Essentials of Human Development A Life Span View 1st Edition Kail Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

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Chapter 10 — Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development
In Young Adulthood
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Some developmentalists have categorized the __________ as a period called emerging

adulthood.
a. late teens to the early thirties c. early twenties to early thirties
b. late teens to the mid- to late twenties d. ages of 18 to 21 years
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Emerging Adulthood
OBJ: Role transitions marking adulthood MSC: Factual
2. Of the following individuals, how many are in the period called emerging adulthood?
Matthias, who is a 18-year-old college student; Toby, who is a 35-year-old businessman and
single father of one daughter; Gunther, who is a 25-year-old law student; Liesl, who is a
13-year-old girl from a Jewish family and has recently celebrated her bat mitzvah.
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Emerging Adulthood
OBJ: Role transitions marking adulthood MSC: Application
3. A rite of ________ involves a ritual or ceremonial event that marks initiation into adulthood.
a. demarcation c. passage
b. arrival d. maturation
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Emerging Adulthood
4. In most cultures, ________ is the most important rite of passage, as it is seen as a prelude to
childbearing. This, in turn, provides clear evidence of reaching adulthood.
a. reaching puberty c. graduating from school
b. marriage d. losing one’s virginity
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Emerging Adulthood
5. In Western cultures, voting, completing an education, beginning full-time employment,

leaving home and establishing financial independence, getting married, and having children
are all examples of
a. role transitions. c. genotypical markers.
b. rites of passage. d. emergent shifts.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Emerging Adulthood
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6. Yacef suddenly finds himself newly married and out of school with a new job. Yacef is
experiencing
a. role transitions. c. possible selves.
b. reflective judgment. d. fluid intelligence.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Emerging Adulthood
OBJ: Role transitions marking adulthood MSC: Application
7. The average age at which a person gets married in the United States has ________ since 1970.
a. increased by almost seven years c. decreased by four years
b. decreased by two years d. increased by five years
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Emerging Adulthood
8. Raymond is about to graduate from high school. He is one of 100 seniors in his class who will
be receiving their diploma this weekend. If Raymond’s high school is typical of most in the
United States, about ________ of these soon-to-be graduates will go right on to college.
a. 40 c. 60
b. 50 d. 70
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Emerging Adulthood
OBJ: Going to college MSC: Application
9. Between 2005 and 2008, the greatest increase in percentage of high school graduates enrolling
in college was seen in
a. Asian Americans. c. Latinos.
b. African Americans. d. Whites.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Emerging Adulthood
OBJ: Going to college MSC: Factual
10. Morris is 43 years of age, and is going back to college part-time to earn a degree so that he
can enhance his advancement prospects at his job. Morris would be considered a ________.
a. returning adult student c. nontraditional student
b. transitional student d. mid-life student
OBJ: Going to college MSC: Application
11. Colleges usually refer to students over the age of ____ as returning adult students, which
implies that these individuals have already reached adulthood.
a. 25 c. 32
b. 28 d. 35
OBJ: Going to college MSC: Factual
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12. Which of the following statements about returning students is false?
a. Returning students tend to be poor problem-solvers.
b. Returning students tend to be self-directed.
c. Returning students tend to experience conflicts between school, work, and family.
d. Returning students often have life experience relevant to coursework.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Emerging Adulthood
OBJ: Going to college MSC: Conceptual
13. During ________, there tends to be a significant drop in one’s participation in risky behaviors
such as driving recklessly, having sex without contraception, and engaging in extreme sports.
a. young adulthood c. middle adolescence
b. late adolescence d. early adolescence
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Emerging Adulthood
OBJ: Behavioral changes MSC: Factual
14. Nicola is 18 years old and engages in many risky behaviors. For example, she drives very fast
and recklessly, and does not use any protection when having sex. If Nicola is a typical
adolescent, these behaviors will ____ when she gets older.
a. significantly increase in frequency c. remain at the same frequency level
b. slightly increase in frequency d. decrease in frequency
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Emerging Adulthood
OBJ: Behavioral changes MSC: Application
15. The desire to live a more “aggressive” life through physically and emotionally threatening
situations on the boundary between life and death is termed ________.
a. sensation-seeking c. paradoxical role-confusion
b. edgework d. enhancement
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Emerging Adulthood
16. Christina is a real character. Although she is in her early twenties, she has not “slowed down”
in her need for more and more intense experiences. In the last year she has gone skydiving,
bungee jumping from a bridge, has gone drag racing with her boyfriend, and has
experimented with some new drugs. Christina’s behaviors are an example of ________.
a. maturational fixation c. edgework
b. identity confusion d. plasticity
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17. How would neuroscientists explain the early adulthood shifts in behavior that are often seen in
the early twenties?
a. There is a thickening of the corpus callosum, so information can travel more
readily across the cerebral hemispheres.
b. There is increased myelination in the structures of the hindbrain—the pons,
medulla, and cerebellum—which leads to greater control of impulsive behaviors.
c. There is a decrease in cortical activity in the diencephalon—the hypothalamus and
thalamus—which in turn leads to a stabilizing of endocrine activities.
d. There is further development in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in higher
level thinking processes.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Emerging Adulthood
OBJ: Behavioral changes MSC: Conceptual
18. One researcher, Males (2009, 2010), has suggested that the brain development hypothesis that
is often used to explain behavioral changes in young adults is wrong. Instead, Males argues
that ________ is a stronger predictor of risky behavior than neurological changes.
a. poverty c. sexual activity or inactivity
b. sex d. endocrine functioning
19. According to Erikson, the major task for young adults is to deal with the psychosocial conflict
of ________.
a. identity versus role confusion c. intimacy versus isolation
b. generativity versus stagnation d. independence versus dependence
20. Before a person can successfully create an intimate relationship with another person, Erikson
felt that they had to first
a. establish an identity of their own.
b. begin their career.
c. move out of their parents’ house and establish their own, independent residence.
d. complete their education
OBJ: Behavioral changes MSC: Conceptual
21. Who would Erikson say is MOST capable of true intimacy?

a. Cindy, who is overdependent on her boyfriend.
b. Burt, who will go out with different people but finds it scary to go out with
someone more than a couple of times.
c. Aileen, who has a clear sense of identity.
d. Harrison, who is 16 years old.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Emerging Adulthood
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22. Some research has been critical of Erikson’s assertions regarding the relationship between
identity and the formation of intimate relationships. For which of the following individuals is
identity unrelated to closeness, according to Johnson and colleagues (2007)?
a. Charles, who is working on his friendship with Anette.
b. Diane, who is working on her friendship with Mathilda.
c. Timothy, who is working on his friendship with Jamison.
d. Charlene, who is working on her friendship with Sheldon.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Emerging Adulthood
23. When all of the research regarding Erikson’s proposed relationship between identity and
intimacy is examined, it appears that his theory is most applicable to
a. men and career-oriented women. c. men and women equally.
b. men only d. women only
24. For many people, the key to establishing their identity as an adult is achieving ________
independence.
a. educational c. political
b. physical d. financial
OBJ: Launching one’s financial independence MSC: Conceptual
25. Which of the following individuals is likely to establish their financial independence from
their parents the earliest?
a. Katie, who is in her third year of medical school.
b. Melinda, who has just started in a Master’s program after graduating from college.
c. Julie, who is in her second year of college.
d. Kelly, who graduated from high school and went right to work instead of enrolling
in college.
OBJ: Launching one’s financial independence MSC: Application
275
26. Your best friend William tells you that he is thinking of moving back in with his parents now
that he has graduated from college. “If I do that for a year or two, I will be able to save my
money and get independent much faster than if I try living on my own right away.” Since you
have read this chapter and know the research into this sort of thing, what would be your best
response?
a. That probably isn’t a good idea, because it will actually take you longer to become
financially independent if you move back with them than if you live on your own.
b. That is a good idea, because men who move back in with their parents become
financially independent faster, while women who do so take longer to establish
such independence.
c. That is a bad idea, because women who move back in with their parents become
financially independent faster, while men who do so take longer to establish such
independence.
d. The research really supports that idea, because both men and women who live with
their parents for one to three years while establishing their own career can become
financially independent much faster than those who live on their own.
OBJ: Launching one’s financial independence MSC: Application
27. Physical functioning generally peaks during

