
uwast
heof
fi
cial
language
 St
atedi
vi
dedi
ntor
egi
ment
alt
ownsunderi
zi
nduna
 Thei
nkat
hawasasy
mbol
ofuni
ty
 Rel
i
giousl
eader
sinst
all
edchi
efs
[
c].
Howi
mpor
tantwast
hear
myi
ntheZul
upol
i
tical
syst
em?
[
i]
.i
mpor
tanceofar
myi
npol
i
tical
syst
em
 Usedt
oexpandt
hest
ate
 Usedt
ocol
l
ectt
ri
but
e
 Usedt
orai
dot
herst
ates
 Pr
otect
edt
heki
ngandt
hest
ate
 Usedt
opr
otectt
rader
out
es/
hunt
inggr
ounds
 Usedt
opuni
shr
ebel
l
iouschi
efs
[
ii
].
other
sal
soi
mpor
tant
:
 Chi
efs,
counci
l
lor
sandki
ng’
srel
ati
veshel
pedt
oadmi
nist
ert
hest
ate
 Tr
ader
swer
ethesour
ceoff
orei
gngoods
 Tr
ibut
epay
mentbysubj
ect
s
 Rel
i
gionusedasauni
fyi
ngf
orceegI
nxwal
afest
ival
 I
nter
mar
ri
ages
 Theki
ng’
sper
sonal
i
ty
[
JUNE2006]

6
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

29.
[a]
.Stateanyt
hreel
eader
sandt
hei
rrespect
ivegr
oupswhom Zwi
def
oughtdur
ing
theMf ecane [6]
.
 Sobhuza-
Ngwane
 Di
ngi
sway
o-Mt
het
hwa
 Tshaka-Zul
u
[
b].
Out
li
net
hecausesoft
heMf
ecanei
nNor
ther
nNguni
l
and
[
11]
 Popul
ati
onexpl
osi
oni
nNguni
l
and
 Compet
it
ionf
orpast
ures,
fer
ti
lesoi
l
s
 Cr
eat
ionofl
argerchi
efdomsf
orpr
otect
ion
 Tr
adei
nski
nswi
thPor
tugueseatDel
agoaBay
-togetcl
oth,
beads,
guns
 Needt
ocont
rol
areasr
ichi
niv
ory
,accesst
otr
ader
out
escausedconf
li
cts
 Cr
eat
ionofage-
setr
egi
ment
s
 Amabut
hof
orhunt
ing,
far
ming andr
aidi
ngf
orcat
tl
eandgr
ain
 TheMadl
atul
eandl
ongdr
oughtpr
eci
pit
atedconf
li
ctsov
erpast
ure,
grai
nand
cat
tl
e
 Eur
opeanexpansi
oni
ntoi
nter
ior
 Demandf
orl
abourl
edt
orai
dsf
orsl
avesbyBoer
s,Kor
ans,
Por
tuguese
 Expansi
onofZul
uki
ngdom underTshakacr
eat
edchai
nreact
ionofconf
li
cts
i
nNguniland
 Ci
vi
lwar
sandambi
ti
ousl
eader
s
[
c].
Isi
ttr
uet
hatt
heMf
ecanewascausedbyt
heEur
opeans?Expl
ainy
ouranswer
.
[
i]
.Eur
opeani
nfl
uenceonMf
ecane;
 Mf
ecanel
argel
yat
tri
but
abl
etowhi
teexpansi
oni
ntoi
nter
ior
.
 Boerdemandf
orl
abouri
nint
eri
or
 Port
ugueseal
soraidi
ngforsl
avesf
orexpor
t-
chi
efdomsf
oughtt
oget
peopl
etosell
asslaves
[
ii
].
otherf
act
ors;
 However,
Mf ecaneal
sotraceablet
opr
oblemslikepopul
ati
onexpl
osion-
wi
thresul
tantcompeti
ti
onf orscar
cer
esourcessuchaspastur
esfer
til
e
l
and
 Mf
ecanepr
eci
pit
atedcr
eat
ionofager
egi
ment
sforr
aidsonnei
ghbour
s
7
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Madl
atul
e/dr
ought
 Tshakaandt
her
iseoft
heZul
unat
ion

