CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION
Consultant Services for Development, Installation
and Interconnection of Flood Forecasting and
Final Report
Early Warning System (FFEWS) For Ciujung
River

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND

The Flood Management Program in Selected Watersheds (FMRSB) is an

important initiative specifically designed to support more effective and
integrated flood management efforts in the Cidanau-Ciujung-Cidurian
River Basin region. One major aspect of this program is the improvement
of hydro-meteorological data management. A better understanding of this
data can provide crucial information about rainfall patterns, river flow, and
other contributing factors to floods.

Furthermore, the development of flood models is also a key priority of this

program. With accurate flood models, the government and other
stakeholders can better understand how floods occur, the speed at which
water rises, and which areas are most at risk. With this information,
interventions can be better planned to prevent damage caused by floods.

Early warning systems for flood forecasting are also crucial in flood risk
reduction efforts. With an effective early warning system, communities in
high-risk areas can be quickly notified, allowing them enough time to
prepare or even evacuate before the flood occurs.

Additionally, developing an understanding of flood hazards, community

vulnerabilities, emergency response capacity, and risk maps is another
important step in this initiative. This mapping will serve as a basis for the
Flood Risk Management Plan (FRMP). With a deep understanding of risks
and vulnerabilities, the government and communities can collaborate to
plan and implement effective strategies to reduce the impact of floods.

Chapter 1 - 1
Consultant Services for Development, Installation
and Interconnection of Flood Forecasting and
Final Report
Early Warning System (FFEWS) For Ciujung
River

Lastly, establishing clear and efficient communication procedures is key to

ensuring that all parties involved, from government officials to the general
public, receive necessary information in a timely manner. With effective
communication, coordination between different stakeholders will be more
efficient, ensuring that flood risk reduction efforts can be maximized.

Flood management has become an extremely important topic, particularly

in regions that frequently experience natural disasters. One tangible effort
in flood management is the initiative that involves institutional
strengthening, planning, and coordination at the provincial and district
levels. This initiative encourages provinces, districts, and cities to update
their government spatial plans, design medium-term development plans,
and allocate annual budgets based on the Flood Risk Management Plan
(FRMP).

In the context of flood management in the selected watershed, one

specific initiative is Subcomponent 1A under the auspices of the Data and
Information Center of the Cidanau-Ciujung-Cidurian River Basin Authority.
To ensure the effective management of data and information, the work
within this subcomponent is divided into two main packages. The first
focuses on improving the hydro-meteorological station network in the
Cidanau-Ciujung-Cidurian Regional Basin Organization (RBO) with the
Goods Code 1A-1. Meanwhile, the second package focuses on the
development of the Flood Early Warning System (FEWS) software to be
used in the data management of the Cidanau-Ciujung-Cidurian River Basin
Authority.

Several strategic steps have been designed to support more effective flood
management. The first step is hazard mapping, vulnerability mapping, risk
mapping, and emergency response mapping. These maps are crucial in
designing appropriate responses and interventions when floods occur.

Chapter 1 - 2
Consultant Services for Development, Installation
and Interconnection of Flood Forecasting and
Final Report
Early Warning System (FFEWS) For Ciujung
River

Next, the development of flood forecasting and early warning systems,

including communication systems, is essential. This system is designed to
provide timely information to communities to enable evacuation and
preventive actions as soon as possible. Furthermore, the capacity
development of the Cidanau-Ciujung-Cidurian River Basin Authority,
especially in the operation and maintenance of databases and the FEWS
system, is a vital step. Lastly, the development of decision support systems
for short and long-term flood management in the watershed will ensure
that actions taken are always based on accurate and relevant data and
field analysis.

1.2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES

1. The objectives of the Topographic and Bathymetric Measurement

Survey work in the Ciujung Watershed include:

a. Obtaining basic river topography data at survey locations,

including cross-sectional profiles.
b. Obtaining DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data for the entire
Ciujung Watershed, which is necessary for hydrological
analysis and modeling in the Flood Forecasting and Early
Warning System (FFEWS) for the Ciujung River.

2. The Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System (FFEWS) is a

crucial component in flood mitigation efforts. With this system,
potential losses in terms of lives and properties can be minimized.
However, to achieve optimal effectiveness, there are several main
objectives that need to be achieved by this system.