a. early adolescence. c. young adulthood
b. middle adolescence. d. middle adulthood.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Physical Development and Health
OBJ: Growth, strength, and physical functioning MSC: Factual
28. Which statement by 30-year-old Flossie, who is typical for a person of her age, is most likely
false?
a. “I am about as strong as I will ever be.”
b. “I am a lot less coordinated than I used to be.”
c. “My hearing is not quite as good as it used to be.”
d. “My visual acuity is about as good as it has ever been.”
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Physical Development and Health
OBJ: Growth, strength, and physical functioning MSC: Application
29. Which of the following is the most common change in vision that people experience during
their middle-adulthood years?
a. They become nearsighted and need glasses to see things at distance.
b. They lose their ability to see things in the dark.
c. They lose some of their color vision.
d. They become farsighted and need reading glasses.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Physical Development and Health
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30. Physical strength, coordination, and dexterity tends to peak in the late twenties and early
thirties, and then decline throughout the rest of the life for
a. men, but not women. c. neither men nor women.
b. women, but not men. d. both men and women.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Physical Development and Health
31. Betram is 30 years of age, and his sensory systems are developing normally for his age.
Which of the following would he probably have the MOST difficulty hearing clearly?
a. The deep, booming voice of his boss, who is leading a meeting at work.
b. The announcers on a football game on television, which has the volume increased
to adequate levels.
c. The high-pitched voice of his 3-year old daughter.
d. The “bang bang bang” of the tennis shoes that are tumbling in his clothes dryer.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Physical Development and Health
OBJ: Growth, strength, and physical functioning MSC: Application
32. The number one cause of death among Americans between the ages of 25 and 44 is
a. heart disease. c. cancer.
b. accidents. d. diabetes.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Physical Development and Health
OBJ: Health status MSC: Factual
33. Tom was a 40-year-old African American father of two girls, was married to his high school
sweetheart, and had a thriving career as an attorney in private practice. Tragically, Tom died
just two weeks after his birthday party. Statistically, the MOST LIKELY cause of his death
was a(n)
a. act of violence. c. heart attack.
b. accident. d. pulmonary embolism.
OBJ: Health status MSC: Application
34. Based on statistics, which of these 30-year-old adults is MOST LIKELY to die within a year?
a. Nik, a Native American male c. John, an Asian American male
b. Tamarick, an African American male d. Buster, a European American male
OBJ: Health status MSC: Application
35. Young adult men between the ages of 25 and 34 are ____ times as likely to die as women of
the same age.
a. 1.5 c. 2.5
b. 2.0 d. 4.0
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36. Which of the following groups of individuals has the lowest death rate during the early
adulthood years?
a. European Americans c. African Americans
b. Asian and Pacific Islanders d. Latinos
37. To maximize your odds of being healthy, do all but which of the following?
a. avoid smoking c. eat a well-balanced, nutritional diet
b. monitor your alcohol consumption d. avoid exercising too much
OBJ: Lifestyle factors MSC: Factual
38. According to your textbook, the single biggest contributor to health problems in the United
States is
a. doing illegal drugs. c. overeating.
b. alcohol consumption. d. smoking.
39. Roughly ________ people die each year from smoking-related illnesses, and medical
treatment of smoking-related ailments costs more than _______ annually.
a. 40,000; $19 million c. 350,000; $1.9 billion
b. 220,000; $190 million d. 400,000; $193 billion
40. Your authors note that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of many
different types of cancer. Which of the following body parts is NOT one they identified?
a. stomach c. rectal
b. blood (leukemia) d. cervical
41. Ruth has been smoking cigarettes for many years, and her habit has become so severe that she
smokes at least two packs every day. For which of the following medical issues is she at
increased risk?
a. deafness c. a fractured hip
b. glaucoma d. Turner’s syndrome
OBJ: Lifestyle factors MSC: Application
278
42. The American Cancer Society estimates that between 66% and 75% of those cigarette
smokers who try to quit smoking end up starting up again within ____ month(s).
a. 1 c. 6
b. 3 d. 12
43. More than 90% of those who successfully stop smoking cigarettes do so
a. by taking prescription medications designed to assist with smoking cessation.
b. on their own.
c. by using nicotine replacement patches.
d. by chewing nicotine gum.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Physical Development and Health
44. “I really think about quitting smoking,” Michael often says to his friends, “but after doing it
for so long I think it is too late to be of any benefit to me.” What should his friends tell him?
a. “That’s probably correct, so just keep smoking. What is most important now is that
you avoid putting second-hand smoke into others’ lungs.”
b. “Well there’s really no way to know if it would help, but you’d sure smell a lot
better if you gave up the cigarettes!”
c. “Actually, within one year of quitting cigarettes your lungs regain their normal
ability to move out mucus!”
d. “You will reduce your risk of stroke and coronary heart disease to normal within 5
years of quitting smoking, so give up the cigarettes!”
45. For smokers who successfully give up cigarettes, the risks of coronary heart disease and
stroke return to normal after a period of roughly ____ years.
a. 10 c. 15
b. 12 d. 18
46. Which statement concerning secondhand smoke is true?

a. There is no evidence that secondhand smoke leads to any health problems.
b. Hundreds of thousands of children suffer from lung problems annually from
secondhand smoke each year.
c. Less than one-fifth of Americans have been exposed to secondhand smoke.
d. Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to die from lung cancer
than from cardiovascular disease.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Physical Development and Health
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47. How is the consumption of alcohol related to the promotion of health?
a. Abstainers have the greatest benefits
b. Moderate drinkers have the greatest benefits
c. Heavy drinkers have the greatest benefits
d. Alcohol consumption has not been related to any health benefits
OBJ: Lifestyle factors MSC: Conceptual
48. Of the following individuals, how many qualify as having experienced an episode of binge
drinking? (a) Martha, who had 6 drinks within a 30 minute period at her sister’s wedding
about 6 weeks ago; (b) Janice, who had 3 shots of vodka in 5 minutes at the club last
weekend; (c) Erik, who won a contest with his friend by having 7 shots of tequila in 7 minutes
last night; (d) Aaron, who had 4 beers in an hour during the football game on Saturday.
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Physical Development and Health
49. Binge drinking is defined for men as consuming ____ or more drinks in a row and for women
as consuming ____ or more drinks in a row within the past 2 weeks.
a. 5; 4 c. 4; 3
b. 7; 5 d. 6; 5
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Physical Development and Health
50. Your textbook identifies several factors that are related to an increased likelihood of one’s
willingness to engage in binge drinking behavior. They include all but which of the
following?
a. if they have a history of alcoholism in their family
b. if alcohol is readily available
c. if they are a member of a fraternity or sorority
d. if they feel really positively about binge drinking
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51. While some believe that binge drinking is just a fun thing to do at parties, the results of such
behavior really contradict such a notion. Which of the following is an accurate consequence of
binge drinking?
a. The rates of assault on college campuses actually go down when drinking goes up,
as people become too incapacitated by drinking to go out and get into trouble.
b. Somewhere around 1,700 college students between the ages of 18 and 24 die every
year in the United States from drinking too much.
c. Around 700,000 college students a year are victims of alcohol-related date-rape.
d. The rate of binge drinking in the general public has increased in the same
proportions that it has increased among college students.
52. In the United States, nearly ____ percent of adults between the ages of 25 and 44 years are
considered heavy drinkers.
a. 5 c. 10
b. 7 d. 12
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Physical Development and Health
53. Why is it that many people consider alcoholism to be a form of addiction?