[
Nov2007]
.
30.
[a]
.Li
stanysi
xreasonsf
ort
her
iseoft
heZul
uSt
ate.
[
6].
Mai
nNguni
kingdomsf
oughtanddest
roy
edeachot
hergi
vi
ngachancet
othe
Zul
u
 I
nfl
uenceofDi
ngi
sway
oonTshaka
 Shaka’
sabl
eleader
shi
p
 Shaka’
sreor
gani
zat
ionofdef
eat
edMt
het
hwaandhi
sZul
ust
atei
ntoawar
machine
 Thedef
eatoft
heNdwandwebyt
hecombi
nedMt
het
hwa/
Zul
uar
mies
[
nowcall
edtheZul
u].
 Conquestofal
lsur
roundi
nget
hni
cgr
oupsandchi
efdomsbyZul
uar
mies
 Newmi
l
itar
yinnov
ati
onsi
ntr
oducedbyTshaka
 Rol
eoft
rade
 Popul
ati
onpr
essur
e,
 Madl
atul
e/f
ami
ne
[
b].
Out
li
net
hemi
l
itar
yref
ormsi
ntr
oducedbyTshaka.
[
11]
 Theuseofl
ongshi
elds
 Theuseofshor
tspear
s[assegai
]
 Conscr
ipt
ionunt
il40y
ear
sofage
 Standi
ngsar
miesi
ndi
ff
erenti
ndi
ff
erentar
easofki
ngdom awayf
rom
societ
y
 St
ri
ctmi
l
itar
ydi
sci
pli
ne
 Useoft
hedeat
hpenal
tyf
ormi
nor
/maj
orof
fences
 Mockbat
tl
esandmi
l
itar
ydr
il
ls
 Useoft
hecow-
hor
nbat
tl
etact
ics
 Femal
eregi
ment
s

8
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Yout
hscar
ri
edf
orsol
dier
s
 Useoftot
alwarinwhichenemyst
ruct
ureswer
ecompl
etel
ydest
roy
ed,
i
ncl
udingroy
alfamil
y
 Useofspi
esandsmokesi
gnal
sfori
nfor
mat
ion
 Mili
tar
ydemandsl
edt
obanni
ngofci
rcumci
sionbecausei
ttookl
ongt
o
heal
 Theuseofspeedi
nwar
[f
ight
ingbar
efoot
ed]
 Useoft
radi
ti
onal
heal
ers
 Warcr
y
 Fedsol
dier
sonbeef
 Useofsur
pri
seat
tacks
 Mf
asi
mba[
dist
inctheaddr
ess]
 Per
enni
alwar
far
e
[
c].
Howef
fect
ivewasShakai
nhi
suseoft
heser
efor
ms?
[
i]
Thet
act
icsbr
oughtsuccesses:
Eff
ect
iveness
 Succeededi
nbuil
dingaveryst
rong/
power
ful
Zul
uki
ngdom –f
ear
ed
thr
oughoutSout
hernAfr
ica
 Conquer
edandcont
rol
l
edmanyot
herst
atesf
orhi
sownper
sonal
glor
y
 Managedt obecometheki
ngoftheZulust
atef
rom t
hest
atusofasmal
l
chi
efdom atthebegi
nni
ngofMfecane
 Managedt
obui
l
dav
eryst
rongeconomybasedoncat
tl
e
 TheZulucul
tur
eandt
acti
csofsur
viv
alwer
eadopt
edi
nthear
eaandot
her
regi
onsinSout
her
nAfr
ica
[
ii
].
Ther
efor
mshadnegat
iveef
fect
s;
 Cr
eat
edav
erybi
gst
atewhi
chhef
ail
edt
okeept
oget
her
 Hisdi
ctat
ori
alt
endenci
escr
eatedmor
eenemi
es.Tshaka’
shal
f–br
other
andsi
sterpl
ott
edhisdownf
all
 Themil
it
aryr
efor
msl
edt
omassi
veexodusofexper
iencedandski
l
led
per
sonnel
 Hemaint
ainedacruel
sy st
em wheni
twasnol
ongernecessar
yasar
esul
t
oft
heeff
ectiv
enessoftheref
orms
 Depopul
ati
on

