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Submitted To: Mrs. Poonam singh

“BIOLOGY INVESTIGATOR PROJECT”

Submitted by : Yash Sachan
Class : 12 ‘A’
Subject : Biology
CBSE Roll No. :
School Code : 70809

Session : 2023-24
 certificate
This is to certify that this “Biology
Investigatory Project” on the topic
“Reproductive Health” has been
successfully completed by Yash Sachan
of Class- XII under the guidance of
Mrs. Poonam Singh in particular
fulfilment of the curriculum of Central
Board Of Secondary Education (CBSE)
leading to the award of annual
examination of this year.

2023-2024

Principal signature

Teacher Incharge External Examiner

 acknowledgement

I have taken efforts in this project.

However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many
individuals.
I would like to thanks my principal mam
Mrs. Subhangi Singh and school for
providing me with facilities required to do
my project.
I am highly indebted to my biology teacher
Mrs. Poonam Singh for her invaluable
guidance which has sustained my efforts in
all the stages of this project work .
I would also like to thanks to my parents
for their continuous support and
encouragement.
My thanks and appreciations also go to the
people who have willingly helped me out
with their abilities.

Yash Sachan
XII
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

. It is the state of physical ,

emotional behavioural and
social fitness for leading a
reproductive life.

. According to WHO (1948) :

Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social
well being and not merely
and absence of disease.
Reproductive Health - Problems
and Strategies
• India was among the first
countries to initiate actions and
plans to attain total reproductive
health as social goal.

• These programs are called “

Family Planning” initiated in
1951.

• Improved programs covering

reproduction related areas are in
operations – ‘ Reproductive and
Child Health Care Programs’
(RCH).

• Create awareness about various

reproduction aspects and
provide facilities and support to
build reproductively healthy
society.
HOW HAS THE GOVERNMENT TAKEN
MEASURES ?

• Through the help of audio-visuals and

print media to create awareness.
• Family members, close relations are
involved in the awareness.
• Sex education is introduced in schools
to provide awareness.
• Proper information about reproductive
organs, adolescence and related
changes, safe and hygienic sexual
practices, sexually transmitted diseases
(STD), AIDS, etc.
• Educating people about birth control
options, care of pregnant women,
post-natal care of mother and child,
importance of breastfeeding, equal
importance to both male and female
child-socially conscious healthy family.
• Awareness of uncontrolled population
growth, social evils-builds socially
responsible healthy society.
• Implementation of various action
plans requires infrastructural facilities,
professional experts and material
support to provide medical assistance
and care to people in reproduction
related problems, delivery, etc.
• Statutory ban on Amniocentesis-
legally check female foeticide, massive
child immunisation programs.
• Researches on reproduction related
areas, supported by gov. and non-gov.
agencies to improve/find new
methods upon the existing ones.
Saheli (Contraceptive)- Central Drug
research Institute (CDRI).
• Increasing the legal age for marriage
for male and female, for females
(18yrs.) and for males (21yrs.).
POPULATION EXPLOSION AND BIRTH
CONTROL
• The increase in size and growth of
human population is called
population explosion.
• Indian population-350 million at
independence and crossed 1 billion in
May 2000.
• Alarming growth rate-scarcity of
basic requirements (food, shelter and
clothing).
The reason for high population
explosion are:
1. Decline in death rate.
2. Longer life span.
3. Improvement in agriculture.
4. Control of disease.
5. Decline in infant mortality rate
(IMR).
6. Decline in maternal mortality rate
(MMR).
❑ Some steps to overcome
population explosion:

1. Motivate smaller families using

contraceptive methods.
2. Awareness through media, posters/
bills- ( Hum Do Hamare Do ).
3. Couples mostly young, urban,
working ones adopted ‘One
childnorm’.
4. Statutory raising of marriageable
age, female-18 yrs. and male- 21yrs.
5. Incentives to couples with small
families.
6. Contraceptive methods, to prevent
unwanted child births and
pregnancies.
❖ Consequences of over
population
• Space scarcity
• Decline in food supply
• Increase in unemployment
• Disturbance in hygienic condition
• Increasement in prize