a. Because there are always legal problems associated with such catastrophic misuse
of alcohol.
b. Because there is evidence of a neurological impact of the use of alcohol in greater
and greater amounts.
c. Because it involves physical dependence as well as the experience of withdrawal
symptoms.
d. Because there is a loss of control over the consumption of alcohol that is involved.
54. Of all of the following neurotransmitters, how many are disrupted by the ingestion of alcohol?
(a) norepinephrine; (b) glutamate; (c) serotonin; (d) GABA; (e) dopamine; (f) acetylcholine
a. 6 c. 4
b. 5 d. 3
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55. Rose has been suffering from alcoholism for several years now, and she has finally decided to
address the problem. If she looks to the most widely known option for treating her addiction,
she will
a. start taking medications designed to make her sick when she drinks.
b. go to Alcoholics Anonymous.
c. engage the services of an individual psychotherapist.
d. seek support from people at her church as she attempts to overcome her addiction
on her own.
56. The term ________ refers to the amount of energy one’s body needs.
a. set point c. digestive efficiency
b. metabolism d. body mass index
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Physical Development and Health
57. The ________ campaign was launched in 2001 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to help
people make better, healthier selections when it came to their meals.
a. Eating Smarter Not Larger c. Food Wheel
b. Choose My Plate d. Nutritional Pyramid
58. Good cholesterol is to _____ as bad cholesterol is to _____.

a. UDLs; MDLs c. MDLs; UDLs
b. LDLs; HDLs d. HDLs; LDLs
59. Which best describes the relationship between LDLs and HDLs?
a. LDLs break down HDLs c. LDLs transform into HDLs
b. HDLs break down LDLs d. HDLs transform into LDLs
60. Stanley has just visited his cardiologist, and he is told that it would be a very good idea if he
were to lower his level of low density lipoproteins and increase his level of high density
lipoproteins. Which of the following would Stanley be well advised to do to make this
happen?
a. Start taking calcium supplements each night before bed.
b. Add more fiber to his diet.
c. Add a stool softener to his medication combination.
d. Start taking vitamin D with “rose hips.”
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61. Sarah is advised by her doctor that she suffers from high levels of bad cholesterol. In addition
to modifying her diet and adding exercise to help bring these levels down, which of the
following medication categories is her physician most likely to prescribe?
a. SSRIs c. beta-blockers
b. mono-amine oxidase inhibitors d. statins
62. According to the National Institute of Health and the American Heart Association, a healthy
weight is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) at or below ________.
a. 25 c. 20
b. 22 d. 16
63. The two most important social influences on health are

a. ethnicity and religion.
b. socioeconomic status and national background.
c. socioeconomic status and education.
d. race and education.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Physical Development and Health
OBJ: Social, gender, and ethnic issues in health MSC: Factual
64. Who is likely to be the LEAST healthy?

a. Thales, who lives in poverty c. Luzia, who is African American
b. Jose, who is a college graduate d. Fabio, who is very wealthy
OBJ: Social, gender, and ethnic issues in health MSC: Application
65. Most theories of intelligence are ________; that is, they identify several types of intellectual
abilities.
a. dynamic c. multidirectional
b. plastic d. multidimensional
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Cognitive Development
OBJ: How should we view intelligence in adults? MSC: Factual
66. Baltes and his colleagues (2006) have suggested that intellectual development in adults should
be examined while considering several different factors. They include all but which of the
following?
a. multidirectionality c. malleability
b. interindividual variability d. plasticity
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Cognitive Development
283
67. Which of the following individuals demonstrates the concept of multidirectionality in their
intellectual development?
a. As Paul’s memory of his experiences increases with age, his processing speed is
getting somewhat slower.
b. While Martha is very good at playing the piano and is getting better with age, her
husband Henry has no real skill on the instrument and, despite taking lessons, has
never learned to play it well.
c. Marcus has always had skill in his interactions with other people. In fact, he has
always been considered the most popular of his peers.
d. Joy is losing some of her hair as she gets older, so she sometimes wears a partial
wig to cover the thinning areas of her scalp.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Cognitive Development
OBJ: How should we view intelligence in adults? MSC: Application
68. ________ refers to the concept that intellectual abilities are not fixed but can be modified
under the right conditions at just about any point in adulthood.
a. Plasticity c. Multidirectionality
b. Reparability d. Multidimensionality
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Cognitive Development
69. Dr. Ique has organized her lecture on intellectual ability around different skills that she has
placed into meaningful groups. These include abilities in areas such as numbers, word
fluency, understanding verbal meanings, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation. What
would be the best title for Dr. Ique’s lecture?
a. Plasticity Forever
b. Rites of Passage Around the World
c. Your Primary Mental Abilities and You
d. Avoiding Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
OBJ: Primary and secondary mental abilities MSC: Application
70. Primary mental ability is to secondary mental ability as

a. specific is to general.
b. child is to adult.
c. crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence.
d. conventional is to postconventional.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Cognitive Development
OBJ: Primary and secondary mental abilities MSC: Conceptual
284
71. Primary mental abilities are to secondary mental abilities as
a. develop rapidly; develop slowly.
b. directly measurable; not directly measurable.
c. seen in childhood; seen in adulthood.
d. increase over time; decrease over time.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Cognitive Development
OBJ: Primary and secondary mental abilities MSC: Conceptual
72. The abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker, allowing you to make inferences
and enabling you to understand the relationships among concepts are called ________
intelligence.
a. fluid c. crystallized
b. componential d. analytical
OBJ: Fluid and crystallized intelligence MSC: Factual
73. If you were presented with the following array of letters—“S, M, T, W, T, F, ____”—your
ability to find the next logical letter would be an example of ________ intelligence. By the
way, the answer is S, as the letters represent the days of the week in English.
a. fluid c. creative
b. crystallized d. practical
OBJ: Fluid and crystallized intelligence MSC: Application
74. Joe is a grandfather of seven children. One afternoon he sits with his five-year-old grandson,
Troy, on his lap and he tells him all about how it “used to be back when I was a kid.” Joe’s
ability to remember the good old days reflects ________ intelligence.
b. analytical d. existential
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Cognitive Development
OBJ: Fluid and crystallized intelligence MSC: Application
75. Fluid intelligence is to crystallized intelligence as

