Social Psychology and Human Nature Comprehensive Edition 4Th Edition Baumeister Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Social Psychology and Human Nature
Comprehensive Edition 4th Edition

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CHAPTER 7—Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ____ are pieces of information, facts, or opinions; ____ are broad evaluations toward some object or
issue.
a. Attitudes; associations
b. Associations; beliefs
c. Attitudes; beliefs
d. Beliefs; attitudes
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: What Are Attitudes and Why Do People Have Them? KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and why people have them.
2. Jerome thinks that it is going to be crowded at the gym today. This is an example of a(n) ____.
a. dual attitude
b. belief
c. implicit attitude
d. attitude
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: What Are Attitudes and Why Do People Have Them? KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
3. In distinguishing between beliefs and attitudes, it is useful to recognize that beliefs help people ____
while attitudes help people ____.
a. explain things; make choices
b. make choices; explain things
c. rationalize occurrences; explain things
d. explain things; rationalize occurrences
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
4. As discussed in the text, ____ serve interpersonal functions.

a. attitudes but not beliefs
b. beliefs but not attitudes
c. both attitudes and beliefs
d. neither attitudes nor beliefs
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
REF: What Are Attitudes and Why Do People Have Them? KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ:
5. As defined in the text, dual attitudes consist of ____.

a. automatic attitudes and deliberate attitudes
b. conditioned attitudes and unconditioned attitudes
Chapter 7—Attitudes, Beliefs and Consistency
c. cognitions and emotions

d. beliefs and opinions
ANS: A DIF: Easy
6. Automatic attitudes can be defined as ____ evaluative responses.

a. controlled, conscious
b. controlled, unconscious
c. slow, conscious
d. fast, unconscious
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
7. Zelda says that she likes dogs and that she is not afraid of them. But she gets visibly tense whenever a dog
approaches, and refuses to visit any of her dog-owning friends at their homes. It appears that even though
she says she likes dogs, Zelda has a negative ____ attitude toward them.
a. deliberate
b. automatic
c. conditioned
d. unconditioned
ANS: B DIF: Easy
8. Which of the following is the best example of a positive deliberate attitude toward snakes?
a. John doesn't get tense when he sees snakes.
b. John would probably watch a TV about snakes.
c. John says that he adores snakes.
d. John is reading a book right now about snakes and other reptiles.
9. Deliberate attitudes can be defined as ____ evaluative responses.

a. controlled, conscious
b. controlled, unconscious
c. automatic, conscious
d. automatic, unconscious
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
10. People often have inconsistent automatic and deliberate attitudes but do not realize it. How is this
possible?
a. People are consciously aware only of their deliberate attitudes.
Social Psychology & Human Nature, 4th Edition
b. People are consciously aware only of their automatic attitudes.

c. People are consciously aware of both their deliberate attitudes and their automatic
attitudes, but use them at different times.
d. People are consciously aware of neither their deliberate attitudes nor their automatic
attitudes.
11. As discussed in the textbook, people's deliberate attitudes are not always consistent with their automatic
attitudes. This can occur as a result of ____.
a. self-presentation
b. lack of awareness
c. both self-presentation and lack of awareness
d. neither self-presentation nor lack of awareness
12. In general, attitudes are used for ____.

a. choosing
b. identifying
c. motivating
d. explaining
ANS: A DIF: Easy
SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and why people have them. NOTES: New
13. In general, beliefs are used for ____.

a. choosing
b. explaining
c. identifying
d. motivating
ANS: B DIF: Easy
14. Research on racism has indicated that ____.

a. people who sincerely espouse racial equality may have negative automatic attitudes
towards individuals of different races
b. at least where racism is concerned, people’s automatic and deliberate attitudes are
consistent with each other
c. individuals who espouse racist beliefs often have non-racist automatic attitudes
d. it is virtually impossible to determine deliberate attitudes based on automatic attitudes
15. Social media research has found that about ____ of job applicants are rejected because of what a
prospective employer found on their Facebook page.
a. 15%
b. 25%
c. 35%
d. 45%
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: Introduction KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and
why people have them. NOTES: New
16. Research indicates that Facebook users tend to be ____ than nonusers.
a. more narcissistic
b. more conscientious
c. less extraverted
d. more socially lonely
ANS: A DIF: Easy
17. Research on the spread of attitudes on Facebook indicates that a(n) ____ fits the pattern.
a. flood
b. contagious disease
c. fundamentally random
d. landslide
ANS: B DIF: Easy
18. When one Facebook user reads an article and likes it, ____.
a. the odds of others liking it are only modestly increased, by about 8%
b. someone else who reads it is 32% more likely to also “like” it
c. the odds of others liking it are increased, but only when there are relatively few likes,
generally less than 15,000
d. it can paradoxically decrease the likelihood that others will like it, because they do not
want to be just one of the masses
ANS: B DIF: Easy
19. Which statement best explains why humans have attitudes?

a. Attitudes are an evolutionary artifact that were useful a long time ago.
b. Attitudes increase the complexity in making decisions.
c. Attitudes make it harder for people to adapt and adjust to new situations.
d. Attitudes aid humans in making decisions and choices.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult
20. Which statement best describes the influence of attitudes?

a. Attitudes impede decision-making processes.
b. Attitudes make it more difficult to adjust to new situations.
c. Attitudes require more than a “gut-level” response.
d. Attitudes help us adapt.
ANS: D DIF: Easy
SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and why people have them. NOTES: Modified
21. Research has shown children can identify good and bad categories, and especially the “bad”, very early in
life. This highlights which psychological principle?
a. Good and bad are innate categories.
b. Good and bad are arbitrary categories.
c. Bad is stronger than good.
d. Good is stronger than good.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
22. Research suggests that the abstract categories "good" and "bad" are ____.
a. not acknowledged by children until they reach ages 9-10
b. not acknowledged by children until they reach ages 5-6
c. understood by children as early as age 2 1/2, if not earlier
d. understood even at birth, and certainly by 3 months after birth
23. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding how people form evaluations of other
people and of other stimuli?
a. People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of other people within the first few
microseconds of meeting them; but they do not do this for other stimuli (e.g., nonsense
words).
b. People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of most stimuli (e.g., nonsense words)
within the first few microseconds of experiencing them; but they do not do this when
meeting new people.
c. People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of all types of stimuli (e.g., other people,
animals, shoes) if they have encountered similar stimuli in the past; but they do not do this
when stimuli are highly unfamiliar or unclassifiable.
d. People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of all types of stimuli, regardless of their
familiarity with those stimuli.
24. Suppose that you show your uncle an abstract painting that you have made, and ask for his immediate,
unedited reaction. Your uncle says he has no opinion about it. "I am not familiar with abstract art," he
tells you, "therefore I don't know how to evaluate it; and I have no intuitive feeling about it." Could this
be possible?
a. No. Research suggests that he will have made an automatic evaluation of your painting
even though he is unfamiliar with abstract art. (He may be out of touch with this automatic
evaluation, however.)
b. Yes. Research suggests that people only make automatic evaluations when they are highly
familiar with the stimulus category; your uncle will probably need more time to make a
conscious opinion.
c. Yes. Research suggests that people only make automatic evaluations of other people—not
of stimuli such as paintings. Your uncle will probably need more time to form a conscious
opinion of your painting.
d. It is impossible to say; some people form automatic evaluations about everything (and if
your uncle is one of these people, then he is lying when he says he has no opinion), but
other people form automatic evaluations only sometimes.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
25. Social psychologist John Bargh has stated that "we have yet to find something the mind regards with
complete impartiality, without at least a mild judgment of liking or disliking." He was referring to ____.
a. the fact that people tend to automatically categorize others as "in-group" members or
"outgroup" members
b. the mere exposure effect
c. the fact that people make unconscious, immediate evaluations of virtually everything they
encounter
d. belief perseverance
ANS: C DIF: Easy
26. According to the text, possessing an attitude about something increases ____ of decision-making.
a. the speed and the quality
b. the speed but not the quality
c. the quality but not the speed
d. neither the speed nor the quality
27. The mere exposure effect refers to the tendency for people to ____.
a. come to like something simply because other people like it
b. come to like something simply because they see or encounter it repeatedly
c. come to think that something is common, or prevalent, simply because they like it
d. come to think that something is common, or prevalent, simply because they see or
encounter it repeatedly
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s:
Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.02: Describe how attitudes are formed.
28. In 1968, social psychologist Robert Zajonc proposed that “____ of the individual to a stimulus is a
sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it.”
a. mere repeated exposure
b. affective forecasting
c. excitation transfer
d. attitude polarization
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s:
29. Which of the following is the best example of the mere exposure effect?
a. Eduardo starts to think that a new band is cool simply because other people around him
think it is cool.
b. Keisha starts to like a girl at school simply because she has seen her, semester after
semester, in so many of her classes.
c. Michael loves hip hop music. As a result, he tends to overestimate how much other people
like to hip hop.
d. Frances works in a hospital, and encounters doctors and nurses all day long. As a result,
she tends to overestimate how many people work in the medical industry; to her, it seems
as if almost everyone does!
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.02: Describe how attitudes are formed.
30. Dr. Cross conducts a study in which she repeatedly exposes Lucy to a neutral object (a small painting).
The study is neither enjoyable nor painful for Lucy. Assuming that Lucy had a neutral attitude toward the
painting at the beginning of the study, how should we expect her to feel about the painting by the end of
the study?
a. She will probably hate it.
b. She will probably dislike it a little.
c. She will probably like it a little.
d. There will probably be no change in her attitude at all.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
31. Suppose that Sam disliked reggaeton the very first time he heard it. How should we expect his attitude to
change (if at all) if he hears it several more times?
a. He will begin to dislike reggaeton less and less.
b. He will begin to dislike reggaeton more and more.
c. It is impossible to say; first impressions are fundamentally different from (and not always
similar to) later attitudes.
d. His attitude is likely to stay exactly the same across repeated exposure.
32. Research suggests that the idea that "familiarity breeds contempt" ____.
a. is almost always true, regardless of the circumstances
b. is almost always false, regardless of the circumstances
c. is almost always true, unless people initially have a very favorable attitude
d. is almost always false, unless people initially have an unfavorable attitude
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s:
Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.02: Describe how attitudes are formed.
33. Research suggests that the idea that "familiarity breeds liking" ____.
a. is generally true
b. is generally false
c. is generally true, unless people initially have a very favorable attitude
d. is generally false, unless people initially have an unfavorable attitude
34. Research suggests that the mere exposure effect ____.

