Navigating the E-Highway: Unmasking Consumer Choices

in India’s Electric Two-Wheeler Revolution

AUTHORS

SHAILENDRA SAHU SANSKAR JAIN SIDDHARTH SHUKLA

PGDM, PRIN. L.N. WELINGKAR PGDM, PRIN. L.N. WELINGKAR PGDM, PRIN. L.N. WELINGKAR
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AND
RESEARCH, MUMBAI RESEARCH, MUMBAI RESEARCH, MUMBAI

ABSTRACT

With rising fuel prices and growing environmental concerns, the market for electric two-wheelers,
or ETWs, is growing quickly. This study investigates the complex network of consumer buying
habits influencing ETW adoption in India.

This study uses a comprehensive survey that focuses on demographics, financial status,
environmental consciousness, and technology preferences to discover the key elements and
potential roadblocks impacting the buying decision. We study how initial cost, long-term savings,
infrastructure for charging, environmental impact, and perceptions of advanced features interact
with factors including age, income, and occupation. The impact of social networks, government
incentives, and safety concerns on people's readiness to utilize EVs is also a topic of much
discussion.

The research also shed light on worries around battery longevity and replacement expenses, a
significant facet that often eclipses the potential benefits of ETWs. By looking at these interrelated
elements, we want to better understand the current consumer landscape and identify important
levers for accelerating the transition to an electrified, more sustainable future.

The purpose of this research is to offer relevant data that will assist policymakers, manufacturers,
and other relevant parties in comprehending consumer concerns and devising solutions.
Ultimately, the goal is to lead India towards a strong ETW ecosystem, paving the way for a more
environmentally friendly and clean future.
 INTRODUCTION

Navigating the E-Highway of Indian Mobility - Consumer Choices in Electric Two-Wheeler

Adoption

India's metropolitan landscape is about to change. An increasing number of people are questioning
the traditional two-wheeler, which has long been seen as a symbol of independence and
convenience, as fuel prices and environmental concerns rise. The silent, elegant, and emission-free
electric two-wheeler (ETW) is a contender that promises a greener future. Nevertheless, despite
the obvious allure of sustainability and potential financial advantages, consumer adoption is still
minimal. To fully realize the potential of the ETW industry, it is imperative to comprehend the
intricate interplay between aspirations and practicalities that influences the choices made by Indian
customers in this domain.

The literature that is currently available sheds light on the factors influencing ETW adoption
globally. While Sharma et al. (2022) emphasizes the attraction of long-term cost reductions despite
the initial high cost, Gupta et al. (2023) echo Singh et al. (2023) in underlining the relevance of
environmental consciousness as a motivation. However, there are challenges in the form of
concerns about the infrastructure needed for charging (Raj & Kumar, 2022) and issues about
battery anxiety (Das & Ghosh, 2020; Patel et al., 2021).

The presentation of the social and cultural nuances of the Indian context is distinctive. According
to Kumar et al. (2023), age, income, and occupation are examples of demographic factors that
matter. Mishra et al. (2022) claim that social influence from recommendations from friends and
family is a powerful motivator. As Dasgupta & Sengupta (2021) indicate, government
interventions such enticing subsidies and incentives have been demonstrated to enhance adoption
rates.

There is still a gap, though. Even if previous research provides insightful information, it often
presents a broad or global perspective that ignores the more nuanced aspects of the psyche of
Indian consumers. This study delves deeper, focusing on understanding the key factors that
encourage and hinder ETW adoption in the Indian market.
Through a comprehensive survey, we aim to deconstruct the intricate web of individual attitudes,
perceptions, and decision-making processes that influence consumer decisions. We investigate
individual viewpoints on cost-benefit trade-offs, environmental challenges, technology allure,
social media power, and political laws, going beyond demographics. Additionally, we explore
significant domains that are often neglected in earlier research, like concerns about batteries and
safety.

By analysing both quantitative data and qualitative insights, this research seeks to present a more
comprehensive picture of Indian consumers' opinions toward ETWs. To help stakeholders like
manufacturers, legislators, and infrastructure developers hasten the ETW revolution in India, we
attempt to identify major drivers and barriers.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Directing passengers in the right direction
Demographics Matter: Younger, wealthier urbanites
are leading the movement, according to Kumar et
al. (2023).
Social Influence: According to Mishra et al. (2022),
peer recommendations are a powerful source of
motivation.
Getting Over Obstacles using Policy Tools
Dasgupta & Sengupta (2021) highlight how
subsidies make things easier and more accessible in
terms of affordability.
Brand Trust Clears the Path: Jain et al. (2022) stress
that consistent communication and service are the
foundation of a customer's confidence.

