Biology Investigatory Final 1

DEVANSH BHANDARI XII-A BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
MANSUKHBHAI KOTHARI NATIONAL

SCHOOL
An Investigatory
Project
Submitted By
DEVANSH
BHANDARI
XII
Under the
Guidance of
MRS.
BANHISHIKHA
BHATACHAYAJEE
BIOLOGY MA’AM
1|Page
REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH
2|Page
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Master Devansh Bhandari of Class XII-A of
Mansukhbhai Kothari National School, Pune has successfully
completed the biology investigatory in the partial fulfillment
of curriculum of Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)
leading to award of annual examination of the year 2021-22.
--------------------------------- -------------------------------
Teacher’s signature Principal
----------------------------------
School Stamp
3|Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I express my gratitude to the Almighty
Lord for the divine guidance and wisdom showered on
me to undertake this project.
I am immensely grateful to my beloved Principal for
her involvement in this project by providing useful
inputs and timely suggestions.
I am also thankful to my Biology Ma’am for his
guidance and help to make this project a success.
My Parents also played a key role in shaping up
this project and I convey my special thanks to them as
well.
4|Page
INDEX
1) INTRODUCTION
2) REPRODUCTIVE HEATH PROBLEM AND

STRATERGIES
3) POPULATION EXPOSURE AND BIRTH

CONTROL
4) CONTRACEPTION
5) MEDICAL TERMINATION OF
PREGNANCY
6) SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
7) INFERTILITY
8) CONCLUSION
5|Page
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
 It is the state of physical, emotional, behavioral and social
fitness for leading a reproductive life.
 According to WHO: A total well-being in all aspects of
reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, behavioral and
social.
Reproductive health refers to the condition of male and

female reproductive systems during all life stages. These
systems are made of organs and hormone-producing glands,
including the pituitary gland in the brain. Ovaries in females
and testicles in males are reproductive organs, or gonads,
that maintain health of their respective systems. They also
function as glands because they produce and release
hormones.
6|Page
Reproductive disorders
Female disorders include:
 Early or delayed puberty.

 Endometriosis, a condition where the tissue that
normally lines the inside of the womb, known as the
endometrium, grows outside of it.
 Inadequate breastmilk supply.
 Infertility or reduced fertility (difficulty getting
pregnant).
 Menstrual problems including heavy or irregular
bleeding.
 Polycystic ovary syndrome, ovaries produce more male
hormones than normal.
 Problems during pregnancy.
 Uterine fibroids, noncancerous growths in a woman’s
uterus or womb.
Male disorders include:
 Impotence or erectile dysfunction.

 Low sperm count.
Scientists believe environmental factors are likely to play a
role in some reproductive disorders. Research shows
exposure to environmental factors could affect reproductive
health in the following ways:
 Exposure to lead is linked to reduced fertility in both

men and women.
7|Page
 Mercury exposure has been linked to issues of the

nervous system like memory, attention, and fine motor
skills.
 Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), a drug prescribed
to women during pregnancy, can lead to increased risks
in their daughters of cancer, infertility, and pregnancy
complications.
 Exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds,
chemicals that interfere with the body’s hormones, may
contribute to problems with puberty, fertility, and
pregnancy.
8|Page
Reproductive Health- Problems & Strategies

 India was among the 1st countries to initiate actions &
plans to attain total reproductive health as social goal.
 These programs are called as ‘FAMILY PLANNING’-
initiated in 1951.
 Improved programs covering reproduction related
areas are in operation- ‘Reproductive & Child Health
Care Programs’ (RCH)
 Create awareness about various reproduction aspects &
provide facilities and support to build reproductively
healthy society
POPULATION EXPLOSION AND BIRTH CONTROL
9|Page
 The increase in size and growth of human population is

called population explosion.
 Indian population- 350 million at independence and
crossed 1 billion in May 2000
 Alarming growth rate- scarcity of basic requirements
(food, shelter & clothing)
 The reason for high population explosion are:
1. Decline in death rate.
2. Longer life span.
3. Decline in maternal mortality rate (MMR)
4. Decline in infant mortality rate (IMR)
5. Some religious belief against birth control.
6. Lack of reproductive health knowledge.
 Some steps to overcome population explosion:
1. Motivate smaller families using contraceptive
methods
2. Awareness through media, posters/ bills- Hum Do
Hamare Do (we two, our two)
3. Couples mostly young, urban, working ones adopted
‘one child norm’
4. Statutory raising of marriageable age, female- 18,
male- 21
10 | P a g e
5. Incentives to couples with small families

