‫ﺎ‬

‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻮﺟ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻡﻭ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻟﺴﻼ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺓ‬
‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺔﺩ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬

‫ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻮﺟ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫ﺔﻭ‬‫ﺪﺳ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺴ‬

‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺍﺕﻃ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺓﻭ‬
‫ﺰ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺃﺟ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫ﺪﺳ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺗﺨﺼ ﺺﻫ‬

‫‪ELI‬‬
‫‪SA‬‬

‫ﺩ‪/‬‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ـﺍ‬
‫ـ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺇﻉ‬
‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺪﻗ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﺃﺣ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻥﻣﺤ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺭﺿ‬
‫ﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﺣ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺍﻥﻋ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺟ‬
‫ﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺭﻣﺤ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻏ‬

‫ﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺭ‬‫ـ‬
‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
‫ـ‬
‫ﺇﺵ‬
‫ﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻤ‬‫‪.‬ﻣﺤ‬
‫ﺩ‬

‫‪2023‬‬
 De
dic
ati
on

Ide
dic
atet
hismode
ste
ffor
ttomyf
athe
randmy

mot
herwhoha
vel
ongs
uppor
tedmea
ndga
veme

t
hes
tre
ngt
htor
eac
hthi
sle
vela
nda
lsot
omyba
tch

whoha
slongb
eena
nexa
mpl
eofha
rdwor
kand

r
olemode
l.

I
 Ac
knowl
edge
Al
lpr
ais
eist
oAl
la
hforwha
tHeha
sbe
stowe
duponus
ofgr
eatgr
ace
s,
Tha
nkyo
uforyourhe
lpa
ndf
ordoi
ngyourut
mos
ttoge
tto
whe
rewea
ret
oda
y.
Wea
lsoe
xte
ndours
inc
eret
hanksa
ndpr
ais
e
t
othes
upe
rvi
sor

Dr
.Moha
mma
dAl
-Al
fi

Ma
yGodpr
ote
cthe
randt
akec
areofhe
r
Fort
hes
cie
nti
fi
cande
thi
calgui
danc
esheha
spr
ovi
dedus
.

I
I
 I
ntr
oduc
tion:
Enz
ymei
mmuno
ass
ays(
EIAs
)us
ethec
ata
lyt
icpr
ope
rti
esofe
nzyme
sto
de
tec
tandqua
nti
fyi
mmun
ologi
cre
act
ions
.Enz
yme
-li
nke
dimmunos
orbe
nt
a
ssa
y(ELI
SA)i
sahe
ter
oge
neousEI
Ate
chni
queus
edi
ncl
ini
cala
nal
yse
s.I
n
t
hist
ypeo
fas
say
,oneoft
her
eac
ti
on c
ompone
ntsi
snons
pec
ifi
cal
ly
a
dsor
bedo
rcov
ale
ntl
yboundt
othes
urf
aceofas
oli
dpha
se,s
ucha
sa
mi
crot
it
erwe
ll
,ama
gne
ti
cpa
rti
cl
e,orap
las
ti
cbe
ad.Thi
sat
ta
chme
nt
f
aci
li
ta
test
hes
epa
rat
ionofbounda
ndf
ree
-la
bel
edr
eac
tant
s.
I
nthemos
tcommona
ppr
oac
htous
ingt
heELI
SAt
echni
que
,ana
li
quotof
s
ampl
eorc
ali
bra
torc
ont
ai
ningt
hea
nti
gen(
Ag)t
obequa
nti
fi
edi
sadde
dto
a
nda
ll
owe
dtobi
ndwi
thas
oli
d-pha
sea
nti
body(
Ab)
.Af
terwa
shi
ng,a
n
e
nzyme
-la
bel
eda
nti
bodyi
sadde
dandf
ormsa“
sandwi
chc
ompl
ex”ofs
oli
d-
pha
seAb-
Ag-
Abe
nzyme
.Unbounda
nti
bodyi
sthe
nwa
she
dawa
y,a
nd
e
nzymes
ubs
tra
tei
sadde
d.Thea
mountofpr
oduc
tge
ner
ate
dispr
opor
ti
ona
l
t
otheq
uant
it
yofa
nti
geni
nthes
ampl
e.
Spe
cif
ica
nti
bodi
esi
nas
amp
lec
ana
lsobequa
nti
fi
edus
inga
nELI
SA
pr
oce
dur
einwhi
cha
nti
geni
nst
eadofa
nti
bodyi
sboundt
oas
oli
dpha
se.The
s
econd r
eag
enti
sane
nzyme
-la
bel
eda
nti
body s
pec
ifi
ctot
hea
nal
yte
a
nti
bod
y.I
naddi
ti
on,ELI
SA a
ssa
ysha
vebe
enus
ede
xte
nsi
vel
ytode
tec
t
a
nti
bod
iest
ovi
rus
esa
nda
utoa
nti
gensi
nse
rumorwhol
ebl
ood.I
naddi
ti
on,
e
nzymec
onj
uga
tesc
oupl
edwi
ths
ubs
tra
test
hatpr
oduc
evi
si
blepr
oduc
ts
ha
veb
eenus
edt
ode
vel
opELI
SA-
typea
ssa
yswi
thr
esul
tst
hatc
anbe
i
nte
rpr
ete
dvi
sua
ll
y.Suc
has
say
sar
eve
ryus
efuli
nsc
ree
ning,poi
nt-
of-
car
e,
a
ndh
omet
est
inga
ppl
ic
ati
ons
.