Urban Landscapes Affect Purchasing Decisions: Targeted Campaigns: Srivastava & Singh (2023)
Singh & Sharma (2022) draw attention to the endorse campaigns that highlight benefits and
manner in which commute patterns and cityscapes tackle problems.
influence customer decisions.

Media Shapes Perception: As noted by Agarwal et Developing Infrastructure Is Critical: Charging

al. (2021), brand image and media representations
Government education programs are suggested by
Mohan et al. (2023) as a means of reducing range
anxiety through awareness-building activities.
stations ought to be brought into homes and
businesses, claim Kumar & Kumar (2022).
Financial Innovation Drives the Ride: Banerjee &
Mitra (2023) recommend battery leasing plans to
raise affordability.

Cooperation is Key: Manufacturers, lawmakers, the

media, and the financial sector must all work
together, according to Roychowdhury & Ghosh
(2023).
 Green Dreams Are the Engine's Fuel Practical Difficulties in the Way
Environmental Enthusiasts:
Exorbitant Entry Fee: Gupta et al. (2023) warn that a
Singh et al. (2023) show rising eco-consciousness
high initial outlay could put a stop to the journey.
pushing riders towards ETWs.
Long-Term Savings: Sharma et al. (2022) ensure
Charging Anxieties: Raj & Kumar (2022) express worry
that lower operating costs will offset the original
over convenience and poor infrastructure.
investment.

Tech-Savvy Riders: Roy et al. (2021) claim that Battery Issues Remain: Das & Ghosh (2020) and Patel
advanced technologies like connectivity and et al. (2021) highlight issues with replacement costs,
braking attract tech-savvy consumers. safety, and range.

Growing environmental consciousness and the possibility of long-term cost reductions present
tremendous opportunities for India's electric two-wheeler (ETW) market (Singh et al., 2023;
Sharma et al., 2022). However, there are several barriers standing in the way of consumer
acceptability. High upfront costs remain a major obstacle despite the long-term financial benefits
(Gupta et al., 2023). When there is no infrastructure for charging, potential customers worry about
usability and practicality, which causes anxiety (Raj & Kumar, 2022). Concerns also persist about
the constraints on battery range, possible replacement prices, and safety issues such as battery fires
(Das & Ghosh, 2020; Patel et al., 2021).

Demographics have a vital impact, with younger, high-income urban professionals reporting
increased interest in ETWs (Kumar et al., 2023). Social influence through recommendations from
friends and family greatly impacts buying decisions, underlining the usefulness of peer networks
(Mishra et al., 2022). Government initiatives, including appealing incentives and subsidies, greatly
boost adoption rates, showing their vital role in market expansion (Dasgupta & Sengupta, 2021).

In addition to these basic components, there are additional variables. Building consumer
confidence requires a strong brand reputation, consistent after-sales assistance, and efficient
communication efforts that address concerns (Jain et al., 2022; Srivastava & Singh, 2023).
Moreover, the appropriateness of ETWs for various metropolitan environments and transportation
patterns affects consumer choices, suggesting the need for tailored infrastructure development and
promotion (Singh & Sharma, 2022). Consumer sentiments are also shaped by elements such as
brand reputation and media coverage (Agarwal et al., 2021).

In conclusion, even though it is clear that ETWs have the potential to contribute to a sustainable
future in India, consumer purchasing behavior is a complex tapestry woven with concerns as well
as reasons. To realize the full potential of this industry, it will be necessary to address high initial
costs, expand the infrastructure for charging, allay concerns about batteries, and improve public
views of safety. By leveraging influencing elements like social networks, demography, and
successful government initiatives, adoption can be expedited even more. Manufacturers,
policymakers, the media, and the financial sector must collaborate to build a robust ETW
ecosystem and pave the way for a cleaner, greener future for India's transportation landscape
(Mohan et al., 2023; Das et al., 2022; Kumar & Kumar, 2022; Singh & Singh, 2021;
Roychowdhury & Ghosh, 2023; Banerjee & Mitra, 2023).

METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN

The research strategy for this study was a cross-sectional descriptive method with a non-
experimental qualitative survey. The study was conducted throughout India using a sample of 124
students. This form allows for a snapshot examination of the current state of the selected variables,
which facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. The non-experimental
qualitative survey approach can yield rich, contextual data that illuminates participant experiences
and perspectives. The broad geographic focus enhances the data' generalizability and contributes
to a more inclusive and representative portrayal of the issue being studied among Indian students
in general.

SAMPLING DESIGN

Participants in this research who were at least eighteen years old made up the study population.
Using a simple random sampling technique, 124 individuals were selected as a sample from this
cohort. A structured questionnaire was distributed to the chosen respondents as part of the data
gathering procedure. Due to the equal possibility of inclusion for all members of the research
population, this approach ensures an unbiased and representative sample. The accuracy and
comprehensiveness of the data collected were enhanced by the structured questionnaire's ability to
facilitate systematic data gathering. This sampling technique aims to provide a strong foundation
from which meaningful and significant findings can be extracted in the next research report.

QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

The study employed a semi-structured questionnaire, with one section drawn from earlier studies.
The questionnaire was divided into two sections: Q1-4 gathered socioeconomic data, and Q5–13
assessed consumer awareness of electric 2-wheeler purchase behaviour. A 5-point Likert scale,
ranging from "Strongly Agree" to "Strongly Disagree," was used to help gather the data. This scale
allowed for the capturing of nuanced opinions on the subject. This comprehensive approach was
designed to ensure a detailed analysis of the study area by providing a comprehensive
understanding of consumer purchase behaviour with respect to electric two-wheelers.

OBJECTIVES
This study attempts to provide an explanation for why people choose electric scooters or bikes
over alternative possibilities. Our objective is to ascertain the causes of people's decisions and the
reasoning behind their mental processes.

• To examine how money affects decisions while considering the costs of investing in, using,
and preserving electric two-wheelers. Also examine the ways in which government
incentives influence people's choices.
• To analyse consumer opinions regarding the technology of electric two-wheelers,
including batteries, charging, and overall performance. Analyse how advancements in
technology affect consumer preferences.
• To understand how culture, way of life, and societal trends impact the adoption of electric
two-wheelers. Analyse how society norms and peer pressure impact customers' attitudes.
• To identify potential barriers to adoption, including as a lack of model variety, limitations
with the charging infrastructure, and anxiety about range. Examine how these barriers
differ in different places and among different demographic groups.
• To provide insightful recommendations to industry stakeholders, including legislators,
manufacturers, and others, based on the research findings. Boost consumer acceptance and
encourage the widespread adoption of electric two-wheelers.
 DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

• This pie chart illustrating the

variety of responses given to the
statement "The initial cost of an
electric two-wheeler is justified by
its long-term cost savings" is
displayed in relation to the
statement. It's interesting to note
that 46.8% disagree, indicating a sizeable percentage of the public does not think that the
initial cost of electric two-wheelers is justified by long-term savings. The 29.8% neutral
view suggests that the evaluation is unclear, but the 12.1% agreement shows that a smaller
but significant fraction understands the long-term economic benefits. The multiple
considerations that must be made, such as the fact that electric two-wheelers have greater
starting expenses but lower operating and maintenance costs over time, underscore how
challenging the decision-making process is. This absence of a firm consensus emphasizes
the ambiguous nature of public opinion regarding the economic viability of electric two-
wheelers, necessitating more research into individual.
• This pie chart shows respondents' perspectives about how important they think cutting-
edge technology features like regenerative braking and smart connection are when making
car purchases. 54% of respondents strongly agree or agree, indicating that these qualities
are highly regarded.
Meanwhile, 18.5% adopt a
neutral stance, suggesting
that they are not convinced
of the importance of this
technology. Surprisingly,
27.5% disagree or strongly
disagree, suggesting that the majority does not value these attributes. The attractiveness of
modern technology features lies in their ability to enhance driving pleasure, safety, and
convenience. Preferences are influenced by price, simplicity, and privacy concerns. In
 essence, the decision of which advanced features to prioritize or overlook is very subjective
and reflects a range of customer perspectives.
• The pie chart illustrates how important government subsidies and incentives are to
respondents, as 46.8% of
them strongly agree or agree
that these financial incentives
influence their decision to
purchase an electric two-
wheeler. Meanwhile, 21% of
respondents express neutrality, demonstrating a lack of faith in these incentives' efficacy.
Remarkably, 32.2% of respondents disagree or strongly disagree, indicating that a sizable
portion of respondents do not believe that government incentives are necessary for them to
make decisions. The findings show that while a significant majority believes these
subsidies are essential to government support and the affordability of the adoption of
electric vehicles, a significant portion is either apathetic or has conflicting views, possibly
as a result of factors like desire to pay more or environmental concerns.
• According to the pie chart, the majority of respondents (51.6%) were concerned about the
lifespan and replacement cost of batteries for electric cars (EVs), highlighting the perceived
significance of this factor in EV adoption. 25% of the indifferent people question its
importance, although just 16.9% of them dismiss such concerns . The expensive price and
potential degradation of
EV batteries over time are
most likely the causes of
concern. There will
always be concerns over
battery lifespan and
replacement costs because
technology is always evolving. Individuals who don't care may believe that future
advancements will alleviate their worries because they believe the overall advantages of
electric vehicles (EVs), like lower emissions and operating costs, surpass any possible
 battery-related problems. This advanced understanding demonstrates how many moving
parts influence how the public views and uses electric vehicles.

