Positive Politeness Strategies Used

Ethical Lingua
in “H3 Podcast #7” Youtube Video Vol. 9, No. 2, 2022

A Pragmatic Study ISSN 2355-3448 (Print)

ISSN 2540-9190 (Online)

1Insan Abi Pramaidana, 2Hero Gunawan

Corresponding Email
1,2Universitas
Insan Abi Pramaidana
Widyatama Bandung, Indonesia insan.abi@widyatama.ac.id

Abstract
The purposes of this research are 1) to analyze and investigate the types Article’s History
of positive politeness used in “H3 Podcast #7 - Post Malone and Joji” Submitted 26 October 2022
YouTube video, and 2) to analyze the reason why positive politeness is Revised 26 December 2022
used. The method used in this research is qualitative-descriptive method. Accepted 26 December 2022
The theoretical used in this research is the theory of positive politeness
strategies from Brown and Levinson (1987). The results of this research DOI
indicate that there were two types of positive politeness strategies are 10.30605/25409190.465
found in the video: 1) claim common ground, and 2) convey that S
(speaker) and H (hearer) are cooperators. There were three strategies
used in the claim common ground: strategy-1: noticing, attending to Copyright © 2022
hearer (32%), strategy-2: exaggerating interest, approval, sympathy with The Author(s)
hearer (23%) and strategy-3: intensifying interest to hearer (16%). The This article is licensed under
strategies used related to the convey that S and H are cooperators cover CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 License
three strategies, namely, strategy-1: assert or presuppose S’s knowledge
of and concern for H’s wants (6%), strategy-2: offer, promise (13%) and
strategy 3: be optimistic (10%). Therefore, the reason why positive
politeness used in “H3 Podcast #7” is that the speakers concern with the
hearer’s positive face, they tend to show the solidarity, emphasize that
both speakers and hearers want the same thing, and they have a
common goal. Politeness gets the speakers message delivered and
responded to in the ways he/she wants.

Keywords: face-threatening act, politeness, positive politeness

strategies

553
Positive Politeness Strategies Used in “H3
Podcast #7” Youtube Video A Pragmatic Study
Introduction
Communication is the process by which information is transferred from one person to another. It could
be done in a variety of ways, one of which is verbally through the use of words. All words used are
determined by the context of the communication. Language is a communication tool that everyone
uses every day to convey information and arguments to others. In this case, language cannot be
separated from culture because language represents a nation and is closely related to the attitudes
or behaviors of groups of language speakers. Besides the features of women's language, the
differences between women and men also can be found in their speech act. Speech act based on
how they were delivered is divided into two types namely, direct speech acts and indirect speech acts.
Based on delivery techniques, speech acts can be classified into direct speech acts and indirect
speech acts. Based on the interaction of meaning, speech acts can be classified into literal speech
acts and nonliteral speech acts (Gunawan and Astari, 2019). Indirect speech act related to the
principle of politeness in the conversation. Imperative sentences can be expressed through an
interrogative sentence or declarative sentence that people who are commanded do not feel
commanded (Gunawan and Astari, 2019).

Speaking is the technique by which people express their thoughts, feelings, and desires since
they are social beings with a need to communicate through language. When people express
themselves, they occasionally forget that their actions or words could offend someone else. This
can happen when we use certain words or when we communicate with others in certain ways. In
order to reduce the possibility of offending others' feelings during dialogue, people can act
politely. Good manners are sometimes referred to as being polite. Respect for other people's
dignity is demonstrated by acting humbly.