I
de
nti
fi
cat
ion

ELI
SA i
stheba
sica
ssa
yte
chni
que
,knowna
senz
yme
-li
nke
d
i
mmunos
orbe
nta
ssa
y(a
lsor
efe
rre
dtoa
s EI
A:Enz
yme
I
mmunoa
ssa
y)t
hati
sca
rri
ed outt
o de
tec
tand me
asur
e
a
nti
bodi
es,hor
mone
s,pe
pti
desa
ndpr
ote
insi
nthebl
ood.

Ant
ibodi
esa
rebl
oodpr
ote
inspr
oduc
edi
nre
spons
etoas
pec
ifi
c
a
nti
gen.I
the
lpst
oexa
minet
hepr
ese
nceofa
nti
bodi
esi
nthe
body,i
nca
seofc
ert
ai
ninf
ect
iousdi
sea
ses
.

ELI
SAi
sadi
st
ingui
she
dana
lys
isc
ompa
redt
oot
hera
nti
body-
a
ssa
ysa
sityi
el
dsqua
nti
ta
ti
ver
esul
tsa
nds
epa
rat
ionofnon-
s
pec
ifi
cands
pec
ifi
cint
era
cti
onst
hatt
akepl
acet
hroughs
eri
al
bi
ndi
ng t
osol
ids
urf
ace
s,whi
chi
snor
mal
ly apol
yst
yre
ne
mul
ti
wel
lpl
at
e.

Type
sOfELI
SA

ELI
SA t
est
sca
nbec
las
sif
iedi
ntot
hre
etype
sde
pendi
ngupon
t
hedi
ff
ere
ntme
tho
dsus
edf
orbi
ndi
ngbe
twe
ena
nti
gena
nd
a
nti
bodi
es,na
mel
y:

 I
ndi
rec
tELI
SA–Ant
ige
nisc
oat
edt
othemi
crot
it
erwe
ll

 Sa
ndwi
chELI
SA–Ant
ibodyi
scoa
tedont
hemi
crot
it
er
we
ll

 Compe
tit
iveELI
SA–Mi
crot
it
erwe
llwhi
chi
sant
ige
n-
c
oat
edi
sfi
ll
edwi
tht
hea
nti
gen-
ant
ibodymi
xtur
e.

I
I
I
ndi
rec
tELI
SA

 I
ndi
rec
tELI
SA de
tec
tst
hepr
ese
nceofa
nant
ibodyi
na
s
ampl
e.

 Thea
nti
geni
sat
ta
che
dtot
hewe
ll
soft
hemi
crot
it
repl
at
e.

 As
ampl
econt
ai
nin
gthea
nti
bodi
esi
sadde
dtot
hea
nti
gen-
c
oat
edwe
ll
sforbi
ndi
ngwi
tht
hea
nti
gen.

