Abstract

At an early age, every one of us learns to despise cheating. Whether it be on the playground or in the
classroom, cheating is wrong. Even as we grow up and appreciate the nuances of competition in
business and in social interaction, there remains in us something of that child-like hatred of the
cheater. We no longer play kickball on the playground and instead we fill stadiums to watch Olympic
athletes perform Olympian feats of strength, speed and endurance, yet still we cling to a notion that
sporting competition ought to be fair, pure of dishonesty and cheating. While we enjoy to see fierce
competition and amazing athletic performance, when it comes to a steroid-fueled Ben Johnson
winning the 100 meter race in Seoul or man-like Chinese female swimmers racking up world records,
the use of performance enhancing techniques, whether it be drugs or blood transfusion robs the joy
from the enjoyment of sport. Examples of doping abound in almost every sport, with every
international competition comes more news of athletes caught using banned substance. At a
foundational level, the cheating spoils something. It makes the sport and the competition merely an
illusion. It works to destroy both the sport and the athletes competing. This paper explores the
depths of the effort we, as a society, are willing to go in order to preserve the essence of fairness in
competition and to protect those that compete. It lays out a comprehensive description of the state
of doping and its regulation in the modern Olympic Movement. It describes the past, present and
future of doping in international competition. This paper does not address professional sport
leagues, where doping issues are also prominent, because doping regulation is normally a
negotiated part of an employment agreement. Leagues negotiate with players unions and devise a
mutually agreeable system. Such systems do not reach the scope and complexity of the international
sports effort. The Olympic Movement, all of the sports that comprise Olympic competition and occur
in international games between countries, represents a far more complex and difficult regulatory
challenge. In fact, the lessons learned in the Olympic Movement ,regulation of doping might prove of
value in professional sport doping regulation.

DOPING IN SPORT: AN OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF DOPING AND ITS REGULATION IN

INTERNATIONAL SPORT

1.Introduction:

Doping, the use of prohibited substances or methods to enhance athletic performance, poses a
significant threat to the credibility and spirit of sports. While the desire for success and recognition is
inherent in competitive sports, resorting to doping methods represents a breach of ethical standards
and compromises the fundamental values of fairness and sportsmanship.

In breaking news, UCI, cycling’s governing body, has banned Armstrong for life, while Marion Jones
admits to storing steroids in the refrigerator, acknowledging, "I have no one to blame but myself."
Over the years, scientific progress has facilitated faster detection of doping in athletes, but
paradoxically, it has also made doping methods more sophisticated and elusive. Anti-doping agencies
face an overwhelming challenge, tasked with identifying a vast array of substances and detecting
invisible changes.

Traditional doping methods involve anabolic steroids, human growth hormones, and blood doping
with substances like EPO to increase red blood cell count and oxygenation of muscles. Scientific
advances have historically played catch-up with athletes and coaches adept at evading drug
detection, but the gap between doping and detection raises concerns among athletes like Ali Jawad,
a British Paralympian and former world-champion weightlifter. Ali suggests that the current system
catches only a small percentage of dopers, estimating that up to 30-40% may be evading detection.
Despite the introduction of biological passports, many clean athletes could be missing out on medals
due to inadequate testing.

For most of the history of anti-doping the focus was on trying to identify particular chemicals in
urine. For as long as the Olympics have existed athletes have cheated. But it’s only since the
International Olympic Committee started testing for doping in 1968 that the cheaters have been
officially caught.

The game changed in 2004 with the introduction of a bio-bank allowing the storage and re-testing of
athletes’ samples over an eight-year period. Then in 2009 came biological passports. Since then more
than 200 athletes have been caught doping. But that’s not the full picture.

In an anonymous survey at the 2011 World Athletics Championships an astonishing 44% of athletes
admitted to doping within the last year. But typically only 1-2% of samples test positive. And most
doping has in fact been detected years after it happened. And had it not been for the admissions of
two Russian whistleblowers and other intelligence many of those cases could still be unknown.

So why have biological passports not lived up to their promise as the way to stamp out doping? And
what’s the alternative? There’s a scientist in the south of England who seems to have an answer.

1.1 Yannis Pitsiladis research:

Yannis Pitsiladis is on the Medical and Scientific Commission of the IOC, the International Olympic
Committee. He’s spent more than a decade honing a new method to spot blood doping. It’s an
approach that might eventually be used to test and help stamp out, doping of any kind.

Yannis plans to add thousands of biomarkers through genetic sequencing. There are around 21,000
genes in the body. Several hundred switch on when an athlete takes a blood-thickening drug or has a
blood transfusion. And this changes the athlete’s genetic signature. By analysing these changes,
which can be detected weeks, possibly even months later, Yannis can spot blood doping, the method
used and even roughly when it took place. But the final stage of Yannis’s research could be the most
challenging. It’ll be labour-intensive, and time-consuming, require access to a DNA sequencer and a
supercomputer and it will cost an estimated £4m ($5.2m).

So far Yannis has secured over half a million pounds from sponsors and WADA, the World Anti-
Doping Agency. And a Chinese company has agreed to lend him a sequencer.

Yannis’s struggle to secure funding is typical of the wider challenge facing anti-doping researchers.
What really struck us when we talked to Yannis wasn’t just the science it was this funding gap.
Organisations that say that they want to rid sport of doping haven’t always put their money where
their mouth is. This emphasizes the critical need to strengthen the institutions combating doping in
sports and explores the complexities and politics surrounding the World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA).

Doping in sports remains a persistent and unethical challenge that undermines the principles of fair
play, integrity, and the pursuit of excellence. This report delves into the prevalence of doping in
various sports, the ethical implications associated with performance-enhancing substances, and the
consequences for athletes, sports organizations, and the sporting community as a whole.

“The sad thing about doping is how much it obscures our appreciation of greatness.”