Yule (1996: 60) state, “Politeness, in an interaction, can consequently be described as the
measures taken to express awareness of another person's face”. The face represented in here
is not the physical face of a person, but rather one of dignity or self-worth. In order to appear
attractive, people want to maintain their dignity because losing one's dignity is equivalent to losing
one's sense of self-worth. In fact, people frequently are unaware of apparent offense. When a
person feels offended, their self-worth or appearance may be in threatened. Face-threatening
activities are actions that have the potential to cause harm to others (FTA). Brown and Levinson
(1987: 65) state, “Given these assumptions of the universality of face and rationality, it is
intuitively the case that certain kinds of acts intrinsically threaten face namely those acts that by
their nature run contrary to the face wants of the addressee and or of the speaker”. According to
the description above, any action that is opposite to one's desire might offend the feelings of both
the speaker and the hearer. It's known as a "face-threatening conduct" (FTA). FTAs refer to
actions that can threaten, disturb, or even harm a person's self-esteem rather than actions that
can harm a person's face. Although there are occasions when face-threatening actions are
unavoidable, politeness strategies can be used to protect one's face from the action. According
to Thomas (1995: 169), “in order to maintain a harmonious relationship, the speaker can engage
in politeness strategies in communicating in order to save the hearer's face from action that can
threaten his or her face”.

The goal of politeness is to keep relationships in society harmonious. It is possible to communicate

politeness through language. In view of this, it is possible to draw a conclusion that politeness is a
polite language used to create harmonious relationships in the environment of social society.
According to Meyer (2009:74) states that “polite usage of language comes into play whenever a
potential threatens to produce a face-threatening act (FTA), an utterance that undermines the tacit
understanding that all language should preserve face”. People can act politely if there is a possibility
of face-threatening acts because speaking is basically concerned with other people's faces. The
554 | Ethical Lingua
reason why choosing this title is because the author personally used positive politeness strategies in
his daily life conversation for the purpose to create a harmonious relationship within the context of
social society, and why the author analyzes YouTube video’s “H3 Podcast #7” is because interest
Joji’s and Post Malone’s music and their personality by analyzing the conversation on the video. This
research aims at analyzing the positive politeness used and what are the reason by people that
involved in “H3 Podcast #7” YouTube video. Thus, in this research, the author specified the research
questions into two points which are:
1. What are the types of positive politeness strategy used in the video?
2. What is the reason for positive politeness strategy used in the video?

Literature Review

Pragmatics
A field of linguistics known as pragmatics, which is a component of sociopragmatics, examines
the meaning of speech in specific contexts involving speech and speech partners. According to
Levinson (1983), ―Pragmatics as a branch of knowledge that is concerned with language use.
It deals with what speakers mean it concerns what speakers mean. Based on these quotations,
it may be inferred that Pragmatics examines the intent behind the narrator's words. In addition,
Yule (2003) suggests that Pragmatics is the study of the meaning conveyed by speakers and by
speech partners so that the intent and purpose of the speech will be obtained. This Pragmatics
investigates the meaning of what is said by looking at the meaning and context that are employed.
In addition, Leech (2016) explains that context is background knowledge that is shared by the
speaker and the speech partner. Therefore, it is possible to interpret the aim and purpose of the
statements using the context. In a discussion or conversation, the interpretation of speech that is
formed depending on the situation affects a person's face.

Positive Politeness Strategies

Brown and Levinson (1987) said: “Positive Politeness is redress directed to the addressee's
positive face, his perennial desire that his wants (or the actions/acquisitions/values resulting from
them) should be thought of as desirable”. According to him, Positive Politeness Strategies
minimize threats to the positive faces of the listeners. This technique is most widely used in cases
where the speaker and the listener are well acquainted. Brown and Levinson suggest the
following Positive Politeness Strategies:

1. Claim common ground

Three main mechanisms are involved in positive politeness strategies: one type is to involve an "S" (the
speaker) or an speaker who is similar to "H" (the hearer), indicating that "S" (the speaker) and "H" (the
hearer) belong to a group of people who share a particular desire, including values and goals. There are
three ways to make this request: "S" (the speaker) can convey many wishes (such as goal or desired object)
of the "H" (the hearer) or dance to an "S" (the speaker) or they can emphasize a group member, asserting
that "S" (the speaker) and "H" (the hearer) belong to a group of people who share the same desires; finally,
“S” (the speaker) can claim a common opinion with “H” (the hearer) without necessarily referring to group
membership.

