CHAPTER 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Topics to be covered-

➢ Magnetic field

➢ Field lines

➢ Field due to a current-carrying conductor

➢ Field due to current carrying coil or solenoid

➢ Force on a current-carrying conductor

➢ Fleming's Left Hand Rule

➢ Electric Motor

➢ Electromagnetic induction

➢ Induced potential difference

➢ Induced current

➢ Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.

Key Points and Concepts:

➔ Magnetic Field:- The region surrounding a magnet, in which the force of the magnet
can be detected, is said to have a magnetic field. Magnetic field is the area where the
influence of a magnet is felt.
❖ The magnetic field is a quantity that has both direction and magnitude.
❖ The direction of the magnetic field is taken to be the direction in which a north pole of
the compass needle moves inside it.

➔ Field Lines:- Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines that show the direction of
magnetic force and its strength.
❖ The field lines emerge from the north pole and merge at the south pole.
❖ No two field lines are found to cross each other.
★ Why don’t two magnetic lines of force intersect each other? [Delhi 2014]
★ State the direction of the magnetic field inside a bar magnet. [CBSE 2014]
★ Mention the special feature regarding the shape of magnetic field lines [CBSE 2014]
★ If magnetic field lines are crossed at a point, what does it indicate? [CBSE 2014]

➔ Field due to a current-carrying conductor:-

❖ When electric current flows through a current-carrying conductor, it produces a magnetic
field around it.
❖ Greater the current, the higher the deflection.

➔ Field due to a current-carrying coil or solenoid:-

❖ A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a
cylinder is called a solenoid.
❖ The field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines
❖ The field inside a solenoid is uniform.
★ What type of core is used to make electromagnets? [CBSE 2014]
★ What is the pattern of field lines inside a solenoid? What do they indicate?
[CBSE 2010]
★ How is a magnetic field produced in a solenoid used? [CBSE 2020]
★ Define a solenoid. Compare the magnetic field produced by a solenoid with that of a
bar magnet. [CBSE 2019]

➔ Force on a current-carrying conductor:-

❖ An electric current flowing through a conductor produces a magnetic field.
❖ The field so produced exerts a force on a magnet placed in the vicinity of the
conductor.
❖ The force is directly proportional to the current.
❖ The direction of the force is given by Fleming's left-hand rule.

➔ Flemings left-hand Rule:-

Fleming’s left-hand rule states that the direction of force applied to a current-carrying
wire is perpendicular to both, the direction of current as well as the magnetic field.
 Example:
A uniform magnetic field is directed vertically upwards. In which direction in this field
forces a particle (+ve) to be projected to that it is deflected southward? Name and
state the rule you have to use to find the direction in this force. [CBSE 2015]
Ans: The direction of motion of particles is from west to east. Fleming’s left-hand rule
is used to find the direction of the force.
➔ Electric Motor:-
❖ An electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy.
❖ An electric motor consists of a rectangular coil ABCD of insulated copper wire. The
coil is placed between the two poles of a magnetic field such that the arm AB and CD
are perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
❖ The ends of the coil are connected to the two halves P and Q of a split ring. The inner
sides of these halves are insulated and attached to an axle. The external conducting
edges of P and Q touch two conducting stationary brushes X and Y.
❖ Current in the coil ABCD enters from the source battery through conducting brush X
and flows back to the battery through brush Y.
❖ The force acting on arm AB pushes it downwards while the force acting on arm CD
pushes it upwards.
❖ The coil and the axle O are mounted free to turn about an axis, rotate anti-clockwise.
At half rotation, Q makes contact with the brush X and P with brush Y. Therefore the
current in the coil gets reversed and flows along the path DCBA.
❖ A device that reverses the direction of the flow of current through a circuit is called a
commutator. In electric motors, the split ring acts as a commutator.
❖ The reversal of current also reverses the direction of force acting on the two arms AB
and CD. The arm AB of the coil that was earlier pushed down is now pushed up and the
arm CD previously pushed up is now pushed down.
❖ Therefore the coil and the axle rotate half a turn more in the same direction. The
reversing of the current is repeated at each half rotation, giving rise to a continuous
rotation of the coil and the axle.

➔ Electromagnetic Induction:- The process, by which a changing magnetic field in a

conductor induces a current in another conductor, is called electromagnetic
induction.
❖ The induced current is found to be the highest when the direction of motion of the
coil is at right angles to the magnetic field.
 ★ Under what conditions a permanent electromagnet is obtained if a current-carrying
solenoid is used? Support your answer with the help of a labeled circuit diagram.
[NCERT Exemplar] [CBSE 2020]
★ A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What will happen if a
bar magnet is (a) pushed into the coil, (b) withdrawn from inside the coil,c) held
stationary inside the coil? [NCERT] [CBSE 2020]

➔ Induced potential difference:- Motion of a magnet with respect to the coil produces
an induced potential difference, which sets up an induced electric current in the
circuit.

Example: Name any one method to induce a current in a coil. [CBSE 2013]
Ans: It can be done by moving a magnet towards the coil.

Example: With the help of an activity, explain the method of inducing electric current
in a coil with a moving magnet. State the rule used to find the direction of electric
current thus generated in the coil. [CBSE Sample paper 2018-19]
Ans: Take a coil of wire AB having a large number of turns. Connect the ends of the
coil to a galvanometer as shown in figure. Take a strong bar magnet and move its
north pole towards the end B of the coil. There is a momentary deflection in the
needle of the galvanometer, say to the right. This indicates the presence of a current
in the coil AB. The deflection becomes zero the moment the motion of the magnet
stops. Now withdraw the north pole of the magnet away from the coil. Now the
galvanometer is deflected toward the left, showing that the current is now set up in
the direction opposite to the first. Fleming’s right hand rule is used find the direction
of electric current generated in the coil.

❖ Fleming's Right-Hand Rule:-

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule states that if we arrange our thumb, forefinger, and middle
finger of the right-hand perpendicular to each other, then the thumb points towards
 the direction of the motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic field, the
forefinger points toward the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger
points towards the direction of the induced current.

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