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Notes of Ch 13 Magnetic E몭ects of Electric

Current| Class 10th Science
 12 Aug, 2017

Study Material and Notes of Ch 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Class 10th Science

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Properties of magnet
→ Characteristics of Field lines
→ Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet
• Right Hand Thumb Rule
• Magnetic Field due to current through a Straight conductor
• Magnetic 몭eld due to Current through a Circular Loop
→ Factors a몭ecting magnetic 몭eld of a circular current carrying conductor
• Solenoid
→ Directionof magnetic 몭eld
• Electromagnet
• Permanent Magnet
• Force on a current carrying conductor in a Magnetic 몭eld
• Fleming's Left Hand Rule
→ MRI (Magnetic Resonance imaging)
→ Galvanometer
• Electric Motor and its working
→ Commutator
→ Armature
→ Commercial use of electric motors
• Electro magnetic Induction
• Fleming's Right Hand Rule
• Electric Generator and its working
• Alternate Current (A.C.)
→ Advantage of A.C.
→ Disadvantage of A.C.
• Direct current (D.C.)
• Domestic Electric Circuits
→ Earth wire
→ Short circuit
→ Overloading
→ Causes of overloading
→ Safety devices

Introduction

→ Magnet is any substance that attracts iron or iron-like substances.

→ An electric current-carrying wire behaves like a magnet.

→ Electromagnets and electric motors involve the magnetic e몭ect of electric current,
and electric generators involve the electric e몭ect of moving magnets.

→ Compass needle get de몭ected on passing an electric current through a metallic

conductor.

Properties of Magnet

(i) Every magnet has two poles i.e. North and South.

(ii) Like poles repel each other.

(iii) Unlike poles attract each other.

(iv) A freely suspended bar magnet aligns itself in nearly north-south direction, with its
north pole towards north direction.

Characteristics of Field Lines

→ Field lines arise from North pole and end into South pole of the magnet.

→ Field lines are closed curves.

→ Field lines are closer in stronger magnetic 몭eld.

→ Field lines never intersect each other as for two lines to intersect, there must be two
north directions at a point, which is not possible.

→ Direction of 몭eld lines inside a magnet is from South to North.

→ The relative strength of magnetic 몭eld is shown by degree of closeness of 몭eld

lines.

Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet

→ H. C. Oersted was the 몭rst person to state that electric current has magnetic 몭eld.

Right Hand Thumb Rule

→ Imagine you are holding a current carrying straight conductor in your right hand such
that the thumb is pointing towards the direction of current.
→ Then the 몭ngers wrapped around the conductor give the direction of magnetic 몭eld.

Magnetic Field due to Current through a Straight Conductor

→ It can be represented by concentric circles at every point on conductor.

→ Direction can be given by right hand thumb rule or compass.

→ Circles are closer near the conductor.

→ Magnetic 몭eld ∝ Strength of current.

→ Magnetic 몭eld ∝ 1/Distance from conductor

Magnetic Field due to Current through a Circular Loop

→ It can be represented by concentric circle at every point.

→ Circles become larger and larger as we move away.

→ Every point on wire carrying current would give rise to magnetic 몭eld appearing as
straight line at centre of the loop.

→ The direction of magnetic 몭eld inside the loop is same.

Factors a몭ecting magnetic 몭eld of a circular current carrying conductor

→ Magnetic 몭eld ∝ Current passing through the conductor

→ Magnetic ∝ 1/Distance from conductor

→ Magnetic 몭eld ∝ No. of turns in the coil

→ Magnetic 몭eld is additive in nature i.e., magnetic 몭eld of one loop adds up to
magnetic 몭eld of another loop. This is because the current in each circular turn has some
direction.

Solenoid
→ A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in a cylindrical
form.

→ Magnetic 몭eld of a solenoid is similar to that of a bar magnet.

→ Magnetic 몭eld is uniform inside the solenoid and represented by parallel 몭eld lines.

Direction of magnetic 몭eld

(i) Outside the solenoid: North to South

(ii) Inside the solenoid: South to North

→ Solenoid can be used to magnetise a magnetic material like soft iron.

Electromagnet

→ It is a temporary magnet, so, can be easily demagnetised.

→ Strength can be varied.

→ Polarity can be reversed.

→ Generally strong magnet.

Permanent Magnet
→ Cannot be easily demagnetised.

→ Strength is 몭xed.

→ Polarity cannot be reversed.

→ Generally weak magnet.

Force on a Current carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Andre Marie Ampere suggested that the magnet also exerts an equal and opposite force
on a current carrying conductor.

→ The displacement in the conductor is the maximum when the direction of current is
at right angle to the direction of magnetic 몭eld.

→ Direction of force is reversed on reversing the direction of current.

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

→ Stretch the thumb, fore 몭nger and middle 몭nger of your left hand such that they are
mutually perpendicular.
→ If fore 몭nger points in the direction of magnetic 몭eld, middle 몭nger in the direction of
current then thumb will point in the direction of motion or force.

→ Heart and brain in the human body have signi몭cant magnetic 몭eld.

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Image of internal organs of body can be obtained
using magnetic 몭eld of the organ.

• Galvanometer: Instrument that can detect the presence of current in a circuit. It also
detects the direction of current.

Electric motor

→ An electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy to mechanical

energy.

→ An electric motor consists of a rectangular coil ABCD of insulated copper wire. The
coil is placed between the two poles of a magnetic 몭eld such that the arm AB and CD are
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic 몭eld.

→ The ends of the coil are connected to the two halves P and Q of a split ring. The inner
sides of these halves are insulated and attached to an axle.

