Cross braces, 110 Cylinders See also Cone-evlinder intersections caleulating propostions, 92 ‘Oslindtical shells, 11 buckling of thin-walled, 85-89 external pressure design for, 20, formulas, 15, 88 Cylindrical shells, stress bending moment, 278, 280, 282 cedeulating 8 values for rectangular attachments, 272-274 caleulation steps, 272 circumferential moment, 273-274, 275, ncentration factors, 270 dlimensions for clips and attachments, 270 geometric paramenters, 271 longitudinal moment, 273, 275 membrane force, 27, 279, 281 notation, 269 radial load, 272 shear stress, 274-272, Index 491 Deflection dynamic, 246 static, 246 tower, 219-221 Density of varions materials, 104 Design faire, pressure, 29 temperature, maximum, 29 Discontinuity stress, 9, 12-13 Dished heels. See Torispherial heads Displacement method, 13 Displacements, rail, 217 Double eddy. 836 Dovmcomer bars, weights of, 101 Draining vessels, time required for, 483-484 Drums cailelating LD ratio, 89-9 sizing of, 9 Types of, 89 Dynamic deflection, 246 Dynamic instability, 244 D E Elastic bucking, 85 praes, 248 laste deformation, 5 ‘coefficient and topographic Elasticity, modulus of, 60, 61 factors. 249 Eipsoidal heads lata, 250 intemal pressure and, 30, 31 design eritera, 285 design modifications, 245 equations, 250 factor, 244 raph of extical wind velocity, 249 precautions, 26 procedures and examples, 251-253, soumnary of, 247 types of, 244-245 Data sheet, sample, 444 Davis arrangement, 295 ‘moments and forces, 202 sation, 291 radial loa, 293-294 seletion guile, 292 stres in, 392-293, 256, types of rigging, 201 ean effect. 336 Defect evalation, minor, 486 proportions, caleulating, 92 Elliptical heads, reinforcement for openings in, T4 Elliptical openings, reinforcement for, 74 Empty weight, 95 Energy absorbed by shell, 244 Erection design steps, 388, Manges, top body, 987 guidelines, 387-088 of horizontal vessels, 394 lifting attachments, types of, 891 Iifting loads and Forces, 400-405 local lads in shell due to, 4-436, Tugs, dimensions and forces of 399 Jugs, shel ange, 397 lugs, side, 895-396 methods, 387, 481 notation, 390 rigging terminlog 988 stresses, allowable, 388-989