One important objective is to develop a system that can support and

build a public rainfall database. Rainfall plays a central role in the
occurrence of floods. With accurate and up-to-date rainfall data,
flood forecasting can be done more accurately. Moreover, it is
expected that the system will also facilitate early warning functions
with good coordination with the new hydrological stations.
Integrating data from the hydrological stations will allow for

Chapter 1 - 3
Consultant Services for Development, Installation
and Interconnection of Flood Forecasting and
Final Report
Early Warning System (FFEWS) For Ciujung
River

calibration and validation of their functionality, thus improving the

accuracy and speed of the early warning system's response.

However, having advanced systems and technology alone is not

enough. A comprehensive early warning system must include a
profound understanding of flood risks. This understanding involves
analyzing which areas are most vulnerable to floods, estimating
potential impacts, and determining the time required for
evacuation. Next, early detection of flood hazards is crucial. This
involves analyzing rainfall data, river water levels, and other factors
that can affect the likelihood of floods.

Furthermore, timely and accurate socialization and warning

notifications are crucial. The public needs to be clearly informed
about the potential flood threats and what actions they should take.
This includes evacuation procedures, necessary preparations, and
other relevant information.

Lastly, community-based disaster management is key to successful

flood mitigation. Communities must be actively involved in
planning, implementation, and evaluation processes. With a
community-based approach, disaster response can be faster, more
effective, and more tailored to local needs and conditions.

3. Developing a system to facilitate the Flood Forecasting Early

Warning System (FFEWS) according to hydrological data for
calibrating and validating the functionality of all stations.

4. This system includes flood risk information, early detection of flood

hazards, mass socialization and warning notifications, and
community-based disaster management.

1.3. TARGETS

In general, FFEWS is used for short-term flood forecasting (less than 48

hours ahead). When the river water level at a particular point (upstream)
exceeds a critical level, the potential timing of the occurrence
downstream can be estimated, along with the forecasted volume and
extent of the flooding.

Chapter 1 - 4
Consultant Services for Development, Installation
and Interconnection of Flood Forecasting and
Final Report
Early Warning System (FFEWS) For Ciujung
River

For example, if we have information that a 100 cm flood is expected to

occur within a timeframe of 12-24 hours in a specific area, we can be
more cautious and adequately prepare for it compared to a sudden flood
occurrence.

For example, flood officers or flood managers, or those authorized to

make decisions in this matter, can promptly make decisions—for
instance, closing the floodgates of reservoirs upstream. This can reduce
surface runoff (the volume of water that potentially causes flooding)
flowing downstream, or take action to evacuate residents. As residents,
for instance, we can immediately save valuable belongings and
documents, or even seek refuge, before the flood occurs. This way, we
can minimize the loss of life and property caused by floods.

1.4. SCOPE OF WORK

1.4.1. Scope of Topographic and Bathymetric Survey Work

a. Installation and Measurement of Pavement BM (Bench Mark)

The installation of Pavement BM is carried out if necessary. The

measurement is preferably done using CORS (Continuously
Operating Reference Stations) BIG as reference points. However, if
there are survey areas that are inaccessible or too far from the
available CORS BIG stations, it is required to install the necessary
number of Pavement BMs. The Pavement BMs are made of 5-inch
diameter PVC pipes filled with a mixture of cement, crushed
stone/gravel, and sand. The PVC pipes, with a length of 1 meter,
are embedded in the ground at a depth of 50 cm.

Chapter 1 - 5
Consultant Services for Development, Installation
and Interconnection of Flood Forecasting and
Final Report
Early Warning System (FFEWS) For Ciujung
River

Figure 1.1. Pavement BM Dimensions

The measurement of Pavement BMs is done using the static

differential method, with reference to CORS BIG stations for tie-in.
The duration of GPS observations is adjusted according to the
baseline distance as follows:

Table 1.1. GPS Observation Times

No. Baseline Length Minimum Observation Time

1. ≤ 5 km 30 minutes
2. 5 - 10 km 60 minutes
3. 10 - 20 km 90 minutes
4. ≥ 20 km 180 minutes

b. Topographic and Bathymetric Survey Measurement of Rivers

Topographic measurement is conducted to measure the riverbed

with an estimated depth of less than 2 meters. Topographic
measurement is also carried out to measure the riverbanks in the
entire survey area, with a border width of approximately ±20 meters
on the left and right sides of the river, based on the outermost water

Chapter 1 - 6
Consultant Services for Development, Installation
and Interconnection of Flood Forecasting and
Final Report
Early Warning System (FFEWS) For Ciujung
River

level during measurement. The topographic measurement is

performed using the RTK GNSS method with a cross-section
interval of about 30 meters, or adjusted according to the
topographic conditions at the survey location. If the terrain is hilly,
the cross-section interval will be closer, whereas if the terrain is
relatively flat, the cross-section interval can be wider.