 Thef
reepr
ima
rya
nti
bodi
esa
rewa
she
dawa
yandt
he
a
nti
gen-
ant
ibo
dy c
ompl
exi
s de
tec
ted by a
ddi
ng a
s
econda
rya
nti
bodyc
onj
uga
tedwi
tha
nenz
ymet
hatc
an
bi
ndwi
tht
hep
rima
rya
nti
body.

 Al
lthef
rees
econda
rya
nti
bodi
esa
rewa
she
dawa
y.A
s
pec
ifi
csubs
tra
tei
sadde
dwhi
chgi
vesac
olour
edpr
oduc
t.

 Thea
bsor
banc
eoft
hec
olour
edpr
oduc
tisme
asur
edby
s
pec
trophot
ome
try.

Sa
ndwi
chELI
SA

 Sa
ndwi
chELI
SAhe
lpst
ode
tec
tthepr
ese
nceofa
nti
geni
n
as
ampl
e.

 Themi
crot
it
rewe
lli
scoa
tedbyt
hea
nti
body.

 Thes
ampl
econt
ai
ningt
hea
nti
geni
sadde
dtot
hewe
lla
nd
wa
she
dtor
emovef
reea
nti
gens
.

 The
nane
nzyme
-li
nke
dse
conda
rya
nti
body,whi
chbi
nds
t
oanot
here
pit
opeont
hea
nti
geni
sadde
d.Thewe
lli
s

I
II
 wa
she
dtor
emovea
nyf
rees
econda
rya
nti
bodi
es.

 Thee
nzyme
-sp
eci
fi
csubs
tra
tei
sadde
dtot
hepl
at
etof
orm
ac
olour
edpr
oduc
t,whi
chc
anbeme
asur
ed.

Compe
tit
iveELI
SA

 Compe
ti
ti
veELI
SA he
lpst
ode
tec
tant
ige
nconc
ent
rat
ion
i
nas
ampl
e.

 Themi
crot
it
rewe
ll
sar
ecoa
tedwi
tht
hea
nti
gen.
 Ant
ibodi
esa
rei
ncu
bat
edi
nas
olut
ionha
vingt
hea
nti
gen.

 Thes
olut
ionoft
hea
nti
gen-
ant
ibodyc
ompl
exi
sadde
dto
t
hemi
crot
it
rewe
ll
s.Thewe
lli
sthe
nwa
she
dtor
emove
a
nyunbounda
nti
bodi
es.

 Mor
ethec
onc
ent
rat
ionofa
nti
geni
nthes
ampl
e,l
ess
ert
he
f
reea
nti
bodi
esa
vai
la
blet
oint
era
ctwi
tht
hea
nti
gen,whi
ch
i
scoa
tedi
nthewe
ll
.
 Thee
nzyme
-li
nke
dse
conda
rya
nti
bodyi
sadde
dtode
tec
t
t
henumbe
rofpr
ima
rya
nti
bodi
espr
ese
nti
nthewe
ll
.

 The c
onc
ent
rat
ion i
s t
hen de
ter
mine
d by
s
pec
trophot
ome
try.

Al
soRe
ad:Ant
ige
nsa
ndI
mmunol
ogy

I
V
Pr
inc
ipl
eofELI
SA

ELI
SAwor
ksont
hepr
inc
ipl
etha
tspe
cif
ica
nti
bodi
esbi
ndt
he
t
arge
tant
ige
nandde
tec
tthepr
ese
ncea
ndqua
nti
tyofa
nti
gens
bi
ndi
ng.I
nor
dert
oinc
rea
set
hes
ens
it
ivi
tya
ndpr
eci
si
onoft
he
a
ssa
y,t
hepl
at
emus
tbec
oat
ed wi
tha
nti
bodi
eswi
th hi
gh
a
ffi
nit
y.ELI
SA c
anpr
ovi
deaus
efulme
asur
eme
ntofa
nti
gen-
a
nti
bodyc
onc
ent
rat
ion.