a. declines throughout adulthood is to improves throughout adulthood.
b. stays the same in adulthood is to declines throughout adulthood.
c. improves throughout adulthood is to stays the same in adulthood.
d. improves throughout adulthood is to declines throughout adulthood.
OBJ: Fluid and crystallized intelligence MSC: Conceptual
285
76. One of the most likely reasons for the typical developmental path for crystallized intelligence
is that
a. practice tends to improve performance.
b. inherited skills tend to remain steady across the life span.
c. neuron pruning leads to a significant reduction in mental flexibility.
d. modern nutrition is better today than at any point in history.
OBJ: Fluid and crystallized intelligence MSC: Conceptual
77. One theory that has emerged from the results of several research studies examining the brain
has proposed that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in
the ________ lobes of the brain.
a. occipital and temporal c. frontal and parietal
b. parietal and occipital d. temporal and frontal
OBJ: Neuroscience research and intelligence in young and middle adulthood
MSC: Factual
78. Dr. Dumais is examining the P-FIT model of human intelligence by enlisting young adults to
undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). He is most likely to find support for the P-FIT
model in all but which of the following types of intelligence?
b. analytic d. spatial
MSC: Application
79. The recognition that certain situations have ambiguous interpretations—that there is not
always a singular “right and wrong” answer to every question—is a hallmark of ________
thinking.
a. psychoplastic c. concrete operational
b. conventional d. postformal
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Cognitive Development
OBJ: Going beyond formal operations: Thinking in adulthood MSC: Conceptual
80. ________ thinking is characterized by the recognition that correct answers vary from one
situation to another, that solutions should be realistic, that ambiguity and contradiction are
typical, and that subjective factors play a role in cognition.
a. Psychomotor c. Postformal
b. Hypothetical-deductive d. Formal operational
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Cognitive Development
OBJ: Going beyond formal operations: Thinking in adulthood MSC: Factual
286
81. Faced with the prospect of voting for or against a state law legalizing same-sex marriages,
Roberto considers many factors. He thinks about his own family and friends, his religion, his
cultural upbringing, and his feelings about whether same-sex marriage is an acceptable form
of the term “marriage.” Roberto is using ________ judgment to determine his own position on
this controversial issue.
a. formal operational c. didactic
b. reflective d. egalitarian
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Cognitive Development
OBJ: Going beyond formal operations: Thinking in adulthood MSC: Application
82. Ralphie believes that following school rules is important because a teacher’s authority should
not be questioned. Ralphie would probably be closest to the _____ stage of reflective
judgment.
a. initial c. later
b. halfway d. last
83. The statement, “Nothing in life can be known for certain” is most likely to be uttered by
someone at the _____ stage of reflective judgment.
a. initial c. halfway
b. second d. last
OBJ: Going beyond formal operations: Thinking in adulthood MSC: Conceptual
84. Angel and Jolie are having a discussion about the politics of stem-cell research. Angel feels
that it should be actively pursued in order to discover the cures to many medical conditions,
while Jolie feels that stem cells should not be used to further human medical knowledge. If
Angel says, “Well, you have the right to your own position, even if we disagree,” she would
be demonstrating that she is at the ________ stage of reflective judgment.
a. initial c. fifth
b. third d. last
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Cognitive Development
85. Middle-age adults tend to be more willing to take ________ factors into account when
considering the actions of another individual, a skill that is not as readily seen in younger
individuals.
a. reflective c. predetermined
b. genetic d. contextual
OBJ: Integrating emotion and logic in life problems MSC: Conceptual
287
86. Marielle is a researcher who argues that individual differences in the strength of social
representations of rules, beliefs, and attitudes are linked to specific situations. She would best
be described as a(n) ________ researcher.
a. existential c. social cognition
b. behavioral d. multicultural
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Cognitive Development
OBJ: Integrating emotion and logic in life problems MSC: Application
87. The belief that “marriage is more important than a career” is most prevalent among which age
group?
a. children c. young adults
b. adolescents d. older adults
OBJ: Integrating emotion and logic in life problems MSC: Factual
88. Based on personal experiences and input from other people, young adults create a ________
that represents a unified sense of the past, present, and future.
a. life-span construct c. personal fable
b. comprehensive self-concept d. egocentric composite
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality In
OBJ: Creating scenarios and life stories MSC: Factual
89. During adolescence, Erikson suggested that we formulate our identity. As adults, we have a
formulated view of ourselves. Which of the following links these two phenomena?
a. the life-span construct c. the miraculous composite
b. the idealized scenario d. the personal fable
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality In
OBJ: Creating scenarios and life stories MSC: Conceptual
90. When he was little, Jaden’s father used to play “What do you want to be when you grow up”
with him. Jaden loved considering the various options, and his father was always amused by
the way his son’s choices would change from day to day. Jaden’s father was using _______ to
help Jaden consider his future.
a. a life-span construct c. scenarios
b. a social clock d. a life story
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality In
OBJ: Creating scenarios and life stories MSC: Application
91. Mitzi is a young adolescent who often dreams of having four children, a husband, a dog, and a
house with a white picket fence. This is an example of
a. a life-span construct. c. a life story.
b. a scenario. d. a personal fable.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality In
288
92. Sheri is disappointed with herself, because she is approaching her thirtieth birthday and is not
yet married. Her expectation that she would have been married and have kids by the age of 35,
and she is now feeling like this will not be possible. Sheri’s plans for achieving specific life
goals by specific ages is an example of her ________.
a. scenario c. life story
b. social clock d. life-span construct
93. The idea that a person’s identity can only be understood by considering where they’ve been,
where they are, and where they are going was proposed by ________.
a. Schaie c. Blanchard-Fields
b. Labouvie-Vief d. McAdams
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality In
OBJ: Creating scenarios and life stories MSC: Factual
94. Overall, McAdams (2008) believes that one’s identity is

a. structured for us by the important people in our lives.
b. a process of creating and recreating their own life story.
c. completely outside of our control, as the appearance of freedom in our lives is
merely an illusion.
d. static over time, and not at all subject to change.
OBJ: Creating scenarios and life stories MSC: Conceptual
95. Steve is on a first date with Nora. They are getting along well, when Nora suddenly hits Steve
with a very deep question. “Where do you see yourself in 10 years, Steve?” she asks. Steve
nearly chokes on his coffee, as he was just thinking about whether he’d get a goodnight kiss in
an hour, not what he’d be doing in a decade. Nora has asked Steve to consider his ________.
a. possible selves c. personal fable
b. ideal selves d. life story
OBJ: Possible selves MSC: Application
96. Research on possible selves development has shown that

a. older adults believe that becoming both the hoped-for and the feared self is under
their control.
b. younger adults believe that becoming both the hoped-for and the feared self is
under their control.
c. older adults believe that becoming the hoped-for self is under their control, but
they have little control over the feared self.
d. younger adults believe that becoming the hoped-for self is under their control, but
they have little control over the feared self.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality In
OBJ: Possible selves MSC: Factual
289
97. Personal ________ beliefs reflect the degree to which you believe that your performance in a
situation depends on something you do.
a. responsibility c. control
b. locus d. accountability
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality In
OBJ: Personal control beliefs MSC: Factual
98. Gabby is getting ready to compete in an Olympic gymnastics event. She is asked by a reporter
if she is very nervous, and she says, “How I do is completely up to me right now, so if I did
enough work and prepared properly I will be just fine.” Gabby’s statement reflects a high
sense of ________.
a. personal control c. egocentrism
b. outward locus d. invulnerability
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality In
OBJ: Personal control beliefs MSC: Application
99. Cathy and Bettina are sitting together one evening talking about their house. “I’d really like to
renovate the kitchen within the next year,” says Bettina. Cathy agrees, but points out that they
can’t afford such an expensive project, especially since they have a new baby to take care of
and pay for. They both agree that if they work more hours at their jobs that they will be able to
make the extra money needed to pay for the renovation. Cathy and Bettina are demonstrating
________ control.
a. plenary c. secondary
b. tertiary d. primary
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality In
100. Donald is having a real problem with his boss at work. Try though he has, he cannot seem to
get his boss to ease up on him. He decides that rather than try to change his relationship with
his boss, he will change how he allows their constant conflicts to affect him. He vows to stop
letting it “get to him,” and comes up with new ways to avoid getting upset over their constant
struggles. Donald is using ________ control in his relationship with his boss.
a. secondary c. invulnerable
b. imaginary d. primary
TRUE/FALSE
1. Some human developmentalists view the late teens through the early thirties as a period called
“emerging adulthood,” a time when one is no longer an adolescent but not quite fully an adult.
ANS: F REF: Emerging Adulthood