9
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Thear
mynol
ongerenj
oyedmi
l
itar
ycampai
gns
 Ledt
odeat
hofmanypeopl
eanddest
ruct
ionofpr
oper
ty
[
NOV2006]
31.[
a].
Ident
if
yanyt
hreepeopl
ewhopl
ott
edt
heassassi
nat
ionofShakaandanyt hr
ee
reason for hi
s assassi
nati
on
[
6]
[
i]
.Di
ngane,
-Mbopha,
-Mhl
angana,-
Mkabay
i
[
ii
].
-Tshaka’
saut
ocr
ati
crul
e
-
jeal
ous
-
Tshaka’
sendl
esswar
far
e
-
Str
ictdi
sci
pli
ne
-
Incr
easedexecut
ionf
orpet
tyof
fences
-
Execut
ionofpeopl
efornotmour
ningTshaka’
smot
her
/hi
scr
uel
ty
[
b].
Outl
inet
hepol
i
ticalandsoci
alor
gani
zat
ionoft
heZul
ust
atedur
ingTshaka’
s
r
eign. [
11]
[
i]Pol
i
tical
organi
zat
ion
 Tshakacr
eat
edacent
ral
i
zedst
ate
 Def
eat
edchi
efswer
eof
tendeposedandr
epl
acedbyTshaka’
sappoi
ntees
 Ki
ngdom wasor
gani
zedonmi
l
itar
yli
nes
 Age-
regi
ment
saccommodat
edi
nregi
ment
alt
owns
 Regiment
alt
ownsadmi
nist
eredbyani
ndunahel
pedbyaf
emal
emember
oftheroy
alf
amil
y
 Regi
ment
alt
ownsal
l
ocat
edr
oyal
cat
tl
etol
ookaf
ter
 Ki
ngwast
hechi
efj
udge
 Counci
lofadv
isor
srender
edi
rr
elev
antasTshakabecameaut
ocr
ati
c
 Ki
ngwasar
mycommander
 Tr
adi
ti
onal
chi
efsr
educedt
oadmi
nist
rat
ionofl
ocal
aff
air
s
 I
nkat
haasy
mbol
ofuni
ty
[
ii
]Soci
alor
gani
zat
ion
 Mar
ri
agewasonl
yal
l
owedt
omenaf
terr
eti
ri
ngf
rom ar
my