6. Contraceptive methods, to prevent unwanted
pregnancies
Contraception
11 | P a g e
1. Natural methods: It works on the principle of avoiding

chances of ovum and sperms meeting.
a) Periodic abstinence: Is a method in which couple avoid
or abstain coitus form day 10 to 17 of the menstrual
cycle when ovulation could be expected.
b)Withdrawal or coitus interruptus: In this method male
partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before
ejaculation to avoid insemination.
c) Lactational amenorrhea: Based on fact that
ovulation/cycle absent during intense lactation
following parturition. Hence chance of fertilization is
12 | P a g e
absent. Effective for 6 months, side effects are nil.

Chances of failure are high
2. Physical contraceptive or Barrier methods: This

method prevents contact of sperm and ovum by barrier.
Available both for male and female.
a) Condoms: Barriers made of thin rubber/ latex sheath,
self inserted & disposable. Covers penis in male &
vagina and cervix in female. It is used so that semen do
not enter the female reproductive tract. It also prevents
AIDS and STDs.
b)Diaphragm, cervical caps and vaults: Barrier, made of
rubber latex. Inserted into the female reproductive tract
to cover the cervix. Block entry of sperm through cervix,
reusable. Spermicidal cream, jellies, foams along with
these barriers
c) Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs ): These
devices are only used by female.
Inserted by doctor or nurses in the
uterus through vagina.
13 | P a g e
They are available as:
 Non-medicated IUDs e.g. Lippes loop: Phagocytosis of

sperm
 Copper releasing IUDs (CuT, Multiload 375):
Cu ion released suppresses sperm motility and
fertilizing capacity of sperm. IUDs
increases phagocytosis of sperm
within the uterus.
 Hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG): make the

uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix
hostile to the sperm. IUDs are ideal for female- to delay
pregnancy/ space children. Widely accepted
contraception in India.
3. Oral contraceptives:
14 | P a g e
Oral administration of small doses of progesterone or

progesterone estrogen combination. Female, tablets &
so called pills, taken daily for a period of 21 days. Inhibit
ovulation & implantation & alter the quality of cervical
mucus to prevent entry of sperm. Effective less side
effects, Eg. Saheli- non steroidal preparation, once a
week.
4. Injections or implants: Progesterone alone or in

combination with estrogen used as injections or
implants under the skin of female. Action similar to

pills, effective for long periods. Progesterone or
combination of progesterone and estrogen or IUDs-
within 72 hours of coitus are effective as emergency
contraceptives to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape
or unprotected intercourse.
15 | P a g e
5. Emergency contraceptives: These methods are used

within 72 hours of coitus, casual
in unprotected intercourse.
Administration of progesterone
or progesterone-estrogen
combination.
6. Surgical methods: It is also called as sterilization

method advised to male/ female partner to prevent any
future pregnancy. Blocks gamete transport, thus
prevent conception. Sterilization in male is called-
vasectomy & female- ‘tubectomy’. Vasectomy- a small
part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through
incision made on scrotum. Tubectomy- small part of
fallopian tube is removed or tied up through incision of
abdomen/ vagina. Highly effective, reversibility is very
poor.
MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP)
16 | P a g e
 Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy is

called medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) or
induced abortion. 45 to 50 million MTPs/ year- world.
 Though decreases population- not meant for that
purpose.
 Acceptance/legalization is debated due to emotional,
ethical, religious & social issues. Government of India
legalized- 1971, with strict restrictions to check
indiscriminate & illegal female foeticide.
MTP can be used to get rid of unwanted pregnancy due to

unprotected intercourse, failure of contraceptive, rapes,
pregnancy which may fatal to mother or foetus. This method
is safe within 1st trimester (12 weeks), 2nd trimester
abortions are riskier. Illegal- unqualified quacks, unsafe &
fatal- avoided by counselling. Misuse of amniocentesis,
followed by MTP- avoided.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs).