a. is unique to humans (does not occur among other animals)
b. occurs via the conscious system only
c. is unique to humans (does not occur among other animals) AND occurs via the conscious
system only
d. is NOT unique to humans and does NOT occur via the conscious system
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s:
35. Research on embodied attitudes suggests that ____.

a. randomly assigned body movements can shape attitudes toward what we hear
b. attitudes are embodied in beliefs and emotions
c. body movement is unrelated to attitudes
d. leaning forward promotes negative attitudes
36. Which scientist proposed the notion of embodied attitudes?

a. Charles Darwin
b. Leon Festinger
c. Robert Zajonc
d. Ivan Pavlov
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s:
37. In Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly
presented with a scary loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n) ____.
a. conditioned stimulus
b. conditioned response
c. unconditioned stimulus
d. unconditioned response
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
38. In a classic study, the word Dutch was systematically paired with positive words (e.g., vacation, gift),
whereas the word Swedish was paired with negative words (e.g., bitter, failure). When tested afterward,
participants ____.
a. tended to maintain their rating of the words Dutch and Swedish the same as before the test
b. rated the word Dutch more positively than the word Swedish
c. associated the word Dutch with the positive words but did not associate the word Swedish
with the negative words
d. associated the word Swedish with the negative words but did not associate the word Dutch
with the positive words
39. In the process of classical conditioning, a(n) ____.

a. neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response becomes a conditioned response
d. conditioned stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus
40. Classical conditioning can be thought of as a type of ____.

a. associative learning
b. imitation
c. instrumental learning
d. vicarious learning
41. Suppose that Dylan has a new girlfriend whom he really likes. He programs his cell phone so that every
time his new girlfriend calls, his phone plays the new Justin Timberlake single. After he has had his
phone programmed this way for a little while, he notices that he feels happy whenever he hears the Justin
Timberlake song. This most clearly illustrates ____.
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. the mere exposure effect
d. social learning
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
42. Suppose that Dylan has a new girlfriend whom he really likes. He programs his cell phone so that every
time his new girlfriend calls, his phone plays the new Justin Timberlake single. After he has had his
phone programmed this way for a little while, he notices that he feels happy whenever he hears the Justin
Timberlake song. What is the best term for the role of the Justin Timberlake song?
a. cognitive inference
b. behavioral reward
c. generalization
d. conditioned stimulus
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
43. Early research on classical conditioning was performed with dogs. In certain variations of this research,
experimenters repeatedly presented dogs with meat powder just after ringing a bell. The dogs (who would
naturally salivate after being exposed to meat powder) learned to associate the bell with the meat powder,
and began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. In this research, the dogs' salivation was ____.
a. a conditioned response
b. an unconditioned response
c. a neutral stimulus
d. both an unconditioned response and a conditioned response
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
and began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. In this research, the bell served as a(n) ____.
a. unconditioned stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus
b. conditioned stimulus that became an unconditioned stimulus
c. neutral stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus
d. unconditioned stimulus that became a neutral stimulus
45. According to the text, what might best explain the development of prejudice against social groups that are
frequently associated with negative information in the media, such as Muslims being associated with
terrorism?
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. vicarious learning
d. observational learning
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
46. One technique that advertisers often use to influence consumers is celebrity endorsement. The logic
works like this: If people like Catherine Zeta-Jones and repeatedly see T-Mobile products together with
Catherine Zeta-Jones, then people will learn to associate T-Mobile with her and will in turn like T-Mobile
more. That is, celebrity endorsement is expected to lead to ____.
d. observational learning
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
47. According to the principles of ____ people are relatively likely to repeat behaviors that have been
rewarded and relatively unlikely to repeat behaviors that have been punished.
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
d. effort justification
48. Henry's mother always praises him when he practices the piano and denies him dessert when he doesn't.
Henry's mother is apparently employing techniques based on ____ in order to encourage her son to
practice more.
c. social learning
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
49. Paul is trying to train his puppy, Cupcake. He yells "Bad dog!" whenever Cupcake fails to do what he
wants. Paul seems to be using ____.
c. social learning
50. Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?

a. You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after
class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak
with professors after class too.
b. Every time you wear the poncho you purchased in Mexico, you think fondly about the
time that you spent there.
c. You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class, your teacher says yes, and you
still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as
well.
d. After going to the same dentist for many years, you develop a fondness for your dentist
and for the other people who work in her office.
51. Operant conditioning is also sometimes referred to as ____.

a. instrumental learning
b. effort justification
d. learning by example
52. Research has demonstrated that people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others
rewarded for performing those behaviors, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others
punished for performing those behaviors. This type of learning is known as ____.
b. social learning
c. classical conditioning
d. operant conditioning
53. Social learning is also sometimes referred to as observational learning or ____.

b. justified learning
c. vicarious conditioning
d. conditional learning
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s:
54. Which of the following is the best example of social learning?

a. You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after
class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak
with professors after class too.
b. Every time you wear the poncho you purchased in Mexico, you think fondly about the
time that you spent there.
c. You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class, your teacher says yes, and you
still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as
well.
d. After going to the same dentist for many years, you develop a fondness for your dentist
and for the other people who work in her office.
55. Kevin has just moved to a new neighborhood. In his old neighborhood, everyone wore Vans and board
shorts, but he notices that the kids on his new block are wearing Nikes and basketball shorts. He also
notices that they tease people who are not dressed this way. Kevin immediately asks his mom to take him
to the store to buy new clothes. What has taken place here?
a. attitude polarization
b. the mere exposure effect
c. observational learning
d. operant conditioning
56. Research suggests that the more people think about their attitudes, the stronger their attitudes tend to
become. For example, the more a Lakers fan thinks about how much she likes the Lakers, the more of a
die-hard fan she is likely to become. This effect is called ____.
b. the sentiment effect
c. the mere exposure effect

57. Attitude polarization refers to the finding that ____.

a. when people reflect on a given attitude, their position on that attitude tends to become
more extreme
b. when people reflect on a given attitude, they tend to become more open-minded with
respect to that attitude
c. people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have extreme views
about than issues that they have moderate views about
d. people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have moderate views
about than issues that they have extreme views about
58. Beth and Jean are talking about welfare reform in America. Beth is very passionate about the issue, and
makes strong statements about her views. Jean later e-mails Beth an article which contains some
information that is consistent with Beth's views, as well as some information that is inconsistent with
Beth's views. Beth chooses to believe the consistent information but discounts the inconsistent
information. As a matter of fact, after reading the article and thinking about the data it contained—even
though these data were mixed—Beth actually feels even more passionate and more strongly about her
position. This is an example of ____.
a. anchoring and adjustment
b. informational influence
c. attitude polarization
d. cognitive coping
59. According to research studies, people who hold strong attitudes toward an issue are least likely to do
which of the following?
a. Show attitude polarization if they think about the issue.
b. Evaluate relevant information in a biased manner.
c. Seek out relevant information from outgroup members.
d. Seek out information that supports their initial view.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s:
60. Hazing rituals make use of the idea of ____.

a. effort justification
b. cognitive coping
c. social learning
d. dual attitudes
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03: Summarize how the major consistency theories and the duplex mind relate to
attitudes. NOTES: New
61. In a study conducted in Mauritius, young men who participated in the Kavadi, a painful religious ritual
requiring piercing the skin with needles, dragging a cart attached by hooks to the skin, and climbing a
mountain barefoot, ____.
a. reduced identification with the larger social group
b. increased prosocial behavior
c. increased bias against the outgroup
d. decreased donations to the temple
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
62. One of the reasons university officials have so much difficulty in eliminating hazing rituals is that ____.
a. group members believe they increase the strength of ties to the group
b. the secrecy surrounding the rituals makes them difficult to eliminate
c. group members believe they are entitled to set their own rules
d. the rituals are really not that dangerous or humiliating anymore
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
63. If the idea of effort justification is to be believed, the best way to get people to commit to a particular
group is to ____.
a. make it somewhat difficult to join the group
b. let everyone join, since only the dedicated will stay
c. provide special benefits to those who join
d. make it clear that joining carries responsibilities
64. In a study conducted in Mauritius, young men participated in a painful religious ritual, watched other
young men participate in the ritual, or sang and prayed. The young men who ____ donated the least
amount to the temple.
a. performed the painful ritual
b. watched others perform the painful ritual
c. sang and prayed as their part in the ritual
d. performed the painful ritual or watched others perform it
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ:
65. In a study conducted in Mauritius, young men participated in a painful religious ritual, watched other
young men participate in the ritual, or sang and prayed. The young men who ____ identified more with
the larger social group as a result of their participation.
a. performed the painful ritual but did not watch it
b. watched others perform the painful ritual but did not perform it
c. sang and prayed as their part in the ritual
d. performed or watched others perform the painful ritual