-Malcolm Gladwell
Despite stringent anti-doping measures, cases of doping continue to surface across a wide range of
sports. Athletes succumb to the pressures of intense competition, financial incentives, and the
pursuit of glory, leading to the clandestine use of banned substances.

2. Ethical Implications:

a. Unfair Sporting Advantage:

The impact of doping, giving an unfair disadvantage to other athletes, is a critical ethical issue that
undermines the core principles of fair competition and equality in sports. Doping not only provides
the cheating athlete with an artificial advantage but also places clean athletes at a significant and
unjust disadvantage. To illustrate this impact, we can delve into the example of the Russian doping
scandal during the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.

In the lead-up to and during the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, it was revealed that the Russian Anti-
Doping Agency (RUSADA) and the Russian government orchestrated a state-sponsored doping
program. The program involved systematic cheating, including the manipulation of urine samples to
conceal the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Russian athletes. The extent of the doping
program became apparent when investigative reports, such as the McLaren Report, exposed the
widespread and coordinated nature of the cheating.

The impact on clean athletes who competed against those benefiting from the state-sponsored
doping program can be analyzed in several dimensions:

Athletes who engage in doping gain a physiological advantage that goes beyond their natural
abilities. In the context of the Russian doping scandal, the use of prohibited substances and methods
allowed Russian athletes to enhance their performance to an extent that clean athletes could not
match. This created an uneven playing field, compromising the integrity of the competition.

Clean athletes often invest years of rigorous training, discipline, and sacrifice to compete at the
highest level. The knowledge that competitors are gaining an unfair advantage through doping can
have a profound psychological impact. It introduces doubts about the legitimacy of the competition
and can lead to demoralization among clean athletes who question the value of their efforts.

Doping can directly impact the results and achievements of clean athletes. In the case of the
Russian doping scandal, clean athletes may have been denied rightful podium placements, medals,
and recognition due to competing against athletes with artificially enhanced performance. This not
only affects individual athletes but also distorts the historical records of sporting events.

The economic consequences of doping extend beyond the individual athlete. Sponsors, media rights
holders, and sports organizations invest in clean competition, assuming that the outcomes reflect the
athletes' natural abilities and efforts. When doping creates an unfair disadvantage for clean athletes,
it can lead to financial losses for stakeholders who expect a level playing field.

Clean athletes face the risk of compromised career trajectories when competing against dopers.
Denied opportunities for recognition, sponsorship deals, and career advancements, clean athletes
may find themselves in a disadvantaged position compared to their doping counterparts. The long-
term impact on their careers can be profound.

“I've been asked a lot lately if tennis is clean or not. I don't know any more
how you judge whether a sport is clean. If one in 100 players is doping, in my
eyes that isn't a clean sport.”
-Andy Murray
c. Erosion of Trust:

The impact of doping on trust in athletes is profound and far-reaching, affecting not only the
individuals involved but also the broader sports community. Trust is a fundamental element in any
sport, as athletes, fans, and stakeholders rely on the belief that competitions are conducted fairly
and that the results accurately reflect the athletes' skills and efforts. When doping scandals arise,
they erode this trust, casting a shadow over the integrity of the sport and leaving a lasting impact.

One notable example is the case of Lance Armstrong, a former professional cyclist and seven-time
Tour de France champion. Armstrong was at the center of one of the most extensive and infamous
doping scandals in the history of sports. For years, he vehemently denied using performance-
enhancing drugs, maintaining an image as a clean and inspirational figure in the world of cycling.
However, in 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) released a comprehensive report
providing evidence of Armstrong's systematic and sophisticated doping practices.

The revelation shattered the trust that fans and fellow athletes had placed in Armstrong. His fall from
grace not only impacted his personal legacy but also had broader implications for the sport of
cycling. Armstrong's case highlighted how a high-profile athlete, considered a hero by many, could
manipulate the system and deceive the public, sponsors, and even fellow competitors.
“To the cynics and sceptics, I say, I am sorry that they can't live a dream, or believe in miracles, as there are no
secrets to my success. Vive le Tour.”

—Lance Armstrong

Armstrong's doping scandal represented a betrayal of trust for millions of fans who believed in his
achievements and the narrative of overcoming adversity. The disillusionment experienced by fans
was substantial, as they had invested emotionally in Armstrong's story of triumph over cancer and
subsequent success in professional cycling.
 Doping not only gives the cheating athlete an unfair advantage but also undermines the trust
among competitors who compete on a level playing field. Clean athletes who invest time, effort, and
adhere to ethical standards can feel betrayed when faced with competitors who gain an artificial
edge through doping.

The fallout from doping scandals can extend to financial repercussions. Sponsors, who invest in
athletes based on their performance and marketability, may withdraw support when trust is
compromised. The financial consequences can extend beyond the individual athlete to affect the
broader economic ecosystem of the sport.

Doping scandals can lead to skepticism about the effectiveness of anti-doping measures. When
high-profile athletes manage to evade detection for an extended period, it raises questions about the
adequacy and reliability of testing protocols. This skepticism can make it challenging to rebuild trust
in the anti-doping system.

Doping scandals have a lasting impact on the reputation of the sport itself. The public perception of
a sport can be tarnished, leading to decreased interest and participation. Rebuilding the reputation
of a sport after a significant doping scandal requires time, transparency, and a concerted effort to
enforce clean competition.

In summary, the impact of doping on trust in athletes is profound and multifaceted, affecting not
only the individuals involved but also the entire sports ecosystem. The Lance Armstrong case serves
as a stark example of how a doping scandal can shatter the trust of fans, competitors, sponsors, and
the broader sports community, underscoring the importance of maintaining the integrity of athletic
competition.

4. Consequences associated with doping:

a. Athlete Sanctions:

Athletes caught doping are subjected to stringent sanctions that extend beyond mere disqualification
from a specific competition. The severity of these sanctions is designed to serve as a deterrent,
discouraging other athletes from engaging in similar unethical practices.