FINDINGS
HYPOTHESIS 1:

Null Hypothesis (H0): Long-term savings and initial cost have no discernible effects on the
decision to purchase an electric two-wheeler. In a similar vein, there is no clear relationship
between the importance of cutting-edge technological features (such smart connection and
regenerative braking) and the decision-making process.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Considering both the initial outlay and continuous savings has a
major impact on the decision to purchase an electric two-wheeler. Moreover, there is a strong
relationship between the importance of cutting-edge technological features (such smart networking
and regenerative braking) and the decision-making process.
FINDING 1:

The chi-square test results indicate a strong connection between the factors influencing the
decision to purchase an electric two-wheeler. With a test statistic of 58.957, 16 degrees of freedom,
and a p-value of 0.000 (less than 0.05), the null hypothesis is rejected. Interestingly, the biggest
gaps between expected and actual counts suggest that "long-term cost savings" and "initial cost"
have the most effects. On the other hand, "smart connection" and "regenerative braking" have
comparatively less of an effect. In summary, respondents prioritize cost factors, particularly
upfront and continuing expenses, when deciding which electric two-wheeler to buy.

HYPOTHESIS 2:

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no appreciable association between the decision to buy an electric
two-wheeler and government incentives and subsidies, and the perceived upfront cost justification
for long-term savings is equivalent to chance.

The alternative hypothesis states that government incentives and subsidies have a major impact on
people's decisions to buy electric two-wheelers (H1). Furthermore, the perceived early cost
justification for long-term savings being different from chance indicates a strong influence on
customer decision-making.
FINDING 2:

Given that the chi-square test gives a p-value of 0.000 (< 0.05) with a statistic of 51.458 and 16
degrees of freedom, we may reject the null hypothesis. This implies that government incentives,
subsidies, and the justification of upfront expenditures by long-term savings all have an important
effect on the decision to buy an electric two-wheeler.

It's interesting to note that the respondents who most strongly agreed that both factors had an
impact also had the largest gaps between the observed and expected figures, indicating that these
factors should be given more weight when making judgments. On the other hand, those who
disagree with both variables don't vary much, which suggests a lower importance.

Both government incentives/subsidies and upfront cost justification through long-term savings
have a significant impact on the decision. If you firmly concur, purchasing an electric two-wheeler
is more likely.

HYPOTHESIS 3:

Null Hypothesis (H0): The availability of charging stations has no discernible impact on the
decision to buy an electric two-wheeler. Furthermore, there is no obvious connection between
government subsidies and incentives and the decision to purchase an electric two-wheeler.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The accessibility of charging stations has a major impact on the
decision to buy an electric two-wheeler. In addition, the decision to purchase an electric two-
wheeler is heavily impacted by government grants and incentives.
FINDING 3:

Availability of Charging Stations:

With 16 degrees of freedom, the chi-square value is 64.327, and the p-value is 0.000, which is less
than 0.05. As a result, the null hypothesis can be rejected, and it can be said that there is a
statistically significant correlation between the choice to buy an electric two-wheeler and the
accessibility of charging stations.