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember
OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03: Summarize how the major consistency theories and the duplex
mind relate to attitudes. NOTES: New
66. According to cognitive dissonance theory, discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors produce ____.
a. unpleasant memories
b. psychological discomfort
c. pleasant memories
d. psychological comfort
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ:
attitudes.
67. Which one of the following statements best describes cognitive dissonance theory?
a. "People don't like to be hypocrites."
b. "People are very stubborn about holding onto their attitudes."
c. "People have a hard time seeing things from others' perspective."
d. "People prefer others who share their opinions and attitudes."
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
attitudes.
68. With ____, people rationalize their behavior so as to bring their attitudes into line with their actions.
a. subjective norms
b. attitude polarization
c. divergent bias
d. cognitive dissonance
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ:
attitudes.
69. According to cognitive dissonance theory, "we come to love the things we suffer for." For example, we
tend to be especially loyal to groups that require severe or painful initiations. Why does this happen?
a. This happens because the goals themselves (the things that we suffer for) are actually
always very valuable; otherwise, we wouldn't have suffered for them in the first place.
b. This happens because, deep down, people really like to suffer.
c. This happens because we are motivated to justify the time and effort we've spent on our
choices.
d. This happens because classical conditioning is at play: when we finally reach our goals,
our suffering ends. We therefore associate our goals with "end of suffering" and come to
love them.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
attitudes.
70. In general, people do not like to suffer, work hard, or make sacrifices. If and when they do these things,
they want to feel that their efforts were worthwhile. Thus, even when people's efforts do not actually seem
to have paid off, people will nonetheless try to convince themselves that they suffered for a good reason.
This tendency is known as ____.
b. attitude polarization
c. a self-fulfilling prophecy
d. the false consensus effect
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ:
attitudes.
71. How does the notion of effort justification relate to cognitive dissonance?
a. Effort justification is a type of cognitive dissonance.
b. Effort justification precedes cognitive dissonance.
c. Effort justification is often a motive for cognitive dissonance.
d. Effort justification is often used to reduce cognitive dissonance.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
attitudes.
72. Last summer, Fabia applied for three jobs. The first required a resume, but nothing else. The second
required both a resume and a long personal statement. The third required a resume and indicated that a
long personal statement was optional (recommended but not required; Fabia went ahead and wrote one
anyway). Suppose that Fabia was turned down by all three jobs. Which rejection was she probably MOST
upset about?
a. The rejection by the first job
b. The rejection by the second job
c. The rejection by the third job
d. The rejections by the second and third jobs (equally)
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
attitudes.
73. Research on effort justification and cognitive dissonance theory might suggest that we will be more
attracted to potential dating partners who ____ than potential dating partners who ____.
a. are physically attractive; are not
b. play "hard to get"; do not
c. are similar to us; are not
d. flatter us; don't
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
attitudes.
74. Research on effort justification and cognitive dissonance theory most directly suggests that ____.
a. fraternity "hazing" is an effective way to promote group loyalty
b. most people engage in social loafing
c. twelve-person juries are likely to come up with different verdicts than are juries with four
or fewer people
d. most people look to others when deciding how to behave in a group context
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ:
attitudes.
75. Research on effort justification and cognitive dissonance theory could be most easily used to explain
____.
a. why people stay in long-term relationships when they are dissatisfied
b. why people live beyond their means and rack up credit card debt
c. why people engage in unprotected sex or drive after drinking alcohol
d. why people care so much about fitting in and gaining the approval of others
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
attitudes.
76. In 1959, Festinger and Carlsmith conducted a classic experiment in which they asked participants to tell a
lie (about how interesting a very boring study was). The researchers paid participants either $1 or $20 to
tell this lie. The same participants were then asked how interesting they really thought the study was.
What did the researchers find?
a. There was no difference between those paid $1 and those paid $20; both said that the (very
boring) study was indeed boring.
b. There was no difference between those paid $1 and those paid $20; both said that the (very
boring) study was in fact very interesting.
c. Compared to those paid $1, those paid $20 rated the study as much more interesting.
d. Compared to those paid $20, those paid $1 rated the study as much more interesting.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ:
attitudes.
77. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) performed a famous experiment on cognitive dissonance in which
subjects were asked to lie to a fellow student (about how fun a psychology experiment was) for either $1
or $20. For subjects in the $1 condition, dissonance was created because these subjects thought to
themselves: "I am a nice, ethical person, but I have just been mean and told a lie." It appears that the $1
subjects were ultimately able to reduce this dissonance by thinking to themselves: ____.
a. "I did not really tell a lie because the experiment was not that boring. In fact, the more I
think about it, the more I think that it was kind of fun!"
b. "I know I told that person a lie. But so what? There are bigger problems in this world!!"
c. "Lying is a terrible thing. I swear that I will never do it again."
d. "Whatever! I got $1 for doing almost nothing! Good deal!!"
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ:
attitudes.
78. The results of Festinger and Carlsmith’s (1959) study of cognitive dissonance suggest that ____.
a. if people are paid less for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it more
b. people will rationalize their own questionable behavior no matter how much they are paid
to do it
c. if people are paid more for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it more
d. if people are paid less for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it less
attitudes.
79. Research indicates that people will sometimes choose to suffer as a result of simply expecting to suffer—
but only if ____.
a. they have a reward system in place but have not given much thought to the upcoming
prospect of suffering
b. they have low self-esteem
c. they have coped with the expectation of suffering by thinking about it and changed
relevant beliefs and attitudes
d. they have not yet thought about the upcoming suffering
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
attitudes.
80. Comer and Laird’s (1975) study told some participants that they would be doing a worm-eating task.
After a short period during which the participants could contemplate worm eating, the experimenter told
them there was a mistake, and that they could choose between worm-eating and weight discrimination
tasks. What percent of the participants chose to stay with the worm-eating task when given a more
emotionally neutral (weight discrimination) alternative?
a. 100%
b. 80%
c. 50%
d. 10%
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ:
attitudes.
81. George is supposed to give a presentation in his History class on Thursday, and has been dreading it
intensely all month (his knowledge of the topic is shaky, and so is his presentation style). On Wednesday,
the day before the presentation is scheduled, George's teacher, Ms. Torres, tells him that he can present
the following week if he likes. Instead of taking Ms. Torres up on this offer, however, George says that he
will go ahead and present the next day. Why?
a. George must have coped with his nervousness and dread by changing some relevant
attitudes and beliefs.
b. George must have heard Ms. Torres incorrectly because of his anxiety; otherwise, he
would obviously have postponed the presentation.
c. George must have coped with his nervousness and dread by simply blocking the
presentation out of his mind completely and not thinking about it.
d. George must have low self-esteem; otherwise, he would have postponed the presentation.
attitudes.
82. Deepa has finally decided where to attend graduate school—University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
After she has informed all the schools of her final decision, she begins to question her choice. However,
she immediately focuses on all the reasons Illinois was the best choice for her, and better than her other
options by far. This reassures her and makes her happy again. Deepa’s feeling of uncertainty and
subsequent motivation to justify her choice is an example of ____.
a. attributional regret
b. post-decision dissonance
c. tyranny of choice
d. attitude accessibility
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
attitudes.
83. Suppose that Rachel sold one of her stocks last week and that the value of the stock has tripled since then.
What a mistake! In which of the following cases is Rachel most likely to experience cognitive
dissonance?
a. If she chose to sell the stock against her stockbroker's advice
b. If she chose to sell the stock because her friend suggested it
c. If she chose to sell the stock because her stockbroker suggested it
d. If she was on vacation last week and it was her husband who decided to sell the stock for
her
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
attitudes.
84. Alex just bought a car last month and it is already having major mechanical problems. In which of the
following cases is Alex least likely to experience cognitive dissonance?
a. He bought the car against his friends' advice, and spent a lot of money on it.
b. He bought the car against his friends' advice, but it was cheap.
c. His friends supported his car purchase even though he spent a lot of money on it.
d. His friends supported his car purchase, and it was cheap.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
attitudes.
85. In terms of how it is experienced, cognitive dissonance most closely resembles ____.
a. an emotion or feeling of arousal
b. a gap in memory
c. an eerie feeling akin to déjà vu, clairvoyance, or communicating with ghosts
d. intense cognitive focus (i.e., being "in the zone")
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
attitudes.
86. Iris is a vegetarian, but she ate a steak last night. When would she be most likely to try to rationalize her
steak-eating?
a. If she was forced to eat the steak against her will
b. If she was paid a lot of money to eat the steak
c. If she chose to eat the steak and she feels guilty or nervous—regardless of whether she
attributes these feelings to the steak-eating
d. If she chose to eat the steak and feels guilty or nervous, AND attributes these feelings to
the steak-eating
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember | Bloom’s:
Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03: Summarize how the major consistency theories and
the duplex mind relate to attitudes.
87. Suppose that Janine—who volunteers for a variety of environmental causes and frequently speaks on
campus about the importance of recycling—decided to buy a gas-guzzling SUV last week. When is she
most likely to try to rationalize her behavior?
a. If no one she knows owns the same vehicle
b. If many people she knows own the same vehicle
c. If she did not know about the SUV's poor mileage when she bought it
d. If she experiences guilt or discomfort surrounding her purchase
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
attitudes.
88. In light of the research on cognitive dissonance theory, what is the best explanation for the role of large,
expensive marriage ceremonies?
a. Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification but
do not contribute to specific marriage-consistent behaviors.
b. Such ceremonies probably discourage specific marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as
cheating due to the involvement of friends and family but do not contribute to overall
commitment.
c. Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification
AND probably discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the
involvement of friends and family.
d. Such ceremonies probably DO NOT strengthen partners' commitment due to effort
justification and probably DO NOT discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as
cheating due to the involvement of friends and family.
attitudes.
89. According to cognitive dissonance theory, if Selena has just volunteered to give a presentation to her
classmates about the importance of practicing safe sex at all times, then—at least in the immediate
future—what best describes her likely behavior?
a. She will be more likely to practice safe sex herself.
b. She will be more likely to believe that practicing safe sex is important.
c. She will be more likely to practice safe sex herself AND more likely to believe that
practicing safe sex is important.
d. She will NOT be more likely to practice safe sex herself and will NOT be more likely to
believe that practicing safe sex is important.
attitudes.
90. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings are "self-help" meetings comprised of people who are recovering
from alcohol-related problems. These meetings employ a number of practices designed to keep people
away from alcohol. Which of the practices listed below is most consistent with the research on cognitive
dissonance theory and attitude change? That is, which of the following would a cognitive dissonance
theorist be most likely to applaud?
a. All group members remain anonymous.
b. All group members state, publicly, that they have an alcohol problem.
c. Group members are encouraged to seek out a "sponsor," who will support them during
rough times.
d. Group members are welcomed back into the group even if they temporarily "fall off the
wagon" (lapse into drinking).
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
attitudes.
91. According to the text, the drive for consistency is ____.