→ The external conducting edges of P and Q touch two conducting stationary brushes X
and Y, respectively.
and Y, respectively.

→ Current in the coil ABCD enters from the source battery through conducting brush X
and 몭ows back to the battery through brush Y.

→ The force acting on arm AB pushes it downwards while the force acting on arm CD
pushes it upwards.

→ Thus the coil and the axle O, mounted free to turn about an axis, rotate anti-
clockwise.

→ At half rotation, Q makes contact with the brush X and P with brush Y. Therefore the
current in the coil gets reversed and 몭ows along the path DCBA.

→ The split ring acts as a commutator which reverse the direction of current and also
reverses the direction of force acting on the two arms AB and CD.

→ Thus the arm AB of the coil that was earlier pushed down is now pushed up and the
arm CD previously pushed up is now pushed down.

→ Therefore the coil and the axle rotate half a turn more in the same direction. The
reversing of the current is repeated at each half rotation, giving rise to a continuous
rotation of the coil and to the axle.

• Commutator: A device that reverses the direction of 몭ow of current through a circuit is
called a commutator.

• Armature: The soft iron core, on which the coil is wound including the coils is called
armature. It enhances the power of the motor.

Commercial use of motors

(i) an electromagnet in place of permanent magnet

(ii) large number of turns of the conducting wire in the current-carrying coil

(iii) a soft iron core on which the coil is wound.

Electro Magnetic Induction

→ When a conductor is placed in a changing magnetic 몭eld, some current is induced in
it.

→ Such current is called induced current and the phenomenon is called electromagnetic
induction.

Activity No. 1

(i) Magnet moved into the coil: Momentary de몭ection in G indicating presence of
current.

(ii) Magnet kept stationary inside the coil: No de몭ection.

(iii) Magnet is withdrawn: Momentary de몭ection in G but in opposite direction of 몭rst

case.

Activity No. 2
(i) Switched on: Momentary de몭ection in G.

(ii) Steady current: No de몭ection.

(iii) Switched o몭: Momentary de몭ection in G but in opposite direction of the 몭rst case.

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

→ Hold the thumb, the fore 몭nger and the middle 몭nger of right hand at right angles to
each other.

→ If the fore 몭nger is in the direction of magnetic 몭eld and the thumb points in the
direction of motion of conductor, then the direction of induced current is indicated by
middle 몭nger.

• Working principle of electric generator.

• Used to 몭nd direction of induced current.

Electric Generator

→ An electric generator, mechanical energy is used to rotate a conductor in a magnetic

몭eld to produce electricity.
→ An electric generator consists of a rotating rectangular coil ABCD placed between the
two poles of a permanent magnet.

→ The two ends of this coil are connected to the two rings R1 and R2. The inner side of
these rings are made insulated.

→ The inner side of these rings are made insulated. The two conducting stationary
brushes B1 and B2 are kept pressed separately on the rings R1 and R2, respectively.

→ The two rings R1 and R2 are internally attached to an axle. The axle may be
mechanically rotated from outside to rotate the coil inside the magnetic 몭eld.

→ Outer ends of the two brushes are connected to the galvanometer to show the 몭ow
of current in the given external circuit.

→ When the axle attached to the two rings is rotated such that the arm AB moves up
(and the arm CD moves down) in the magnetic 몭eld produced by the permanent magnet.

→ After half a rotation, arm CD starts moving up and AB moving down. As a result, the
directions of the induced currents in both the arms change, giving rise to the net
induced current in the direction DCBA.

→ The current in the external circuit now 몭ows from B1 to B2. Thus after every half
rotation the polarity of the current in the respective arms changes.

• To get a direct current (DC), a split-ring type commutator must be used. With this
arrangement, one brush is at all times in contact with the arm moving up in the 몭eld,
while the other is in contact with the arm moving down.

• The direct current always 몭ows in one direction, whereas the alternating current
reverses its direction periodically.

Alternate Current (A. C.)

→ The current which reverses its direction periodically.

→ In India, A. C. reverses its direction in every 1/100 second.

Time period = 1/100 + 1/100 = 1/50 s
Frequency = 1/time period = 1/50 = 50 Hz

Advantage of A.C.

→ A. C. can be transmitted over long distance without much loss of energy.

Disadvantage of A.C.

→ A. C. cannot be stored.

Direct Current (D. C.)

→ The current which does not reverse its direction.

→ D. C. can be stored.

→ Loss of energy during transmission over long distance is high.

→ Sources of D. C.: Cell, Battery, Storage cells.

Domestic Electric Circuits

→ There are three kinds of wires used:

(i) Live wire (positive) with red insulation cover.

(ii) Neutral wire (negative) with black insulation cover.
(iii)Earth wire with green insulation cover.

→ The potential di몭erence between live and neutral wire in India is 220 V.

→ Pole ⇒ Main supply ⇒ Fuse ⇒ Electricity meter ⇒ Distribution box ⇒ To separate

circuits
 • Earth Wire: Protects us from electric shock in case of leakage of current especially in
metallic body appliances. It provides a low resistance path for current in case of leakage
of current.

• Short Circuit: When live wire comes in direct contact with neutral wire accidentally. The
resistance of circuit becomes low which can result in overloading.

• Overloading: When current drawn is more than current carrying capacity of a

conductor, it results in overloading.

Causes of overloading

(i) Accidental hike in voltage supply.

(ii) Use of more than one appliance in a single socket.

Safety devices

(i) Electric fuse

(ii) Earth wire
(iii) MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

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