ELI
SAPr
oce
dur
e

ELI
SAi
soneoft
hee
asi
estbl
oodt
est
stha
tca
nbec
arr
iedout
.It
i
sra
pid,qui
cka
ndr
equi
resabl
oods
ampl
eoft
hepa
ti
ent
.The
e
nti
repr
oce
dur
eofELI
SAi
sme
nti
one
dbe
low.

 Ana
nti
bodyi
sat
ta
che
dtoapol
yst
yre
nepl
at
ewhi
chi
sa
s
oli
dsur
fac
eandi
sat
tr
act
edorha
sana
ffi
nit
ytowa
rds
ba
cte
ria
,ot
hera
nti
bodi
esa
ndhor
mone
s.

 Ami
crot
it
erc
oat
edwi
tha
nti
geni
sfi
ll
edwi
tht
hisa
nti
gen-
a
nti
bodymi
xtur
eaf
terwhi
chf
reea
nti
bodi
esa
rer
emove
d
bywa
shi
ng.

 As
econda
nti
bodys
pec
ifi
ctopr
ima
rya
nti
bodyi
sadde
d
whi
chi
sus
ual
lyc
onj
uga
tedwi
tha
nenz
yme
.

 Fr
eee
nzyme
-li
nke
dse
conda
rya
nti
bodi
esa
rer
emove
dby
wa
shi
ngt
hepl
at
e.

 Fi
nal
ly,t
hes
ubs
tra
tei
sadde
d.Thes
ubs
tra
tei
sconve
rte
d
byt
hee
nzymet
ofor
m ac
olour
edpr
oduc
t,whi
chc
anbe
V
 me
asur
edbys
pec
trophot
ome
try.

HCGpr
ote
inwhi
chi
ndi
cat
espr
egna
ncyi
sde
tec
tedbyELI
SA.
Ac
ombi
nat
ionofbl
oodorur
ines
ampl
eandpur
if
iedHCG
l
inke
dtoa
nenz
ymei
sadde
dtot
hes
yst
em.I
fHCGi
sabs
enti
n
t
het
ests
ampl
e,t
henonl
ythel
inke
denz
ymebi
ndst
othes
oli
d
s
urf
ace
.

Themor
ethes
ubs
tanc
eofi
nte
res
tispr
ese
nt,t
hemor
ere
act
ion
t
ake
spl
acea
ndl
essofl
inke
denz
ymebi
ndst
othes
oli
dsur
fac
e.
The
ser
eac
ti
onsa
rei
ndi
cat
edus
ual
lywi
thac
hangei
nthec
olour
oft
hes
olut
ion.

Di
sea
sesTha
tCa
nBeDi
agnos
edUs
ingELI
SA

ELI
SAc
anbeus
edt
ode
tec
tsomeoft
hes
econdi
ti
ons
:

 Ebol
a

 Pe
rni
ci
ousa
nae
mia

 AI
DS

 Rot
avi
rus

 Lymedi
sea
se

 Syphi
li
s

 Toxopl
asmos
is

 Zi
kavi
rus

 Ca
rci
nomaoft
hee
pit
hel
ia
lce
ll
s

VI
Fur
the
rRe
adi
ng:Bl
oodGr
oups

Adva
nta
gesOfELI
SA

Fol
lowi
nga
res
omeoft
hea
dva
nta
gesoft
heELI
SAt
echni
que
:

 Re
sul
tsf
etc
hedf
romELI
SAgi
vesa
nac
cur
atedi
agnos
isof
apa
rti
cul
ardi
sea
ses
inc
etwoa
nti
bodi
esa
reus
ed.

 Ca
nbec
arr
iedoutf
orc
ompl
exs
ampl
esa
sthea
nti
geni
s
notr
equi
redt
oge
tpur
if
iedt
ode
tec
t.

 I
tishi
ghl
yre
spon
sives
inc
edi
rec
tandi
ndi
rec
tana
lys
is
me
thodsc
anbec
arr
iedout
.

 I
tisar
api
dte
st,yi
el
dsr
esul
tsqui
ckl
y.

 Pos
sibl
ede
tec
ti
onf
orELI
SAr
ang
esf
romt
hequa
nti
ta
ti
ve,
s
emi
-qua
nti
ta
ti
ve,s
tanda
rdc
urve
,qua
li
ta
ti
ve,c
ali
bra
ti
on
c
urvemode
lse
tc.

