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Management Canadian 12th Edition

Robbins Test Bank


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Management, Cdn. Ed., 12e (Robbins et al.)
Chapter 7 Innovation and Adaptability

7.1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable organization

1) Successful organizations are not only efficient and effective, they also must be ________.
A) global
B) adaptable
C) logical
D) visible
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 165
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

2) In organizational success, flexible means ________, whereas adaptable means ________.


A) being proactive; being innovative
B) reacting to events; being proactive
C) being change capable; being innovative
D) being innovative; being change capable
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 165
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

3) Successful organizations create ________ that enables them to continuously recognize new
problems.
A) a culture
B) processes
C) structures
D) expectations
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 165
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

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4) Entrepreneurship and management innovation will drive new business creation and ________
in the future.
A) job growth
B) globalization
C) economic development
D) new product development
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 166
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

5) ________ are complex and each possible solution may create a new problem.
A) Adaptability problems
B) Wicked problems
C) Innovation challenges
D) Strategic dilemmas
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 166
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

6) It is sufficient for organizations to be flexible in order to be successful.


Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 165
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

7) Successful organizations need to be more than just flexible in order to compete in today's
business world.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 165
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

8) For business success, today's organizations need to be proactive which means they are able to
adapt to the circumstances as required.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 165
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

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9) Innovation for organizations is about developing new products and services as customer needs
change.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 166
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

10) Innovations means taking risks and doing things differently.


Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 166
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

11) Wicked problems is a slang term used by employees who come across problems they cannot
solve and must pass on to other departments.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 166
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-1 Understand the importance of building an innovative and adaptable
organization.

7.2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and adaptability

1) Internal forces that create the need for organizational change include ________.
A) necessary upgrades to technology
B) changes in the kinds of employees needed
C) organizational strategy adjustments
D) HR practices in response to new employment law
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 168
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

2) Managers who make no attempt to anticipate change end up ________ rather than ________.
A) failing; succeeding
B) downsizing; growing
C) planning; adapting
D) reacting; innovating
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 167
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

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3) Changing recruitment strategies to attract and retain health care specialists due to increased
needs for those workers is an example of what kind of external force for change?
A) marketplace
B) human resources strategy
C) labour markets
D) organizational development
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 168
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

4) Which of the following is an internal force for change for an organization?


A) new competition
B) technology upgrades
C) labour markets
D) strategy modification
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 168
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions.

New Ideas Inc. (Scenario)


Though New Ideas Inc. has been in business profitably for 30 years, the company and its
employees have seemingly been in a constant state of change. Paul Gill has been president of
New Ideas for the last 15 years. During this time, he has had to change the strategic focus of the
company three times. The employees have become vocal recently about the decrease in their
bonus cheques and are waiting to share in the increased profits. It seems as though his
competition is always introducing new products into the market, and the niches Gill thought New
Ideas held leadership in are always changing. Recently the government has been active in
passing new legislation to increase the control of the product packaging and product contents.
The technology used to manufacture the products is constantly improving with the use of
robotics to make the process more efficient.

5) The change in the strategic focus of the company is a(n) ________ force for change.
A) external
B) internal
C) economic force of change
D) technological
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 168
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.
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6) The change to robotics in the manufacturing process to increase efficiency is the result of the
competitors lowering their prices. Therefore it is a(n) ________ force for change.
A) external
B) internal
C) economic
D) technological
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 167
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

7) The employees' complaints about their reduced bonus cheques are an example of a(n)
________ force for change.
A) external
B) labour market
C) internal
D) cultural
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 168
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

8) Managing change is an integral part of every manager's job.


Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 167
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

9) Technology and competition are internal forces for change.


Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 167
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

10) One of the biggest challenges facing both large and small companies today is the fluctuating
labour market and finding suitable employees.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 168
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

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11) Culture of innovation is important for companies in the face of rapid technological changes.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 167
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

12) A change in demand for health care employees is an example of an economic change.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3 Type: TF Page Ref: 168
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-2 Describe the forces that create the need for change, innovation, and
adaptability.

7.3 Compare and contrast views of the change process

1) In today's turbulent business environment organizations ________.


A) should not consider growing beyond current size
B) cannot treat change as an occasional disturbance
C) must limit products/services to keep loyal customers
D) are forced to downsize in order to survive
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 171
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

2) The ________ metaphor compares an organization to a group of complete strangers aboard a


raft travelling at night toward an uncertain destination.
A) uncertain waters
B) white-waters
C) calm waters
D) blue sky
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 170
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

3) Until the late 1980s, the ________ metaphor described the situation faced by most managers.
A) uncertain waters
B) white-waters
C) calm waters
D) blue sky
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 169
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

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4) In the ________ metaphor, change is normal and expected and managing it is a continual
process.
A) calm waters
B) white-waters
C) blue sky
D) design thinking
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 170
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

5) One of the primary views of the change process is ________, while the other view is
________.
A) occasional; continuous
B) costly; conservative
C) optimistic; pessimistic
D) unplanned; planned
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 170
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

6) The ________ metaphor is best illustrated by Kurt Lewin's model of the change process.
A) uncertain waters
B) white-waters
C) calm waters
D) blue horizon
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 169
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

7) The ________ metaphor is most consistent with uncertain and dynamic environments that are
increasingly dominated by information, ideas, and knowledge.
A) new frontiers
B) white-waters
C) calm waters
D) uncertain waters
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 170
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

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8) According to Kurt Lewin, increasing the driving forces, which directs behaviour away from
the status quo, is a means of doing which of the following?
A) unfreezing
B) changing
C) refreezing
D) restraining forces
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 169
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

9) The unfreezing step of the change process can be thought of as ________.


A) changing to a new state
B) sustaining a change over time
C) preparing for the needed change
D) sustaining the status quo
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 169
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

10) According to Lewin, the objective of refreezing is to ________.


A) direct behaviour away from the status quo
B) eliminate the need for future change
C) stabilize the new situation
D) reinforce the existing equilibrium
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 170
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

11) University student who has just graduated and is now facing the process of finding a job and
moving into the business world is in what step of the change process?
A) unfreezing the status quo
B) changing into a new state
C) refreezing the status quo
D) freezing the equilibrium
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 169
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

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12) Driving forces are forces that drive change and direct behaviour ________.
A) away from the status quo
B) toward increased resistance
C) toward uncertainty
D) toward the existing equilibrium state
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 169
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions.

New Ideas Inc. (Scenario)


Though New Ideas Inc. has been in business profitably for 30 years, the company and its
employees have seemingly been in a constant state of change. Paul Gill has been president of
New Ideas for the last 15 years. During this time, he has had to change the strategic focus of the
company three times. The employees have become vocal recently about the decrease in their
bonus cheques and are waiting to share in the increased profits. It seems as though his
competition is always introducing new products into the market, and the niches Gill thought New
Ideas held leadership in are always changing. Recently the government has been active in
passing new legislation to increase the control of the product packaging and product contents.
The technology used to manufacture the products is constantly improving with the use of
robotics to make the process more efficient.

13) New Ideas is a company that focuses on new ideas, uses technology that changes frequently,
and has strong competition in a dynamic market. This is consistent with the ________ metaphor
of the change process.
A) calm waters
B) blue horizon
C) white-water rapids
D) systems thinking
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 170
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

14) Before Gill took over as president, the previous 15 years had been a period of stability and
steady predictable growth for New Ideas. This period was consistent with the ________
metaphor of the change process.
A) calm waters
B) blue horizon
C) situational strategy
D) white-water rapids
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 169
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.
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15) The "calm waters" metaphor envisions a trip over unfamiliar waters with a crew who has
never before worked together.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 169
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

16) The "white water rapids" metaphor described the situation that managers faced up until the
late 1980s.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 170
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

17) The prevailing model for handling change in "white waters" is best illustrated in Kurt
Lewin's three-step description of the change process.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3 Type: TF Page Ref: 170
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

18) Lewin's three-step process treats change simply as a break in the organization's equilibrium
state.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 169
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

19) In the "white-water rapids" metaphor of change, managers should expect change at any time,
and it may last for unspecified lengths of time.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 170
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-3 Compare and contrast views of the change process.

7.4 Classify types of organizational change

1) Organizational ________ involves any alteration in structure, technology, or people.


A) innovation
B) change
C) creativity
D) reengineering
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 171
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.
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2) In organizations, people who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the
change process are called ________.
A) creativity strategists
B) change agents
C) innovation drivers
D) catalytic leaders
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 171
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

3) In spurring organizational change, outside consultants are usually more ________ whereas
internal managers tend to be more ________.
A) drastic; cautious
B) highly paid; uncertain
C) resistant; bold
D) interested; apathetic
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 171
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

4) According to our textbook, managers' options for change fall into which three categories?
A) environment, technology, and strategy
B) structure, technology, and people
C) policies, procedures, and management
D) structure, technology, and products
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

5) Changes in work specialization, chain of command, span of control, job design, or degree of
centralization fall under which category of options that a manager can change?
A) structure
B) people
C) strategy
D) processes
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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6) Initiating change involves identifying which organizational areas might need to be changed
and ________.
A) discussing changes with the board of directors
B) forming a committee to determine that the need for change is real
C) putting the change process in motion
D) preparing people for change
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 171
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

7) Apex Corporation has reorganized its marketing division, and the reporting structure has
completely changed. This is an example of a change in ________.
A) structure
B) people
C) culture
D) processes
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

8) Changes in work processes, methods, and equipment used fall under which category of
options that a manager can change?
A) structure
B) people
C) strategy
D) technology
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

9) A company that decides to decentralize its sales procedures is managing what change
category?
A) structure
B) culture
C) people
D) technology
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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10) Empowering employees to make decisions so decision making could be faster is a ________
change.
A) people
B) processes
C) structure
D) culture
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

11) The change from a bureaucratic and risk-averse company to one that could compete in a
global market requires ________ change.
A) structure
B) people
C) culture
D) technology
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

12) One type of resistance to change that can be beneficial to the organization if expressed in a
positive way is ________.
A) change that threatens the status quo
B) the belief that change is not good for the goals of the organization
C) altering the familiar and habitual routines and processes
D) moving into an ambiguous environment
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 175
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

