Professional Documents
Culture Documents
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
The various methods of contraception are enlisted below:
INTRODUCTION
1) DEFINITION 1
3
5 7
Barrier Injections Surgical
methods IUDs & implants methods
According to WHO, reproductive health means a total well being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e. physical, emotional, social and behavioral.
2 6
Spermicidal
4 Emergency
Oral pills contraceptives
jellies
• REASONS FOR INCREASE IN POPULATION SIZE : (III) Intra-uterine devices (IUDs) : (IV) Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs) or tablets :
• Inserted by doctors or expert nurses in uterus.
• Measures Taken By Government To Check Population Growth Rate : • IUDs are one of the most widely accepted method Parameter Non-steroidal Steroidal
• Decline in death rate. • Motivate smaller families by using various contraceptive methods with slogans of contraception in India.
• Rapid decline in maternal mortality rate (MMR). "Hum do Hamare do", advertisements and posters.
• Decrease in infant mortality rate (IMR). • Urban couples adopting : "One child norm". Progestogens (Prg)
Example or
• Increase in number of people in reproducible age. • Statutory raising of marriageable age: Saheli. alone or combination
composition. of Prg and Estrogens (Est).
• Increase in health facilities. • Female to 18 years.
• Male to 21 years.
Types
• Incentives given to couples with small families. Inhibit ovulation
Mode of Interferes & implantation;
• Non medicated IUDs. also alter the quality
• Example:
• Medicated IUDs. action. with implantation. of cervical mucus to
5) NATURALTRADITIONAL METHODS
• Principle of avoiding physical meeting of the egg and sperms.
(V) Implants :
• Chances of failure are high. • Placed under skin.
• Effective periods are much longer.
Method Mode of Action (MoA) • Composition: Progestagens alone/Combination of Progestagens and Estrogens.
Couples abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle i.e. fertile period.
Periodic abstinence :
• Mode of Action (MoA).
Insemination is avoided as the male partner, Coitus interruptus, withdraws his penis from
Withdrawal method : the vagina just prior to ejaculation.
• Inhibit ovulation and implantation.
Lactational amenorrhea :
Absence of menstruation upto 6 months during period of intense lactation • Alter the quality of cervical mucus to retard entry of sperms.
following parturition.
• Injections usually share similar MoA and composition as implants.
(VI) Emergency contraceptives : (VII) Surgical/Sterilisation methods :
• Poor reversibility but highly effective.
11) INFERTILITY
• Mode of action
Blocks gamete transport. • Infertile couple : Unable to produce children inspite of 2 years of unprotected sexual co-habitation.
• In females: • In males:
• Cut and tie • Cut and tie Physical Congenital
fallopian tubes. vas deferens.
• Incision in • Small incision
abdomen or on the scrotum. Reasons
8) MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY through vagina. Diseases for infertility
Immunological
(MTP)/INDUCED ABORTION :
10) SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS) : • Symptoms and complications of STIs : Parameter : Upto 8 blastomeres : More than 8 blastomeres:
• Location. In fallopian tube.
• Alternately named: Venereal diseases (VD) or In uterus.
• Technique. • ZIFT: zygote Intra
reproductive tract infections (RTls). • IUT: Intra uterine
fallopian transfer. transfer fallopian
• High vulnerability/risk group: 15-24 years.
• Mode of transmission (MoT): Sexual intercouse. 1 Early detection
2 Late detection
transfer.
Pelvic inflammatory
1 Bacterial Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydiasis. Itching, fluid discharge, diseases (PIDs),
slight pain, swellings abortions, still births,
ectopic pregnancies, • Other details of ART involved :
2 Protozoan Trichomoniasis. in the genital region.
infertility, cancer of
reproductive tract. (i) ICSI : Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection :
Genital herpes, Hepatitis-B, Genital warts, AIDS.
3 Viral
• Sperm injected directly into the egg.