 Ea
sie
rtope
rfor
mandunc
ompl
ic
ate
dpr
oce
ssa
scompa
red
t
oot
hera
ssa
yswhi
chr
equi
ret
hepr
ese
nceofr
adi
oac
ti
ve
ma
ter
ial
s.

Appl
ica
tionsofELI
SA

Thea
ppl
ic
ati
onsofELI
SAa
redi
scus
sedbe
low:

1.Thepr
ese
nceofa
nti
bodi
esa
nda
nti
gensi
nas
ampl
eca
nbe
VI
I
 de
ter
mine
d.

2.I
tisus
edi
nthef
oodi
ndus
tryt
ode
tec
tanyf
ooda
ll
erge
ns
pr
ese
nt.

3.Tode
ter
minet
hec
onc
ent
rat
ionofs
erum a
nti
bodyi
na
vi
rust
est
.

4.Dur
ingadi
sea
seo
utbr
eak,t
oeva
lua
tet
hes
pre
adoft
he
di
sea
se,e
.g.dur
ing r
ece
ntCOVI
D-19 out
bre
ak,r
api
d
t
est
ing ki
tsa
reb
eing us
edt
o de
ter
minepr
ese
nceof
a
nti
bodi
esi
nthebl
oods
ampl
e

VI
II
Qua
lit
yCont
rola
ndLa
bSa
fet
y

Aswi
thqua
nti
ta
ti
vepr
oce
dur
es,i
tisi
mpor
tantt
ove
rif
ytha
tthe
r
esul
tsofqua
li
ta
ti
vea
nds
emi
-qua
nti
ta
ti
vee
xami
nat
ionsa
re
c
orr
ectbe
for
ere
por
ti
ng t
hem t
othe r
eque
sti
ng he
alt
hca
re
pr
ovi
der
.The l
abor
ator
y mus
tes
tabl
is
h a qua
li
tyc
ont
rol
pr
ogr
am f
or a
ll of i
ts qua
li
ta
ti
ve a
nd s
emi
-qua
nti
ta
ti
ve
t
est
s.Whe
nes
tabl
is
hingt
hispr
ogr
am,s
etpol
ic
ies
,tr
ains
taf
f,
a
ssi
gnr
espons
ibi
li
ti
es,a
nde
nsur
eal
lne
ces
sar
yre
sour
cesa
re
a
vai
la
ble
.Ens
uret
hatt
her
ecor
dingofa
llqua
li
tyc
ont
rolda
tai
s
c
ompl
et
eand t
hatt
hequa
li
ty ma
nage
rand t
hel
abor
ator
y
di
rec
torc
onduc
tana
ppr
opr
iat
ere
vie
woft
hei
nfor
mat
ion

Pos
it
ivea
nd ne
gat
ivec
ont
rol
sar
ere
comme
nde
dforma
ny
qua
li
ta
ti
ve a
nd s
emi
-qua
nti
ta
ti
ve t
est
s,i
ncl
udi
ng s
ome
pr
oce
dur
est
hatus
espe
cia
lst
ai
nsorr
eage
ntsa
ndt
est
swi
th
e
ndp
oint
ssuc
hasa
ggl
uti
nat
ionorc
olorc
hange
.The
sec
ont
rol
s
s
hou
ldge
ner
all
ybeus
edwi
the
acht
estr
un.Theus
eofc
ont
rol
s
wi
lla
lsoh
elpva
li
dat
eane
wlotnumbe
roft
estki
tsorr
eage
nts
,
c
hec
kont
empe
rat
ure
sofs
tor
agea
ndt
est
inga
rea
s,a
nde
val
uat
e
t
hepr
oce
sswhe
nne
wte
sti
ngpe
rson
neli
sca
rryi
ngoutt
he
t
est
ing.