17 | P a g e
Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual

intercourse are called Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/
Venereal diseases (VD)/ Reproductive tract infections (RTI).
Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Genital herpes, Chlamydiasis, genital
warts, Trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and HIV.
Mode of transmission- Hepatitis- B & HIV
• Sexual contact with infected person

• Sharing of injection needles
• Sharing the unsterilized surgical instruments
• Transfusion of blood from infected person to healthy
person
• Infected mother to foetus
Except hepatitis-B, genital herpes and HIV infections, others

are curable.
Symptoms are minor- early stages:
1. Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swelling in the

genital region.
18 | P a g e
2. STDs remain asymptomatic in female and remain

undetected for long.
3. In the later stage it may leads to Pelvic inflammatory
diseases (PID), abortion, still birth, ectopic pregnancy,
infertility or even cancer in reproductive tract.
Preventions:
a) Avoiding sex with unknown partners or multiple

partners.
b)Always using condoms during coitus.
c) In case of doubt, consult a doctor for early detection.
d)Getting complete treatment for diagnosed disease.
INFERTILITY
19 | P a g e
The couple unable to produce children in spite of

unprotected sex is due to Infertility. Problems of infertility
may be in male or female.
The reason of infertility may be:- physical, congenial,

diseases, drugs, immunological or even psychological.
• Female are blamed often in India
• Specialized Health care units like Infertility clinics-

diagnose, corrective treatments to have child
• When treatments are not enough, couple are assisted with

techniques called assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
• Methods of infertility control:
1. IVF- ET (In Vitro Fertilization- Embryo Transfer)
Test tube baby, fertilization takes place outside & embryo is

transferred. Female is induced to produce multiple egg/ ova.
Egg is then collected from wife/ donor & sperm collected
from husband/ donor. Incubated in culture medium-
fertilization & form zygote. It is then transferred to the
uterus of wife, implants & pregnancy continues.
20 | P a g e
TWO TYPES :
a) ZIFT (Zygote Intra fallopian Transfer)- Zygote/

Embryo with 8 blastomeres transferred to fallopian tube
b) IUT (Intra- Uterine Transfer)- Embryo transferred

at 32 celled stage to uterus.
1) GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian transfer) : Ovum

collected from donor & transferred to female who
cannot produce one but provide suitable environment
for fertilization. Washed sperms & ova are transferred
21 | P a g e
to the ampulla of fallopian tube with the help of

laparoscope- fertilization & cleavage. Useful when
fimbriae fail to capture ovum & females having sperm
antibodies in their cervical secretion.
2) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): Sperm
is directly injected into the ovum in culture medium .
Zygote or Embryo- transferred to fallopian tube or
uterus.
3) Artificial insemination (AI): It is useful in cases
either the male partner unable to inseminate the female
or very low sperm counts (oligospermia). Semen of
male partner/ donor is collected, concentrated &
introduced into vagina or uterus of female- intra
-uterine insemination (IUI)
Drawbacks:
22 | P a g e
1. These techniques are not possible with female with

damaged uterine wall.
2. Require high precision, specialized professional &
expensive instrumentation & so available in few centers &
available to few people only.
3. Raised several ethical, emotional, religious & moral issues
in the society.
23 | P a g e
case study
Case study 1:
Contraception counseling of adolescents (contraception
counseling; adolescent; confidentiality; parental consent)
BT, aged 15, visits Dr. HK, who serves under her parents’
family health insurance plan, and introduces VG, aged 19, as
her fiancé, explaining that they intend to marry when BT is
18 and no longer requires parental consent. She further
explains that, because sexual abstinence is straining their
relationship, she and VG will soon become sexually intimate,
but do not want to risk her pregnancy before they marry. BT
therefore asks Dr. HK to advise her and VG on preferable
contraceptive choices. She also asks Dr. HK not to inform her
parents, since they do not approve of her relationship with
VG. Local law makes it an offence for a male to have sexual
intercourse with a female aged under 17, unless he is no
more than 3 years older than she is. Advise Dr. HK.
Questions
• What advice should Dr. HK give to BT?
• Can Dr. HK counsel VG on protected intercourse with BT?
• What is Dr. HK’s ethical responsibility to preserve BT’s
confidentiality?
24 | P a g e
• How should Dr. HK handle the conflict of interest with