OBJ: Role transitions marking adulthood
290
2. In Western cultures, the most widely used criteria for deciding whether a person has reached
adulthood are role transitions, which involve assuming new responsibilities and duties.
ANS: T REF: Emerging Adulthood

OBJ: Role transitions marking adulthood
3. Between the years 2005 and 2008, the greatest increase in percentage of high school graduates
attending college was seen in African Americans, followed closely by Latinos.
ANS: F REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Going to college
4. There is some evidence that the distal cortex of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum is not fully
developed until the mid-twenties, which explains why risky and “edgy” behaviors tend to
decrease during these years.
ANS: F REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Behavioral changes
5. According to Erik Erikson, the major task of young adulthood is dealing with the psychosocial
conflict of intimacy versus isolation.
ANS: T REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Behavioral changes
6. Physical strength, dexterity, and coordination tend to peak in the late tends and early twenties,
and decline predictably thereafter.
ANS: F REF: Physical Development and Health

OBJ: Growth, strength, and physical functioning
7. Cigarette smoking is associated with many different forms of cancer, including cervix, colon,
bladder, and stomach cancer.
ANS: T REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors
8. The vast majority of those who quit smoking cigarettes do so on their own.
9. Binge drinking is defined as drinking five or more drinks in a row for men and four or more
drinks in a row for women, all within the past two weeks.
10. Alcoholism is viewed by most experts as being separate and different from an addiction, since
it is the most easily treated form of substance-related problem.
ANS: F REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors
11. If you want to have the best cholesterol levels, you should have a higher level of LDLs and a
lower level of HDLs.
ANS: F REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

291
12. Most theories of intelligence are multidimensional, which means that they view intelligence as
being a combination of many different kinds of intellectual ability.
ANS: T REF: Cognitive Development

OBJ: How should we view intelligence in adults?
13. Baltes and colleagues (2006) has suggested that cognitive development is “plastic,” which
means that intellectual deficits can be “fixed” with the right kind of interventions.
ANS: F REF: Cognitive Development

OBJ: How should we view intelligence in adults?
14. Reading comprehension, number fluency, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation are all
examples of secondary mental abilities.

OBJ: Primary and secondary mental abilities
15. The Seattle Longitudinal Study, conducted in 1956, found that primary mental abilities tend to
improve until the late thirties or early forties, and begin to decline thereafter.
ANS: T REF: Spotlight on Research

OBJ: The Seattle Longitudinal Study
16. Generally speaking, fluid intelligence tends to improve throughout adulthood, while
crystallized intelligence declines during the same years.

OBJ: Fluid and crystallized intelligence
17. A life-span construct refers to one’s expectations about the future.
ANS: F REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality in Young Adulthood

OBJ: Creating scenarios and life stories
18. Feared selves represent who we could become and what we would like to become, as well as
the specific age by which we would like those changes to occur.
ANS: F REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality in Young Adulthood

OBJ: Possible selves
19. Primary control is aimed at affecting an individual’s external world, while secondary control
is aimed at affecting an individual’s internal world.
ANS: T REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality in Young Adulthood

OBJ: Personal control beliefs
292
20. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism has found that the most effective
strategy for reducing binge drinking on college campuses is to provide one-on-one
interventions for at-risk students and programs directly challenging students’ expectations
regarding alcohol use.
ANS: T REF: Linking Research to Life

OBJ: Reducing binge drinking on college campuses
COMPLETION
1. _____ adulthood is the time when someone is more than an adolescent and less than a full
adult.
ANS: Emerging
REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Role transitions marking adulthood
2. A bar or bat mitzvah, graduating from high school, and getting married are all examples of
rites of ________.
ANS: passage
REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Role transitions marking adulthood
3. ________ adult students are college students who are well beyond the traditional age of 18 to
22 years. In most cases college use this term to refer to students who are older than 25 years
of age.
ANS: Returning
REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Going to college
4. Tony enjoys intense skateboarding. He often rides his board down steep roads, sometimes
without a helmet, and sometimes tells people that he gets an incredible thrill from the risk and
danger associated with these activities. Tony’s desire to engage in threatening situations is
called ________.
ANS: edgework
REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Behavioral changes
5. Once we reach our late twenties, our hearing typically begins to decline, particularly for
________ tones.
ANS: high-pitched*
REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Growth, strength, and physical functioning
293
6. Nonsmokers who breathe ________ smoke are at considerably higher risk for smoking-related
diseases; each year, more than 3,400 adult nonsmokers die from lung cancer and 46,000 adult
nonsmokers die from cardiovascular disease.
ANS: secondhand
REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors
7. For a person who has smoked for some time and has given up cigarettes, the risks of stroke
and coronary heart disease return to normal after a period of ____ year(s).
ANS: 15
8. Alcoholism is viewed by many experts as a form of ________, as it involves physical

dependence and withdrawal symptoms.
ANS: addiction
9. The amount of energy the body needs is called _____.
ANS: metabolism
10. Gerard is told by his physician that he has a high amount of “bad” cholesterol in his blood.
The technical name for this type of cholesterol is ________ lipoproteins.
ANS: low-density
11. If you were to take your weight and divide it by the square of your height (w/h2), you would
have calculated your ________. (Hint: your answer should not only include an abbreviation.)
ANS: body mass index
12. In the United States, African American men living in ________ areas have a lower life
expectancy than men in some developing countries.
ANS: urban
REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Social, gender, and ethnic issues in health
294
13. Over time, the various abilities underling adults’ intelligence show ________; that is, some
areas improve while others decline during adulthood.
ANS: multidirectionality
REF: Cognitive Development OBJ: How should we view intelligence in adults?
14. Related groups of ________ mental abilities can be clustered in to a half dozen or so broader
skills, termed ________ mental abilities.
ANS: primary; secondary
REF: Cognitive Development OBJ: Primary and secondary mental abilities
15. The knowledge and information that you have acquired over the course of your lifetime
comprises your ________ intelligence.
ANS: crystallized
REF: Cognitive Development OBJ: Fluid and crystallized intelligence
16. According to the ________ Integration Theory (P-FIT), intelligence is contributed to by an

elaborate network of neurons found in two different lobes of the cerebrum.
ANS: Parieto-Frontal
REF: Cognitive Development

17. When presented with a moral dilemma, 52-year-old Ophelia recognizes that there is not one
single way to determine the right answer. She looks for contextual cues to guide her thinking,
and considers many different sources of information. Ophelia is demonstrating ________
thought.
ANS: postformal