13) Organizational development techniques seek to bring about change in which of the basic
change categories?
A) structure
B) people
C) mission
D) processes
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 173
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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14) Techniques to change people and the quality of interpersonal work relationships are called
________.
A) organizational development
B) communications training
C) human resources management
D) strategy innovation
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 173
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

15) If ABC Foods hired a consultant to decrease group friction and enhance cooperative work
relationships, this would be an example of managing what change category?
A) strategy
B) structure
C) people
D) processes
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 173
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

16) ________ focuses on techniques or programs to change people and the nature of
interpersonal work relationships.
A) Decentralization
B) Organizational development
C) Operations improvement
D) Strategy formulation
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 173
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

17) Which organizational development (OD) technique is a technique for assessing attitudes and
perceptions, identifying discrepancies in these, and resolving the differences by using survey
information in feedback groups?
A) team building
B) intergroup development
C) survey feedback
D) sensitivity training
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 174
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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18) What OD technique involves changing the attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions that work
groups have about each other?
A) team building
B) intergroup development
C) sensitivity training
D) process consultation
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 174
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

19) Before using the same OD techniques to implement behavioral changes across different
countries, managers need to be sure that they've taken into account ________.
A) interpersonal relationships
B) organizational differences
C) societal differences
D) cultural characteristics
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 174
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

20) Which OD technique is used when an outside consultant helps managers to understand how
interpersonal processes are affecting the organization?
A) intergroup development
B) survey feedback
C) process consultation
D) sensitivity training
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 174
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

21) Which OD technique is designed to change behaviour through unstructured group


interaction?
A) intergroup development
B) personality assessment
C) team building
D) sensitivity training
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 174
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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22) People resist change because change replaces the known with ________.
A) innovation and creativity
B) process redesign
C) strategy reformulation
D) ambiguity and uncertainty
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 174
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

23) Change threatens the investment that people have already made in ________.
A) job training
B) the status quo
C) new job procedures
D) the strategic plan
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 175
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

24) Resistance to change is likely to be lower if managers ________.


A) lay off people who resist change
B) offer bonuses for working harder
C) provide clear communication
D) compel employees to accept the changes
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 175
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

25) Employees are more willing to accept change if management ________.


A) offers bonuses for working harder
B) install technology to improve working conditions
C) involves employees in the process
D) keeps top management apart from the change process
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 175
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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26) How can managers increase the likelihood of making change happen successfully?
A) They should realize that they are just change agents not change leaders.
B) They should discourage entrepreneurial mindsets which disrupt the process.
C) They should give individual employees a role in the change process.
D) They should ensure that established work processes are not disturbed.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 175
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions.

Lightspeed.com (Scenario)
Edwin Edwards is a team leader for Lightspeed.com, an e-business that has employees in every
global time zone. Some of the factors that the team has to contend with are deadlines, strong
work ethic, creativity-innovation chain, high-speed turnaround, and professionalism. As a team
leader, Edwin sees team members via videoconference only a few times per year or via
compressed video via Internet a few times more per year. A frustration that he is encountering
himself is that he works with all of these people and does not have control over their "actual"
work or the few organizational rules, regulations, and policies. Yet, due to the position he is in,
he feels he gets all of their complaints. The team does not deal well when a member offers an
"off-the-wall" solution to a team problem. Team members seem to have more trouble with this
than any other team-conflict issue. What he likes most about leading the team is that they seem
to prefer getting their objectives accomplished instead of wasting time trying to decide who
should be doing what tasks.

27) If Edwin decided to remove a layer of managers and increase the span of control, he would
be making a change in which of the following categories?
A) technology
B) people
C) processes
D) structure
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

28) If Edwin decided to introduce new methods and work processes, he would be making a
change in which of the following categories?
A) technology
B) people
C) strategy
D) structure
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.
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29) If Edwin decided to replace some employee work time with a new telephone menu system to
improve productivity, this would be an example of ________.
A) work specialization
B) formalization
C) decentralization
D) automation
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 173
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

30) If Edwin wanted to change people and the quality of interpersonal work relationships, he
could do so by implementing ________ programs.
A) job redesign
B) organizational development
C) interpersonal development
D) process redesign
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 173
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

31) Edwin decided that his employees could benefit from ________, an OD technique designed
to change behaviour through unstructured group interaction.
A) process consultation
B) team building
C) intergroup development
D) sensitivity training
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 173
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions.

Innovation Variables at Lightspeed (Scenario)


Edwin Lee leads a cross-functional product development team at Lightspeed.com, a software
company with employees in 10 countries around the world. The members of Edwin's team are
hard-working and highly creative, but he wonders if there are ways to stimulate more innovation
from the team. As the company has grown, so too has the bureaucracy. Numerous rules and
policies have been introduced, and decision making has become highly centralized. This has
resulted in resource limitations and tight project deadlines. Fortunately, with the use of web cams
and other Internet technology, Edwin is able to hold frequent meetings with his global cross-
functional teams. And despite some structural limitations, the company's culture does seem to
foster creative solutions. Diverse opinions are encouraged, and even the most unrealistic, "off-
the-wall" solutions are accepted without criticism. Mistakes are treated as learning
opportunities—a good thing, since there have definitely been some mistakes!

32) Which of the following structural suggestions would most likely improve innovation at
Lightspeed?
A) limit resources
B) increase time pressures
C) become more organic
D) increase external controls
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 178
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

33) Which structural variable that can foster innovation is present already at Lightspeed?
A) organic structures
B) abundant resources
C) low external controls
D) high interunit communication
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 178
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions.

The Practice (Scenario)


Kelly Rae works at an ophthalmology office where she has been employed as a technician for
approximately one year. Due to a recent retirement of another employee, Kelly has been
promoted to the position of clinic coordinator, where she is responsible for supervising and
training other technicians, overseeing the doctors' schedules, and coordinating activities between
the scheduling desk, the technicians, the insurance office, and the optical shop. Upon her
promotion she was given a mandate by the doctors to "clean house" in an effort to make
fundamental changes to enhance productivity.

34) If Kelly decided to enhance productivity by giving greater authority to other technicians and
increasing formalization, she would be addressing which category of change?
A) structure
B) people
C) processes
D) culture
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

35) Kelly's office has two doctors with very different work habits. Each has his own team of
technicians who are used to the doctors' preferences and are comfortable with their routines.
They basically do the same thing every day. When Kelly suggested training all the technicians to
work with both doctors, the result was significant resistance. The technicians were concerned
that they would no longer be able to perform their usual daily tasks. The primary source of their
resistance was ________.
A) increased ambiguity
B) forced change of habit
C) concern over personal loss
D) loss of status and authority
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 175
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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36) A technician named Shelly was particularly concerned about the changes. She had spent a
number of years befriending a particular doctor and had earned special privileges, such as taking
extended lunches with her husband, because of it. Shelly's resistance to change came from her
________.
A) belief that uncertainty would increase
B) fear that she would be forced out of her habit
C) concern over personal loss
D) belief that Kelly's changes would harm the organization
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 175
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

37) A technician named Nelly was very concerned that some of the changes proposed by Kelly
would lead to increased filing errors that would ultimately affect patient care. Nelly's resistance
to change came from her ________.
A) belief that uncertainty would increase
B) fear that she would be forced out of her habit
C) belief that Kelly's changes would harm the organization
D) concern about increased ambiguity
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 175
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

38) In an effort to change the attitudes, perceptions, and stereotypes that each group of
technicians holds about each other, Kelly decides to use the popular OD technique of ________.
A) process consultation
B) team building
C) sensitivity training
D) intergroup development
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 145
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions.

Fred Fryer's Donuts (Scenario)


Since the integration of two new stores, Fred Fryer's Donuts, Inc. has recognized that there is a
need for reengineering the entire organization. The main need is to install new state-of-the-art
kitchen equipment in the seven remaining stores, and then dispose of all old equipment to a
salvage dealer or else incur a loss. The employees will have to be trained to operate the new
computer programmed equipment. Some of the older employees are worried that learning the
computerized system may be too difficult. Fred is setting up the main store as a training store.
The regular employees from the main store have the responsibility of instructing the classes or
overseeing the installation of the new equipment and testing its operation before employees
return to their jobs. The organization is also replacing the old employee reporting system.
Ordering of materials will now be done by an intranet. Fred has promised that no one will lose
his or her job because of the organizational changes. He estimates that when the employees get
to the computer programming training, as many as 10 percent of the current employees will
resign or retire. He also thinks that opening a new store will absorb the excess employees.

39) The installation of the new equipment at is an example of ________.


A) process change
B) technological change
C) structural change
D) strategy change
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 172
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

40) Which of the following courses of actions is best for Fred and the team leaders to practice if
they need to overcome employee resistance?
A) ignore the employees who resist the change
B) terminate employees who resist the change
C) educate employees and communicate with them
D) promise bonuses upon completion of the changes
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 175
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

41) Change agents can be either managers or nonmanagers.


Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 171
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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42) Managers exclusively play the role of change agents.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 171
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

43) Computerization is a technological change that replaces people with machines.


Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 172
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

44) Changing structure includes any change in structural variables such as reporting
relationships, coordination mechanisms, employee empowerment, or job redesign.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 172
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

45) The term organizational development focuses on techniques to change people and the nature
and quality of interpersonal work relationships.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 173
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

46) Change threatens the investment managers have already made in the status quo in the
workplace.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 175
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

47) One reason people resist change is that it substitutes ambiguity for uncertainty.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3 Type: TF Page Ref: 174
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

48) Sensitivity training is a method of changing behaviour through unstructured group


interaction.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Type: TF Page Ref: 174
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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49) Sensitivity training refers to activities that help team members learn how each member thinks
and works.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 174
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

50) One reason people resist change is the belief that the change is incompatible with the goals
and interests of the organization.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Type: TF Page Ref: 175
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

51) One reason people resist change in an organization is that their future has been set and
cannot be changed.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 175
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

52) Coercion is an inexpensive and easy way to reduce resistance to change and is best used
when resistance is due to misinformation.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 176
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

53) Allowing employees who resist change to participate in the change efforts has potential for a
poor solution.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 176
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

54) Employees need not be given the reasons for organizations changes made by top managers.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3 Type: TF Page Ref: 175
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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55) In a short essay, describe and discuss the four main reasons that people resist change. Include
examples of each reason to support your answer.
Answer: An individual is likely to resist change for four reasons: uncertainty, habit, concern
over personal loss, and the belief that the change is not in the organization's best interest.
1. Change replaces the known with ambiguity and uncertainty. For example, when quality
control methods based on sophisticated statistical models are introduced into manufacturing
plants, many quality control inspectors have to learn the new methods. Some inspectors may fear
that they will be unable to do so and may, therefore, develop a negative attitude toward the
changes or behave poorly if required to use them.
2. The second cause of resistance is habit. Human beings are creatures of habit. We rely on
programmed responses and routines, and resist changes to them.
3. The third cause of resistance is the fear of losing something already possessed. The more that
people have invested in the current system, the more they resist change. This helps explain why
older workers tend to resist change more than younger workers. Older employees have generally
invested more in the current system and, thus, have more to lose by changing.
4. A final cause of resistance is a person's belief that the change is incompatible with the goals
and interests of the organization. An employee who believes that a new job procedure proposed
by a change agent will reduce product quality or productivity can be expected to resist the
change. If the employee expresses his or her resistance positively, this type of resistance can be
beneficial to the organization.
Diff: 2 Type: ES Page Ref: 174-175
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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56) In a short essay, describe in detail what is meant by creativity and innovation. Next, discuss
the three sets of variables that have been found to stimulate innovation.
Answer:
1. Creativity refers to the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual
associations between ideas. An organization that stimulates creativity develops unique ways to
work or novel solutions to problems. Innovation is the process of taking a creative idea and
turning it into a useful product, service, or method of operation. Thus, the innovative
organization is characterized by its ability to channel creativity into useful outcomes. When
managers talk about changing an organization to make it more creative, they usually mean they
want to stimulate and nurture innovation.
2. The three sets of variables that have been found to stimulate innovation are the organization's
structure, culture, and human resource practices. Structural variables: Research into the effect of
structural variables on innovation shows three things. First, organic structures positively
influence innovation. Second, the easy availability of plentiful resources provides a key building
block for innovation. Finally, frequent interunit communication helps break down barriers to
innovation. Cultural variables: Innovative organizations tend to have similar cultures. They
encourage experimentation, reward both successes and failures, and celebrate mistakes. Human
resource variables: Within the human resource category, innovative organizations actively
promote the training and development of their members so that their knowledge remains current,
offer their employees high job security to reduce the fear of getting fired for making mistakes,
and encourage individuals to become "champions" of change.
Diff: 3 Type: ES Page Ref: 148-152
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

57) Define Organizational Development (OD) and how it is used to change people in the change
process. In addition, describe briefly the five most popular OD techniques.
Answer: Organizational Development (OD) is the term used to describe change methods that
focus on people and the nature and quality of interpersonal work relationships.
The five most popular OD techniques are:
a. Sensitivity training—I is a method of changing behavior through unstructured group
interaction.
b. Team building—These refer to activities that help team members learn how each member
thinks and works.
c. Intergroup development—This involves changing the attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions
that work groups have about each other.
d. Process consultation—Here, an outside consultant helps the manager understand how
interpersonal processes are affecting the way work is being done.
e. Survey feedback—It is a technique for assessing attitudes and perceptions, identifying
discrepancies in these, and resolving the differences by using survey information in feedback
groups.
Diff: 2 Type: ES Page Ref: 173-174
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

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58) In a short essay, explain the techniques for reducing resistance to change. For each technique
explain when it is to be used, and advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
Answer:
1. Education and communication: Use when resistance is due to misinformation. Advantage:
clear up misunderstanding. Disadvantage: may not work when mutual trust and credibility is
lacking.
2. Participation: Use when resisters have the expertise to make a contribution. Advantage:
increase involvement and acceptance. Disadvantage: time consuming and has potential for a poor
solution.
3. Facilitation and support: Use when resisters are fearful and anxiety ridden. Advantage: can
facilitate needed adjustments. Disadvantage: expensive with no guarantee of success.
4. Negotiation: Use when resistance comes from a powerful group. Advantage: can buy
commitment. Disadvantage: potentially high cost; opens doors to others to apply pressure.
5. Manipulation and co-optation: Use when a powerful group's endorsement is needed.
Advantage: inexpensive, easy way to gain support. Disadvantage: can backfire causing change
agent to lose credibility.
6. Coercion: Use when a powerful group's endorsement is needed. Advantage: also inexpensive
and easy to gain support. Disadvantage: may be illegal and undermine change agent's credibility.
Diff: 2 Type: ES Page Ref: 175-176
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-4 Classify types of organizational change.

7.5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability

1) ________ is a key characteristic of entrepreneurial ventures.


A) Adaptability
B) Creativity
C) Flexibility
D) Innovation
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 177
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

2) ________ refers to the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual
associations between ideas.
A) Innovation
B) Creativity
C) Abstract thinking
D) Inspiration
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 177
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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3) ________ is the process of taking a creative idea and turning it into a useful product, service,
or method of operation.
A) Innovation
B) Creativity
C) Transformation
D) Inspiration
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 177
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

4) Adaptability requires forward-thinking leadership within organizations whereby they


proactively ________.
A) create new strategies
B) identify disruptive innovations
C) hire creative employees
D) apply design thinking techniques to problems
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 177
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

5) Organizations can become more innovative and adaptive by ________.


A) using Lewin's three-step change process
B) focusing on changing people
C) using the systems approach
D) using the TQM approach
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 178
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

6) Which of the following is an example of a structural variable that can foster innovation?
A) mechanistic structure
B) closed-system focus
C) high external controls
D) organic structure
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 178
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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7) Which of the following is a cultural value that supports innovation?
A) tolerance of the impractical
B) low tolerance of risk
C) focus on means, not ends
D) closed-system focus
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 178
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

8) Which of the following human resource variables is supportive of organizational innovation?


A) tolerance of conflict
B) selection of Type A employees
C) high job security
D) closed-system focus
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 178
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

9) Which of the following cultural variables is characteristic of innovative organizations?


A) high external controls
B) low tolerance of risk
C) focus on means rather than ends
D) open-system focus
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 178
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

10) An innovative culture is likely to have ________.


A) high external controls
B) low tolerance for risk
C) closed-system focus
D) high tolerance of conflict
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 180
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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11) Innovative organizations that operate in an uncertain economic environment treat mistakes
________.
A) as serious breach of strategy
B) as cause for termination
C) as learning opportunities
D) as signals for organizational change
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 180
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

12) In an uncertain economic environment, it is important that employees don't feel they have to
________ because it is unsafe for them to do so.
A) resist change without support
B) avoid innovation and initiative
C) hide their perceptions about the need for change
D) support the status quo
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 180
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

13) ________ actively and enthusiastically support new ideas, build support, overcome
resistance, and ensure that innovations are implemented.
A) Liberal leaders
B) Dream directors
C) Corporate gladiators
D) Idea champions
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 152
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

14) British retailer Tesco is an adaptive organization that has developed the capacity to
________.
A) expand globally in a short time
B) implement new technology systems in all operations
C) grow with standardized procedures in operations
D) implement continuous change
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 181
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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15) An adaptive organization requires ________.
A) minimal structural barriers
B) long-term strategic plans
C) invisible external controls
D) strong structure
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 182
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

16) In an adaptive organization, employees ________.


A) create rules regarding their own work
B) are offered flexible benefits
C) continually acquire and share new knowledge
D) continually participate in cultural activities
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 182
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

17) ________ tend to be an important feature of an adaptive organization's structural design.


A) Highly loyal employees
B) Empowered work teams
C) Well designed work processes
D) Respected leadership
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 182
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

18) Design thinking can provide a process for ________.


A) brainstorming new work processes
B) coming up with things that don't exist
C) experimenting with customers
D) applying OD to acceptance of ambiguity
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 182
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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19) Which of the following represents the relationship between organizational culture and
change?
A) Culture and change are naturally compatible.
B) Culture tends to be very resistant to change.
C) Culture can change in months but not weeks.
D) Culture can never be purposely changed.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 182
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

20) Cultural change is most likely to take place when most or all of the following conditions
exist: dramatic crisis occurs, leadership changes hands, ________.
A) the organization is young and the culture is strong
B) the organization is young, and the culture is weak
C) the organization is old and the culture is weak
D) the organization is small and the culture is strong
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 183
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

21) One of the reasons that change fails is that managers ________.
A) expect change to happen too quickly
B) consult with employees in great detail thus wasting time
C) do not really know how to change
D) are reluctant to spend the money required
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 183
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

22) Which of the following is a mistake that managers make when leading change?
A) creating a vision for change
B) forming a guiding coalition
C) communicating a sense of urgency
D) quitting before the change is finished
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 184
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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23) An adaptive organization ________.
A) links the present and the future
B) builds on tried and true strategies
C) follows its competitor's footsteps
D) encourages leadership change
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 184
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

24) Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive organizations?


A) focus on the planned strategy
B) ensure homogeneous teams
C) make learning a way of life
D) focus on the present
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 184
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions.

The Management Seminar (Scenario)


Mandy recently returned from her two-day managerial seminar, How to Totally Change Your
Management and Leadership Style in Two Days. Even though she felt the seminar was worthless
(as she had predicted), it did give her a chance to think about how to change the culture of her
organization. She had been brought in by the new CEO as a change agent, and her position had
the authority to make an impact. She felt that the recent hostile takeover by their parent company
had shocked everyone, especially given that the entire organization consisted of only 150 people
and had been in business for only five years. She felt this might be the time to attempt cultural
change while everyone was still thinking in terms of change. As she tossed her leadership
seminar manual into the wastebasket, she considered what might be her first step and how well
the cultural change would work.

