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Chapter 07
Test Bank
1. ________ is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.
A. Compliance
B. Persuasion
C. Inoculation
D. Perseverance
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 174
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
2. People are likely to take the central route to persuasion when they ________.
A. are distracted or just plain busy
B. overlook arguments
C. feel demotivated
D. are able to think about an issue
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 175
Topic: Central Route
3. Xavier is interested in purchasing a bike. He consults various online automobile magazines to analyze the features of the latest bikes available in
the market. Finally, he selects a bike that meets his requirements. In the context of persuasion, this scenario illustrates ________.
A. the door-in-the-face technique
B. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
C. the peripheral route to persuasion
D. the central route to persuasion
4. In the context of persuasion, education is more ________ than propaganda, whereas propaganda is more ________ than education.
A. coercive; factual
B. important; useful
C. factual; coercive
D. useful; important
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 174–175
Topic: Central Route
5. In the context of persuasion, the factor that generally determines if we call attempts at persuasion education or propaganda is whether:
A. we believe them.
B. we know the communicator.
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C. the message is emotional in tone.
D. the message is one-sided.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 174
Topic: Central Route
6. Which of the following must take place before a message is likely to persuade?
A. attention to the message
B. peripheral processing
C. central processing
D. education rather than propaganda
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 175
Topic: Central Route
7. The ________ route to persuasion occurs when interested people focus on arguments.
A. peripheral
B. central
C. logical
D. partial
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 175
Topic: Central Route
8. Sally is interested in purchasing a DVD player and is overwhelmed by different DVD player models available at a local electronics store. She
decides to consult a magazine devoted to reviewing home electronics. After reading a number of articles stating the pros and cons of each model, she
decides on a DVD player. Sally has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the ________ route to persuasion.
A. peripheral
B. central
C. logical
D. partial
9. The ________ route to persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
A. peripheral
B. central
C. logical
D. factual
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
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Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 176
Topic: Peripheral Route
10. Brianna watches a new ice-cream commercial on television. The commercial features an attractive supermodel who claims that the ice-cream is
specially manufactured for health-conscious people. When Brianna goes to purchase ice cream the next time, without giving further thought, she
buys the ice-cream endorsed by the attractive model in the ice-cream commercial. In the context of persuasion, this scenario exemplifies:
A. belief perseverance.
B. rosy retrospection.
C. the peripheral route to persuasion.
D. the central route to persuasion.
11. Suzy is interested in purchasing a DVD player and is overwhelmed by different models available at a local electronics store. She decides to
purchase a shiny, metallic model as it is the best-looking one in the store. Suzy has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of
the ________ route to persuasion.
A. peripheral
B. central
C. logical
D. factual
12. We are more likely to be persuaded by the ________ route to persuasion when we are distracted or busy.
A. peripheral
B. central
C. logical
D. factual
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 176
Topic: Peripheral Route
13. People follow the peripheral route to persuasion when they ________.
A. are uninvolved
B. feel motivated
C. are interested in analyzing if arguments are compelling
D. respond to arguments with favorable thoughts
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 176
Topic: Peripheral Route
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Feedback: What Paths Lead to Persuasion?
14. According to Jones et al. (2009), Petty and Briñol (2008), and Walther et al. (2011), peripheral route processing ________.
A. slowly builds implicit attitudes through repeated associations between an attitude and an emotion
B. occurs when people remain immune to incidental cues, such as a speaker's perceived trustworthiness
C. promptly occurs when interested people focus on arguments
D. takes place when motivated people think about an issue
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 176
Topic: Peripheral Route
15. Lately, you have noticed that your favorite athlete endorses the cereal you consume, appears on highway billboards for sports beverages, and
appears on television commercials for running shoes. What type of marketing strategy is being used to persuade you to purchase these products?
A. intelligent
B. savvy
C. the central route to persuasion
D. the peripheral route to persuasion
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 176
Topic: Central Route
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 175
Topic: Central Route
18. Individuals who are typically regarded as thinking people may be inclined to use the peripheral route to persuasion if:
A. the speaker is young and vibrant.
B. the speaker seems to have ulterior motives.
C. the speaker has apparently good motives.
D. they are paid to do so.
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McGraw-Hill Education.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 177
Topic: Peripheral Route
19. Unlike the central route to persuasion, the peripheral route to persuasion is ________.
A. more explicit
B. conscious
C. reflective
D. more implicit
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 176
Topic: Central Route
Topic: Peripheral Route
20. In the context of the elements of persuasion explored by social psychologists, the "who" aspect of a message refers to ________.
A. the communicator
B. the context
C. the message itself
D. the audience
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 177
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
21. A communicator is said to be ________ when he or she is perceived as both an expert and trustworthy.
A. skilled
B. guileless
C. honorable
D. credible
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
22. If people remember a message better than the reason for discounting it, the impact of a noncredible person may ________ over time.
A. fade
B. stay the same
C. correspondingly increase
D. decrease
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
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Feedback: What Are the Elements of Persuasion?
23. A delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective is known as ________.
A. a paradox
B. short-term memory
C. the sleeper effect
D. longevity
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
24. ________ occurs when we remember a message but forget the reason for discounting it.
A. Delayed reaction
B. Short-term memory
C. The sleeper effect
D. Attitude inoculation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
25. A message about brushing one's teeth conveyed by a dentist is more persuading than the same message from a student who has done a project on
dental hygiene. This reflects the credibility of the communicator through:
A. perceived expertise.
B. perceived attractiveness.
C. speaking style.
D. body language.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
26. According to Moore and Swift (2011) and Pentland (2010), whether pitching a business plan or giving advice, a(n) ________ is often more
convincing.