A. Strategy 1: Noticing, attending to hearer (Interests, Wants, Needs, Goods)

This strategy suggests that speaker is supposed to take notice some aspects of the hearer’s conditions.
e.g., “What a beautiful flower this is!”
The speaker notices that the flower is beautiful, so he/she complimented the hearer.

e.g., “Hey, I like your jeans, where’d you get that?”

The speaker said that he/she likes the hearer’s jeans, so he/she attended it by asking where did the hearer
get it.

B. Strategy 2: Exaggerating Interest, Approval, Sympathy with Hearer (H)

This is shown with exaggerated intonation, stress, or other aspects of prosodic.
e.g., “What a fantastic dress you’ve wore!”

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 The speaker is complementing the hearer by saying the dress that the hearer wear is fantastic. The
intonation here is indicated by an exclamation mark “!” in the utterance.

e.g., “I totally agree with you!”

The speaker approved by the hearer’s condition. The intonation here is indicated by an exclamation mark
“!” in the utterance.

e.g., “I hope you’re okay after that incident.”

The speaker sympathizes the hearer’s condition after the incident. The intonation here is said by an aspect
of prosodic.

C. Strategy 3: Intensifying Interest to Hearer (H)

Speaker piques the audience’s interest in his or her own contribution by “telling a good story” And drawing
the hearer into the discourse with direct questions and expressions such as ‘You, see?’, ‘Know what I
mean?’, ‘Isn’t it?’.
e.g., “It was you that stole the pen, isn’t it?
The speaker is saying “Isn’t it?” to hearer means he/she drawing the hearer into the discourse with direct
question and expression by piquing the hearer’s interest in his/her contribution.

2. Convey that S (speaker) and H (hearer) are cooperators

The need to announce that the speaker and the receiver are cooperating in a related activity guides the
second method of this positive politeness strategy. If the "S" (the speaker) and the "H" (the hearer) work
together, they share a common purpose in several domains and indicate that they can help fix the positive
"H"s (the hearer) face.

A. Strategy 1: Assert or presuppose S’s knowledge of and concern for H’s wants
Affirming or demonstrating mastery of what "H" (the hearer) wants can be one way to show that both "S"
(the speaker) and "H" (the hearer) are in agreement, with "H" (the hearer) possibly doing so in order to
agree with "S" (the speaker). Here is an example of this strategy:
e.g., “I know you can't bear concert, but this one will really gonna be a good one- do come!”
The speaker knows that the hearer can’t bear concert, but the speaker still reassures the hearer by saying
that the concert will be good so that the hearer agrees with the speaker.

B. Strategy 2: Offer, promise

The "S" (the speaker) may decide to emphasize its cooperation on the "H" (the hearer) in other ways as
part of a strategy to lessen some of the potential threats from the FTA. The "S" (the speaker) may imply
that he or she will assist in obtaining whatever the "H" (the hearer) desires. Offerings and promises are
crucial when deciding on this strategy because, even if they are wrong, the "S" (the speaker) wants to
demonstrate goodwill by satisfying the desire of the positive "H" s (the hearer) face.
e.g., “I will lend you some money.”
The speaker is offering to lend the hearer some money.

e.g., “I will marry you someday.”

The speaker is promising to marry the hearer someday.

C. Strategy 3: Be optimistic
Optimism in the "H" is the next positive politeness tactic (the hearer). S (the speaker) believes that H (the
hearer) shares his or her desires and will work with S (the speaker) to achieve them. As a result, the "S"
(the speaker) gains the confidence to assume that the "H" (the hearer) will work with the "S" (the speaker),
which leads to a commitment that the two parties will work together as a result of the shared interest.
Additionally, by being optimistic, you'll maintain a positive face. Here is an example of this strategy:
e.g., “Hey look, if I borrow your eraser, I’m sure you won’t mind, right?”
The speaker assumes that the hearer wants and will help the speaker, so he becomes bold enough to ask
the hearer by saying “if I borrow your eraser, I’m sure you won’t mind right?”.