25) Which of the following is a favourable condition that might help Mandy to implement
cultural change?
A) her new leadership skills acquired at the seminar
B) the recent purchase of her company
C) previous stable leadership
D) her managerial level
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 183
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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26) Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the leadership of Mandy's company
and its effect on cultural change?
A) New top leadership can be an advantage.
B) New top leadership is rarely an advantage.
C) It is important for the cultural change to begin with employees first.
D) Leadership issues have little impact on cultural change.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 183
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

27) Which of the following are favourable conditions that might help facilitate cultural change at
Mandy's company?
A) The organization is old and the culture is weak.
B) The organization is young and small.
C) The organization is old and small.
D) The organization is young and the culture is strong.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 183
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

28) Which of the following might be a favourable condition that can help facilitate cultural
change at Mandy's company?
A) The culture is weak.
B) The organization is old.
C) Technology is stable.
D) A crisis has not occurred.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 183
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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© 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.
Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions.

Innovation Variables at Lightspeed (Scenario)


Edwin Lee leads a cross-functional product development team at Lightspeed.com, a software
company with employees in 10 countries around the world. The members of Edwin's team are
hard-working and highly creative, but he wonders if there are ways to stimulate more innovation
from the team. As the company has grown, so too has the bureaucracy. Numerous rules and
policies have been introduced, and decision making has become highly centralized. This has
resulted in resource limitations and tight project deadlines. Fortunately, with the use of web cams
and other Internet technology, Edwin is able to hold frequent meetings with his global cross-
functional teams. And despite some structural limitations, the company's culture does seem to
foster creative solutions. Diverse opinions are encouraged, and even the most unrealistic, "off-
the-wall" solutions are accepted without criticism. Mistakes are treated as learning
opportunities—a good thing, since there have definitely been some mistakes!

29) Which cultural variable relates to the acceptance of "off-the wall" solutions at Lightspeed?
A) acceptance of ambiguity
B) tolerance of the impractical
C) tolerance of risk
D) open system focus
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 180
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

30) Which cultural variable relates to the acceptance of diverse opinions at Lightspeed?
A) acceptance of ambiguity
B) tolerance of the impractical
C) tolerance of risk
D) tolerance of conflict
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 180
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

31) Which cultural variable relates to the acceptance of mistakes at Lightspeed?


A) acceptance of ambiguity
B) tolerance of the impractical
C) tolerance of risk
D) tolerance of conflict
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 180
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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© 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.
Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions.

Fred Fryer's Donuts (Scenario)


Since the integration of two new stores, Fred Fryer's Donuts, Inc. has recognized that there is a
need for reengineering the entire organization. The main need is to install new state-of-the-art
kitchen equipment in the seven remaining stores, and then dispose of all old equipment to a
salvage dealer or else incur a loss. The employees will have to be trained to operate the new
computer programmed equipment. Some of the older employees are worried that learning the
computerized system may be too difficult. Fred is setting up the main store as a training store.
The regular employees from the main store have the responsibility of instructing the classes or
overseeing the installation of the new equipment and testing its operation before employees
return to their jobs. The organization is also replacing the old employee reporting system.
Ordering of materials will now be done by an intranet. Fred has promised that no one will lose
his or her job because of the organizational changes. He estimates that when the employees get
to the computer programming training, as many as 10 percent of the current employees will
resign or retire. He also thinks that opening a new store will absorb the excess employees.

32) Having the regular employees from the main store train other employees and oversee
installation of the new equipment indicates that to some extent the company is ________ through
employees acquiring and sharing knowledge.
A) innovative
B) adaptive
C) organic
D) bureaucratic
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 182
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

33) Which situational factor seems to be prompting the cultural changes at Fred Fryer's Donuts?
A) The business is young and small.
B) There is a leadership change.
C) A crisis has occurred.
D) The culture is weak.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 183
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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34) The 10 percent of the employees that are expected to leave during the computerized
equipment training, will leave because they ________.
A) cannot pass the final test of how to operate the equipment
B) fear that they are unable to learn the new methods
C) they were going to leave anyway soon
D) are not entrepreneurial enough to survive in the new environment
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 146
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

35) Creativity is the process of taking an idea and turning it into a useful product, service, or
method of operation.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 177
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

36) Culture of adaptability proactively identifies new problems, and challenges and develops
novel solutions.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 177
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

37) Organic structures positively influence innovation.


Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 178
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

38) Having creative employees and groups is enough to help the organization become more
innovative and adaptive.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3 Type: TF Page Ref: 178
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

39) The right organizational environment is crucial for innovation and adaptability to prosper.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 179
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

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40) Frequent interunit communication helps to facilitate innovation.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 178
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

41) An organizational culture that fosters innovation accepts ambiguity and has a low tolerance
for risk.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3 Type: TF Page Ref: 180
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

42) New idea champions are extremely self-confident, persistent, energetic, and have a tendency
to take risks.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 181
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

43) Adaptive organizations need clear and efficient structures in place to meet the changing
environmental challenges.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3 Type: TF Page Ref: 182
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

44) Minimal structural and physical barriers allow employees to share information and foster
adaptability.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Type: TF Page Ref: 182
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

45) Cultural change is easier when the organizational culture is strong.


Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 183
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

46) The existence of a dramatic organizational crisis can facilitate cultural change.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 183
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

38
© 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.
47) A leadership change can facilitate cultural change.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 184
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

48) In order to make change happen successfully, managers need to understand their own role in
the process.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 185
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

49) Adaptive organizations recognize that change is perpetual.


Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 184
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

50) Adaptive organizations should discourage employees who are viewed as mavericks since
their ideas are outside the mainstream.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 184
Skill: Applied
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

51) In a short essay, explain the conditions that facilitate cultural change.
Answer: The conditions that facilitate cultural change are:
a. Occurrence of a dramatic crisis — An unexpected financial setback, the loss of a major
customer, or a dramatic technological innovation by a competitor can weaken the status quo and
make people start thinking about the relevance of the current culture.
b. Change in leadership — New top leadership can provide an alternative set of key values and
may be perceived as more capable of responding to the crisis than the old leaders were.
c. Young and small organization — The younger the organization, the less entrenched is its
culture. It is easier for managers to communicate new values in a small organization than in a
large one.
d. Weak culture — Weak cultures are more receptive to change than are strong ones.
Diff: 2 Type: ES Page Ref: 183
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

39
© 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.
52) In a short essay, describe the cultural characteristics that an innovative organization
possesses.
Answer: An innovative organization has the following cultural characteristics:
a. Accept ambiguity — Too much emphasis on objectivity and specificity constrains creativity.
b. Tolerate the impractical — Individuals who offer impractical, even foolish, answers to what-if
questions are not stifled. What at first seems impractical might lead to innovative solutions.
c. Keep external controls minimal — Rules, regulations, policies, and similar organizational
controls are kept to a minimum.
d. Tolerate risk — Employees are encouraged to experiment without fear of consequences should
they fail. Mistakes are treated as learning opportunities. Employees do not fear to put forth new
ideas.
e. Tolerate conflict — Diversity of opinions is encouraged. Harmony and agreement between
individuals or units are not assumed to be evidence of high performance.
f. Focus on ends rather than means — Goals are made clear, and individuals are encouraged to
consider alternative routes toward meeting the goals. Focusing on ends suggests that several right
answers might be possible for any given problem.
g. Use an open-system focus — Managers closely monitor the environment and respond to
changes as they occur.
h. Provide positive feedback — Managers provide positive feedback, encouragement, and
support so employees feel that their creative ideas receive attention.
i. Exhibit empowering leadership — Let organizational members know that the work they do is
significant. Prove opportunity to participate in decision making.
Diff: 2 Type: ES Page Ref: 180
Skill: Recall
Learning Outcome: 7-5 Describe techniques for stimulating innovation and adaptability.