1. Suspension: Athletes found guilty of doping typically face suspension from competing in their sport
for a specified period. The duration of suspension may vary based on factors such as the type of
substance used, the athlete's history, and the governing body's anti-doping regulations.

2. Loss of Medals and Titles: Any medals, titles, or records achieved during the period of doping are
nullified. This not only affects the individual athlete's achievements but also impacts the historical
integrity of the sport.

3. Damage to Reputation: Doping tarnishes an athlete's reputation, which is often built on years of
hard work, dedication, and sportsmanship. The public and fellow athletes may view them with
skepticism and distrust, leading to social and professional repercussions.

b. Impact on Sports Organizations:

Doping scandals have far-reaching consequences for the organizations overseeing sports events. The
repercussions extend beyond the individual athlete to impact the overall sustainability and credibility
of the sport.
1. Reputational Damage: Sports organizations may suffer significant reputational damage, as doping
scandals tarnish the image of the sport. This loss of public trust can take years to rebuild and may
deter sponsors, broadcasters, and investors from associating with the sport.

2. Financial Losses: The withdrawal of support from sponsors, broadcasters, and fans can result in
substantial financial losses for sports organizations. Sponsors are less likely to invest in a sport tainted
by doping, and broadcasters may renegotiate contracts or even cancel deals, leading to a decline in
revenue.

3. Impact on Long-Term Viability: Doping scandals can compromise the long-term viability of a sport.
Reduced sponsorship, declining viewership, and a negative public perception may hinder the growth
and development of the sport at both grassroots and professional levels.

c. Legal Ramifications:

Doping can lead to legal consequences, involving athletes, coaches, and sports organizations facing
legal action for various offenses.

1. Breach of Contract: Athletes often have contractual agreements with sponsors, sports
organizations, and other stakeholders. Doping constitutes a breach of these contracts, and sponsors
may seek legal remedies, including compensation for damage to their brand image.

2. Fraud Charges: Doping can be considered a form of fraud, as it involves deception regarding an
athlete's true performance abilities. Legal action may be taken against athletes and, in some cases,
sports organizations on charges of fraud.

3. Negligence: Coaches, medical personnel, and sports organizations may face legal repercussions for
negligence if they are found to be complicit or negligent in preventing doping within their teams. This
can lead to lawsuits and financial penalties.

In summary, the consequences of doping go beyond the immediate sporting arena, affecting
athletes, sports organizations, and stakeholders on multiple levels. The combination of athletic
sanctions, damage to organizational reputation, and legal ramifications underscores the importance
of robust anti-doping measures in preserving the integrity of sports.

HEALTH ISSUES AND RISKS OF DOPING ON ATHLETE:

Many doping substances pose severe health risks to athletes, ranging from cardiovascular issues to
long-term organ damage. The pursuit of short-term success through doping jeopardizes an athlete's
well-being and sets a dangerous precedent for future generations.
Below listed are some PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS for each kind of Doping:

1.TESTOSTERONE AND ANABOLIC AGENTS

The primary medical use of these substances is to treat delayed puberty, some types of impotence,
and wasting of the body caused by muscle-wasting diseases. Some physiological and psychological
side effects of anabolic steroid abuse have potential to impact any user, while other side effects are
gender specific. The following list is not comprehensive but gives a snapshot of the effects that
testosterone use can have in healthy athletes.

 Acne
 Male pattern baldness
 Liver Damage*
 Premature closure of the growth centres of long bones (in adolescents) which may result in
stunted growth*
 Increased aggressiveness and sexual appetite, sometimes resulting in abnormal sexual and
criminal behaviour, often referred to as ‘Roid Rage’
 Withdrawal from anabolic steroid use can be associated with depression, and in some cases,
suicide.

GENDER SPECIFIC – MALES

 Breast tissue development*

 Shrinking of the testicles*
 Impotence
 Reduction in sperm production.

GENDER SPECIFIC – FEMALES

 Deepening of the voice*

 Cessation of breast development
 Growth of hair on the face, stomach and upper back*
 Enlarged clitoris*
 Abnormal menstrual cycles.

NOTE: * Effects may be permanent and can vary by individual.

2.SARMS

 SARMs (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators) are designed to work like Testosterone,
however they are experimental and not approved for human use. For this reason, the full
side effects are unknown, however given that SARMs act in a similar manner as steroids,
similar health risks as those listed above for other anabolic agents would be expected. Initial
research also shows that using SARMs puts users at risk of organ failure.

3.HUMAN GROWTH HORMONES (HGH), PEPTIDE HORMONES, AND RELATED SUBSTANCES

The primary medical use of these substances vary, but some are used in the treatment of cancer or
medical conditions affecting growth or regulation of the endocrine (hormonal) system. The presence
of an abnormal concentration of a hormone, its metabolites, relevant ratios or markers in your
sample is deemed to contain a prohibited substance unless you can demonstrate the concentration
was due to a physiological or pathological condition. Examples include human growth hormone
(HGH), insulin, human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH).
  Hypertension
 Heart attacks
 Thyroid problems
 Severe headaches
 Loss of vision
 Acromegaly (Protruding or enlarged jaw, brow, skull, hands and feet)
 High blood pressure and heart failure
 Diabetes and tumours
 Crippling arthritis.

4.BLOOD DOPING AND EPO

Blood doping is the practice of misusing certain techniques and substances to increase the red blood
cells in the body. There are three widely known substances or methods used for blood doping,
namely, erythropoietin (EPO), synthetic oxygen carriers and blood transfusions*. The primary use of
blood transfusions and synthetic oxygen carriers are for patients who have suffered massive blood
loss, either during a major surgical procedure or caused by major trauma. EPO is used in the
treatment of anemia (low blood count) related to kidney disease. However, misuse of these
substances and techniques could lead to a range of serious health effects.