556 | Ethical Lingua

Method
The method used in this research is a qualitative-descriptive method. A qualitative descriptive is
used when an uncomplicated description is desired that focuses on the details of what, where,
when, and why of an event or experience. Moleong (2009: 49) states that the method of qualitative-
descriptive research is research that intends to understand the phenomenon of what is
experienced by research subjects such as behavior, perception, motivation, action, etc.,
holistically, and by way of description in the form of words. Words and languages, in a special
context that is natural and by utilizing various natural methods. The research is based on H3
Podcast’s YouTube video, there were four people chosen as a subject in the YouTube video. The
data of the research were the conversation in the form of sentences. To collect the data needed
in this research the writer did the following steps: watching the video, searching the data, analyzing
the data, classifying data related to the positive politeness that used by people involved in the
video. Watching the video aims to identify all of the context of the video, and each speaker's
reaction is important for the research. After watching the video, you can search the data by
analyzing each conversation involving positive politeness. The purpose of the classifying section
is to categorize the data into several categories of positive politeness.

Results and Discussion

In this section, the researcher will analyze and discuss the types of positive politeness strategy
that found in the video and explain the reasons why positive politeness is used by the people that
involved, there are time of the video duration and the context of situation that happened in the
video. The person who was involved in the video are Ethan, Hila, Post Malone and Joji.

Sample 1
Post Malone: “Matching? So, you don’t wanna match too much.”
[16:23]
Context: Post Malone, Ethan and Hila were looking at a picture of a person wearing old style outfit
(vintage), and then Ethan saying that he doesn’t understand matching (Ethan’s doesn’t like to wear
clothes with same color).
Sample analysis: Post Malone says that if Ethan don’t want match too much because he said he
don’t understand why people wear match clothes. The positive politeness strategy used in the
utterance is claim common ground strategy 1: noticing to hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Post Malone’s utterance is noticing the aspect
of Ethan’s condition when he said “I still haven’t figured out matching. I don’t understand matching.”

Sample 2
Ethan: “So what’s the story behind this video?”
[26:17]
Context: Post Malone, Ethan and Hila were watching a video when Post Malone was getting
surprised by a group of mariachi band that came over to him when he was in Miami.
Sample analysis: Ethan asked Post Malone about the story behind the video because he was
curious. The positive politeness strategy used in the utterance is claim common ground strategy
1: attending to hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Ethan’s utterance is attending the aspect of
Post Malone’s condition which is he knew the whole story behind the video by saying “What’s the
story behind this video?”.

Sample 3
Ethan: “When you have mariachi band postmated over to sing you a song—That’s a hit.”
[29:12]
Context: Post Malone, Ethan and Hila were watching a video when Post Malone was getting
surprised by a group of mariachi band that came over to him when he was in Miami.
Sample analysis: Ethan said “That’s a hit.” To Post Malone. The positive politeness strategy used
in the utterance is claim common ground strategy 1: noticing to hearer.
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The reason why positive politeness used is because Ethan’s utterance is noticing the aspect of
Post Malone’s condition which is he was surprised by a mariachi band singing one of his songs
by saying “That’s a hit”.

Sample 4
Ethan: “This one line that resonates me with me so much I love, is ‘work so hard forgot how to
vacation’.”
[29:19]
Context: Post Malone, Ethan and Hila were watching a video when Post Malone was getting
surprised by a group of mariachi band that came over to him when he was in Miami.
Sample analysis: Ethan says to Post Malone that he loves the one line which is ‘work so hard
forgot how to vacation’. The positive politeness strategies used in the utterance is claim common
ground strategy 1: noticing to hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Ethan’s utterance is noticing the aspect of
Post Malone’s condition which is the lyrics on his songs were noticed by Ethan because he said
that he loves the line of the lyrics. The lyrics were ‘work so hard forgot how to vacation’.