a. likely to be rooted in our biological nature
b. likely to involve the conscious mind only (and not the unconscious mind)
c. far more prevalent in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures
d. far more prevalent in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures
attitudes.
92. The need to feel that one is thinking and behaving in consistent ways is ____.
a. probably innate—rooted in our biological nature
b. probably culture-bound—important in some cultures but not in others
c. probably a matter of self-presentation only; inconsistencies seem only to be troubling
when others know about them
d. enormously varied from one person to the next; not everyone feels this need, and—among
those who do—some people feel it much more strongly than others
attitudes.
93. In one well-known study that was conducted during an era of anti-Chinese prejudice (LaPiere, 1934), a
researcher drove across the U.S. with a Chinese couple, stopping at dozens of restaurants, hotels, auto
camps, and tourist homes. He was interested in attitude-behavior consistency. Specifically, he was
interested in knowing the percentage of establishments that would serve the couple, as well as the
percentage of establishments that would say that they would serve the couple when contacted later. What
did he find?
a. Nearly 100% served them; and roughly 90% said they would.
b. Nearly 100% served them; but only about 10% said they would.
c. Only about 10% served them; but about 90% said they would.
d. Only about 10% served them; but nearly 100% said they would.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship between attitudes
and behavior.
94. In one well-known study that was conducted during an era of anti-Chinese prejudice (LaPiere, 1934), a
researcher drove across the U.S. with a Chinese couple, stopping at dozens of restaurants, hotels, auto
camps, and tourist homes. He was interested in knowing the percentage of establishments that would
serve the couple, as well as the percentage of establishments that would SAY that they would serve the
couple when contacted later. The results from this research provided some of the first evidence of ____.
a. the fact that people's stated attitudes are not always consistent with their actual behaviors
b. post-dissonance rationalization
c. implicit prejudice
d. aversive racism
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship between attitudes
and behavior.
95. Much research has demonstrated a weak link between (a) what people say their attitudes are, and (b) how
they actually behave. According to the text, one of the key reasons that this relationship is so weak,
however, is the fact that researchers have often ____.
a. tried to relate very general attitudes to very specific behaviors
b. tried to relate very specific attitudes to very general behaviors
c. limited their research in this area to very sensitive topics (e.g., sexual attitudes and
behaviors), where attitude-behavior inconsistencies are especially likely to occur
d. limited their research in this area to topics that research participants are unlikely to care
much about (e.g., the number of minutes they will spend on a particular experimental
task), where attitude-behavior inconsistencies are especially likely to occur
and behavior.
96. A study (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1977) conducted to defend attitudes as a construct predictive of behavior
found that if you want to predict who will give blood, you should place which of the following statements
on your attitude measure? (Assume a five-point Likert scale anchored by strongly disagree to strongly
agree.)
a. I believe giving blood is a good thing.
b. I believe giving blood will help others.
c. I am a helpful person.
d. I believe giving blood is the right thing for me to do.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship between attitudes
and behavior.
97. Conservatives tend to rely on conservative media outlets while liberals tend to rely on media outlets.
What is this phenomenon called?
a. echo justification
b. filter bubbles
c. dissonance avoidance
d. selective exposure
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
and behavior. NOTES: New
98. Which of the following best describes behavioral aggregation as a solution to the problem of attitude-
behavior inconsistency?
a. Measure the specific attitude toward the specific behavior you want to predict.
b. Make sure the general attitude is considered in context of the behavior you want to predict.
c. Measure a variety of types of behaviors to which the general attitude could relate.
d. Increase the accessibility of the attitude.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
and behavior.
99. Which term refers to the idea that while attitudes and behavior may not match in a single instance, they
will tend to match up over a number of instances?
b. behavioral aggregation
c. broad attitude in context
and behavior. NOTES: Modified
100. ____ works on the assumption that a person’s attitude toward helping others might fare better if his or her
behavior is not measured by a single test.
a. Effort justification
b. Behavioral aggregation
c. Behavioral plasticity
d. Attitude accessibility
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
and behavior.
101. When the offering plate is passed at her church, Pat rarely puts any money in it. She always looks at the
offering as a financial question in terms of her own books. She has never thought of it in terms of an
indicator of her faith. Pat is a devout believer in the teachings of her church. Pat’s attitude-behavior
inconsistency results from ____.
a. her broad attitude of faith not being considered in the context of the offering plate
b. irrational beliefs about religion and finance
c. her everyday automatic world (finance) controlling her deliberate (spiritual) self
d. divergent cognitive coping mechanisms
and behavior.
102. To increase the chance that a general attitude like “Helping others is a good thing” will predict a specific
behavior like someone’s willingness to give blood, you should ____.
a. measure their cognitive coping skills first
b. measure the general attitude and link it to the specific behavior
c. ask the person to think about giving blood as a helpful act when you make the request for
a blood donation
d. reduce the accessibility of the attitude
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
and behavior.
103. Attitude accessibility refers to ____.

a. how easily the attitude comes to mind
b. how the attitude fits in the larger cognitive structure of belief
c. the tendency for attitudes to become more extreme upon reflection
d. the tendency to like something more as exposure to it increases
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
and behavior.
104. Research has shown that attitudes that are certain, stable, consistent, available, and based on direct
experience are especially effective in predicting behavior. These attitudes best illustrate the term ____.
a. probability
b. intention
c. accessibility
d. aggregation
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
and behavior.
105. Who has the most accessible attitude?

a. Zoe, who has to think for a while about whether she favors the death penalty or not
b. Shawna, who doesn’t care one way or the other about the death penalty
c. Diti, who has very extreme views about abortion
d. Lira, who can tell you right away her opinion on abortion
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
and behavior.
106. On a questionnaire, June is asked if she plans to donate blood or not. The researcher is measuring June’s
___,
a. behavioral intention
b. subjective norms
c. perceived behavioral control
KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship
between attitudes and behavior.
107. Whether a person plans to perform a behavior in question refers to ___,

b. subjective norms
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the
relationship between attitudes and behavior.
108. When a person intends to perform a behavior, attitude-behavior consistency ____.