 Increased stress on the heart

 Blood clotting
 Strokes
 Heart attacks
 Pulmonary embolism
 *With transfusions, there is an increased risk of infectious disease such as AIDS or hepatitis.

5.STIMULANTS

The primary medical use of these compounds is to treat conditions such as Attention Deficit
Disorders (ADD/ADHD), narcolepsy (sleep problems), and obesity. Stimulants have also been found in
supplements, like pre-workouts, found on supermarket and supplement store shelves. You should
make a habit of only using batch tested supplements to reduce your risk of consuming a dangerous
stimulant inadvertently.

 Insomnia
 Anxiety
 Weight Loss
 Dependence and addiction
 Dehydration
 Tremors
 Increased heart rate and blood pressure
 Increased risk of stroke, heart attack, and cardiac arrhythmia.

6.OPIOIDS

In small doses opioids have medical uses that include relieving severe pain. However, opioid
overdose is a medical emergency and can lead to respiratory depression and even death. The misuse
of opioids such as morphine, codeine and oxycodone can cause many health risks.

 Gastrointestinal problems like nausea, vomiting and constipation

 Failure to recognise injury
  Loss of balance, coordination and concentration
 Suppressed respiratory system
 Physical and psychological dependence; leading to addiction.

Psychological Toll:

 Doping not only has physical consequences but can also take a psychological toll on athletes.
The pressure to perform at an elite level, coupled with the fear of being left behind, can
contribute to mental health issues among athletes who resort to doping.

HOW DO WE COMBAT DOPING:

11. Whistleblower Protections:

 Encouraging whistleblowers within the sporting community is crucial for uncovering doping
practices. Establishing robust whistleblower protection programs can empower individuals to
come forward with information without fear of reprisal, contributing to the exposure and
elimination of doping.

12. Rehabilitation and Education:

 Beyond punitive measures, there is a growing recognition of the importance of rehabilitation

and education for athletes involved in doping. Providing support for athletes to understand
the consequences of their actions and offering avenues for redemption can be integral to
fostering a culture of clean competition.

13. Technological Solutions:

 Advances in technology also present opportunities for enhancing anti-doping efforts. The
development of more sensitive and accurate testing methods, including the analysis of
biological markers and the use of artificial intelligence, can aid in staying ahead of emerging
doping techniques.

14. Public Awareness Campaigns:

 Public awareness campaigns play a vital role in educating both athletes and the general
public about the detrimental effects of doping. By fostering a culture of fair play and ethical
competition, these campaigns contribute to the prevention of doping and the promotion of
clean sports.

15. Ethical Leadership:

 Ethical leadership within sports organizations is crucial for setting the tone and expectations
regarding doping. Leaders must prioritize and enforce a culture of integrity, transparency,
and accountability to ensure that athletes are not pressured or incentivized to compromise
ethical standards.

16. Research and Innovation:

 Continued research into the science of doping, as well as innovative approaches to anti-
doping measures, is essential. This includes exploring new detection methods, understanding
the motivations behind doping, and developing interventions to address the root causes of
doping behaviors.
17. Athlete Empowerment:

 Empowering athletes to make ethical choices is fundamental to the fight against doping.
Education programs that emphasize the value of clean competition and the long-term
benefits of natural athletic development can instill a sense of responsibility and integrity
among athletes.

In conclusion, addressing the complex issue of doping in sports requires a comprehensive and
evolving approach. This includes staying ahead of emerging tactics, leveraging technology for
detection, fostering international collaboration, and promoting a cultural shift towards clean and
ethical competition. Only through a concerted effort from all stakeholders can the sporting
community preserve the integrity and spirit of sports for future generations

TYPES OF DOPING

1) Stimulant

2)Anabolic steroids

3)Blood doping

4) Diuretics

STIMULANT DOPING

Stimulant doping in sports involves the use of substances that enhance alertness, energy, and
performance. This is often considered unethical and against the rules of fair play in sports. Various
organizations, such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), have strict regulations and testing
protocols to detect and deter the use of stimulants by athletes

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

Anabolic steroids doping in sports involves the use of synthetic substances that mimic the
effects of naturally occurring male sex hormones, such as testosterone. Athletes may use anabolic
steroids to increase muscle mass, strength, and overall athletic performance. However, this practice
is against the rules of fair play in sports and is considered a form of doping. Organizations like the
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) have stringent measures to detect and penalize athletes who
engage in the use of anabolic steroids.

BLOOD DOPING

Blood doping in sports is a prohibited practice that involves enhancing the blood's ability to
carry oxygen, thus improving an athlete's endurance and performance. This can be achieved through
methods such as blood transfusions or the use of substances like erythropoietin (EPO) that stimulate
the production of red blood cells. By increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, athletes
seek to improve stamina and overall athletic performance. However, blood doping is considered
unethical and against the rules of fair play in sports. Anti-doping agencies, including the World Anti-
Doping Agency (WADA), have strict regulations and testing procedures to detect and prevent blood
doping.

DIURETICS

Diuretics in sports refer to the use of substances that increase urine production, leading to
fluid loss and potential weight reduction. Athletes may misuse diuretics for various reasons, such as
rapid weight loss, dilution of banned substances in urine samples, or to mask the use of other
performance-enhancing drugs. However, diuretics are generally prohibited in sports because they
can pose health risks and may be used to manipulate doping control tests. Anti-doping organizations,
including the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), closely monitor and regulate the use of diuretics to
maintain the integrity of sports competitions and protect athletes' well-being.

BETA BLOCKER

Beta-blockers are a class of drugs traditionally used in heart disease and blood pressure treatment.
They slow the heart rate down substantially. Competitors such as archers, shooters, and billiards
players have used them to steady their shots.In archery and shooting, beta-blockers are prohibited at
all times; in other sports—which include billiards, darts, and golf, for instance—they are only banned
during competition

Doping as a trap, how it is illegal?