Sample 5
Ethan: “Wait, do you believe in demons like in a religious sense?”
[1:41:35]
Context: The four of them were talking about their ghost stories experience to each other, and
then Joji suddenly said that he’s scared because he is a believer (Joji believes in ghost).
Sample analysis: Ethan asked to Joji if he believes demons in a religious sense because Joji said
that he is a believer. The positive politeness strategy used in the utterance is claim common
ground strategy 1: noticing to hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Ethan’s utterance is noticing the aspect of
Joji’s condition which is Joji said that he believes in demons.

Sample 6
Post Malone: “OHH HOOO!”
[15:05]
Context: Post Malone, Ethan and Hila were talking about Post Malone’s friend Vinny who were
always wearing a really wide jeans back then.
Sample analysis: Post Malone shouted when Ethan showed picture of a person wearing the jeans.
The positive politeness strategy used in the utterance is claim common ground strategy 2:
exaggerating interest with hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Post Malone’s utterance is shown with
exaggerated intonation when saw the picture. The intonation here is shown by an exclamation
mark “!” when he shouted.

Sample 7
Post Malone: “I AM.”
[29:45]
Context: Ethan suddenly changes the topic of the conversation by saying “And I feel like you’re
busy all the time.” To Post Malone.
Sample analysis: Post Malone replied to Ethan by saying “I AM.” With intonation because he was
really busy. The positive politeness strategy used in the utterance is claim common ground
strategy 2: exaggerating approval with hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Post Malone’s utterance is shown with
exaggerated stress when Ethan asked him. The intonation here can be heard by listening to Post
Malone’s voice when he said “I AM”.

Sample 8
Post Malone: “I know, you look great!”
[32:15]
Context: Post Malone, Ethan and Hila were talking about weight loss and then Ethan suddenly
said that if he did lose 15lbs in the past.
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Sample analysis: Post Malone compliments Ethan with intonation by saying “You look great!”. The
positive politeness used in the utterance is claim common ground strategy 2: exaggerating
sympathy with hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Post Malone’s utterance is shown with
exaggerated sympathy by hearing Ethan when he said that the lose 15lbs in the past. The
sympathy here is shown in Post Malone’s utterance “You look great!”.

Sample 9
Ethan: “What? Well, no wonder you’re scared shitless, that’s a horrible way to like-.”
[1:43:21]
Context: The four of them were talking about their ghost stories experience to each other. When
Post Malone tell his ghost experience, he shocked Ethan by saying “Now get this as a precursor
of everything. The whole family, the mom, the dad and the two sons locked themselves in their
room together every night.”
Sample analysis: Ethan says “What?” with shocked intonation when he heard Post Malone’s story.
The positive politeness strategy used in the utterance is claim common ground strategy 2:
exaggerating interest with hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Ethan’s utterance is shown with exaggerated
intonation by hearing Post Malone statement. The intonation here can be heard by listening to
Ethan’s voice when he said “What?”.

Sample 10
Ethan: “Let’s just see, I mean 4 minutes–that’s gotta be it, right?”
[20:19]
Context: Post Malone, Ethan and Hila were talking about Post Malone when he wasn’t famous
yet, then they look for Post Malone’s music videos that have been uploaded on the internet long
time ago.
Sample analysis: Ethan said “That’s gotta be it, right?” to Post Malone. The positive politeness
strategy used in the utterance is claim common ground strategy 3: intensifying interest to hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Ethan’s utterance piques Post Malone’s
interest and drawing him into the discourse with direct questions by saying “That’s gotta be it,
right?”.