40
© 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Ampio cappuccio gli ricade sulla fronte, interamente celandogli la
faccia, se non che trasforato in due parti lascia libero vibrare lo
sguardo. Impugna colla destra una spada che tien sollevata in atto
imperante, minaccioso.
Ad un di lui cenno, mortale grandine di dardi e di sassi piomba sugli
attoniti guerrieri. Scossi questi e furenti pei colpi che li flagellano,
non badando a periglio, entrano nelle spumose acque del torrente e
lo varcano, trovando però non pochi ne’ suoi gorghi la morte.
Pervenuti al di là, svaginati gli acciari, s’arrampicano su pei greppi e
le rupi onde raggiungere e punire gli audaci feritori. Ma ad un nuovo
segno del loro misterioso condottiero, gli alpigiani, che di semplici
panni coverti mai sostenere potevano la pugna da vicino con nimici
tutti irti e lucenti di ferro, guadagnano le alture e spariscono.
I Sanguigni dopo tal fatto tennero tra essi consiglio; alcuni opinarono
doversi far ritorno; ma i più, inanimiti dalle parole dell’intrepido
Ubaldo, ripeterono il voto di dar compimento all’impresa e
procedettero arditi, benchè più cauti, nell’interno della valle.
Non sempre lucente splendette l’estivo raggio. Si viddero a mezzo il
dì passare di prospetto frettolose le nubi, ed accavallarsi poscia sulle
erette e nude cime delle torreggianti montagne. Vaste volute salirono
a coprire la faccia del sole: cominciò a fremere il vento e sorse indi a
poco il soffio delle propinque ghiacciaje, che rimescolando quelle
masse di nebbia, abbassavale talora sino al fondo della valle.
Camminano i guerrieri taciturni in ordinanza lungo i margini scoscesi
della Sesia che rumoreggia più cupa. Ma avanzatisi di poco, freccie
e pietre scendono a furia dall’alto e molti gravemente ne percuotono
per gli elmi e le corazze. Vano è per essi alzare gli scudi e dar di
piglio alle spade: invisibile è il nemico.
Squarciasi però ad un tratto il vaporoso velo e mirano sull’irradiato
fianco del monte la schiera formidabile del camuffato Monaco che
stende ver loro la punta del ferro e li fa segno agli incessanti colpi.
Trascorsi brevi momenti si ricongiungono e frammischiano le rotte
nubi e tutto s’invola di nuovo alla vista.
Uno sgomento s’impossessa dell’animo dei guerrieri che vorrebbero
arretrare, ma imperterrito Ubaldo fa sacramento di muovere da solo
al castello se i suoi sono sì vigliacchi da abbandonarlo. Nessuno più
ardisce mostrarsi restìo e riprendono più spediti il viaggio.
Continuamente or da destra or da manca essi vengono saettati, e
sempre al sollevarsi delle nebbie scorgono il Monaco colle sue
bande che sul pendìo dei monti laterali procede a pari passo con
essi.
Raggiunta finalmente è la meta, chè tocco hanno il confine della
valle. Le montagne di fianco divergono allargandosi in anfiteatro
chiuso in fondo dal Rosa che innalza al cielo i suoi candidi gioghi. Al
principiare dell’erta sorge un quadrato castello che va agli angoli ed
al centro munito di rotonde torri colle acute piramidali sommità
vestite di piombo. Ne bagna un lato la nascente Sesia e dietro è
cinto da una selva di larici i cui rami frangiati in verdebruno stanno
vergenti al suolo. È il castello de’ Boniprandi.
Finiva il giorno; eransi dissipate le nebbie, taceva il vento. Quasi si
fosse sciolto nell’aure o l’avessero inghiottito le rupi, il Monaco fatale
era scomparso con tutti i suoi e completa ivi regnava la solitudine.
Gli ultimi fuochi del sole, abbandonato il rimanente della terra,
splendevano ancora sulle nevi dell’alpe e lo pingevano di quel colore
soave che gli fe’ prendere il nome dal più vago de’ fiori.
Condusse Ubaldo i guerrieri e li collocò a conveniente distanza
intorno al castello la cui ferrata porta era serrata saldamente; benchè
non si scorgesse per le mura o sulle torri traccia di sentinella o
d’abitante.
Furono alzate le tende; s’accesero ampie cataste, e molti militi
raccolti nel bosco de’ larici trascelsero gli alberi che venir dovevano il
mattino atterrati onde formare le macchine murali. Inoltratasi la notte,
poste che furono le scolte di spazio in ispazio, posarono i guerrieri
presso i fuochi che s’andavano spegnendo, e giacquero nel sonno.
Quando venne l’ora che salita la luna sopra le più alte vette mandò
obbliquo dai nereggianti monti l’argenteo raggio al fondo della valle,
e biancheggiarono le merlate muraglie, splendettero i plumbei
culmini delle torri, l’audace Ubaldo, cui agitava il desìo di penetrare
l’arcano di che pareva cinto quel castello, volle mirarlo vicino mentre
tutto era silenzio. Colà quindi s’avvia a lenti passi, quand’ecco al suo
appressarsi sorgere sulle mura il Monaco tremendo.
Arretra Ubaldo d’un passo, ma poi quasi da malìa incatenato si
ferma, fiso tenendo lo sguardo a contemplarlo. Terribile allora non
era quanto misterioso il di lui aspetto; le fosche lane che
ricoprivamo, fatte men rudi dalla pallida notturna luce, segnavano
perfetti contorni e parevano l’involucro d’un genio in umane forme.
Immobile rimaneva in mesto e fiero atteggiamento.
Ubaldo sbandita prestamente ogni apprensione, alzata la destra con
voce ferma, esclamò: «Invano, chiunque tu sii, ti ostini a difendere
queste mura: esse hanno ricettato l’iniquo nostro nemico e debbono
cadere. Cedi ai valorosi Sanguigni; cedi e risparmia la vita dei tuoi»
— Giammai — fu l’unica parola che dalle labbra del Monaco
pronunciare s’intese.
Due giorni dopo ogni cosa trovossi in pronto per l’assalto. Le mura
del castello difese da risoluti alpigiani non offrirono agevole
conquisto ai guerrieri d’Ubaldo. Il combattimento fu lungo,
sanguinosissimo. Il Monaco presente per tutto infiammava il
coraggio dei vassalli di Guido che tenevano con eroiche prove
lontani gli assalitori. Ma dai cozzi tremendi d’un ferreo ariete
sconquassata va a terra la porta e i guerrieri si scagliano precipitosi
per entro, nel tempo stesso che superato il muro in più parti altri
padroneggiano il vallo. Si pugna pei portici e nel cortile. Ubaldo che
all’entrare erasi scontrato nel Monaco, nella folla lo perdette di vista.
Ansioso di rinvenirlo ascese le scale seguìto dai più fidi, e lo scorse
all’ingresso della sala d’armi circondato dai pochi tra suoi
sopravvissuti. Questi vengono tosto atterrati dai guerrieri e le spade
del Monaco e d’Ubaldo s’incrocicchiano e si ribattono. Ma sia
lassezza o riportate ferite debole è il braccio del Monaco che
l’avversario incalza vigorosamente. Si va desso ritraendo,
difendendosi, sin che urta in una porta che si spalanca, e nel punto
stesso Ubaldo d’un colpo furioso lo trapassa col ferro. Dà un grido,
vacilla e abbandonata la spada cade ai piedi d’un letto su cui giace
un cadavere.
Commosso e inorridito Ubaldo impone agli accorsi guerrieri di
porgere ogni aita al languente. Vien egli tosto rialzato, gli si
sciolgono le lane, si rigetta dalla fronte il cappuccio, e... oh vista!...
un volume di treccie scende lungo il candido collo sulla maglia
d’acciajo... È la contessa Adelberta! Riapre gli occhi, si sforza a
sollevarsi, e si trascina verso le coltri, ove ricadendo spira sopra la
salma dello sposo, che sottratto vivente alle acque del fiume, venne
dai fidi vassalli portato al suo castello in cui dalla ferita morì.
Ai Sanguigni fece poscia pagar cara quella vittoria il Torniello, che
scampato di là seppe ottenere da Napo Torriano protezione ed
armati.

FINE.
MACARUFFO VENTURIERO
O LA CORTE DEL DUCA FILIPPO MARIA VISCONTI

Portano a’ lor cappucci le visiere


E mantelline a la cavalleresca
E capezzali, e strette alle ventriere
Coi petti vaghi alla guisa inghilesca
Qualunque donna è più gaja e più fresca
Più tosto il fa per esser fra le belle.
Pecor. Giorn. XVIII.