Doping is considered a trap in sports because it involves the use of prohibited substances or
methods to gain an unfair advantage. Various laws and regulations are in place to make doping illegal
in the context of sports. National and international sports organizations, as well as government
agencies, enforce anti-doping laws and regulations.

The World Anti-Doping Code, established by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), serves
as a comprehensive set of rules and guidelines to harmonize anti-doping efforts globally. Athletes
who violate these rules may face penalties such as suspension, disqualification, or loss of medals and
achievements. Additionally, some countries have specific legal frameworks that criminalize doping-
related activities.

By making doping illegal, authorities aim to uphold the principles of fair play, protect the
health of athletes, and maintain the integrity of sports competitions. This legal framework helps
ensure that athletes compete on a level playing field and that the spirit of sportsmanship is
preserved. We are now deep diving into one of the main agency which active works to prevent
doping.

WADA:

WADA's Role and Values

1. Introduction
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was established in 1999 as a response to a major doping
scandal that rocked the world of cycling in 1998. The agency aims to protect the rights of athletes,
promote clean sport, and preserve the spirit of sport globally. This case study explores the role of
WADA in addressing doping scandals and upholding its core values of Integrity, Openness, and
Excellence. WADA’s primary role is to develop, harmonize and coordinate anti-doping rules and
policies across all sports and countries. Their key activities include scientific and social science
research; education; intelligence & investigations; development of anti-doping capacity; and
monitoring of compliance with the World Anti-Doping Program.

2. WADA's Core Values

2.1. Integrity

WADA is committed to protecting the rights of athletes in the realm of anti-doping, contributing
significantly to the integrity of sports. The agency upholds the highest ethical standards, avoiding
improper influences and conflicts of interest that could compromise independent and unbiased
judgment. Policies, procedures, and practices developed by WADA reflect principles of justice, equity,
and integrity.

2.2. Openness

Impartiality, objectivity, and transparency are fundamental to WADA's approach. The agency
collaborates with stakeholders and the sports industry to combat doping, listening to athletes' voices
as key stakeholders most impacted by anti-doping policies. Emphasizing diversity and inclusivity,
WADA seeks equal representation and actively seeks feedback, fostering trust and respect among all
stakeholders.

2.3. Excellence

WADA conducts its activities with the highest standards of professionalism. The agency develops
innovative and practical solutions to facilitate the implementation of anti-doping programs.
Embracing and sharing best practices across all activities, WADA constantly seeks the most efficient
methods to fulfill its mission.

3. WADA's History

WADA was officially formed in 1999 following the First World Conference on Doping in Sport. The
Lausanne Declaration on Doping in Sport, resulting from this conference, led to the creation of an
independent international anti-doping agency. Established on November 10, 1999, WADA's
formation was initiated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) with the support of
intergovernmental organizations, governments, public authorities, and other entities dedicated to
combating doping in sports.

4. WADA's Brand Positioning

In 2022, WADA launched a refreshed brand positioning emphasizing a global collaborative mission
for doping-free sport. The modernized logo reflects openness, engagement, and impact. The green
color symbolizes the playing field, with the 'equal' sign representing fairness and equal opportunities
for all athletes. The new brand communicates WADA's determination to raise the game for athletes
worldwide.

5. WADA's Mission - "Play True"

WADA's mission extends beyond simply winning or losing games. The agency is dedicated to fair
competition, serving as a unifying force for doping-free sport. WADA aims to guide, enable, and
inspire athletes and the sports community to make the right choices. The "Play True" initiative
encourages fair play, emphasizing that everyone is at their best when playing fair and square

6.WADA’s MOTTO:

7.ADEL

The Anti-Doping Education and Learning Platform (ADEL) is the central hub for WADA’s eLearning
courses and education resources. ADEL supports the anti-doping community by providing training
solutions for athletes, their support personnel and other stakeholders.

8.ADAMS

The Anti-Doping Administration & Management System (ADAMS) is a digital tool that simplifies the
daily activities of all stakeholders and athletes involved in the anti-doping system. It coordinates and
simplifies anti-doping activities.The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has an obligation, under the
World Anti-Doping Code (Code), to coordinate anti-doping activities and to provide tools to assist
stakeholders with their implementation of the Code.

ADAMS is designed to be a secure and cost-free web-based system that centralizes doping control-
related information such as athlete whereabouts, testing history, laboratory results, the Athlete
Biological Passport (ABP), Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) and information on Anti-Doping Rule
Violations (ADRVs).

ADAMS is designed to allow anti-doping data to be securely stored and shared among relevant
organizations. It promotes efficiency, transparency and effectiveness in all anti-doping activities.

9.Therapeutic Use Exemptions

Athletes may have illnesses or conditions that require them to take medications. If the medication an
athlete is required to take to treat an illness or condition happens to fall under the Prohibited List
(List) a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) may give that athlete the authorization to take the needed
medicine.
WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD PROHIBITED LIST 2023
(As given by WADA)
1. Prohibited Substances & Methods:

S0 Non-Approved Substances:

Any pharmacological substance not approved by any regulatory health authority for human
therapeutic use is prohibited.

S1 Anabolic Agents:

Prohibited substances include anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and other anabolic agents.

S2 Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances, and Mimetics:

Prohibited substances include growth hormones, growth factors, and related peptides.

S3 Beta-2 Agonists:

Prohibited substances include beta-2 agonists, commonly found in medications for asthma.

S4 Hormone and Metabolic Modulators:

Prohibited substances include aromatase inhibitors and anti-estrogenic substances.

S5 Diuretics and Masking Agents:

Prohibited substances include diuretics and masking agents.

2. Substances & Methods Prohibited In-Competition:

S6 Stimulants:

Prohibited substances include stimulants, which can be found in medications for various medical
conditions.

S7 Narcotics:

Prohibited substances include narcotics, such as opioids.

S8 Cannabinoids:
Prohibited substances include natural and synthetic cannabinoids.