OBJ: Going beyond formal operations: Thinking in adulthood
18. Tagging a future event to a specific age by which it will be completed creates a social _____.
ANS: clock
REF: What Do You Want To Be? OBJ: Creating scenarios and life stories
295
19. ________ selves represent what we could become, what we would like to become, and what
we are afraid to become.
ANS: Possible
REF: What Do You Want To Be? OBJ: Possible selves
20. Hillary’s confidence that she is capable of shaping her own career reflects a sense of strong
________ beliefs.
ANS: personal control
REF: What Do You Want To Be? OBJ: Personal control beliefs
ESSAY
1. Discuss the special conflict that Erikson believed marked young adulthood. Then describe
how an individual could best resolve this conflict.
ANS: According to Erikson, young adulthood is the sixth stage of psychosocial development
and it involves the crisis of intimacy versus isolation. He felt that once identity had been
established in the previous stage (adolescence), a person would be ready to create a shared
identity with another person. If the previous stage failed to produce a stable sense of identity,
an individual would be afraid of committing to a long-term relationship with another person
or would become overly dependent on their partner for his or her identity.
The textbook suggests that the research in support of Erikson’s theory has been mixed, with
unclear findings based on both different age ranges and between men and women.
REF: Emerging Adulthood
2. A friend hears that you are taking a course in human development and asks you to help her
make sense of the nutrition-related terms metabolism, LDL, HDL, and BMI. Provide a written
response in which you describe the role that each of these play in one’s health.
ANS: Metabolism refers to the amount of energy the body needs. Body metabolism slows
with age. LDL and HDL are two types of cholesterol. LDL refers to low-density lipoproteins
that are harmful as they cause fatty deposits to accumulate in arteries and result in impeded
blood flow. HDL refers to high-density lipoproteins that are beneficial to health as they break
down LDL and help clear the arteries. The key to good health is a low level of LDL and a
high level of HDL. Your body mass index (BMI) is the ratio of body weight to height and
reflects your total body fat. A BMI of less than 25 is considered healthy.
REF: Physical Development and Health
296
3. Identify at least five different forms of cancer and five different non-cancer medical
conditions for which a person is at increased risk when they smoke cigarettes.
ANS: The answer to this question is found primarily in figure 10.2. The types of cancer that
are identified as having an increased risk of incidence for smokers include cancer of the head
or neck (this should be considered one answer), lung, blood (leukemia), stomach, kidney,
pancreas, colon, bladder, and cervix. The non-cancer medical conditions that are identified
include stroke, blindness, gum infections, aortic rupture, heart disease, pneumonia, hardening
of the arteries, chronic lung disease and asthma (these should be considered one answer),
reduced fertility, and hip fracture. Individual instructors may wish to consider whether they
will accept other answers that are not identified in the textbook (e.g., emphysema).
REF: Physical Development and Health
4. Describe why the terms multidimensional, multidirectional, interindividual variability, and

plasticity, as proposed by Baltes and colleagues (2006) may be the most accurate way to
describe intelligence in adulthood.
ANS: Baltes and his colleagues suggested these four terms as ways of conceptualizing adult
intelligence. They are as follows:
(a) multidimensionality refers to the fact that intelligence is not a singular intellectual
quality, but rather is an amalgam of many different cognitive skills
(b) multidirectionality refers to the fact that as we age, some skills may advance while
others simultaneously decline. This is a normal pattern of developmental change and is
to be expected
(c) interindividual variability refers to the fact that while general trends in developmental
changes across groups can be appreciated, individual patterns of change can vary
greatly from person to person
(d) plasticity refers to the fact that people’s intellectual abilities cannot be fixed, per se,
but can be modified under the right conditions at just about any point in adulthood.
5. Why is postformal thought considered to be the most advanced level of thinking? Does the
stage theory of reflective thought fit with this notion?
ANS: Postformal thought is characterized by a recognition that truth (the correct answer)
may vary from situation to situation, that solutions must be realistic to be reasonable, that
ambiguity and contradiction are the rule rather than the exception, and that emotion and
subjective factors usually play a role in thinking. It is considered a higher (perhaps the
highest) level of thinking because it takes into account multiple factors in the determination of
any given conclusion. While an earlier stage of thought may jump to a conclusion based on
limited information, postformal thinking is more flexible and considers circumstances,
contexts, and individual factors.
297
This model does fit with the stages of reflective thought that are discussed in the chapter, as
they go from prereflective (stages 1–3) to quasi-reflective (middle stages, 4 and 5) to
reflective (stages 6 and 7). Earlier stages are associated with an absence of
recognition/acknowledgement that knowledge is uncertain. Middle stages recognize that
nothing is certain and base conclusions on circumstances as much as evidence. Later stages
involve careful consideration of multiple perspectives, and a recognition that even firm
convictions must be constantly re-evaluated.
6. Discuss your own development using the concepts of a life-span construct scenario, a social
clock, a life story, and possible selves.
ANS: Responses will clearly vary based on the experiences of individual students. They
should include the correct application and definitions of the terms noted in the question. A
life-span construct is a unified sense of the past, present, and future based on personal
experiences and input from other people. A social clock refers to the way we tag future events
with a particular time or age by which we hope to complete them. A life story refers to a
personal narrative that organizes past events into a cohesive narrative. And personal selves
represent what we could become, what we hope to become, and what we are afraid we will
become.
REF: What Do You Want To Be? Personality in Young Adulthood
7. Describe the concept of personal control beliefs, both primary and secondary.
ANS: Personal control belief refers to the degree to which you believe your performance
depends on something you do. An individual with a high sense of personal control believes
that his performance is under his control. Primary control involves behaviors affecting one’s
external world (e.g., working a second job to increase earnings). Due to its relationship to
biological factors, the development of primary control is very low in childhood, high in
middle age, and very low in later life. Secondary control involves behaviors or cognitions
affecting the person’s internal world (e.g., believing that you can succeed when facing a
challenge). While primary control declines over middle and later adulthood, secondary control
tends not to show such a decline
REF: What Do You Want To Be? Personality in Young Adulthood
298
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of English and
American tool builders
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: English and American tool builders
Author: Joseph Wickham Roe
Release date: November 5, 2023 [eBook #72046]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: McGraw Hill Book Company,

1916
Credits: deaurider, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH

AND AMERICAN TOOL BUILDERS ***
Please see the Transcriber’s Notes
at the end of this text.
New original cover art included with
this eBook is granted to the public
domain.
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN TOOL
BUILDERS
Henry Maudslay
English and American
Tool Builders
By
JOSEPH WICKHAM ROE
Museum of the Peaceful Arts, City of New York,
Professor of Industrial Engineering,
New York University
First Printed in 1916

Reprinted in 1926
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc.

NEW YORK: 370 SEVENTH AVENUE
LONDON: 6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C. 4
1926
Copyright, 1916
BY
Joseph Wickham Roe
First published May, 1916

Republished March, 1926
“Man is a Tool-using Animal. Weak in himself, and of small stature, he