Ke
ept
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nmi
ndwhe
nus
ingt
radi
ti
ona
lcont
rol
sfor
qua
li
ta
ti
veors
emi
-qua
nti
ta
ti
vet
est
s:t
estc
ont
rolma
ter
ial
sint
he
s
amema
nne
rast
est
ingpa
ti
ents
ampl
es;us
eapos
it
ivea
nd
ne
gat
ivec
ont
rol
,pr
efe
rabl
yonc
eea
chd
ayoft
est
ing,ora
tle
ast

I
X
a
sof
tena
sre
comme
nde
dbyt
hema
nuf
act
ure
r;c
hoos
epos
it
ive
c
ont
rol
sth
ata
rec
los
etot
hec
ut-
offva
lueoft
het
est
,tobes
ure
t
het
estc
ande
tec
twe
akpos
it
iver
eac
ti
ons
;fora
ggl
uti
nat
ion
pr
oce
dur
es,i
ncl
udeawe
akpos
it
ivec
ont
rola
swe
lla
sane
gat
ive
c
ont
rola
nds
tronge
rpos
it
ivec
ont
rol
.

Ba
sics
afe
tyr
ule
sforl
abor
ator
yconduc
tshoul
dbeobs
erve
d
whe
neve
rwor
kingi
nal
abor
ator
y.Cons
ide
ral
lspe
cime
ns,
c
ont
rol ma
ter
ial
s,a
nd c
ali
bra
tor ma
ter
ial
sas pot
ent
ia
ll
y
i
nfe
cti
ous
.Exe
rci
set
heus
ualpr
eca
uti
onsr
equi
redf
orha
ndl
ing
a
lll
abor
ator
yre
age
nts
.Di
spos
alofa
llwa
stema
ter
ials
houl
dbe
i
nac
cor
danc
ewi
thl
oca
lgui
del
ine
s.We
argl
ove
s,al
abc
oat
,and
s
afe
tygl
ass
eswhe
nha
ndl
inghuma
nbl
oods
pec
ime
ns.Pl
acea
ll
pl
ast
ict
ips
,sa
mpl
ecups
,andgl
ove
stha
tcomei
ntoc
ont
actwi
th
bl
oodi
nabi
oha
zar
dwa
stec
ont
ai
ner
.Di
sca
rda
lldi
spos
abl
e
gl
ass
war
eint
osha
rpswa
stec
ont
ai
ner
s.

Pr
ote
cta
llwor
ksur
fac
eswi
thdi
spos
abl
eabs
orbe
ntbe
ncht
op
pa
per
,di
sca
rde
dint
obi
oha
zar
dwa
stec
ont
ai
ner
swe
ekl
yor
whe
neve
rbl
oodc
ont
ami
nat
ionoc
cur
s.Wi
pea
llwor
ksur
fac
es
we
ekl
y.Al
lequi
pme
nts
houl
dber
egul
arl
yins
pec
tedf
orwe
aror
de
ter
ior
ati
on.Equi
pme
nts
houl
dbema
int
ai
neda
ccor
dingt
othe
ma
nuf
act
ure
r’sr
equi
reme
nts
,and r
ecor
ds of c
ert
if
ica
ti
on,
ma
int
ena
nce
,orr
epa
irss
houl
dbema
int
ai
nedf
ort
hel
if
eoft
he
e
qui
pme
nt.Comput
ersa
ndi
nst
rume
nta
ti
ons
houl
dbel
abe
ledt
o
i
ndi
cat
ewhe
the
rgl
ove
sshoul
dbewor
n.I
ncons
ist
entgl
oveus
e
a
round ke
yboa
rds
/ke
ypa
ds i
s a s
our
ce of pot
ent
ia
l
X
c
ont
ami
nat
ion.Avoi
dwe
ari
ngj
ewe
lryi
nthel
ab,a
sthi
sca
n
pos
emul
ti
ples
afe
tyha
zar
ds.Sa
fet
yrul
esf
orl
abor
ator
y-s
pec
ifi
c
ope
rat
ionswi
llbepr
ovi
dedi
nappr
opr
iat
ela
bor
ator
ySOPs
.