S9 Glucocorticoids:

Prohibited substances include glucocorticoids when administered by injectable, oral, or rectal routes.

3. Prohibited Methods:

M1 Manipulation of Blood and Blood Components:

Prohibited methods include tampering with or attempting to tamper with samples collected during
doping control.

M2 Chemical and Physical Manipulation:

Prohibited methods include intravenous infusions and/or injections exceeding 100 mL in a 12-hour
period.

M3 Gene and Cell Doping:

Prohibited methods include the use of nucleic acids, nucleic acid analogues, and gene or cell
manipulation.

4. Stimulants (In-Competition):

Stimulants, including specified and non-specified substances, are prohibited during competition.

5. Narcotics (In-Competition):

Narcotics, including specified substances, are prohibited during competition.

6. Cannabinoids (In-Competition):

Cannabinoids, including specified substances, are prohibited during competition.

7. Glucocorticoids (In-Competition):

Glucocorticoids are prohibited when administered by injectable, oral, or rectal routes during
competition.

WADA’S PROCESS INVOLVED IN DOPING TEST:

1)Notification:

Athletes are selected for testing either randomly or based on specific criteria (such as winning a
competition or suspicion of doping).

2)Reporting to the Doping Control Station:

Athletes report to the designated doping control station, which may be on-site at the competition
venue or another location.

3)Selection of Sample Collectors:

Trained anti-doping officials, known as Doping Control Officers (DCOs), carry out the collection of
samples. These individuals are responsible for maintaining the integrity of the testing process.

4)Athlete's Rights and Responsibilities:

 Athletes have the right to be informed about the process, request additional information, and have a
representative present during testing. They are also responsible for providing accurate and up-to-
date information about their whereabouts for out-of-competition testing.

5)Collection of Samples:

*For urine testing, athletes are asked to provide a urine sample in a private area under the
observation of a DCO of the same gender.

*For blood testing, a qualified medical professional draws a blood sample from the athlete.

6)Split Sample:

The collected sample is split into two containers, known as the "A" and "B" samples. The "A" sample
is tested immediately, while the "B" sample is stored for possible retesting if the "A" sample
produces a positive result.

7)Documentation:

The entire testing process is thoroughly documented, including the sealing and labeling of the
sample containers. Athletes may have the option to witness the sealing process.

8)Transportation of Samples:

The sealed samples are securely transported to a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-accredited
laboratory for analysis.

9)Results and Notification:

If the "A" sample tests positive, the athlete is informed, and they have the option to request the
analysis of the "B" sample.

If both samples confirm a positive result, the athlete faces potential sanctions, including suspensions
and disqualifications.

10)Appeals and Due Process:

Athletes have the right to appeal the results and participate in a fair and transparent process to
present their case.

The entire doping control process is conducted with the utmost confidentiality and transparency to
protect the rights and privacy of athletes. Athletes are expected to comply with anti-doping
regulations and cooperate with testing procedures to maintain the integrity of sports competitions.

STATISTICS OF DOPING CASES AS GIVEN BY USADA:

9 Doping Scandals That Changed Sports
Athletes have always been driven to win, but the advent of performance-enhancing drugs has
resulted in stripped titles, ban from sports and more.

1967: Cyclist Tom Simpson dies after Tour de France

CYCLIST TOMMY SIMPSON BEFORE THE FIRST STAGE OF THE TOUR DE FRANCE ON JUNE 21, 1966, IN
NANCY, FRANCE.

British cyclist Tom Simpson passed away during the Tour de France on July 13, 1967, as he pedaled
up Mont Ventoux on an extremely hot day. Simpson's cause of death was listed as a heart attack due
to dehydration. However, there were tubes of amphetamines in his jersey and an autopsy found
traces of amphetamines.
An official report related that the drugs Simpson took made it possible for him to push himself into
an overworked and dehydrated state. His death led to an International Cycling Union ban on the use
of performance-enhancing drugs in cycling.

1970s and '80s: German government forces its athletes to use steroids

SWIMMERS RECEIVE THEIR MEDALS AFTER THE WOMEN'S 400M FREESTYLE EVENT AT THE
MONTREAL OLYMPICS, JULY 1976: (L-R) SHIRLEY BABASHOFF OF THE U.S.A. (BRONZE), PETRA
THÜMER OF EAST GERMANY (GOLD) AND SHANNON SMITH OF CANADA (SILVER).

In the 1970s and '80s, the East German government decided to dose its athletes with performance-
enhancing drugs, most notably steroids, in the belief that sports wins would demonstrate the
superiority of communism. Athletes noticed their bodies changing, yet had little choice but to go
along in an authoritarian system. Some swimmers even said to each other, "You eat the pills, or you
die."

At the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, the East German women's swim team won 11 gold medals out of
a possible 13, contributing to an overall haul of 40 gold medals. Competitors and observers
suspected the East Germans were taking steroids, but state resources were used to continue and
cover up the doping program. All in all, at least 9,000 athletes were given performance-enhancing
drugs. Following German reunification in 1990, some perpetrators of the doping scheme were tried
and found guilty. However, this didn't erase the price paid by athletes, many of whom had been left
with lifelong health problems, including heart disease, infertility and cancer.

1988: Track star Ben Johnson tests positive for steroids

BEN JOHNSON CROSSES THE FINISH LINE TO WIN THE OLYMPIC 100M FINAL IN A WORLD RECORD
9.79 SECONDS ON SEPTEMBER 24, 1988, AT SEOUL OLYMPIC STADIUM.
When Canadian track star Ben Johnson won gold in the 100m at the Olympic Games in Seoul, South
Korea on September 24, 1988, he not only established a new world record but also defeated his
American rival, Carl Lewis. Then Johnson tested positive for the steroid stanozolol. In the face of this
evidence, he returned his gold medal, which then went to Lewis.