stands on a basis, at most for the flattest-soled, of some half-square foot,
insecurely enough; has to straddle out his legs, lest the very wind
supplant him. Feeblest of bipeds! Three quintals are a crushing load for
him; the steer of the meadow tosses him aloft, like a waste rag.
Nevertheless he can use Tools, can devise Tools: with these the granite
mountain melts into light dust before him; seas are his smooth highway,
winds and fire his unwearying steeds. Nowhere do you find him without
Tools; without Tools he is nothing, with Tools he is all.”
Carlyle: “Sartor Resartus,” Chap. IV.
PREFACE
The purpose of this book is to bring out the importance of the work
and influence of the great tool builders. Few realize that their art is
fundamental to all modern industrial arts. Without machine tools
modern machinery could not be built. Little is known by the general
public as to who the great tool builders were, and less is known of
their lives and work.
History takes good care of soldiers, statesmen and authors. It is
even kind to engineers like Watt, Fulton and Stephenson, who have
conspicuously and directly affected society at large. But little is
known, even among mechanics, of the men whose work was mainly
within the engineering profession, and who served other engineers
rather than the general public. The lives and the personalities of men
like Maudslay, Nasmyth and Eli Whitney, can hardly fail of interest to
the mechanic of today. They were busy men and modest, whose
records are mainly in iron and steel, and in mechanical devices
which are used daily with little thought of their origin.
In following the history of English and American tool builders, the
query arises as to whether there might not have been important
contributions to tool building from other countries. Others have
contributed to some degree, but practically all of the creative work in
tool building has been done in these two countries. Although the
French were pioneers in many mechanical improvements, they have
always shown an aptitude for refinements and ingenious novelties
rather than for commercial production on a large scale. They have
influenced other nations more through their ideas than through their
machinery. The Swiss are clever artisans, particularly in fine work,
but they have excelled in personal skill, operating on a small scale,
rather than in manufacturing. Germany has, under the Empire,
developed splendid mechanics, but the principal machine tools had
taken shape before 1870, when the Empire began. The history of
English and American tool building, therefore, covers substantially
the entire history of the art.
Almost the only book upon tool builders and their work is Samuel
Smiles’ “Industrial Biography,” which is out of print and little known. It
is an admirable and interesting book, and a mine of information upon
the English tool builders down to about 1850. The writer has used it
freely and would urge those who are interested in the subject to go
to it for further information on the early mechanics. It was written,
however, over fifty years ago and contains nothing about modern
developments or about the American tool builders who have
contributed so much.
The writer has tried to trace the origin and rise of tool building in
America and to give something of its spread in recent years. The
industrial life of the United States is so vast that a comprehensive
history of even a single industry, such as tool building, would run far
beyond the limits of one volume. This book, therefore, is confined to
the main lines of influence in tool building and to the personalities
and cities which have been most closely identified with it. The later
history of American tool building has never been written. For this the
writer has had to rely largely upon personal information from those
who are familiar with it, and who have had a part in it.
Part of the material contained in this book has appeared from time
to time in the American Machinist, and the writer would acknowledge
his indebtedness most of all to Mr. L. P. Alford, the editor of that
journal. His help and counsel have given these pages much of such
value as they possess. So many have helped with information,
corrections and suggestions that acknowledgments can be made
only to a few. The writer would particularly thank Mr. L. D.
Burlingame, Mr. Ned Lawrence, Mr. James Hartness, Mr. Coleman
Sellers and Mr. Clarence Bement.
If these pages serve to stimulate interest in the lives and work of
the tool builders, to whom we owe much, they will fulfill the hope of
the writer.
Sheffield Scientific School,
Yale University,
October, 1915.
AUTHOR’S NOTE
In reprinting this book certain minor corrections have been made.

In the later chapters references occur here and there to the “present”
condition of various plants and firms. After careful consideration, it
seems wise to let these statements stand as they were written in
1915. Interest in this subject centers chiefly on the early history of
the plants and firms rather than on recent changes. To revise the
statements, bringing them up to date, would add little. With the ever
shifting status of a live industry, the statements, so revised, would
remain correct for only a short time. Therefore, when a reference is
made to present conditions it should be understood to cover those at
the beginning of the World War, which is a natural dividing point in
our industrial history.
The general predictions made in the last two paragraphs of the
book have been borne out by the developments in American
toolbuilding since that time.
Museum of the Peaceful Arts,
City of New York,
February, 1926.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Chapter I. Influence of the Early Tool Builders 1
Chapter II. Wilkinson and Bramah 11
Chapter III. Bentham and Brunel 22
Chapter IV. Henry Maudslay 33
Chapter V. Inventors of the Planer 50
Chapter VI. Gearing and Millwork 63
Chapter VII. Fairbairn and Bodmer 71
Chapter VIII. James Nasmyth 81
Chapter IX. Whitworth 98
Chapter X. Early American Mechanics 109
Chapter XI. The Rise of Interchangeable Manufacture 128
Chapter XII. Whitney and North 145
Chapter XIII. The Colt Armory 164
Chapter XIV. The Colt Workman—Pratt & Whitney 173
Chapter XV. Robbins & Lawrence 186
Chapter XVI. The Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing
Company 202
Chapter XVII. Central New England 216
Chapter XVIII. The Naugatuck Valley 231
Chapter XIX. Philadelphia 239
Chapter XX. The Western Tool Builders 261
Appendix A 281
Appendix B, The Jennings Gun 292
A Partial Bibliography on Tool Building 295
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Henry Maudslay Frontispiece

Fig. 1. Smeaton’s Boring Machine, Carron
Iron Works, 1769 Facing page 2
Fig. 2. French Lathes of about 1772 Facing page 2
Fig. 3. French Slide-Rest, 1772 Facing page 6
Fig. 4. French Lathe for Turning Ovals,
1772 Facing page 6
Fig. 5. Genealogy of the Early English Tool
Builders page 7
Fig. 6. John Wilkinson Facing page 14
Fig. 7. Wilkinson’s Boring Machine Facing page 14
Fig. 8. Eminent Men of Science Living in
1807-8 Facing page 20
Fig. 9. Sir Samuel Bentham Facing page 22
Fig. 10. Sir Marc Isambard Brunel Facing page 26
Fig. 11. Brunel’s Mortising Machine Facing page 30
Fig. 12. Brunel’s Shaping Machine Facing page 30
Fig. 13. French Screw-Cutting Lathe,
Previous to 1569 page 37
Fig. 14. French Screw-Cutting Lathe, about
1740 page 37
Fig. 15. Maudslay’s Screw-Cutting Lathe,
about 1797 Facing page 42
Fig. 16. Maudslay’s Screw-Cutting Lathe,
about 1800 Facing page 42
Fig. 17. French Planing Machine by
Nicholas Forq, 1751 Facing page 50
Fig. 18. Matthew Murray Facing page 58
Fig. 19. Richard Roberts Facing page 58
Fig. 20. Roberts’ Planer, Built in 1817 Facing page 60
Fig. 21. Roberts’ Back-Geared Lathe Facing page 60
Fig. 22. James Nasmyth Facing page 82
Fig. 23. First Sketch of the Steam Hammer,
November 24, 1839 Facing page 94
Fig. 24. Model of the First Steam Hammer Facing page 94
Fig. 25. Sir Joseph Whitworth Facing page 102
Fig. 26. Samuel Slater Facing page 122
Fig. 27. Genealogy of the New England Gun
Makers page 139
Fig. 28. The First Milling Machine, Built by
Eli Whitney about 1818 Facing page 142
Fig. 29. Blanchard “Gun-Stocking” Lathe,
Built in 1818 for the Springfield
Armory Facing page 142
Fig. 30. Eli Whitney Facing page 152
Fig. 31. Samuel Colt Facing page 164
Fig. 32. The Colt Armory Facing page 168
Fig. 33. Root’s Chucking Lathe, about 1855 Facing page 170
Fig. 34. Root’s Splining Machine, about
1855 Facing page 170
Fig. 35. Francis A. Pratt Facing page 178
Fig. 36. Amos Whitney Facing page 178
Fig. 37. Genealogy of the Robbins &
Lawrence Shop page 187
Fig. 38. Robbins & Lawrence Armory,
Windsor, Vt. Facing page 190
Fig. 39. Frederick W. Howe Facing page 196
Fig. 40. Richard S. Lawrence Facing page 196
Fig. 41. James Hartness Facing page 198
Fig. 42. Joseph R. Brown Facing page 202
Fig. 43. First Universal Milling Machine,
1862 Facing page 208
Fig. 44. Early Micrometer Calipers Facing page 212
Fig. 45. Genealogy of the Worcester Tool page 223
Builders
Fig. 46. Lucius W. Pond Facing page 228
Fig. 47. Salmon W. Putnam Facing page 228
Fig. 48. Hiram W. Hayden Facing page 232
Fig. 49. Israel Holmes Facing page 232
Fig. 50. Genealogy of the Naugatuck Brass
Industry page 235
Fig. 51. William Sellers Facing page 248
Fig. 52. Coleman Sellers Facing page 252
Fig. 53. William B. Bement Facing page 252
Fig. 54. Worcester R. Warner Facing page 262
Fig. 55. Ambrose Swasey Facing page 262
Fig. 56. The “Mult-au-matic” Lathe, 1914 Facing page 276
Fig. 57. Machine Tool Building Area of the
United States, 1915 page 279
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN TOOL
BUILDERS
CHAPTER I
INFLUENCE OF THE EARLY TOOL BUILDERS
Well-informed persons are aware of the part which machinery in
general has had on modern industrial life. But the profound influence
which machine tools have had in that development is scarcely
realized, even by tool builders themselves.
Three elements came into industrial life during the latter part of the
eighteenth century. First, the development of modern banking and
the stock company brought out the small private hoards from their
hiding places, united them, and made them available for industrial
undertakings operating on the scale called for by modern
requirements. Second, Watt’s development of the steam engine and
its application to the production of continuous rotative motion gave
the requisite source of power. But neither the steam engine itself nor
the machinery of production was possible until the third element,
modern machine tools, supplied the means of working metals
accurately and economically.
It is well to glance for a moment at the problems which were
involved in building the first steam engine. Watt had been working for
several years on the steam engine when the idea of the separate
condenser came to him on that famous Sunday afternoon walk on
the Glasgow Green, in the spring of 1765, and, to use his own
words, “in the course of one or two days the invention was thus far
(that is, as a pumping engine) complete in my mind.”[1] He was a
skilled instrument maker and his first small model was fairly
successful, but when he undertook “the practice of mechanics in
great,” his skill and all the skill of those about him was incapable of
boring satisfactorily a cylinder 6 inches in diameter and 2 feet long;
and he had finally to resort to one which was hammered. For ten
weary years he struggled to realize his plans in a full-sized engine,
unable to find either the workmen or the tools which could make it a
commercial success. His chief difficulty lay in keeping the piston
tight. He “wrapped it around with cork, oiled rags, tow, old hats,
paper, and other things, but still there were open spaces left,
sufficient to let the air in and the steam out.”[2] Small wonder! for we
find him complaining that in an 18-inch diameter cylinder, “at the
worst place the long diameter exceeded the short by three-eighths of
an inch.” When Smeaton first saw the engine he reported to the
Society of Engineers that “neither the tools nor the workmen existed
that could manufacture so complex a machine with sufficient
precision.”[3]
[1] Smiles: “Boulton & Watt,” pp. 97, 98. London, 1904.
[2] Ibid., p. 114.
[3] Ibid., p. 186.
Smeaton himself had designed a boring machine in 1769 for the