Se come vennero personificate altre città e nazioni nascesse in capo


ad un poeta epico o lirico o a chi si voglia, di personificare Milano
onde far narrare da lui stesso le proprie vicende dal suo nascere
sino ai nostri dì, egli è certo che s’aprirebbe un campo di cui non vi
sarebbe il più vasto per esaurire tutti gli stili, tutte le immagini, le
figure, i giuochi d’affetto, insomma tutto quanto è possible ottenere
coll’arte del dire. Esso infatti avrebbe nel suo amplissimo monologo
a descrivere i Romani in tutte le fasi della loro grandezza; farebbe
passare in mostra i Galli e i Germani qui discesi, prima seminudi
colle barbe arruffate, armati di clavi e di scuri; poi ricoperti di fitte
maglie e pesanti armature colle lande e le mazze; indi calati di nuovo
con penne agli elmi, loriche dorate, conducendo pesanti bombarde;
ritornati in seguito con cappelli a tre punte e larghi stivali, portando
moschetti e colubrine; e discesi finalmente colle assise succinte, la
bajonetta al fucile, le artiglierie volanti. Avrebbe eziandio a ragionare
a lungo della baldanza spagnuola, e far cenno persino delle aquile
russe e delle lancie cosacche.
Il proposto soggetto dovrebbe poi essere specialmente fecondo di
quelle pagine che la moderna scuola oltremontana chiama palpitanti,
poichè racchiudono descritte con tutta evidenza le angoscie della
disperazione, gli strazj della tortura, del fuoco e dei patiboli. Poche
città per vero dire ebbero nei fasti de’ tormenti a vantarne del genere
della quaresima di Galeazzo o dei forni di Monza, senza parlare
delle gabbie di ferro, delle tanaglie, degli aculei, delle ruote, ch’erano
leggiadrìe sociali, un giorno comuni a tutti i popoli europei. — E chi
potrebbe in tale argomento dimenticare i mastini del duca Giovan
Maria, che venivano unicamente nutriti onde squarciassero gli
uomini, e coi quali inseguiva di notte i cittadini nelle contrade a guisa
di animali feroci? — Il solo nome di lui faceva inorridire, eppure (ch’il
crederebbe!) egli contava appena ventiquattr’anni quando cadde
esanime sotto il ferro de’ congiurati.
Non erano trascorsi che due giorni da che aveva resa l’anima quel
giovine sanguinario, secondo fra i Visconti nella linea Ducale [2],
allorchè l’eroe di questa narrazione, Macaruffo, veniva di buon
mattino alla volta di Milano con un drappello de’ suoi commilitoni,
tutti soldati venturieri, appartenenti alle bande di Facino Cane, il più
celebre e possente condottiero di ventura che fosse allora in Italia.
Il loro numero era di diciotto o venti; marciavano a piedi, disgiunti e
senz’ordine. Portavano gli elmi, le corazze, i cosciali, ma scorgevasi
che non curavano gran fatto il pulimento e la lucentezza di quegli
arnesi, poichè oltre d’essere pieni d’intacchi e d’ammaccature
apparivano tutti neri e irruginiti. Tenevano le spade a bandoliera e
recavano neglettamente abbandonate sulle spalle all’indietro chi le
alabarde e chi le partigiane.
Macaruffo fra quegli uomini d’armi poteva chiamarsi primus inter
pares, vale a dire, che sebbene non avesse un grado speciale,
poichè quella milizia non ammetteva distinzioni subalterne, pure a
causa della predilezione del Conte Facino e della confidenza che gli
era accordata, godeva verso gli altri di una supremazìa che sapeva
esercitare a tempo debito, e, vuolsi dirlo, con profitto di tutti. Le sue
forme però erano poco vantaggiose; una rilevata prominenza che
aveva sul dosso lo faceva apparire tozzo della persona; il suo volto
abbrunito dal sole mostrava lineamenti irregolari e rozzi sebbene i
suoi occhi fossero sommamente vivi e penetranti. Era dotato di
grande scaltrezza; instancabile nella fatica, d’un coraggio senza
limiti, e consacrato con tutta l’anima agli interessi del suo Capo, di
cui la moglie, la contessa Beatrice di Tenda, era stata sua antica
signora.
Nato egli nelle alpi marittime entro il castello dei Lascari conti di
Tenda, era cresciuto insieme alla Contessa, e fanciullo soleva
prestarle ufficio di palafreniero, di guida, di porta-astore, quand’ella
seguiva la caccia nei monti nativi, solendo ella trasceglierlo fra gli
altri valletti, quantunque deforme, siccome il più pronto in ubbidire e
il più destro di tutti. Divenuta sposa di Facino Cane, Beatrice ottenne
dal padre che Macaruffo facesse parte del suo seguito; onde questi
le stette lungo tempo ancora d’appresso, e palesava per lei in ogni
incontro, misto alle memorie di patria e di famiglia, un sentimento di
riconoscenza indistruttibile. Da ciò più grande sembrava rendersi il
suo attaccamento verso lo stesso condottiero Facino, pel quale
sentiva eziandìo quell’enfatica venerazione che sempre ispira nel
soldato avido di gloria un capitano esperto, ardimentoso, che lo
conduce spesso alla vittoria.
Camminava quella mattina Macaruffo di buon passo innanzi agli altri,
e sembrava assorto in pensieri di tale natura che tutta gli
occupassero la mente. La novella dell’uccisione del Duca era
pervenuta al suo orecchio nella rocca di Canturio in Brianza, ove
Facino lo aveva spedito coi compagni tre mesi addietro a rinforzo dei
signori di quel paese, di fazione ghibellina, minacciati dai guelfi
d’Incino; e quasi contemporaneamente aveva ricevuto avviso da
parte di Facino stesso, il quale trovavasi ammalato in Pavia,
d’abbandonare quella rocca e recarsi nel castello di Milano, lo che
appunto eseguiva.
Dopo avere alquanto meditato tra sè allentò il passo, e lasciatosi
raggiungere dal soldato che gli veniva subito dietro, gli disse a
mezza voce:
«Che ne pensi, Uguccio, di queste novità?
«Io per me ci ho un gusto pazzo (rispose l’altro) ch’abbiano fatta la
festa a quel ragazzaccio frenetico di Giovan Maria.
«Sì: meritava veramente di finir male i suoi giorni. Ha fatto
ammazzare tanti bravi signori e cavalieri che a dirlo è incredibile.
«Per lui far morire un cristiano se lo aveva come una bagatella. È
arrivato per sino a dare il tossico alla stessa sua madre in Monza.
«Lo so; e poi uccise il Pusterla come se ne fosse stato il reo.
«Altro che uccidere! lo fece mangiare dai cani insieme coi suoi figli.
Ma per provare s’era un’anima scellerata, senti che brutto giuoco si
prese un giorno di me. Trovandomi io colle squadre a Milano, il
nostro conte Facino mi comandò lo seguissi al palazzo negli
appartamenti della Duchessa, ch’egli si recava a visitare. Entrati colà
m’appostò per guardia in un camerone a cui mettevano capo due
scale. Io passeggiava quivi sbadatamente con questa partigiana così
in ispalla, gettando un’occhiata di quando in quando entro i vetri
della finestra d’una stanza ove stavano alcune damigelle che
attendevano a varii lavori. Ad un tratto sento un abbajamento
infernale e vedo comparire da una scala e corrermi addosso sei o
sette mastini che sembravano lupi affamati. Balzarono per
addentarmi al collo, alle braccia, alle gambe e gran mercè ch’aveva
l’armatura intiera colla buffa al viso e le manopole, altrimenti non
avanzava di me neppure un osso; intanto ch’io mi dibatteva a tutte
forze contro quelle bestie inferocite, indovina?... il Duca stava ad uno
spiatojo e mi guardava ridendo smascellatamente insieme a quel
satanasso di Squarcia Giramo. Liberatomi appena dai mastini ritornò
il nostro Conte, e vedendomi ansante e rabbuffato mi addomandò
che fosse avvenuto; io glielo narrai, ed egli portossi tosto dal Duca e
lo minacciò di unirsi ai guelfi e di assediarlo nel suo castello, se non
rendeva tostamente ragione dell’ingiuria a me fatta che prendeva
come fatta a sè stesso, ed ebbe termine la faccenda con dieci fiorini
d’oro dati a me, e cento colpi di curlo al canattiere che non aveva
una colpa al mondo.
«Se non fosse stato il nostro Conte avrebbero invece appiccato te
per avere malconci i cani del Duca, e sarebbe stato dato un premio a
quell’altro. Questi principi della razza del biscione sono tutti d’una
pasta velenosa, ed io li odio a morte, e ne vorrei vedere distrutta la
stirpe. Quando spirò Giovan Galeazzo primo Duca, che fu padre di
questo Giovan Maria, le nostre bande trovavansi a Parma e mi
ricordo che il nostro Conte ragionando colla signora Beatrice
manifestò certi pensieri sopra Milano, che mi davano la più gran
consolazione del mondo, e sì che a quel tempo il Conte non era
padrone di Pavia, Alessandria, Novara e tante altre città che
possiede adesso e da cui può trarre molto maggior numero d’uomini
e di danari.
«Per San Matteo! (esclamò Uguccio) quello era un colpo degno di
lui: oh perchè non l’ha tentato?
«Nacquero in quell’incontro altri trambusti gravissimi e dovette
recarsi altrove. Il bel momento (proseguì Macaruffo più piano, con un
sorriso significante e aggrottando le ciglia) il bel momento, caro
Uguccio, sarebbe questo! Chi ha forze bastevoli per poterglisi
opporre? I ghibellini sono per lui; Ottobon Terzo, il Casati e gli altri
guelfi se li mangia come la balena i pesciolini. Filippo Maria ch’è
fratello di quegli che hanno scannato e che dovrebbe diventar Duca,
se lo tiene in Pavia nelle sue unghie. Tutto presentemente andrebbe
a meraviglia, ma farebbe d’uopo muoversi alla spedita onde non
lasciar campo ai partigiani di Filippo d’unirsi e farsi forti.
«Ti giuro che per un’impresa di questa sorta non vi sarebbe uno solo
de’ nostri uomini che non ci metterebbe allegramente la pelle.
Diventare padroni di Milano! d’una cittadona sì splendida, ricca, così
piena di belle donne!
«E salutare per duca il nostro Conte, e per duchessa la signora
Beatrice. Ella sì saprebbe bene occupare quel posto come si deve.
Io darei il sangue per vederle in capo la corona ducale. Mi punge
però il pensiero che pare che il demonio vi ci si caccia per entro,
poichè il messo venuto jeri sera mi disse che appunto in questi giorni
il nostro Conte assalito dalla sua doglia al fianco, giace tormentato
senza potersi levare.
«La doglia che lo prende di consueto. Ma sai che suole presto
sparire, e giuocherei che a quest’ora è al tutto risanato e cammina e
cavalca come potremmo far noi.
«Così fosse, che non frapporrebbe indugio a porsi a capo alle
squadre, per venire a dar l’ultimo scacco alla malnata vipera
divoratrice.
Facendo tali e simili discorsi erano giunti a vista di Milano, ed
appressatisi alla Porta Comasina trovarono chiuso il ponte e calata
la saracinesca, onde dovettero penare assai a farsi aprire ed