According to the table, people are more likely to buy an electric two-wheeler if they consider the
availability of charging stations to be a "major factor" or "somewhat important factor" in their
decision than if they consider it to be "not very important" or "not at all important."

Government Incentives/Subsidies:

With 16 degrees of freedom, the chi-square value is 38.772, and the p-value is less than 0.05 at
0.001. Thus, we can rule out the null hypothesis and come to the conclusion that government
incentives and subsidies have a statistically significant impact on people's decisions to buy electric
two-wheelers.

According to the table, people are more likely to buy an electric two-wheeler if they think
government incentives and subsidies make the upfront cost of the vehicles "much more justifiable"
or "somewhat more justifiable" than if they think they make the costs "not very justifiable" or "not
at all justifiable."
HYPOTHESIS 4:

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant correlation between the openness to consider Electric
Two-Wheelers as a viable alternative for the next vehicle purchase and the opinions of friends,
family, or coworkers' effect on the decision-making process. Stated differently, the correlation that
has been seen can only be attributed to chance.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant relationship between the influence of friends,
family, or coworkers on one's decision-making process and one's openness to considering electric
two-wheelers as a practical option for one's next car purchase. The chi-square test result of 0.002
suggests that the observed correlation might not be completely random and could instead indicate
a substantial relationship between these two variables.

FINDING 4:

The research rejected the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant relationship
between these two factors. This suggests that people's acceptance of electric two-wheelers and
their level of respect for other people's opinions while making automobile purchases are
statistically correlated.
The chi-square test result of 0.002 suggests that the observed connection is unlikely to be the
product of pure chance and may indicate a substantial relationship between the two variables.
People who are more receptive to electric two-wheelers also often report that their decisions are
positively influenced by the opinions of those around them.

MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS
The study's findings have a number of managerial implications for promoting the adoption of
electric two-wheelers. First off, the cost aspects' essential rating highlights how crucial it is for
manufacturers and policymakers to focus on cost-effective strategies, especially when it comes to
early expenses and long-term savings. Potential for long-term savings, affordability, and attractive
pricing structures can all have a big impact on the decisions that customers make.

Government incentives and subsidies become significant considerations when making decisions.
Legislators and managers should collaborate to support and grow these kinds of programmes since
they significantly raise the perception of electric two-wheelers' viability among consumers. If these
incentives are emphasized in sales presentations and marketing collateral, their influence may be
considerably higher.

The importance of being able to access charging stations highlights the need for infrastructure
development. Managers operating in the electric two-wheeler industry should engage with relevant
stakeholders, including governmental agencies and private companies, in order to enhance and
expand the charging infrastructure. Stressing the usefulness of charging stations in marketing
initiatives can provide you a competitive advantage.

The relationship between customer acceptability and the effect of other people's judgements
demonstrates the importance of social variables. Managers can utilise this information to create
campaigns that emphasize the shift towards electric two-wheelers, encourage positive word-of-
mouth, and use social media marketing strategies. Electric two-wheelers may become more
appealing if an eco-friendly mobility hub is established in the town.

Managers in the industry should prioritize messaging related to cost, collaborate with legislators
to maintain incentives, invest in charging infrastructure, and leverage societal factors in order to
effectively market and encourage the adoption of electric two-wheelers.
 CONCLUSION
The study provides significant new information on the factors influencing consumers' choices to
purchase electric two-wheelers. The findings indicate a strong correlation between consumer
preferences and crucial elements such as cost considerations, policy incentives, charging station
accessibility, and social impacts.

Prospective buyers clearly place a high value on cost considerations, particularly initial costs and
long-term savings. To encourage adoption, manufacturers and lawmakers should highlight price,
highlight potential savings, and employ alluring pricing strategies. In order to improve the financial
feasibility of electric two-wheelers for consumers, it is imperative that government subsidies and
incentives be maintained and expanded.

The availability of charging stations seems to be a significant factor influencing purchasing

decisions. By collaborating to enhance and broaden the infrastructure that supports these vehicles,
industry stakeholders may position the ease of charging electric two-wheelers as a competitive
advantage.