Carron Iron Works for machining cannon, an illustration of which is
given in Fig. 1.[4] It consisted of a head with inserted cutters mounted
on a long, light, overhung boring bar. The work was forced forward
on a rude carriage, as shown. The method of supporting the cutter
head, indicated in the section, shows an ingenious attempt to obtain
a movable support from an inaccurate surface. One need hardly say
that the work resulting was inaccurate.
[4] “Engineer,” London, March 4, 1910; p. 217. Drawn from the
description given in Farey’s “Treatise on the Steam Engine.”
Figure 1. Smeaton’s Boring Machine
Carron Iron Works, 1769
Figure 2. French Lathes of about 1772

Fortunately, in 1774, John Wilkinson, of Bersham, hit upon the
idea, which had escaped both Smeaton and Watt, of making the
boring bar heavier, running it clear through the cylinder and giving it
a fixed support at the outboard end as shown in Fig. 7. The
superiority of this arrangement was at once manifest, and in 1776
Boulton wrote that “Mr. Wilkinson has bored us several cylinders
almost without error; that of 50 inches diameter, which we have put
up at Tipton, does not err the thickness of an old shilling in any
part.”[5] For a number of years, Wilkinson cast and bored all the
cylinders for Boulton & Watt.
[5] Farey: “Treatise on the Steam Engine,” p. 328. 1827.
The importance to Boulton & Watt of the timely aid of Wilkinson’s

boring machine can hardly be overestimated. It made the steam
engine a commercial success, and was probably the first metal-
working tool capable of doing large, heavy work with anything like
present-day accuracy.[6]
[6] Watt’s beautiful parallel motion, invented in 1785, was made
necessary by the fact that there were no planers to machine a crosshead
and guides. Planers were not developed until thirty years later.
We hardly realize the crudity of the tools available in the

eighteenth century. In all machinery the principal members were of
wood, as that could be worked by the hand tools then in use. The
fastenings and smaller parts only were of metal, and consisted of
castings and forgings fitted by hand. There were some lathes of the
very simplest type. Most of them were “pole” lathes, operated by a
cord reaching from a foot treadle, around the work itself, and up to a
pole or wooden spring attached to the ceiling. The work rotated
alternately forward and backward, and was caught with a hand tool
each time as it came forward. Two are shown in Fig. 2, one at the
back and one at the left. Only the very best forms had continuous
motion from a direct drive on the live spindle, as shown at the right of
the same figure. This figure is reproduced from the French
Dictionnaire des Sciences, published in 1772. Such lathes were
almost useless for metal cutting, as they lacked both the necessary
power and a holding device strong enough and accurate enough to

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Essentials of Human Development A

Life Span View 1st Edition Kail Test

1. Some developmentalists have categorized the __________ as a period called emerging

5. In Western cultures, voting, completing an education, beginning full-time employment,

21. Who would Erikson say is MOST capable of true intimacy?

27. Physical functioning generally peaks during

46. Which statement concerning secondhand smoke is true?

53. Why is it that many people consider alcoholism to be a form of addiction?

58. Good cholesterol is to _____ as bad cholesterol is to _____.

63. The two most important social influences on health are

64. Who is likely to be the LEAST healthy?

70. Primary mental ability is to secondary mental ability as

75. Fluid intelligence is to crystallized intelligence as

94. Overall, McAdams (2008) believes that one’s identity is

96. Research on possible selves development has shown that

ANS: F REF: Emerging Adulthood

ANS: T REF: Emerging Adulthood

ANS: F REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Going to college

ANS: F REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Behavioral changes

ANS: T REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Behavioral changes

ANS: F REF: Physical Development and Health

ANS: T REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

ANS: T REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

ANS: T REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

ANS: F REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

ANS: F REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

ANS: T REF: Cognitive Development

ANS: F REF: Cognitive Development

ANS: F REF: Cognitive Development

ANS: T REF: Spotlight on Research

ANS: F REF: Cognitive Development

17. A life-span construct refers to one’s expectations about the future.

ANS: F REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality in Young Adulthood

ANS: F REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality in Young Adulthood

ANS: T REF: Who Do You Want To Be? Personality in Young Adulthood

ANS: T REF: Linking Research to Life

REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Role transitions marking adulthood

REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Role transitions marking adulthood

REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Going to college

REF: Emerging Adulthood OBJ: Behavioral changes

REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

8. Alcoholism is viewed by many experts as a form of ________, as it involves physical

REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

9. The amount of energy the body needs is called _____.

REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

ANS: body mass index

REF: Physical Development and Health OBJ: Lifestyle factors

REF: Cognitive Development OBJ: How should we view intelligence in adults?

ANS: primary; secondary

REF: Cognitive Development OBJ: Primary and secondary mental abilities

REF: Cognitive Development OBJ: Fluid and crystallized intelligence

16. According to the ________ Integration Theory (P-FIT), intelligence is contributed to by an

REF: Cognitive Development

REF: Cognitive Development

REF: What Do You Want To Be? OBJ: Possible selves

ANS: personal control

REF: What Do You Want To Be? OBJ: Personal control beliefs

REF: Emerging Adulthood

REF: Physical Development and Health

REF: Physical Development and Health

4. Describe why the terms multidimensional, multidirectional, interindividual variability, and

58. Good cholesterol is to _ as bad cholesterol is to _.