Sample 11
Ethan: “You know what I’m talking about?”
[44:54]
Context: Post Malone, Ethan and Hila were watching Post Malone’s old music video, and then
Ethan noticed that the guy in the video whose Jason is resemble a person named Fred Savage.
Sample analysis: Ethan said “You know what I’m talking about?” to them. The positive politeness
used in the utterance is claim common ground strategy 3: intensifying interest to hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Ethan’s utterance piques Ethan’s interest and
drawing him into the discourse with direct questions by saying “You know what I’m talking about?”,
it has the same meaning as “You know what I mean?”.

Sample 12
Joji: “Yeah, know what I mean?”
[1:49:51]
Context: The four of them were talking about their ghost stories experience to each other, and
then Joji tell his ghost experience to Ethan.
Sample analysis: Joji said “Know what I mean?” to Ethan. The positive politeness strategy used
in the utterance is claim common ground strategy 3: intensifying interest to hearer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Joji’s utterance piques Ethan’s interest and
drawing him into the discourse with direct questions by saying “Know what I mean?”.

Sample 13
Post Malone: “We know it’s creepy but let’s figure it out, like let’s see what’s going on.”
[1:45:39]
Vol. 9, No. 2, 2022 | 559
Context: The four of them were talking about their ghost stories experience to each other, and
then Post Malone tell his ghost experience to Ethan.
Sample analysis: Post Malone said “We know it’s creepy but let’s figure it out, like let’s see what’s
going on.” The positive politeness strategy used in the utterance is convey S and H are
cooperators strategy 1: assert or presuppose S’s knowledge of and concern for H’s wants.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Post Malone’s utterance is affirming mastery
of what is wanted by hearer to have the same agreement with him by saying “We know it’s creepy
but let’s figure it out, like let’s see what’s going on”.

Sample 14
Post Malone: “I can chronologically tell you everything that happened until the last time.”
[1:41:00]
Context: The four of them were talking about their ghost stories experience to each other, and
then Post Malone is going to tell his ghost experience.
Sample analysis: Post Malone says that he can tell everything that happened until the last time as
offering it to Ethan. The positive politeness strategy used in the utterance is convey S and H are
cooperators strategy 2: offer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Post Malone’s utterance is intended shows
goodwill in satisfying the desire of the positive Ethan’s face by saying that he can tell Ethan
everything that happened.

Sample 15
Ethan: “So now I wanna show you guys’ Pre-Malone. There’s Post Malone, which is where are
you now.
[42:18]
Context: Post Malone, Ethan and Hila were talking about Pepsi, and then Ethan suddenly changes
the topic to watch Post Malone’s old music video.
Sample analysis: Ethan says that he wanna show Post Malone’s old music video as offering it to
them. The positive politeness used in the utterance is convey S and H are cooperators strategy 2:
offer.
The reason why positive politeness used is because Ethan’s utterance is intended shows goodwill
in satisfying the desire of the positive everyone’s face by saying that he wanna show everyone
Post Malone’s old music video.

Conclusion
This research focuses on analyzing the positive politeness that is used in the video. The results of
this research indicate that there were two types of positive politeness strategies are found in the video:
1) claim common ground, and 2) convey that S (speakers) and H (hearers) are cooperators. There
were three strategies used in the claim common ground: strategy-1: noticing, attending to hearer
(32%), strategy-2: exaggerating interest, approval, sympathy with hearer (23%) and strategy-3:
intensifying interest to hearer (16%). The strategies used related to the convey that S and H are
cooperators cover three strategies, namely, strategy-1: assert or presuppose S’s knowledge of and
concern for H’s wants (6%), strategy-2: offer, promise (13%) and strategy 3: be optimistic (10%).
Therefore, the reason why positive politeness used is because the speakers concern with the hearer’s
positive face, they tend to show the solidarity, emphasize that both speakers and hearer want the
same thing, and they have a common goal. Politeness gets the speakers message delivered and
responded to in the ways he/she want. When the speakers communicate with courtesy and with a
posture that seeks a positive outcome, that will likely get his/her message across without push back
or dismissal. A polite person (or company) will have a stronger, more persuasive brand.

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