❑ contraception
• Contraception aim to control birth,
by using contraceptives.
• Prevention of conception of
fertilization of ovum during sexual
intercourse is called contraception.
• An ideal contraceptive should be user
friendly, easily available, effective
and reversible with no or least side
effects.
➢ The different types of contraceptives
are :
1. Natural / Traditional method
2. Barrier method
3. Intra Uterine Device (IUD)
4. Oral contraceptives
5. Injection and implants
6. Surgical method

❑ Natural Methods
• It works on the principle of avoiding
chances of ovum and sperms
meeting.
a) Periodic abstinence:
• Is a method in which couple avoid
or abstain coitus from day 10 to 17
of the menstrual cycle when
ovulation could be expected.
b) Withdrawl or coitus interrupts:
• In this method male partner
withdraws his penis from the vagina
just before ejaculation to avoid
insemination.
C) Lactational amenorrhea:
• Based on the fact that ovulation ?
Cycle absent during intense lactation
following parturition. Hence chance
of fertilisation is absent.
• Effective for 6 months, side effects
are nil.
• Chances of failure are high.
❖ Physical contraceptive or barrier
methods:
• This method prevents contact of
sperm and ovum by barrier.
• Available for both male and
female.
a) Condoms:
• Barriers are made of thin rubbers /
latex sheath, self inserted and
disposable.
• Covers penis in male and vagina and
cervix in female It is used so that
semen does not enter the female
reproductive tract.
• It also prevents AIDS and STDs.

Female condom Male condom

b) Diaphragm, cervical caps and

vaults:
• Barrier, made of rubber latex.
• Inserted into the female reproductive
tract to cover the cervix.
• Block entry of sperm through cervix,
reusable
 Intra uterine devices
• These devices are normally used by
females.
• Inserted by doctors or nurses in the
uterus through vagina.
• They are available as :
a) Non-medical IUDs-
Ex- Lippes loop: Phagocytosis of sperm
b) Copper releasing IUDs (CuT,
Cu7, Multiload 375) :
• Cuion released suppresses
spermmotility and fertilising
capacity of sperm.
• IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperm
within the uterus.
 Copper T
❑ Oral contraceptives:
• Oral administration of small doses of
progesterone or progesterone or
estrogen combination.
• Female tablets so called pills taken
daily for a period 21 days.
• Inhibit ovulation and implantation
alter quality of cervical mucusto
prevent entry of sperm, less side ffects
such as ex- Saheli (once a week).
 ❑ Injections or implants:
• Progesterone alone or in combination
with estrogen used as injections or
implants under the skin of the female.
• Action similar to pills, effective for
long periods.

• Progesterone or combination of
progesterone or estrogenor IUDs
within 72 hrs. of coitus are effective as
emergency contraceptives to avoid
possible pregnancy due to rape or
unprotected intercourse.
❑ Surgical methods:
• It is also called as sterilization
method advised to male / female
partner to prevent any future
pregnancy.
• Blocks gamete transport, thus
prevent conception.
• Sterilization in male is called-
‘vasectomy’ and in female called
‘Tubectomy’.
• Vasectomy a small part of the vas
deferens is removed or tied up through
incision made on scrotum.
• Tubectomy small part of the fallopian
tubes are removed or tied up through
incision of abdomen / vagina.
• Highly effective, reversibility is very
poor.

❑ Artificial Insemination

➢ This technique is followed when

either the male partner fails to
inseminate or sufferfrom
Oligospermia.
➢ In this process the semen of male
partner is collected and introduced
into the female vagina.
• IUI : If the collected semen is
introduced into the uterus of female
then it is known as ( Intra Uterine
Insemination ).
• AIH : If the donor of the semen is
husband then it is called ( Artificial
Insemination Husband ) .

Artificial Insemination