intromettere coi compagni nella città.
Nelle contrade era un subuglio, una confusione, un movimento di
popolo straordinario. Pressochè tutti, i signori, gli artieri, la plebe
mostravansi muniti d’armi e ve n’aveva d’ogni specie; parte di essi
n’andavano in compagnie ordinate; parte movevano in turba per le
vie. Gli uni passavano gridando — Viva Estore; vivano i figli di
Bernabò; viva Baggi e il Pusterla che ci hanno vendicati [3]. — Altri
seguivano imprecando invece morte a questi ed acclamando —
Filippo Maria legittimo Signore — Alcuni volevano s’andasse ad
assalire il castello per ammazzare il Marliano che lo teneva per
Filippo, altri all’incontro facendo sventolare le bandiere cercavano di
formare grossa massa onde muovere alla volta di Pavia a prendere il
nuovo Duca e qui condurlo in trionfo. Ve n’avevano eziandio di quelli
che non andavano esclamando che — Viva Milano — e volevano si
proclamasse la repubblica come nei primi tempi, ma questi essendo
in pochissimo numero non esercitavano sulla moltitudine alcuna
influenza. Per le piazze e pei crocicchii, sui gradini delle colonne o
sovra carri e trabacche eranvi frati, magistrati, cavalieri che
arringavano a tutta voce il popolo; ciascuno però oppostamente ed a
norma soltanto dell’interesse di quei capi il cui dominio poteva
essere per loro una fonte di migliori speranze. Or qua or là udivansi
urli furiosi ed acutissime grida, e le campane di questa o di quella
parrocchia suonare a stormo, e ciò perchè scontrandosi le contrarie
fazioni nascevano risse sanguinose, e si moltiplicavano gli
ammazzamenti. Insomma tutto concorreva a presentare il quadro
d’una città senza alcun regime, abbandonata al furore dei partiti e
nella quale l’ambizione, la forza, l’astuzia gareggiano con ogni
mezzo onde afferrare il potere.
Il nostro venturiero Macaruffo sebbene durasse non poca fatica ad
aprirsi la via col suo drappello frammezzo a tanto tumulto, pure
godeva internamente alla vista di quel disordine ch’ei sperava
propizio al progetto che aveva supposto volersi eseguire dal suo
signore. Due o tre volte fu serrato d’appresso dalla plebe che lo
inseguiva gridando — Dàlli al gobbo co’ suoi sgherri; ammazza,
ammazza — ma le punte delle partigiane abbassate a tempo, le
fisonomie intrepide e risolute, il non avere assise che indicassero a
quale delle parti appartenevano li sottrassero dal periglio.
Pervenuti al castello di Porta Giobia, n’andarono lungo la fossa sino
al Portello detto del Pozzo: quivi Macaruffo diede alla scolta che
stava sul battifolle la parola d’ordine; questa comunicò l’avviso al
Castellano e fu indi a poco calata la trave e que’ soldati ricevuti
dentro.
Il dì seguente Macaruffo avido ed impaziente di conoscere a qual
termine inclinassero le cose andò con arte interrogando or questo or
quell’altro de’ capitani di masnada ch’erano nel castello, ma tutti
ignoravano al pari di lui la somma delle vicende, nè potevano che
abbandonarsi a fantastiche congetture. Vedendo riuscire vana
l’opera sua, salì sul vallo, e quivi appoggiato neghittosamente alla
torre fisava sulle campagne che gli si stendevano alla vista, uno
sguardo acuto per iscoprire se mai qualche vessillo spuntasse sulla
via dalla parte di mezzodì, o si vedessero luccicare punte di lancie
od elmi, ch’ei teneva per fermo che il suo conte Facino non dovesse
star guari a presentarsi sotto le mura di Milano e non dubitava, a
causa di quanto aveva veduto il giorno passato, che, compresse le
fazioni, si sarebbe prontamente impossessato della città.
Ogni qual volta questo pensiero gli si affacciava alla mente, i bruni e
ruvidi tratti del suo viso esprimevano una soddisfazione, un contento
singolarissimo. Ed in ciò, all’opposto di quello che naturalmente
arguire si dovea, l’orgoglio e la brama delle prede o degli onori
avevano lievissima o nessuna parte. Un sentimento indiviso, senza
speranze, celato all’aria stessa, pur sempre vivo e profondo quanto
essere lo può in anima umana, formava da lunghi anni la cura
assidua e l’unico movente di quel Venturiero, il cui sformato aspetto,
i costumi e la vita sprezzata e soldatesca facevano rassembrare il
più duro ed insensibile degli uomini.
Mentre pure guardando dall’elevato baluardo nei sottoposti piani
lasciava errare lo spirito fra le sue consuete idee, che i casi recenti
vestivano di più lusinghieri colori, ode venire dalla parte della città
rumore di grida festose e di plausi vivissimi. Discende frettoloso dal
vallo, e scontra nel cortile vairii cittadini pervenuti a fatica a
ricoverarsi nel castello, i quali circondati da una folla d’uomini d’armi
narravano, che all’alba di quello stesso giorno era venuto a Milano
da Monza Estore Visconti con molti armati ed aveva sconfitto i
ghibellini che parteggiavano per Filippo Maria; e che sendo già gli
animi disposti in favore di Estore dalle calorose ed incessanti
prediche di frate Bartolomeo Caccia, presso i popolari avuto in
estimazione di santo, venne il medesimo accolto e proclamato
signore di Milano insieme al nipote Giovan Carlo Visconti nato dal
sangue di Bernabò.
A tale notizia Macaruffo indispettì gravemente, ma pure non depose
la lusinga che da un istante all’altro potessero arrivare le masnade
del conte Facino a rovesciare quella nuova signorìa, priva d’ogni
valido appoggio ed alla quale rimaneva a compiere la più ardua
impresa ch’era quella d’impadronirsi del castello.
Assiso la sera con Uguccio sopra un pancone presso la porta dello
stemma (la maggiore della fortezza, dalla larga volta della quale
pendeva accesa un’affumicata lucerna), andava ragionando sui fatti
stati riportati là dentro, ed esponeva con fervore gli argomenti che
s’aveva per non dubitare che il loro Condottiero avrebbe mosso il
campo ed ottenuta la vittoria. Interruppe quell’animato dialogo la
voce della sentinella che s’udì dallo spalto annunziare che
s’appressava al castello un soldato a cavallo. Tosto l’araldo
s’affaccia alla feritoja del ponte, e vedendo giungere vicino il
cavaliere, gli grida chi sia, e cosa voglia. «Sono messaggiero e reco
dispacci da Pavia» fu la risposta che venne data. Il capitano d’armi
fece disporre gli arcieri di guardia in ordinanza, poi ordinò
s’abbassasse il picciolo ponte levatojo laterale, e il messaggiero
entrò.
Appena ebb’egli posto piede a terra, e consegnato all’araldo un
involto suggellato di carte dirette al Castellano, il nostro Venturiero e
il compagno gli balzarono con tutta cupidigia d’intorno, giacchè in lui
riconobbero un commilitone, un uomo delle loro bande a cavallo.
«E così vengono i nostri? — gli domandarono sommessamente ad
una voce.
«Chi diavolo volete che sappia se si va o si viene; per me credo che
sia tutto finito.
«Il Conte non vorrebbe forse...
«Oh! con lui a quest’ora già si sarebbero fatte gran cose.
«Ma dunque perchè non si muove?
«Perchè non si muove?... Oh bella!... domandate a un morto perchè
si sta fermo.
«Che?... dici tu il vero?... (chiesero pure entrambi colpiti come da un
fulmine).
«E voi non lo sapete?... Pur troppo è la verità!... Il nostro povero
Conte chiuse gli occhi per sempre l’altro jeri a sera.
«Io non posso persuadermene (esclamò Uguccio).
«L’ho veduto io nel suo palazzo in Pavia disteso sopra un catafalco
col padiglione di broccato oscuro ricoperto delle sue armi più ricche.
Tutti gli uomini delle squadre recavansi a rimirarlo, e vi dico ch’era
una compassione a pensare che un battagliero come il nostro Conte
dovesse essere serrato giù a marcire fra quattro pietre. Per noi la
sua perdita è la piu grande delle disgrazie. Egli era la perla de’
condottieri di ventura; il soldato con esso lui doveva bensì menare
delle braccia, ma poteva poi essere certo del fatto suo, e le coreggie
si foderavano spesso di buoni zecchini. I principi, le città andavano a
gara onde trarlo dalla loro, e per averlo bisognava che mettessero lì
pile d’oro e d’argento da riempierne le staja.
«Quando però egli s’era collocato agli stipendi d’una parte ci si
adoperava davvero (disse Uguccio), e chi l’assoldava poteva
incominciare a cantar vittoria; nè egli ritiravasi colle schiere prima
che si ponesse capo alla guerra, come fecero il Branda e molt’altri, i
quali dopo numerate le caparre passarono co’ loro uomini dal lato
del nemico perchè offriva più grosse paghe.
«No: il conte Facino non commise mai di queste ribalderie. A Novi,
Ziaratone che non fece per toglierlo al marchese Teodoro? Soltanto
per determinarlo a levarsi dall’assedio gli promise in danaro il carico
di quattro muli, e davagli il figlio in ostaggio. Ma tutto fu inutile, anzi ti
ricorderai che Ziaratone rimase ucciso nell’assalto da Facino stesso.
«E fu adunque quella maledetta doglia nel fianco la cagione dalla
morte del nostro Conte?
«Ohibò: i signori della veste negra, i dottori, che in Pavia son più
numerosi delle zanzare, sostengono che è morto per il colpo nella
testa che prese due anni sono qua in Milano, quando a motivo della
sommossa del popolo, spingendo a corsa il cavallo, urtò nell’arco
della porta interna del palagio del Duca, e perdette molto sangue.
Vogliono che quella botta macinasse dentro dentro, sin che gli diede
l’ultima stretta.
«Qual malavventura!... Ora che non abbiamo più il nostro capo che
faremo noi? (proferì Uguccio con voce addolorata)... Staremo qui
con questi Visconti a rischio qualche giorno da farci mangiare dai
cani, e senza sapere nemmeno chi di loro comanda?... Si getteremo
alla campagna coi banditi, o andremo ad offrirci a qualch’altro
capitano? Vi sarebbero veramente lo Sforza, Braccio, e...
«Che osi tu dire? Saresti tu mai un traditore? (l’interruppe
esclamando Macaruffo ch’era stato silenzioso sino a quel momento,
immerso ne’ proprii pensieri). Perchè è morto Facino dovremo noi
abbandonare vigliaccamente la sua casa, e lasciare che sfumino in
un lampo tutte le conquiste che abbiamo fatte seco lui, spendendo
tanto sangue e fatica? Non rimane forse Beatrice di Tenda, la nostra
Contessa da noi sempre obbedita come Signora? Vorremo noi
permettere che la vedova d’un Capo sì glorioso sia scacciata da’
suoi dominii, e venga oppressa ed avvilita come una femmina da
trivio?
«A quanto pretendi dovremmo noi dunque rimanere sotto il comando
d’una donna?
«Non vi sono con lei ancora molti capitani ed i migliori d’Italia? Non