Bathymetric measurement is conducted to measure the riverbed

with an estimated depth greater than 2 meters. Bathymetric
measurement is conducted using acoustic methods with a survey
device called SBES (Single Beam Echosounder), integrated with
GPS/GNSS RTK. This allows the depth measurements from the
Echosounder to be directly converted into riverbed elevation data.

c. Hydrological Sensor Elevation Measurement

In addition to measuring the riverbank topography, the topographic

survey activities in the Ciujung Watershed also involve measuring
the elevation of hydrological sensors at the Water Level Observation
Posts located in approximately 21 locations throughout the Ciujung
Watershed, which serve as AWLR (Automatic Water Level Recorder)
observation stations. Apart from the sensor elevation measurement,
the elevation of benchmarks (BM) and peilschall are also measured
at these Water Level Observation Post locations.

The elevation measurement of hydrological sensors is conducted

using dual-frequency GPS/GNSS Geodetic equipment with either
RTK or Static Differential methods, ensuring a maximum horizontal
and vertical accuracy tolerance of 30 cm.

d. Topographic Data Processing

Topographic data processing involves processing the measurement

data to depict the shape or condition of the measured land surface
in a digital form. The final data output is converted according to the
requirements of hydrological modeling, such as a DEM (Digital
Elevation Model) in *.dem or *.tiff format, and cross-sectional
profiles for each section. Topographic data processing also includes
a coordinate list (x, y, z) of the BM elevation measurements,

Chapter 1 - 7
Consultant Services for Development, Installation
and Interconnection of Flood Forecasting and
Final Report
Early Warning System (FFEWS) For Ciujung
River

peilschall measurements, and hydrological sensor measurements,

along with observation accuracy records and photographic
documentation in PDF format.

e. Processing of Ciujung Watershed DEM Data

The processing of Ciujung Watershed DEM data involves merging

and edge matching the Lidar DEM data with the national DEM data
(DEMNAS) for the entire Ciujung Watershed area, resulting in a
seamless DEM data set. The processing also includes replacing the
elevation values of the seamless DEM data around the river area
and its banks with elevation values obtained from topographic and
bathymetric measurements.

1.4.2. Scope of work Hydrology and Hydraulics Modeling

a. Hydrological and Hydraulic Modeling
1. Development of emergency response mapping and damage
curves
2. Flood forecasting model correlation level
3. Rainfall-runoff modeling
4. 1D modeling
b. Development of 1D & 2D Flood Prediction System
c. Decision Support System (DSS)

1.5. Activity Outputs

1.5.1. Topographic Survey Activity Outputs

a. Cross-sectional profile data from topographic and bathymetric
measurements of rivers, with a total length of approximately 122.09
km.
b. DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data from topographic and
bathymetric measurements of rivers, with a total length of
approximately 122.09 km.
c. Coordinate lists (x, y, z) of sensor elevation measurements, BM
measurements, and peilschall measurements at 21 Water Level
Observation Post locations.
d. Processed DEM data (seamless) derived from Lidar DEM data,
DEMNAS, and topographic and bathymetric measurements

Chapter 1 - 8
Consultant Services for Development, Installation
and Interconnection of Flood Forecasting and
Final Report
Early Warning System (FFEWS) For Ciujung
River

1.5.2. FFEWS (Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System) Activity

Outputs
a. Software tool and report on the 1D Rainfall-Runoff model
b. Software tool and report on the 1D-2D FFEWS model
c. Decision Support System (DSS) report

Chapter 1 - 9
Consultant Services for Development, Installation
and Interconnection of Flood Forecasting and
Final Report
Early Warning System (FFEWS) For Ciujung
River

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................1
1.1. BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................1
1.2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES..................................................................................3
1.3. TARGETS........................................................................................................................4
1.4. SCOPE OF WORK........................................................................................................5
1.4.1. Scope of Topographic and Bathymetric Survey Work..................................5
1.4.2. Scope of work Hydrology and Hydraulics Modeling......................................8
1.5. Activity Outputs...........................................................................................................8
1.5.1. Topographic Survey Activity Outputs................................................................8
1.5.2. FFEWS (Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System) Activity Outputs
9

Figure
Figure 1.1. Pavement BM Dimensions.................................................................................6

Table
Table 1.1. GPS Observation Times.........................................................................................6

Chapter 1 - 10