a. increases
b. decreases
c. increases for females, but decreases for males
d. increases for males, but decreases for females
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship
109. One’s perceptions about whether significant others believe a person should perform a behavior or not
refers to one’s ____.
b. subjective norms
d. dissonance level
KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship
110. Mariah has an unplanned, unwanted pregnancy. She is thinking about having an abortion. But her family
members and close friends are all strongly opposed to abortion. The influence of their views on Mariah’s
decision to pursue abortion or not best illustrates the importance of ____.
a. subjective norms
b. behavioral intention
111. Chandler wants to give blood at the school blood drive, and he plans to try to do so. But he knows that he
will probably be turned away because of a medicine he is on. Chandler has a positive attitude toward
blood donation, but what element of the Theory of Planned Behavior inhibits his ability to behave
consistently with his attitude?
b. subjective norms
112. Social psychologists use the term ____ to refer to the fact that research reveals only a weak relationship
between people's stated attitudes and actual behaviors.
a. behavioral schism
b. the A-B problem
c. cognitive dissonance
and behavior.
113. The so-called A-B problem refers to the fact that ____.
a. people are not always aware of the factors that influence their feelings toward things
b. people are not always aware of their feelings toward things
c. people's emotional responses are not always in sync with their behaviors
d. people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors
and behavior.
114. The so-called A-B problem refers to the fact that there is often a weak relationship between people's ___.
a. implicit and explicit attitudes
b. affects and behaviors
c. attitudes and behaviors
d. affects and cognitions
and behavior.
115. Research on gender differences in sex-related attitudes and behaviors indicates that ____ show relatively
more attitude-behavior consistency, and that this is largely owing to the fact that ____.
a. men; men tend to be the initiators of sexual activity
b. men; men's sexual responses are less context-dependent than women's
c. women; women tend to be the initiators of sexual activity
d. women; women's sexual responses are less context-dependent than men's
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
and behavior.
116. Research on gender differences in sex-related attitudes and behaviors indicates that men show relatively
more attitude-behavior consistency when it comes to ____.
a. homosexual (same-sex) behavior
b. infidelity (cheating behavior)
c. both homosexual (same-sex) behavior and infidelity (cheating)
d. neither homosexual (same-sex) behavior nor infidelity (cheating)
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?
and behavior.
117. The fact that the gap between pro-condom attitudes and non-condom-using behaviors is larger among
women than men best demonstrates ____.
b. post-decision dissonance
c. attitude-behavior consistency
118. Which behavior best summarizes the text’s conclusion about attitude-behavior consistency?
a. Attitudes predict behavior with near perfect accuracy.
b. Attitudes are an abstract concept, with little to no predictive value.
c. Attitudes are consistent with behavior in most situations.
d. Attitude can predict behavior, just not with the simplicity or prevalence originally thought.
and behavior.
119. Suppose that you are watching a television commercial advertising a new car. The commercial's
spokesperson is raving about how smooth the ride is, and going bananas over what a great deal the car is.
If you are half-asleep while watching the commercial, how will your automatic system process the
claims?
a. Your automatic system will not process the claims at all (it will only process the images).
b. Your automatic system will process the claims simply as claims; you would need to use
your conscious system in order to judge their (in)validity.
c. Your automatic system will process these claims as true; you would need to use your
conscious system to override this assessment and doubt them.
d. Your automatic system will process these claims as false; you would need to use your
conscious system to assess their validity.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
mind relate to attitudes.
120. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

a. Evaluation of information occurs only via the automatic system.
b. Evaluation of information occurs only via the conscious system.
c. The process of taking in information and the process of evaluating whether information is
correct or not are intertwined.
d. The process of taking in information is separate from the process of evaluating
information.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03: Summarize how the major consistency theories and
the duplex mind relate to attitudes.
121. Research suggests that, if you are half-asleep on the sofa watching an infomercial, such that you are
processing the contents of the infomercial solely via the automatic system, then your automatic system is
likely to take in the ____.
a. images of the infomercial, but none of the claims
b. claims of the infomercial, but not evaluate them
c. claims of the infomercial as "true"
d. claims of the infomercial as "false"
122. When advertisers need to help sell a low-quality product, they often make ads that use loud music and
distracting images (as opposed to ads that explicitly and straightforwardly discuss the features of the
product). This is probably a good strategy because it is likely to foster ____ processing of the ad's claims,
and in turn to ____.
a. automatic; encourage emotional attachment to the product
b. automatic; prevent people from doubting the validity of the claims
c. deliberate; encourage emotional attachment to the product
d. deliberate; prevent people from doubting the validity of the claims
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
123. You are trying to persuade your mother to lend you some money. You decide to make your attack in the
evening, when she will be tired and distracted. This evening strategy is likely to be effective (assuming
your mother is not in a bad mood) because in the evening she will be more likely than usual to rely on the
____ system, which will in turn ____.
a. automatic; encourage an emotional response
b. automatic; prevent her from questioning the reasons for your request
c. deliberate; encourage an emotional response
d. deliberate; prevent her from questioning the reasons for your request
124. The tendency for people to hold on to their beliefs—even when their beliefs are discredited by compelling
evidence—is known as ____.
a. cognitive dissonance
b. belief perseverance
c. the A-B problem
d. cognitive stickiness
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship between attitudes and
behavior.
125. The tendency to engage in belief perseverance can be reduced or eliminated by ____.
a. attempting to make one's behaviors and attitudes more consistent
b. making an effort to persuade others of one's beliefs
c. coming up with personal examples to support one's beliefs

d. coming up with counter-arguments (i.e., arguments for "the other side")
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship between attitudes and
behavior.
126. Which of the following is the best example of belief perseverance?

a. Terrence supports the war in Iraq. He does not like to watch any TV programming that is
critical of the war.
b. Charlie believes his MP3 player is in the medicine cabinet. Even after he has looked
absolutely everywhere in the cabinet and found no evidence whatsoever of the player, he
continues to believe this.
c. Krista believes in ghosts. She says that she has seen them, and refuses to listen to anyone
who wants to tell her otherwise.
d. Although her chances of winning are extremely slim, Eve continues to hope that one day
she will win the lottery.
OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship between attitudes and behavior.
127. Ingrid believes there is a dog in the car. Even after she has looked absolutely everywhere in the car and
found no evidence whatsoever of a dog, she continues to believe this. This scenario best exemplifies
____.
c. the A-B problem
d. cognitive dissonance
128. In terms of the kinds of predictions that it makes, research on cognitive dissonance theory is most at odds
with research on ____.
a. belief perseverance
b. the A-B problem
c. balance theory
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
behavior.
129. Social psychologists use the word ____ to refer to how people deal with traumas and return, post-trauma,
to healthy, effective functioning.
a. recalibrating
b. transitioning
c. monitoring
d. coping
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.05: Debate the role of attitudes in coping with
trauma.
130. The term ____ is used to refer to the idea that people live and function in the social universe based on
certain beliefs about reality.
a. accessibility
b. assumptive worlds
c. unit relationships
d. coping
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.05: Debate the role of attitudes in coping with trauma.
131. As discussed in the text, there are three types of beliefs that help people to function effectively in the
social world, and that are often cast into doubt when people experience violent crimes or other traumas.
Which statement is one of these?
a. "The world is just random."
b. "Life is without meaning."
c. "I deserve what I get."
d. "I am a good person."
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
NOTES: Modified
132. Wei-Shin was mugged while he was walking across campus alone one evening. The event left him with
his wallet and identity stolen, and a broken nose and rib. Wei-Shin thinks to himself, “What kind of world
is this, where someone will mug a poor college student?” Wei-Shin is having trouble coping because this
traumatic event has challenged his ____.
a. attitude accessibility
b. downward comparisons
c. assumptive worlds
d. attitude-behavior consistency
OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.05: Debate the role of attitudes in coping with trauma.
133. The idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope and recover from misfortunes is called
____.
a. balance theory
b. dual attitude theory
c. belief perseverance
d. cognitive coping
134. Research on post-trauma coping indicates that one of the worst possible things—in terms of predicting
post-trauma recovery—is for people to ____.
a. blame themselves for the trauma
b. feel like there is no explanation at all for the trauma
c. feel like the trauma was fated, or predestined
d. believe that many other people have experienced similar traumas
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:

Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.05: Debate the role of attitudes in coping with trauma.
135. Suppose that Anandi was mugged at gunpoint and that is was an extremely traumatic experience. Which
of the following cognitive reactions is MOST likely to help her recover?
a. "I should have never gone into that neighborhood alone, especially not with my fancy car.
It's clear why this happened. I made myself an obvious target."
b. "The event was totally random. It could have happened to anyone, at any time, in any
place."
c. "Why was I attacked? Why me? Why now? What did I do to deserve this?"
d. "The world is just an unpredictable, dangerous place. I just need to accept that and move
on."
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
136. Research on post-trauma coping suggests that—contrary to what many people think—blaming oneself for
a trauma can, in some cases, help people recover. This seems to be because self-blame causes people to
____.
a. minimize the magnitude of the trauma
b. seek out social support
c. reflect on their life priorities
d. feel a greater sense of control and empowerment
137. Research by Shelley Taylor and her colleagues on effective coping among cancer patients has suggested
that all of the following are important in promoting recovery EXCEPT ____.
a. making downward comparisons with other cancer patients
b. making upward comparisons with other cancer patients
c. feeling that there is a "higher purpose" for one's cancer
d. feeling that one can control one's cancer
138. Kelly’s first pregnancy was a disaster by most people’s standards. Her water broke 24 weeks into the
pregnancy, she delivered the baby 15 weeks premature, and he survived but with multiple physical and
behavioral health problems that take enormous resources to tackle. Yet every time Kelly takes the baby to
the doctor, she notices other families with worse situations--children with terminal illnesses or more
profound disabilities. Kelly is using ____ to cope with her baby’s complications.
a. assumptive worlds
b. downward comparisons
c. presumptive reasoning
d. stigmatization
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
139. The act of comparing oneself to people who are worse off is called a(n) ____.
a. downward comparison
b. upward comparison
c. post-decision dissonance
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship between attitudes
and behavior.
140. Social psychology as a science can ____.