v’è Castellino? non v’è Carmagnola? questo solo ne vale dieci dei
più famosi che vivono al presente.
«Io credo bene (disse il soldato messaggiero) che la contessa
Beatrice abbia prescelto il Carmagnola per comandare le nostre
bande. Da che è morto Facino tutti gli ordini vengono dati da lui. Egli
fu che ingiunse all’armata ch’era intorno a Bergamo di levare il
campo e condursi a Pavia, ed io mi sono qui recato perchè mi vi
spedì egli stesso.
«La signora Beatrice non poteva fare una scelta più lodevole e
giudiziosa (disse Macaruffo con satisfazione). Francesco
Carmagnola era la mano destra del Conte, ei lo considerava come
un altro sè stesso, quindi nessuno rifiuterà di obbedirgli.
Stette muto alcun tempo, poi aggiunse: «Quand’è che tu fai ritorno a
Pavia?
«Ho l’ordine di non retrocedere se non quando mi vien consegnata
la risposta dal signor Castellano.
«Ebbene ora va e bada che il tuo cavallo sia governato a dovere; ma
ti prego di non partire di qua senza parlare nuovamente con me».
Ciò detto si separarono.
Macaruffo trovò modo, alcuni giorni dopo, d’abbandonare il castello
seguendo il messaggiero, e uscito sull’alba per istrade appartate da
Milano, arrivò la sera senz’altri inciampi a Pavia.
Quella città era ingombra di soldati che appartenevano alle squadre
di Facino, ed ivi giungevano da ogni parte, siccome aveva ordinato il
Carmagnola, il quale divenuto supremo comandante calcolò tosto
essere opportuno di adunare tutte le forze in un punto solo, onde più
facilmente dominarle, e dirigerle là dove lo stato degli eventi l’avesse
richiesto. Il nostro Venturiero recossi tosto al palazzo dell’estinto
Conte. Stanziavano continuamente colà numerose guardie, poichè
continuavansi a rendere i principeschi onori alla vedova Contessa,
divenuta per la morte del marito sovrana signora di Pavia e di gran
numero d’altre città appartenenti prima al Ducato.
Macaruffo da lunga mano conosciuto da tutti quegli uomini d’armi,
scambiò, passando in mezzo a loro, parole di saluto ed entrò
liberamente nelle camere inferiori del palazzo. Al vederlo i servi gli
furono intorno festeggiandolo e Matteo, vecchio scalco, uno de’ piu
antichi suoi compagni, che scendeva in quell’atto dagli appartamenti
superiori, venutogli lentamente incontro dimenando il capo, gli
strinse la mano, poi s’asciugò gli occhi e disse:
«Vedi qual cangiamento, Macaruffo? Siam tutti vestiti a bruno; non
regna che lutto nella casa di Facino, quello che ne formava la gloria
è andato sotto terra.
«Pur troppo! (rispose Macaruffo) lo seppi nel castello di Milano con
indicibile cordoglio e m’affrettai a qui venire per conoscere quali
provvedimenti la signora Beatrice....
«Oggi avrai fatto lungo cammino (l’interruppe lo Scalco) e
abbisognerai di refiziamento e di riposo?
«No per ora veramente, e vorrei prima udire appunto da te....
«Voi altri sfaccendati (gli troncò di nuovo la parola Matteo
rivolgendosi ai servi) state qui a guardarlo come babbuini e non gli
avrete nemmeno esibito da cena? Sapete pure che questa è la
prima offerta che il Conte voleva sempre si facesse a chi arrivava:
possibile che s’abbia già da perdere ogni buona usanza? Presto
andate a preparare la tavola nel salotto vicino alla mia camera,
portatevi l’occorrente poi lasciateci colà tranquilli».
Invitò Macaruffo a seguirlo, precedendolo col lume su per lo scalone;
passò varie loggie e da un andito riuscì in una stanza ove stavano
appesi alcuni quadri. Quivi accesa una lucerna sopra un doppiero di
ferro gli accennò di sedere e passò in una contigua cameretta.
Allorchè fu disposta la mensa Matteo ritornò portando una
damigiana che andava spolverando con un pannolino; la depose
sulla tavola, quindi chiuse l’uscio a chiave; venne poi a sedersi in
faccia a Macaruffo, e nello sturare la damigiana disse:
«Non ho amato d’entrare in alcun ragionamento là abbasso alla
presenza di quelle gazze scilinguate, che ripetono tutto ciò che
ascoltano e potrebbero farmi cadere addosso qualche mala
tempesta. Ma sappi che ho desiderato ansiosamente il tuo ritorno
per comunicarti delle novelle che ti faranno stupire.
«Ben temeva che la morte del Conte sarebbe stata cagione di molte
novità (profferì in tuono dolente il Venturiero). Al certo v’ha discordia
tra i capitani, i soldati disertano, od i vassalli minacciano d’insorgere
contro la Contessa...?
«Nulla di questo (rispose lo Scalco versando il vino in due bicchieri e
riempiendo di vivande il piatto di Macaruffo), anzi per grazia del cielo
tutte le bande armate e i loro capi rinnovarono il giuramento di
fedeltà alla nostra padrona, e questa città ha già protestato della sua
devozione, lo che pure faranno prestamente le altre. Alla testa de’
soldati v’è quel sì eccellente ed avveduto...
«Il Carmagnola, lo so (disse Macaruffo con impazienza). E dunque
quali sono queste novelie che vuoi narrarmi?
«Le teneva sepolte qui (ed indicò il gorgozzule), e sono sì importanti
che non oserei dirle con alcuno. Ma tu sei di quelli della vecchia
stampa, tu ami sinceramente la casa, con te posso parlare.
Si guardò d’intorno quasi volesse meglio accertarsi che nessun altro
lo stesse ad ascoltare; MacarufFo gli affisò in volto uno sguardo
acuto, indagatore, ed ei proseguì con voce bassa in aria misteriosa.
«Si sta per combinare un matrimonio! (e comprimendo un labbro
coll’altro rimase a ciglia inarcate).
«Un matrimonio... e con chi?
«Sai che nella Rocca qui di Pavia v’è quel giovine che il Conte
teneva, non veramente come prigioniero, ma poco meno, perchè lo
faceva custodire da Antonio Bogero il cremonese, onde non avesse
colle sue pretensioni alla signoria della città a far nascere tumulti.
«Sì: è Filippo Maria fratello del Duca che hanno ammazzato a
Milano. Ebbene?
«Si tratta (pronunciò Matteo piu pianamente, data di nuovo
un’occhiata all’uscio) si tratta di farlo sposare alla contessa Beatrice.
«Sarebbe ciò possibile? (esclamò Macaruffo cui salì una fiamma al
volto).
«Non v’ha ombra di dubbio. Facino era appena sepolto quando ne
venne fatta la proposta alla Contessa.
«Ed ella come l’accolse? (disse con freddezza e impallidendo il
Venturiero).
«Sulle prime esitò; ma poi vi s’inframmise un tale che la trasse ben
presto al suo partito.
«Chi è costui?
«Oh! l’uno de’ grandi della cappa pavonazza e la croce di gemme:
un Arcivescovo.
«Quel di Milano?
«Sì quello.
«È un fautore acerrimo de’ ghibellini. Moverà cielo e terra per far
trionfare il figlio di Giovan Galeazzo. Chi sa con quali armi assalì il
cuore della Contessa; e quali mezzi adoperò per guadagnarla!
«Domilda che le sta sempre al fianco, mi accertò che non gli fu
d’uopo usare grande fatica a farla persuasa; s’arrese ai primi assalti.
Quest’è una prova dell’amore che portava al suo sposo!
«Ma Filippo Maria conta poco piu di venti anni ed ella ne oltrepassa
quaranta...
«Ecco forse la ragione che l’ha più fortemente e più presto convinta
(s’espresse lo Scalco con sorriso sdegnoso e maligno). D’altronde
quel giovine è di sangue ducale, ha faccia bianca, pelle fina, begli
occhi; tutto ciò insomma che vale ad appagare i capricci d’una
donna.
«Non credo che la signora Beatrice possa essere stata sedotta da
così semplici e leggiere apparenze, che son frascherie da pulcella
(rispose con risentimento Macaruffo). Ella ha pensato ognora
nobilmente e fu degna compagna dell’uomo potente e famoso che
venne a sceglierla in moglie nel castello paterno.
«Sia come tu vuoi, ma, diciamolo in estrema confidenza, essa
mostra soverchia inclinazione pei giovinetti ch’hanno visi leccati e
capigliature che sembrano di lino.
«Matteo tu eccedi (esclamò fremendo il Venturiero e vibrandogli
un’occhiata minacciosa). Pensa che le tue parole offendono l’onestà
della nostra padrona, e se non fosse l’amore che portavi al Conte
ch’ora a torto ti slega la lingua...
«Se parlo è perchè le veggo le cose (replicò lo Scalco più piano ma
in tuono d’asseveranza). Non ha ella sempre tra piedi quel Michele
Orombello qui mandato dai Conti di Ventimiglia onde divenisse
valente cavaliero alla scuola di Facino? invece di lasciare che si
eserciti nel maneggio delle armi e che il poltroncello sudi e s’addestri
col cavallo e la lancia, se lo tiene tutto il giorno vicino a strimpellare il
liuto e canticchiare alla provenzale.
«Sono i suoni e le canzoni del suo paese nativo e vuoi fargliene
accusa se dopo tanto tempo ama sentirle ripetere da un fanciullo?
chi sarà sì temerario d’immaginarsi che in ciò vi sia colpa? Ella non
ebbe il diletto di dirsi madre e quindi predilige l’età di chi le potrebbe
essere figlio.
«Anche Filippo Maria, quanto agli anni, potrebbe essere suo figlio,
eppure se lo prende per isposo, e non è quasi freddo ancora il letto
di Facino.
«Se ciò avvenisse mai, egli è, mi credi, per la forza degli intrighi e
della violenza esercitata sul di lei animo dal Ghibellino venuto qui
appositamente da Milano. — E dopo essere rimasto alquanto
taciturno riprese: — «L’astuzia sua è profonda; ben m’avveggo
ch’egli pensò che collo stringere le nozze tra Filippo Maria e la
contessa Beatrice, i sudditi e le bande armate ch’ella possiede
diventeranno del marito, e questi potrà con tali mezzi ricuperare lo
Stato e farsi proclamare nuovo Duca, mentre da solo, misero e
derelitto come egli è, non sarebbe mai divenuto in grado di farlo.
«Che la nostra padrona fosse vittima d’una trama sì iniqua?... Ma, or
che ci penso, ella a fine del conto diverrebbe duchessa di Milano, e
caspita è tal leccarderìa da stuzzicare il palato d’ogni cristiano.
«Per diventare signora di quella città ella non abbisogna di farsi
moglie o piuttosto schiava d’un suo proprio prigioniero!... (e
piegandosi verso di lui, proseguì con tuono di voce più basso ed
accentato) «Tenga il Visconte rinchiuso nella torre della Rocca dov’è
stato sin ora, faccia intendere le sue volontà al Carmagnola, e lasci
poi operare da esso lui e da noi soldati. Buone parole a tutti, una
tagliata alle gabelle, dar bando ai guelfi sanguisughe dei poveri
cittadini, e noi saremmo accolti a larghe braccia dal popolo milanese.
«Oh se fosse al mondo il signor Facino!...
«A quest’ora era cosa fatta. Ma non disperiamo (disse Macaruffo
animandosi in volto), il matrimonio non è finora celebrato, nè forse
concluso. La volpe ghibellina può ancora cogliere in falso, vi

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