10
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

 Femal
esor
gani
zedi
ntor
egi
ment
s
 Regi
ment
sofwomen–usedt
ocul
ti
vat
elandandf
orcer
emoni
aldances
anddi
spl
ays
 Di
vi
si
onofl
abour
 Soci
etywaspat
ri
li
neal
 Thekingoff
ici
atedatt
heInxwal
acer emony
,Ki
ng’
sspi
ri
tual
powerwas
renewedthr
oughtradi
ti
onalmedi
cines
 Set
tl
ementsetup
[
c].
Didt
hepoli
ti
calor
gani
zat
ionoft
heZul
ust
atebenef
itt
heZul
unat
ion?Expl
ain
y
ouranswer
.
[
i]
.Benef
it
sofTshaka’
spol
i
tical
organi
zat
ion;
 Organizati
ononmil
it
aryli
nesst
rengt
henedst
ateagai
nstext
ernal
aggressiondur
ingMfecane
 Mi
l
itar
ypoweral
sonecessar
yforr
aidsonnei
ghbour
s
 Fost
ereduni
tyamongsty
oungadul
tsr
ecr
uit
s/r
aidedpeopl
e
 I
tincapaci
tat
edv
assal
chi
efsf
rom r
ebel
l
ingt
hwar
ti
ngci
vi
lwar
s
[
ii
].
Disadv
ant
ages/
Non-
Benef
it
s;
 Regi
ment al
/ibuthosy
stem r
esent
edbyy
oungmenf
ordel
ayi
ngmar
ri
age
andforperennialwar
fare
 Poli
ti
calsyst
em madekinganaut
ocr
ati
crul
erwhoi
gnor
edi
ndunas,
tr
adit
ional
chief
s’adv
ice
[
June2011]
32[
a].
Ident
if
yanysi
xet
hni
cgr
oupst
hatexi
stedsout
hoft
heLi
mpopo. [
6]
 Zul
u,Khumal
o,Qhwabe
 Ndwandwe,
Mthet
hwa,
Swazi
 Hl
ubi
,Ngwane,
Mpondo.
[
b].
Descr
ibet
heef
fect
soft
heMf
ecanesout
hoft
heLi
mpopo.[
11]
 Depopulat
ion-l
argear
easofNATAL,OrangeFreestat
eandTr
ansv
aal
wer
e
l
eftdepopulat
edaspeoplesoughtsecur
it
yelsewhere
 Lossofl
i
ves–manypeopl
elostt
hei
rli
vesaswar
far
ewast
heor
deroft
he
day
 Hungerandst
arv
ati
on–f
armi
ngwasdi
srupt
edandpeopl
eresor
tedt
osur
viv
al

11
Mf
ecaneandt
heZul
uSt
ate drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

t
echni
quessuchasf
eedi
ngongamemeatandwi
l
dfr
uit
s
 Dest
ructi
onofproper
ty–mostoftheaff
ectedgroupsl
ostt
hei
rval
uabl
e
pr
operti
esincl
udi
ngli
vest
ockasraidi
ngtookit
st ol
l
 Uni
nhabi
tedl
ands-at
tract
edBoert
rekker
sfr
om t
heCapeCol
ony
 Canni
bal
i
sm-casesofcanni
bal
i
sm i
ncr
easedduet
oshor
tageoff
ood
 Dest
ruct
ionofst
ates–newandol
dst
ateswer
edest
roy
ed
 Empirebui
l
ding-et
hni
cgr
oupswhi
chf
ledt
heMf
ecanebui
l
tnewempi
rese,
g
Sobhuza
 Emer
gencyofdef
ensi
veki
ngdomssuchasSwazi
,Bapedi
andBasot
ho
 Spr
eadofNguni
rel
i
gione,
gInxwal
a
 Di
srupt
ionofDel
agoaBayt
radewi
tht
hePor
tuguese
 Spr
eadofNNguni
war
far
etact
ics
 Spr
eadofNguni
language
[
c].
Towhatext
entwastheMf ecaner
esponsi
blef
ort
hef
all
ofki
ngdomsi
n
Centr
alAf
ri
ca?Expl
ainyouranswer.
[
8]
Ef
fect
sofMf
ecanewar
s
 Mov
ement
sofv
ari
ousgr
oupsi
nsear
chofl
and
 Bet
terf
ight
ingmet
hods,
bet
terl
eadesr
shi
pqual
i
ties
 UseofAssegai
andl
ongshi
eldspr
ead
 Est
abl
i
shmentofmi
l
itar
ytowns,
bet
terl
eadesr
shi
pmet
hods
 Rai
dingandi
ncor
por
ati
onofdef
eat
edpeopl
e
 Hungerandst
arv
ati
on,
widespr
eaddeat
hsanddest
ruct
ionofpr
oper
ty
 Const
antf
aerofr
ebel
l
iousel
ement
s,bet
terf
ight
ingmet
hods
Ot
heref
fect
s
 Successi
ondi
sput
es,
Civ
ilwar
s
 Weakl
eader
shi
p,dr
ought
 Decl
i
nei
ntr
ade,
col
oni
ali
sm
 Di
suni
ty,
mil
i
tar
yweakness

12