The study also demonstrates a connection between the influence of other people's viewpoints and
customer approval. This highlights the importance of social factors in decision-making.
Supervisors are required to implement social media marketing strategies and community-
development initiatives in order to create positive PR and showcase the organization's shift towards
environmentally sustainable mobility solutions.

In summary, the study's management implications provide industry stakeholders with useful advice
on how to promote the use of electric two-wheelers. By addressing these essential components,
concerned parties can contribute to the overall goal of developing a more widely used and
ecologically beneficial mode of transportation.
LIMITATION
The study project has several constraints, the most significant of which are related to sample size,
geographic scope, timeframe, and budgetary constraints. Even while the 124-person sample size
provides useful information, it might be challenging to attain full representativeness, especially in
a country as large and diverse as India. While a wide geographic distribution is the goal of the
PAN India geographical restriction, bias could be created accidentally if the survey is primarily
circulated inside restricted networks, potentially eliminating opinions from a range of demographic
and socioeconomic backgrounds. The scope and depth of data collection are restricted, despite the
two months being efficient, which could impede the examination of dynamic trends or long-term
consequences. Additionally, the restricted resources can stop the application of cutting-edge
research techniques, broad outreach initiatives, or in-depth analyses.

These financial restrictions can have an effect on the general reliability and generalizability of the
findings. Moreover, the tight circulation among friends may induce response bias since people
with comparable traits may influence one another's responses. To properly assess the research
findings and understand the extent to which the findings can be used given the constraints, it is
essential to recognise these limitations.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We take this opportunity to express our profound sense of gratitude and respect to all those who
helped us throughout our research.

This research acknowledges the intense driving and technical competence of the entire individuals
that have contributed to it. It would have been almost impossible to complete this research without
the support of these people. We extend thanks and gratitude to Prof. Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Group
Director, and Dr. Chitralekha Navneet Kumar, professor at Welingkar Institute of Management
Development & Research, Mumbai, who have imparted guidance in all aspects. They shared their
valuable time from their busy schedule to guide us and provide their active and sincere support for
our activities.

This research is an authentic record of our own work, which is accomplished with the sincere and
active support of all our guides. We have tried our best to summarize this research.

Shailendra Sahu Sanskar Jain Siddharth Shukla

PG 120 PG 117 PG 133
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13. Directing passengers in the right direction Demographics Matter: Younger, wealthier
urbanites are leading the movement, according to Kumar et al. (2023).
14. Social Influence: According to Mishra et al. (2022), peer recommendations are a
powerful source of motivation.
15. Urban Landscapes Affect Purchasing Decisions: Singh & Sharma (2022) draw attention
to the manner in which commute patterns and cityscapes influence customer decisions.
16. Media Shapes Perception: As noted by Agarwal et al. (2021), brand image and media
representations.
17. Government education programs are suggested by Mohan et al. (2023) as a means of
reducing range anxiety through awareness-building activities.
18. Cooperation is Key: Manufacturers, lawmakers, the media, and the financial sector must
all work together, according to Roy Chowdhury & Ghosh (2023).
19. Green Dreams Are the Engine's Fuel Environmental Enthusiasts:
20. Singh et al. (2023) show rising eco-consciousness pushing riders towards ETWs.
21. Long-Term Savings: Sharma et al. (2022) ensure that lower operating costs will offset the
original investment.
22. Tech-Savvy Riders: Roy et al. (2021) claim that advanced technologies like connectivity
and braking attract tech-savvy consumers.
23. Getting Over Obstacles using Policy Tools Dasgupta & Sengupta (2021) highlight how
subsidies make things easier and more accessible in terms of affordability.
24. Brand Trust Clears the Path: Jain et al. (2022) stress that consistent communication and
service are the foundation of a customer's confidence.
25. Targeted Campaigns: Srivastava & Singh (2023) endorse campaigns that highlight
benefits and tackle problems.
26. Developing Infrastructure Is Critical: Charging stations ought to be brought into homes
and businesses, claim Kumar & Kumar (2022).
27. Financial Innovation Drives the Ride: Banerjee & Mitra (2023) recommend battery
leasing plans to raise affordability.
28. Practical Difficulties in the Way Exorbitant Entry Fee: Gupta et al. (2023) warn that a
high initial outlay could put a stop to the journey.
29. Charging Anxieties: Raj & Kumar (2022) express worry over convenience and poor
infrastructure.