regard to preserving BT’s autonomy and providing
information to BT’s parents?
Responses
While aged under 17 and unmarried to him, BT cannot give
VG legally effective consent to sexual intercourse because he
is more than three years older than she is. The law is
designed for BT’s protection, however, so that, if she was to
consent, she would not become an offender, even though VG
would. Reproductive Health: Case Studies with Ethical
Commentary 5 Accordingly, Dr. HK can advise her about
contraceptive protection, but cannot counsel VG on
protected intercourse with BT at the present time, since this
would appear to be facilitating an offence. Nevertheless, in
BT’s absence, Dr. HK can inform VG in general terms how to
acquire reliable medical information he may want. It is
commonly accepted in economically developed countries
that, by age 19, young men should be informed about
contraception. Maintaining BT’s confidentiality presents
practical and ethical concerns. The practical concern is that
Dr. HK is entitled to bill services to the parents’ family health
insurance plan, and they may be entitled or required to
verify receipt of services billed under the plan. If there are
no means to mask contraceptive services to BT,
confidentiality may be compromised, unless Dr. HK’s
services are unpaid or covered in another way. However,
payment by VG should be precluded. The ethical issue
25 | P a g e
concerns BT’s right to be treated as an autonomous adult.

Local law may recognize the concept of the “mature minor.”
If so, and Dr. HK is satisfied that BT has the capacity to
understand the information and to act accordingly, she may
be granted some autonomy to decide her medical care and
who may share her medical information. However, since BT
is a minor, her parents may have some responsibility for her
health care, and may need information of any medical
products prescribed for her for proper discharge of their
responsibility. An argument to support confidentiality is
that, unless adolescents feel secure in their confidences, they
may be deterred from seeking medical care they need.
Counseling BT alone, Dr. HK may accordingly advise her to
consider the chances of her parents learning of any
contraceptive prescription, the possibility of finding an
alternative method of payment, her reliance on a partner’s
use of a condom or other male contraceptive method, or
remaining abstinent. Should she opt for contraception, Dr.
HK could ethically provide a prescription, but with no
assurance of full confidentiality if the services will be paid
for through the parents’ health insurance plan. Dr. HK may
bear heavy ethical6 Reproductive Health: Case Studies with
Ethical Commentary responsibility for relying on any
personal moral condemnation of adolescent and premarital
sex to deny BT contraceptive means, if she becomes sexually
active unprotected
26 | P a g e
Case study 2:
Request for sterilization without telling spouse (access to
sterilization: confidentiality; husband’s authorization) Mrs.
TW, aged 37, is the mother of four daughters, the youngest
aged three years old. She is rather anemic, says she is often
fatigued, and lives with her husband in a modest rural home,
supporting her family by growing crops, feeding a few
domestic animals, gathering firewood and taking some
products to the local market while her husband looks for
work in the nearest town. She comes to the local family
planning clinic and asks Dr. JB to sterilize her, because she
feels that, on grounds of her health and the family’s few
means, she cannot cope with another pregnancy and rearing
another child. She says she can pay for the procedure from
her savings but that Dr. JB must promise that the clinic staff
will not inform her husband because he can be violent and
has always wanted to father a son. In the local culture,
husbands expect to be consulted on their wives’ medical
care, but this is not legally required.
Questions
• What are the ethical implications of this case?
• Does Dr. JB have an ethical obligation to disclose Mrs. TW’s
request to her husband?
• Does Dr. JB have an obligation to request Mr. TW’s
authorization to fulfil Mrs. TW’s request?
27 | P a g e
• Should Dr. JB perform a sterilization procedure on Mrs.