Enha
nci
ngHe
alt
hca
reTe
amOut
come
s

ELI
SAt
est
ingi
sani
mpor
tantpa
rtofme
dic
alc
area
nds
cie
nti
fi
c
r
ese
arc
h. Col
la
bor
ati
on be
twe
en s
cie
nti
st
s, l
abor
ator
y
t
echni
ci
ans
,phl
ebot
omi
st
s,c
li
nic
ians
,nur
ses
,andot
herme
dic
al
pr
ofe
ssi
ona
lsi
sne
ces
sar
yfora
ppr
opr
iat
espe
cime
ncol
le
cti
on,
t
est
ing,i
nte
rpr
eta
ti
on,di
agnos
is,a
nde
ffe
cti
vepa
ti
ente
duc
ati
on
a
ndt
rea
tme
ntpl
anni
ng.ELI
SA t
echnol
ogi
esc
ont
inuet
ogr
ow
a
nd pl
ay a ma
jorr
olei
ncl
ini
calr
ese
arc
hal
lowi
ng f
or
t
hede
vel
opme
ntofmor
edi
agnos
ti
cands
cre
eni
ngt
est
s.The
c
ont
inue
devol
uti
onofELI
SAt
est
ingi
spr
omi
si
ngf
ort
hef
utur
e
ofme
dic
inea
ndha
simpr
ove
dea
rlydi
agnos
isofHI
Vand
pr
egna
ncyde
tec
ti
on.

XI
 Re
fer
enc
es:

1.Ayd
inS.As
hor
thi
st
ory,pr
inc
ipl
es,a
ndt
ype
sofELI
SA,a
ndourl
abor
ator
y
e
xpe
rie
ncewi
thpe
pti
de/
prot
ei
nana
lys
esus
ingELI
SA.Pe
pti
des
.2015
2.Eng
val
l E. The ELI
SA, e
nzyme
-li
nke
d i
mmunos
orbe
nt a
ssa
y.Cl
in
Che
m.2010
3.Sha
hK,Ma
ghs
oudl
ouP.Enz
yme
-li
nke
dimmunos
orbe
nta
ssa
y(ELI
SA)
:the
ba
sic
s.BrJHos
pMe
d(Lo
nd)
.2016
4.Kon
sta
nti
nouGN.Enz
yme
-Li
nke
dImmunos
orbe
ntAs
say(
ELI
SA)
.Me
thods
MolBi
ol.2017
;
5.Le
ngSX,Mc
Elha
neyJ
E,Wa
lst
onJ
D,Xi
eD,Fe
dar
koNS,Kuc
helGA.
ELI
SA a
nd mul
ti
ple
x t
ech
nol
ogi
es f
or c
ytoki
ne me
asur
eme
nt i
n
i
nfl
amma
ti
ona
nda
gingr
ese
arc
h.JGe
ront
olABi
olSc
iMe
dSc
i.2008
6.Ge
lkopS,Soba
rzoA,Br
ange
lP,Vi
nckeC,Romã
oE,Fe
dida
-Me
tul
aS,
St
rom N,At
al
ibaI
,Mwi
ineFN,Oc
hwoS,Ve
laz
que
z-Sa
li
nasL,Mc
Kendr
y
RA,Muyl
der
mansS,Lut
wamaJ
J,Ri
ede
rE,Ya
vel
skyV,Lobe
lL.The
De
vel
opme
nta
nd Va
li
dat
ion ofaNove
lNa
nobody-
Bas
ed Compe
ti
ti
ve
ELI
SA f
ort
heDe
tec
ti
onofFoota
ndMout
hDi
sea
se3ABCAnt
ibodi
esi
n
Ca
tt
le
.Fr
ontVe
tSc
i.2018.
7.del
aRi
caR,St
eve
nsMM.Pl
asmoni
cELI
SAf
ort
heul
tr
ase
nsi
ti
vede
tec
ti
on
ofd
ise
asebi
oma
rke
rswi
tht
hena
kede
ye.Na
tNa
not
echnol
.2012.
8.Ta
bat
aba
ei MS, Ahme
d M. Enz
yme
-Li
nke
d I
mmunos
orbe
nt As
say
(
ELI
SA)
.Me
thodsMolBi
ol.2022.
9.Li
nAV.Di
rec
tELI
SA.Me
thodsMolBi
ol.2015.

XI
I