Johnson had fame and million-dollar promotional deals before his fortunes reversed soon after his
win. Yet his downfall helped open the world's eyes to the fact that doping, previously seen as a
Communist bloc issue, was happening throughout athletics.

1994: Diego Maradona's ephedrine use eliminates the soccer player from the World Cup

FANS HOLD UP A SIGN AT THE 1994 WORLD CUP FINALS CALLING FOR THE RETURN OF DIEGO
MARADONA AFTER HE WAS BANNED FOR FAILING A DRUG TEST.

Argentinian soccer player Diego Maradona, who'd led his team to victory in 1986's World Cup, tested
positive for five different variants of ephedrine at the 1994 World Cup. Though he'd been suspended
for 15 months in 1991-92 due to cocaine use, Maradona had seemed to be making a comeback: he'd
lost 26 pounds to get ready for the tournament and had demonstrated his continued abilities with a
goal and an assist in the first round.

Instead of continuing to represent his home country, Maradona made news for being tossed out of
the competition. His career lasted a few more years, but he never played for Argentina again.

1998: The Festina cycling team is caught doping during the Tour de France

FRENCH CYCLIST RICHARD VIRENQUE AFTER BEING ACCUSED OF TAKING PERFORMANCE-

ENHANCING DRUGS, JULY 17, 1998.

During a border search in Lille, a French town near Belgium, the Festina cycling team's masseur was
found to be transporting amphetamines, erythropoietin and steroids, all performance-enhancing
substances. Police searches, raids and arrests were set in motion by this discovery, even as the
Festina team began to compete in 1998's Tour de France.
After days of police interrogation, the team's manager and doctor admitted to the Festina team's
doping program. The team ended up being expelled from the race. The scandal became one of the
factors in the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999.

2003: The BALCO scandal begins

BARRY BONDS WARMS UP PRIOR TO BATTING DURING A GAME AGAINST THE HOUSTON ASTROS AT
MINUTE MAID PARK IN HOUSTON, TEXAS ON SEPTEMBER 23, 2003.

In October 2003, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency announced that the designer steroid
tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), which had been undetectable to tests, was used by a number of
athletes. It was a tipster—later revealed to be the former coach of track star Marion Jones—who had
informed investigators earlier in the year about the existence of THG, and that the source was the
Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative, called BALCO, and its founder, Victor Conte.

In 2007, Jones admitted to using steroids. She surrendered the five medals—three gold and two
bronze—she'd been awarded at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia. In 2008, she was sentenced
to six months in prison for lying to federal investigators about her steroid use. San Francisco Giants
player Barry Bonds, who broke baseball's all-time home run record in 2007, was another BALCO
client. He testified he never knowingly took steroids, but this denial was countered by reporting that
Bonds had used multiple performance-enhancing drugs.

2012: Cyclist Lance Armstrong is stripped of his Tour de France titles

LANCE ARMSTRONG SIGNS AUTOGRAPHS FOLLOWING TRAINING ON JULY 2, 2010, IN ROTTERDAM,

NETHERLANDS.
American cyclist Lance Armstrong won seven Tour de France titles in a row from 1999 to 2005. His
wins made him famous, and the fact that he accomplished this as a cancer survivor earned him even
more plaudits.

Along the way, questions were asked about his possible use of performance-enhancing drugs, but no
charges stuck. Then in 2010, Floyd Landis, a former teammate who'd been involved in his own
doping scandal, accused Armstrong of doping.

In 2012, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency charged Armstrong with the use of performance-enhancing
drugs. Armstrong ultimately didn't contest the charges, which resulted in the loss of his Tour de
France titles and a ban from the sport of cycling. The agency released a report in October calling
Armstrong part of "the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that
sport has ever seen." In January 2013, Armstrong confessed to Oprah Winfrey that he'd been doping
for all of his Tour de France wins.
“It's impossible to win the Tour de France without doping because the Tour is an endurance event where oxygen is
decisive. To take one example, EPO will not help a sprinter to win a 100m but it will be decisive for a 10,000m
runner. It's obvious.”

—Lance Armstrong

2013: The Biogenesis scandal reveals doping in the MLB

ALEX RODRIGUEZ ADDRESSES THE MEDIA AFTER PLAYING A MINOR LEAGUE GAME FOR THE
TRENTON THUNDER IN TRENTON, NEW JERSEY ON AUGUST 3, 2013.

In January 2013, news broke that Biogenesis, a Florida-based rejuvenation clinic, had been supplying
several Major League Baseball players with human growth hormone and other performance-
enhancing drugs. The story, set in motion by a clinic employee with an axe to grind, revealed that
doping was still a problem for baseball.

MLB investigated and proceeded to suspend more than a dozen players. Most were out for 50
games, while right fielder Ryan Braun received a 65-game suspension and Yankees star Alex
Rodriguez was suspended for 211 games (this was reduced to 162 games on appeal). Though
Rodriguez initially protested his innocence, he admitted his doping to federal investigators, in
exchange for immunity from prosecution. The scandal resulted in MLB promising to institute tougher
penalties and more frequent testing.

2021 and 2022: Russia's Olympic ban for state-sponsored doping

THE RUSSIAN OLYMPIC COMMITTEE LOGO IS PICTURED AT THE RUSSIAN OLYMPIC COMMITTEE
HEADQUARTERS IN MOSCOW ON NOVEMBER 23, 2019.

In 2016, the former head of an anti-doping laboratory in Moscow blew the whistle on a state-run
initiative to provide Russian athletes with performance-enhancing drugs, and to hide that use, at the
2014 Olympic Games in Sochi, Russia. He described a cover-up that involved the intelligence service
accessing "tamper-proof" bottles in order to replace urine from doping Russian athletes with safe-to-
test samples. The World Anti-Doping Agency commissioned an investigation that found evidence of
this elaborate scheme.