a. help refute most religious beliefs
b. speak to which religious beliefs are true and which are false
c. explain why some people accept or reject certain religious beliefs
d. determine which religion is the correct one
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
behavior.
141. Your text proposes that religious belief

a. often increases fear of the unknown
b. helps people cope with traumatic events
c. typically increases daily stress levels
d. reduces a person’s sense of guilt
behavior. NOTES: Modified
142. Research on religious beliefs shows that appealing to a higher (superordinate) power can be an effective
way to reduce ____.
a. the mere exposure effect
c. attitude polarization
d. dissonance
behavior.
143. As discussed in the text, people who hold irrational attitudes (e.g., about Big Foot, UFOs, and ghosts)
tend to ____.
a. be less prone to depression than other people
b. be less prone to anxiety than other people
c. have relatively low levels of self-esteem
d. have relatively high levels of self-esteem
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship between attitudes
and behavior.
144. Who is the most likely to be anxious, depressed, and/or low in self-esteem?
a. June, who believes she will be a doctor someday
b. Marsha, who is a devout Hindu
c. Holly, who believes in UFOs

d. Brendan, who holds Christian beliefs but doesn’t practice them much
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
145. As discussed in the text, there are a number of cognitive tendencies found among gamblers that have the
effect of encouraging these people to keep gambling. One of the MOST common is the tendency to see
losses as ____.
a. "near wins" (not losses at all)
b. "par for the course" (as a certain number of losses are expected)
c. "practice runs" (helping to improve technique in the long term)
d. "not their fault" (special exceptions due to circumstances)
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:
behavior.
146. As discussed in the text, gamblers use tricks to ____.

a. make decisions based on cognitive reasoning
b. recover from losses and to learn from wins
c. maintain the euphoria of risk-taking
d. remain confident that they will win in the future
behavior.
147. Which statement about humans and animals is most correct?

a. Only humans have attitudes.
b. Both humans and animals have attitudes in about equal numbers.
c. Animals have more attitudes than humans.
d. Humans have more attitudes than animals.
REF: What Makes Us Human? Putting the Cultural Animal in Perspective KEY: Bloom’s:
Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and why people have them.
148. The pressure to maintain consistency among beliefs and behaviors is ____.
a. equally present among humans versus animals
b. more present in animals than humans
c. more present in humans than animals
d. rarely present in humans or animals
REF: What Makes Us Human? Putting the Cultural Animal in Perspective KEY: Bloom’s:
Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and why people have them.
TRUE/FALSE
1. Consumer surveys (e.g., questionnaires that ask people what products they like and use) are primarily
used to measure people's implicit attitudes.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate

2. Research in social cognition has more or less suggested that evaluation is part of perception.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate

3. Research indicates that students who enter college knowing their likes and dislikes on academically
relevant issues tend to experience better physical and mental health in the college setting than do other
students.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate

4. The mere exposure effect occurs for stimuli that are presented at a conscious level, but it does not occur
for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal) level.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s:
5. Research suggests that learning via classical conditioning is unique to humans (and that other animals
cannot learn this way).
6. Another term for "social learning" is "instrumental learning."
7. Inconsistency bothers certain animals, such as primates, dogs, and birds, as much as it bothers people.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:

8. Iris is a vegetarian, but she was forced (at gunpoint) to eat a steak last night. Research suggests that even
under these highly unusual circumstances, she will still feel dissonance and try to rationalize her steak-
eating to reduce this dissonance.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply

OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03: Summarize how the major consistency theories and the duplex mind relate
to attitudes.
9. Attitude accessibility refers to how easily an attitude comes to mind.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?

10. The so-called "A-B problem" refers to the fact that people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with
their behaviors.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?

and behavior.
11. Research indicates that men show less attitude-behavior consistency than women when it comes to
sexuality.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?

and behavior.
12. Jeanne believes that her son is a genius. He takes multiple difference IQ tests and scores below average.
He performs poorly in school and shows little creativity at home. He does not excel at anything he does.
Yet Jeanne continues to belief in his superior intellect. Jeanne is illustrating belief perseverance.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
13. “The world is perfect” is one of the assumptive worlds identified by Janoff-Bulman (1992).
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:

behavior.
14. Martin’s wife died suddenly in a traumatic accident. He believes it was a senseless death with no point.
Jack’s wife died in a similar manner. Jack believes his wife’s death has provided an opportunity for the
family to develop a foundation serving others with her life insurance benefits. Jack and Martin will
probably cope equally well with their tragic circumstances.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Apply
15. Religious beliefs have no psychological benefit.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:

behavior.
COMPLETION
1. Ethan says that he likes rap music, but he never seems to listen to it when he is on his own, and he
becomes visibly tense whenever rap is playing at a party. Thus, even though Ethan is outwardly favorable
toward rap, it is probably case that he has a negative ________________ attitude toward it.
ANS: automatic
DIF: Moderate REF: What Are Attitudes and Why Do People Have Them?
KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and why people have them.
2. Social psychologists use the term ________________ attitudes to refer to the fact that people have two
types of attitudes—automatic attitudes and deliberate attitudes—that are not always consistent with one
another.
ANS: dual
DIF: Moderate REF: What Are Attitudes and Why Do People Have Them?
KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and why people have them.
3. There is a stray cat in your neighborhood that you see every few days. At first, you did not really care
about the cat at all. But, over time, as you saw her more and more, you began to develop warm and fuzzy
feelings toward the cat. It appears that your attitudes toward the cat shifted as a result of the
________________ effect.
ANS: mere exposure
DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
SOCP.BAUM.17.07.02: Describe how attitudes are formed.
and began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. In the language of classical conditioning, the meat
powder in this research served as a(n) ________________.
ANS: unconditioned stimulus
DIF: Moderate REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
5. Research has demonstrated that people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others
rewarded for performing those behaviors, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others
punished for performing those behaviors. This type of learning is known as ________________.
ANS: social learning

vicarious conditioning
observational learning
6. Because attitudes are easier to change than behavior, people generally follow the path of
________________ and change their attitudes rather than their behavior.
ANS: least resistance
DIF: Difficult REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03:

Summarize how the major consistency theories and the duplex mind relate to attitudes.
NOTES: New
7. Iris is a vegetarian, but she ate a steak last night. Because of this hypocritical behavior, Iris is likely to
experience a state of discomfort known as ________________.
ANS: cognitive dissonance
DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03:

8. According to________________, if you go through a severe hazing process, you will be more loyal to the
group you are joining.
ANS: effort justification
DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03:

9. Within a year after marrying, Kayla is unhappy in her marriage, yet she spends a lot of time talking to
herself about how the marriage was the right thing for her to do. “It’s better than being alone, and at least
he isn’t a total loser,” she says to herself. Kayla is experiencing ________________.
ANS: post-decision dissonance
DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03:

10. Research on gender and sexuality indicates that ________________ show less consistency than
________________ in terms of (a) their stated attitudes about sex and (b) their actual behaviors.
ANS: women men
DIF: Moderate REF: What Are Attitudes and Why Do People Have Them? KEY:
Bloom’s: Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and why people have them.
11. According to the research of Ajzen and Fishbein (1977), if you want to predict a specific behavior, you
should measure a(n) ________________.
ANS: specific attitude
DIF: Difficult REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors? KEY: Bloom’s: Understand
12. The ease with which an attitude comes to mind is called ________________.
ANS: attitude accessibility
DIF: Easy REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors? KEY: Bloom’s: Remember
13. Ingrid believes there is a dog in the car. Even after she has looked absolutely everywhere in the car, and
found no evidence whatsoever of a dog, she continues to believe this. This scenario MOST clearly
exemplifies the notion of ________________.
ANS: belief perseverance
DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship between attitudes and behavior.
14. Social psychologists use the word ________________ to refer to how people deal with traumas and
return, post-trauma, to healthy, effective functioning.
ANS: coping
DIF: Easy REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ:
SOCP.BAUM.17.07.05: Debate the role of attitudes in coping with trauma.
15. If you want to cope better with tragedy, you should engage in ________________comparisons with
others.
ANS: downward
DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
ESSAY
1. Distinguish between automatic attitudes and deliberate attitudes. How do they function and what purposes
do they serve? How do they relate to one another? How can they be measured?
ANS:
a. Automatic attitudes: Quick and unconscious. These attitudes consist of immediate evaluations
of almost all stimuli encountered, as well as "deep down," uncensored attitudes that people
possess toward a variety of phenomena. They are rough, positive-negative evaluations that help
to guide behaviors and (deliberate) attitudes. They can be measured via the IAT or other tests
that assess automatic responding.
b. Deliberate attitudes: Controlled and conscious. These attitudes consist of conscious revisions to
automatic evaluations. People do not necessarily have deliberate attitudes about everything,
however. Forming a deliberate attitude requires (at least a small amount of) dedicated time and
effort. Deliberate attitudes are relatively more censored than automatic attitudes, and relatively
more refined, or nuanced. They help to guide preferences, behaviors, etc. They can be
measured via traditional paper-and-pencil surveys and/or by simply asking people about their
attitudes.
c. Automatic and deliberate attitudes are often in conflict. Many times, however, people are
unaware of these conflicts, as they are consciously familiar only with their deliberate attitudes.
DIF: Difficult REF: What Are Attitudes and Why Do People Have Them?
KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and why people have them.
2. Explain the conditions under which the mere exposure effect holds true.
ANS:
a. The mere exposure effect holds true in general for most cases.
b. The conditions under which the mere exposure effect will not hold true are primarily when a
person already has an initially unfavorable attitude towards the attitude object. In this case,
repeated exposure will enhance the already present dislike rather than result in liking.
c. This pattern holds for nearly all types of stimuli—be they persons, nonsense words, music, etc.
It also holds true for animals as well as people. Even crickets have shown the mere exposure
effect in experimentation.
DIF: Easy REF: How Attitudes Are Formed KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
3. Distinguish between classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. How do they work
and how do they differ from one another?
ANS:
a. Classical conditioning: Associative learning. After a novel stimulus is repeatedly paired with a
familiar stimulus, people (or animals) learn to associate the two stimuli, and to respond to the
novel stimulus in anticipation of the familiar stimulus. This type of learning is simply about
mentally associating two things.
b. Operant conditioning: Instrumental learning. After rewards (or punishments) repeatedly occur
following certain behaviors, people (or animals) learn to engage in those behaviors more and
more often (or less and less often).This type of learning is about the effect of rewards and
punishments on behavior.
c. Social learning: Vicarious or observational learning. After observing that rewards (or
punishments) are repeatedly conferred upon others after they have performed certain behaviors,
people (or animals) learn to engage in those behaviors more and more often (or less and less
often).This type of learning is the same as operant conditioning except that the learning
happens by observing others (as opposed to by direct experience).
attitudes.
4. Discuss cognitive dissonance theory. What does the theory say, and what kinds of predictions does it
make?
ANS:
a. Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that people have a drive for consistency.
b. When people find that they hold inconsistent attitudes and/or have engaged in behaviors that
are inconsistent with their attitudes, they are thought to experience a state of cognitive
dissonance (unpleasant arousal) that they are then motivated to reduce.

i. People only experience cognitive dissonance when they feel as though they willingly
chose to engage in the inconsistent behavior and/or hold the inconsistent attitude.
c. People tend to reduce cognitive dissonance by shifting their attitudes, although they may
also do other things to try to reduce dissonance.
i. People only engage in this type of remedial action when they experience dissonance
and attribute the dissonance to the inconsistency.
ii. They are especially likely to engage in remedial action when their inconsistency is
public.
DIF: Difficult REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03:

5. Much research suggests that people's attitudes are not predictive of their behaviors. However, in some
cases, people's attitudes ARE highly predictive of their behaviors. Identify at least three factors that
increase attitude-behavior consistency.
ANS:
a. Measuring more specific attitudes (or more general behaviors)
i. While the relationship between general attitudes (helping people) and specific
behaviors (giving blood on Thursday) can be weak, the relationship between general
attitudes and general behaviors (behaviors aggregated across time and situations) can
be strong, as can the relationship between specific attitudes and specific behaviors.
b. Putting attitudes and behaviors in context
i. While there might be a weak relationship between an attitude (helping people) and a
relevant behavior (giving blood), this is sometimes because people do not think of
certain attitudes and behaviors in the same way that researchers do. To the extent that
people can be reminded that certain behaviors involve certain attitudes and vice-
versa, attitude-behavior consistency is likely to be greater.
c. Increasing attitude accessibility
i. When people's attitudes are made salient, they behave more in line with them.
DIF: Difficult REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors? KEY: Bloom’s: Understand
6. Briefly discuss the research on cognitive coping. When people experience traumas, what sorts of
cognitive responses are likely to be most helpful in promoting recovery?
ANS:
a. Beliefs that violate assumptive worlds are especially detrimental.
b. Coming up with an explanation—any explanation—is important. To the extent that people
feel that there is no explanation for the trauma, or that it was completely random or
arbitrary, they are likely to feel helpless and vulnerable.
i. Blaming oneself—counter to intuition—can actually help people reclaim a sense of
self-control and power, and move on from the trauma.
c. In addition to working to restore self-esteem and a sense of self-control, effective coping
also involves
i. making downward comparisons rather than upward comparison
ii. finding meaning or purpose to the trauma
d. While optimism does not appear to be especially beneficial, there is evidence that pessimism
is detrimental to recovery; thus, avoiding a pessimistic outlook is critical.
DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:
7. Explain the potential benefits and costs of holding strong religious beliefs.
ANS:
a. Religious beliefs can play very helpful roles in people’s lives. Religion often provides a sense
of explanation or an answer in situations in which science cannot provide that meaning. As
such, religious belief can help people cope with tragedy or misfortune. Religion can also
provide social support or a sense of community to people who practice the religion or worship
together. People often find a sense of purpose in their religious beliefs that helps direct their
time into meaningful, productive activity. Finally, religious beliefs can help people reduce the
unpleasant state of dissonance.
b. Socially, religious beliefs often promote values that benefit the collective—honesty, integrity,
and so forth.
c. Yet even with these benefits, people may find that religion doesn’t always result in reduced
dissonance. Sometimes two religious beliefs may be in conflict, creating dissonance for a
person. Sometimes religious beliefs can promote guilt and shame, hardly a pleasant state in
which to find oneself. Finally, religious belief may result in anger at God if tragedy or
misfortune befalls a person. Although ultimately religious belief may provide the benefit of an
explanation for the tragedy, it may also result in the negative emotion of anger.
DIF: Difficult REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s: Understand OBJ:
SOCP.BAUM.17.07.04: Explain the relationship between attitudes and behavior.
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Title: It might have been worse

a motor trip from coast to coast
Author: Beatrice Larned Massey
Release date: September 19, 2023 [eBook #71685]
Language: English
Original publication: San Francisco: Harr Wagner Publishing Co,

1920
Credits: Peter Becker and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced
from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IT MIGHT