TW?
Responses
The medical evidence may be that a further pregnancy is
contraindicated for Mrs. TW, but the ethical challenges arise
from the local culture of male entitlement to influence and
even control wives’ medical care, and her husband’s
disposition to violence. Dr. JB may feel bound to respect the
local culture, and decline to treat Mrs. TW without her
husband’s knowledge,8 Reproductive Health: Case Studies
with Ethical Commentary on the ethical grounds of not
becoming party to his deception, and of aggravating his
frustration in failing to father a son. The ethical case for
treating Mrs. TW according to her request that her husband
not be informed rests on medical indications that
sterilization is appropriate, and that she may suffer violence
if her husband knows that she has frustrated, or proposes to
frustrate, his hope to father a son. The significance of having
a son to the family’s economic prospects may weigh in the
ethical balance, but any advantage may be offset by the cost
to Mrs. TW’s health, the reduction of her energy affecting her
central contribution to the family’s resources, and her means
to attend to the needs of the existing family members. In any
future pregnancy, she might, of course, have another
daughter. Practical challenges with ethical implications are
whether a sterilization procedure would leave physical
evidence such as a scar of which the husband might become
28 | P a g e
aware, and whether all staff members of the clinic can be

expected and relied upon to preserve the confidentiality of
the procedure. The husband’s ignorance of Mrs. TW’s being
sterilized carries ethical weight, but any concern about him
being deceived may be resolved by the consideration that
Mrs. TW is free to become a patient according to her own
right to reproductive self determination, with an
accompanying right to confidentiality. The clinic has no
ethical duty to enforce any moral obligation of disclosure
Mrs. TW may owe her husband, and the clinic should not
make Mrs. TW’s access to medically indicated care
dependent on her surrender of her ethical right to
confidentiality
29 | P a g e
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) www.ncert.reproductivehealth.nic.in
2) www.reproindia.com
3) www.vasanet.com
4) www.ereproductivehealth.co.in
5) www.enet.in
6) www.health.india.gov
7) www.reprocontaceptionaiims.in
30 | P a g e
THANK YOU.
31 | P a g e

Biology Investigatory Final 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology Investigatory Final 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEVANSH BHANDARI XII-A BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

MANSUKHBHAI KOTHARI NATIONAL

Teacher’s signature Principal

Lord for the divine guidance and wisdom showered on

me to undertake this project.

I am immensely grateful to my beloved Principal for

her involvement in this project by providing useful

inputs and timely suggestions.

I am also thankful to my Biology Ma’am for his

guidance and help to make this project a success.

My Parents also played a key role in shaping up

this project and I convey my special thanks to them as

2) REPRODUCTIVE HEATH PROBLEM AND

3) POPULATION EXPOSURE AND BIRTH

6) SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

Reproductive health refers to the condition of male and

 Early or delayed puberty.

 Impotence or erectile dysfunction.

 Exposure to lead is linked to reduced fertility in both

 Mercury exposure has been linked to issues of the

Reproductive Health- Problems & Strategies

POPULATION EXPLOSION AND BIRTH CONTROL

 The increase in size and growth of human population is

5. Incentives to couples with small families

1. Natural methods: It works on the principle of avoiding

absent. Effective for 6 months, side effects are nil.

2. Physical contraceptive or Barrier methods: This

They are available as:

 Non-medicated IUDs e.g. Lippes loop: Phagocytosis of

 Hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG): make the

Oral administration of small doses of progesterone or

4. Injections or implants: Progesterone alone or in

implants under the skin of female. Action similar to

5. Emergency contraceptives: These methods are used

6. Surgical methods: It is also called as sterilization

MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP)

 Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy is

MTP can be used to get rid of unwanted pregnancy due to

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs).

Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual

Mode of transmission- Hepatitis- B & HIV

• Sexual contact with infected person

Except hepatitis-B, genital herpes and HIV infections, others

Symptoms are minor- early stages:

1. Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swelling in the

2. STDs remain asymptomatic in female and remain

a) Avoiding sex with unknown partners or multiple

The couple unable to produce children in spite of

The reason of infertility may be:- physical, congenial,

• Female are blamed often in India

• Specialized Health care units like Infertility clinics-

• When treatments are not enough, couple are assisted with

• Methods of infertility control:

1. IVF- ET (In Vitro Fertilization- Embryo Transfer)

Test tube baby, fertilization takes place outside & embryo is

a) ZIFT (Zygote Intra fallopian Transfer)- Zygote/

b) IUT (Intra- Uterine Transfer)- Embryo transferred

1) GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian transfer) : Ovum

to the ampulla of fallopian tube with the help of

1. These techniques are not possible with female with

• How should Dr. HK handle the conflict of interest with

concerns BT’s right to be treated as an autonomous adult.

• Should Dr. JB perform a sterilization procedure on Mrs.