In December 2019, after receiving manipulated test results from the Moscow lab, the World Anti-
Doping Agency imposed a four-year ban on Russia for the Olympic Games and world championship
sporting events. This was reduced to a two-year ban by the Court of Arbitration for Sport in 2020.
Russian athletes were able to compete at the 2021 and 2022 Olympic Games, but not under the
Russian flag or with their country's anthem.

7. Evolving Tactics in Doping:

The landscape of doping is dynamic, with athletes and those supporting them continuously evolving
their tactics to circumvent anti-doping measures. This includes the use of new, undetectable
substances and sophisticated methods to avoid detection.

The rise of technology introduces new challenges, with the potential for "technological doping"
through the use of advanced equipment or wearable devices that provide an unfair advantage.
Striking a balance between technological innovation and maintaining fair competition is an ongoing
concern.

Gene editing and the future of doping in sport

It seems like something out of a sci-fi movie, but what if you could hack your DNA to make you run
faster, jump higher, and become stronger? Elite athletes are always looking for a competitive edge,
training hard to achieve peak performance. Some go further, pushing beyond the natural limits of
their bodies through artificial means.

Anti-doping agencies try to stay one step ahead, developing new tests to identify performance-
enhancing drugs. However, there's a new technology on the horizon that could be a game-changer –
gene doping. This involves athletes editing some of their genes to permanently alter their DNA,
enhancing their sporting performance. The potential is staggering; envision editing our genes to
make us like Superman, with longer endurance and heightened abilities. Unlike most doping agents
that wear off over time, gene doping offers a permanent effect.

Athletes, like Levira and Lina Nielsen, identical twins aspiring for Olympic glory, oppose shortcuts to
victory. Gene doping could have a greater impact than traditional performance-enhancing drugs, as
its effects are permanent and difficult to detect. At the core of gene doping is the injection of
modified genetic material, which, once introduced, becomes part of the body's natural composition.

Gene editing is still in the clinical trial stage, with potential severe side effects, from triggering
cardiac arrests to causing cancer. Athletes willing to gene-dope might be putting their lives at risk.
The definition of doping in sport is not always clear-cut, as some treatments that enhance
performance are allowed if an athlete has a medical condition. This blurs the lines, and athletes who
follow the rules may be called cheats.

Simone Biles faced allegations of using a banned substance, with critics claiming her medication for
ADHD provided an unfair advantage. In some cases, gene editing is considered another form of
therapeutic medicine that could revolutionize injury recovery by targeting muscle growth in specific
weak areas. The debate revolves around allowing gene editing when it has no misuse potential.

While gene editing might be a legitimate way to level the playing field for injured athletes, the
challenge is addressing whether it truly enhances performance. The boundaries between science and
sport are constantly shifting, and while scientific advances should be welcomed, it's crucial to ensure
they don't undermine fair competition.

The state of affairs and the future of the doping regulation

As the international sports community looks towards the future, the immediate future seems clear. As
WADA ramps up its activity and takes over regulatory and oversight responsibilities, its design is
intentionally crafted to address many of the problems in doping regulation today, it would appear that
WADA’s prospects for near term success are encouraging.
At this point we have come full circle, where the very love we have for international sport and
competition pushes sport to become what we do not love. Sport’s popularity drives massive profits.
Our love of competition drives athletes’ to desire to win, sometimes above all else. Our incredible
desire to enjoy athletic competition makes sport a profit enterprise and emphasis winning at all costs,
yet our conception of sport is such that we want it to be pure, devoid of external motives, incentives
and aid. It seems that we might not be able to enjoy both the purity of sport because by enjoying it so
much we change its fundamental nature.
While our love drives sport to become something it was not originally, our love and conception of the
sport also drives our desire to keep sport fair and healthy for all those involved and affected by sport.
Even if doping technology reaches a point where it no longer does harm to the athlete, there still seems
to something fundamentally different between training hard with a good diet and using some sort of
advanced technology to boost performance. Doping regulation is a necessary project in that it
struggles to preserve the a purity of sport, an institution we desire devoid of dishonesty and cheating.
In spite of the incredibly complex and difficult problems that face the anti-doping effort, the effort
continues. If it did not, sport would cease to be sport.

OUR FINDINGS IN THIS CASE STUDY:

//this part here is where we say what we learnt learnt from this case study.write your findings under
your name.

References:

[1] INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE , Olympic Movement Anti-Doping Code ch. 2, art.
2 (1999).
[2] DON H. CATLIN, M.D. , DOPING: AN IOC WHITE PAPER 9 (International Olympic
Committee ed., International Olympic Committee 1999).
[3] WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY , World Anti-Doping Code art. 4.3 (2003).
[4] BARRIE HOULIHAN, DYING TO WIN: DOPING IN SPORT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ANTI-DOPING POLICY 57 (Council of Europe Publishing 1999).
[5] Barrie Houlihan, The World Anti-Doping Agency: Prospects for Success , in DRUGS AND
DOPING IN SPORT: SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVES 125, 138 (John O’Leary ed., 2001).
[6] HOULIHAN , supra note 4, at 81.
[7] Id. at 57.
[8] World Anti-Doping Agency, Increased Scientific Knowledge (May 16, 2003) at http://www.wada-
ama.org/en/t2.asp?p=30452.
[9] INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE , Olympic Movement Anti-Doping Code art. 4.
[10] Olympic Movement Anti-Doping Code, Table of Contents.
[11] Olympic Movement Anti-Doping Code, Appendix A.
[12] HOULIHAN , supra note 4, at 58.

https://adel.wada-ama.org/learn/global-search/sport%20performance

https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/2023list_en_final_9_september_2022.pdf

https://adel.wada-ama.org/learn/courses/789/athlete-and-athlete-support-personnel-guide-to-the-
list-2023-english

https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/education-and-training/about-adel

https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/adams

https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/2023list_en_final_9_september_2022.pdf

https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/LEGAL_code_appendix.pdf