HAVE BEEN WORSE ***
Transcriber’s Note
A much larger, higher-resolution version of the map may
be seen by clicking or right-clicking "(Larger)" beneath it.
Additional notes will be found near the end of this ebook.
(Larger)
IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN WORSE
KEY
~~~~~~~ ROUTE FOLLOWED BY CAR
- - - - CAR SHIPPED BY BOAT OR TRAIN
—o— TOWNS VISITED, OR EN ROUTE
☉ OVER NIGHT STOPS
it might have been worse
IT
MIGHT HAVE BEEN
WORSE
A MOTOR TRIP FROM COAST
TO COAST
BY
BEATRICE LARNED MASSEY
SAN FRANCISCO
HARR WAGNER PUBLISHING CO.
MCMXX
Copyright, 1920, By Beatrice Larned Massey
Printed by Taylor & Taylor, San Francisco
TO MY DEAR MR. NIP
CONTENTS
chapter page
i. the start 1
ii. new york to pittsburgh 6
iii. ohio and detours 20
iv. on to chicago 30
v. through the dairy country 39
vi. clothes, luggage, and the car 43
vii. the twin cities and ten thousand
lakes 54
viii. millions of grasshoppers 62
ix. the bad lands—“nature’s
freakiest mood” 70
x. the dust of montana 77
xi. a wonderland 87
xii. westward ho! 103
xiii. nevada and the desert 117
xiv. the end of the road 130
FOREWORD
May I state, at the start, that this account of our motor trip from
New York City to San Francisco is intended to be not only a road
map and a motor guide for prospective tourists, but also to interest
the would-be or near motorists who take dream trips to the Pacific? It
sounds like a rather large order, to motor across this vast continent,
but in reality it is simple, and the most interesting trip I have ever
taken in our own country or abroad.
There are so many so-called “highways” to follow, and numerous
routes which, according to the folders, have “good roads and first-
class accommodations all the way” that hundreds of unsuspecting
citizens are touring across every year. I can speak only for
ourselves, and will doubtless call down the criticism of many who
have taken any other route. On the whole, it has been a revelation,
and, to my mind, the only way to get a first-hand knowledge of our
country, its people, the scenery, and last, but not the least, its roads
good, bad, and infinitely worse.
B. L. M.
San Francisco, January, 1920
IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN WORSE
IT
MIGHT HAVE BEEN
WORSE
THE START
After reading “By Motor to the Golden Gate,” by Emily Post,

published in 1916, I was fired by a desire to make a similar tour. This
desire grew into a firm determination the more I re-read her
charming book. Then the United States went into the war, and self-
respecting citizens were not spending months amusing themselves;
so all thought of the trip was put aside until the spring of this year
(1919). Then the “motor fever” came on again, and refused to yield
to any sedatives of advice or obstacles. After talking and planning for
three years, we actually decided to go in ten minutes—and in ten
days we were off. All the necessary arrangements were quickly
made; leasing our home, storing our household goods, closing up
business matters, getting our equipment and having the car
thoroughly looked over, and all the pleasant but unnecessary duties
occupied the last few days. Why will people write so many letters
and say so many good-bys, when a more or less efficient mail and
telegraph service circles our continent? But it is the custom, and all
your friends expect it—like sending Easter and Christmas cards by
the hundreds. We are victims of a well-prescribed custom.
It is always of interest to me to know the make of car that a
friend (or stranger) is driving; so let me say, without any desire to
advertise the Packard, that we had a new twin-six touring car, of
which I shall speak later on. I believe in giving just tribute to any car
that will come out whole and in excellent condition, without any
engine troubles or having to be repaired, after a trip of 4154 miles
over plains and mountains, through ditches, ruts, sand, and mud,
fording streams and two days of desert-going. And let me add that
my husband and I drove every mile of the way. It is needless to say
that the car was not overstrained or abused, and was given every
care on the trip. In each large city the Packard service station
greased and oiled the car, turned down the grease-cups, examined
the brakes and steering-gear, and started us off in “apple-pie” order,
with a feeling on our parts of security and satisfaction.
The subject of car equipment, tires, clothes, and luggage will
take a chapter by itself. But let me say that we profited in all these
regards by the experience and valuable suggestions of Mrs. Post in
her book.
When we first spoke to our friends of making this trip, it created
as little surprise or comment as if we had said, “We are going to tour
the Berkshires.” The motor mind has so grown and changed in a few
years. Nearly everyone had some valuable suggestion to make, but
one only which we accepted and profited by. Every last friend and
relative that we had offered to go in some capacity—private
secretaries, chauffeurs, valets, maids, and traveling companions. But
our conscience smote us when we looked at that tonneau, the size
of a small boat, empty, save for our luggage, which, let me add with
infinite pride and satisfaction, was not on the running-boards, nor
strapped to the back. From the exterior appearance of the car we
might have been shopping on Fifth Avenue.
We extended an invitation to two friends to accompany us, which
was accepted by return mail, with the remark, “Go!—of course, we
will go! Never give such an invitation to this family unless you are in
earnest.” And so our genial friends joined us, and we picked them up
at the Seymour Hotel in New York City, at three o’clock, Saturday,
July 19th, and started for the Forty-second-Street ferry in a pouring
rain, as jolly and happy a quartette as the weather would permit. Our
guests were a retired physician, whom we shall speak of as the
Doctor, and his charming, somewhat younger wife, who, although
possessing the perfectly good name of Helen, was promptly dubbed
“Toodles” for no reason in the world. These dear people were of the
much-traveled type, who took everything in perfect good-nature and
were never at all fussy nor disturbed by late hours, delays, bad
weather, nor any of the usual fate of motorists, and they both added
to the pleasure of the trip as far as they accompanied us.
It had rained steadily for three days before we started and it
poured torrents for three days after; but that was to be expected, and
the New Jersey and Pennsylvania roads were none the worse, and
the freedom from dust was a boon. We chose for the slogan of our
trip, “It might have been worse.” The Doctor had an endless fund of
good stories, of two classes, “table and stable stories,” and I regret
to say that this apt slogan was taken from one of his choicest stable
stories, and quite unfit for publication. However, it did fit our party in
its optimism and cheery atmosphere.
With a last look at the wonderful sky-line of the city, and the hum
and whirl of the great throbbing metropolis, lessening in the swirl of
the Hudson River, we really were started; with our faces turned to
the setting sun, and the vast, wonderful West before us.
II
NEW YORK TO PITTSBURGH
One of the all-absorbing pleasures in contemplating a long trip is

to map out your route. You hear how all your friends have gone, or
their friends, then you load up with maps and folders, especially
those published by all the auto firms and tire companies, you pore
over the Blue Book of the current year, and generally end by going
the way you want to go, through the cities where you have friends or
special interests. This is exactly what we did. As the trip was to be
taken in mid-summer, we concluded to take a northern route from
Chicago, via Milwaukee, St. Paul, Fargo, Billings, Yellowstone Park,
Salt Lake City, Ogden, Reno, Sacramento, to San Francisco (see
map), and, strange to relate, we followed out the tour as we had
planned it. With the exception of a few hot days in the larger cities
and on the plains, and, of course, in the desert, we justified our
decision.
As I have stated, we drove 4154 miles, through sixteen states
and the Yellowstone Park, in thirty-three running days, and the trip
took just seven weeks to the day, including seventeen days spent in
various cities, where we rested and enjoyed the sights. As time was
of no special object, and we were not attempting to break any
records, we felt free to start and stop when we felt inclined to do so;
on only two mornings did we start before nine-thirty, and seldom
drove later than seven in the evening. In so doing, we made a
pleasure of the trip and not a duty, and avoided any unusual fatigue.
The first evening we reached Easton, Pennsylvania. We were
glad to get into the comfortable Huntington Hotel out of the wet, and
enjoyed a good dinner and a night’s rest. We followed the Lincoln
Highway to Pittsburgh, and have only praise to offer for the condition
of the road and the beauty of the small towns through which we
went. Of all the states that we crossed, Pennsylvania stands out par
excellence in good roads, clean, attractive towns, beautiful farming
country and fruit belts, and well-built, up-to-date farm buildings. In
other states we found many such farms, but in Pennsylvania it was
exceptional to find a poor, tumble-down farmhouse or barn. The
whole state had an air of thrift and prosperity, and every little home
was surrounded by fine trees, flowers, and a well-kept vegetable
garden.
The worst bugbear of the motorist are the detours. Just why the
road commissioners choose the height of the motoring season to
tear up the main highways and work the roads has always been a
mystery to me, and I have never heard any logical solution of it. We
were often told that no work to speak of had been done on the state
roads through the country during the war, and in many places the
heavy army trucks had cut up the good roads until the ruts left turtle-
backed ridges in the center, not at all pleasant to bob along on. But,
in view of what we encountered later in our trip, I look back on the
Pennsylvania roads as one of the high spots and pleasures, never to
be undervalued.
From Easton we drove in the rain to Harrisburg. The scenery
was beautiful. The Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains loomed
up in the haze like great cathedrals; but as long as the road was
wide and comparatively smooth we enjoyed the ups and downs. Our
engine told us that we were gradually ascending; the mist would be
wafted off by a mountain breeze, and then a gorgeous panorama
stretched before us as far as the eye could see.
We found Harrisburg a busy, thriving city, with well-paved
streets, attractive homes, and many fine buildings. The leading hotel,
the Penn Harris, was turning away guests; so we were made very
comfortable at the Senate. Here the café was miserable, but we
went to the restaurant of the Penn Harris and had an excellent
dinner at moderate prices. We have found that at the largest, best
hotels the food was better cooked and much cheaper than at the
smaller ones. Usually we had excellent club breakfasts from forty

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Social Psychology and Human Nature

Comprehensive Edition 4th Edition

4. As discussed in the text, ____ serve interpersonal functions.

5. As defined in the text, dual attitudes consist of ____.

c. cognitions and emotions

6. Automatic attitudes can be defined as ____ evaluative responses.

9. Deliberate attitudes can be defined as ____ evaluative responses.

b. People are consciously aware only of their automatic attitudes.

12. In general, attitudes are used for ____.

13. In general, beliefs are used for ____.

14. Research on racism has indicated that ____.

19. Which statement best explains why humans have attitudes?

SOCP.BAUM.17.07.01: Define attitudes and why people have them.

20. Which statement best describes the influence of attitudes?

Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.02: Describe how attitudes are formed.

34. Research suggests that the mere exposure effect ____.

35. Research on embodied attitudes suggests that ____.

36. Which scientist proposed the notion of embodied attitudes?

39. In the process of classical conditioning, a(n) ____.

40. Classical conditioning can be thought of as a type of ____.

50. Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?

51. Operant conditioning is also sometimes referred to as ____.

53. Social learning is also sometimes referred to as observational learning or ____.

54. Which of the following is the best example of social learning?

c. the mere exposure effect

57. Attitude polarization refers to the finding that ____.

60. Hazing rituals make use of the idea of ____.

d. performed or watched others perform the painful ritual

91. According to the text, the drive for consistency is ____.

and behavior. NOTES: New

103. Attitude accessibility refers to ____.

105. Who has the most accessible attitude?

107. Whether a person plans to perform a behavior in question refers to ___,

108. When a person intends to perform a behavior, attitude-behavior consistency ____.

between attitudes and behavior.

120. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

c. coming up with personal examples to support one's beliefs

126. Which of the following is the best example of belief perseverance?

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:

140. Social psychology as a science can ____.

141. Your text proposes that religious belief

c. Holly, who believes in UFOs

146. As discussed in the text, gamblers use tricks to ____.

147. Which statement about humans and animals is most correct?

ANS: F DIF: Moderate

ANS: T DIF: Moderate

ANS: T DIF: Moderate

6. Another term for "social learning" is "instrumental learning."

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply OBJ:

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Apply

9. Attitude accessibility refers to how easily an attitude comes to mind.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Do Attitudes Really Predict Behaviors?

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:

15. Religious beliefs have no psychological benefit.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Beliefs and Believing KEY: Bloom’s:

ANS: mere exposure

ANS: unconditioned stimulus

ANS: social learning

ANS: least resistance

DIF: Difficult REF: Consistency KEY: Bloom’s: Remember OBJ: SOCP.BAUM.17.07.03:

ANS: cognitive dissonance