A. charismatic person who speaks fluently
B. power-oriented authoritative person
C. overconfident person who occasionally stumbles
D. person who says "you know" or "uh" frequently
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
27. In the context of the elements of persuasion, a communicator is considered credible if ________.
A. he or she is able to convince people that he or she is trying to persuade them
B. he or she uses "you know" or "uh" when speaking or stumbles over his or her words
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McGraw-Hill Education.
C. he or she speaks slowly and haltingly
D. he or she is seen as knowledgeable on a topic
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
28. Leah, a counsellor, conducts a session on alcoholism for the employees of a multinational corporation. She intends to discuss the ill-effects of
alcohol consumption on one's physical and mental health. In order to appear credible and persuade her audience, Leah should ________.
A. speak confidently and fluently
B. make direct eye contact with her audience
C. use "you know" and "uh" frequently when speaking
D. convince her audience that she is trying to persuade them
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 179
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
30. An audience is more likely to perceive a speaker as credible when the speaker:
A. avoids eye contact.
B. talks slowly.
C. avoids being straightforward.
D. argues against his or her self-interest.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 196
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
31. The delayed persuasion that takes place after people forget the source or its connection with a message is known as ________.
A. the sleeper effect
B. the primacy effect
C. the recency effect
D. the context effect
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178
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Topic: Elements of Persuasion
32. While watching TV, Yara and her friend Sophie see an advertisement of a new shampoo. While Yara tells Sophie that she intends to buy the
product, Sophie, who is a dermatologist, warns her that the shampoo has harsh chemicals that could be harmful to the scalp and hair. After hearing
this, Yara decides not to buy the shampoo. Over the next few months, the advertisement is often played on TV. Yara forgets Sophie's warning and
buys the shampoo. This is an example of ________.
A. the sleeper effect
B. the inoculation effect
C. the neutral effect
D. the curvilinear effect
33. Natalia has been using the skin care products of a popular brand since her adolescence. However, she reads in a health magazine that the products
of this brand cause skin cancer. She ignores the article as a mere propaganda against the brand. Nonetheless, the next time she goes to the market to
purchase sunscreen lotion, she opts for a new brand. In the context of persuasion, this scenario exemplifies ________.
A. the modality effect
B. the fading affect bias
C. the sleeper effect
D. the lowball technique
34. Juan, a professional motivational speaker, intends to discuss the impact of negative thoughts on one's productivity and performance with
management students. She also plans to share self-motivation tips with the students. In the context of the elements of persuasion, she can ensure that
the students trust her if ________.
A. she makes direct eye contact with the students
B. she convinces them that she is trying to persuade them
C. she uses "you know" and "uh" often when speaking
D. she asks someone else to convey her expertise
35. When people deferred to credible experts, Cialdini (2008) called this the ________ principle of persuasion.
A. liking
B. authority
C. social proof
D. reciprocity
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 180
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
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Feedback: What Are the Elements of Persuasion?
36. When people allowed the example of others to validate how to think, feel, and act, Cialdini (2008) called this the ________ principle of
persuasion.
A. liking
B. authority
C. social proof
D. scarcity
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 180
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
37. When people tended to honor their public commitments, Cialdini (2008) called this the ________ principle of persuasion.
A. liking
B. authority
C. social proof
D. consistency
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 180
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
38. Robert Cialdini (2008) illustrated six principles that underlie human relationships and human influence in his book Influence: Science and
Practice. In this context, when people feel obliged to repay in kind what they have received, it is known as the ________.
A. principle of authority
B. principle of reciprocity
C. principle of social proof
D. principle of scarcity
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 180
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
39. We tend to like people who are like us. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness?
A. proximity
B. similarity
C. consistency
D. physical appeal
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 181
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
40. Arguments, especially emotional ones, are often highly influential when they come from beautiful people. This exemplifies which characteristic
of attractiveness?
A. liking
B. similarity
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McGraw-Hill Education.
C. consistency
D. physical appeal
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 180
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
41. The Harry Potter series was not expected to be a best seller. It was kids talking to other kids that made it so. This shows the effect of ________ on
persuasion.
A. personal influence
B. media influence
C. educational influence
D. expert influence
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 189
Topic: Channel of Communication
42. Bailenson and Yee's (2005) research with virtual social reality found a "person" whose expressions and movements echoed the participant was:
A. not liked but was persuasive.
B. liked and was persuasive.
C. not liked and was not persuasive.
D. liked but was not persuasive.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 181
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
43. When a choice concerns matters of personal value or taste, ________ communicators have a high influence.
A. dissimilar
B. expert
C. attractive
D. energetic
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 196
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
44. According to Cacioppo et al. (1983, 1996) and Hovland et al. (1949), who is the most responsive to rational appeals?
A. well-educated and analytical people
B. well-educated and nonanalytical people
C. less educated and analytical people
D. less educated and nonanalytical people
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 182
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Topic: Elements of Persuasion
45. In the context of the elements of persuasion, one thing that does not improve persuasion is ________.
A. an expert and trustworthy communicator
B. fluent speech by a confident-seeming person
C. the belief of an audience that the communicator is not trying to persuade them
D. direct eye contact between a communicator and his or her audience
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 179
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
46. Alicia has a fairly weak case to present to her supervisor. In order to be more persuasive, she should:
A. arouse a small amount of fear.
B. put him in a good mood.
C. keep her gaze fixed on his eyes.
D. argue in favor of her self-interest.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 183
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 183
Topic: Message Content
48. In the context of persuasion, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request is known as
________.
A. the primacy effect
B. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
C. the door-in-the-face technique
D. the recency effect
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 184
Topic: Message Content
49. Rodrigo needs his sister Alisa to help him make a model of human heart for the upcoming science exhibition in his school. However, he is not
sure if she will oblige. So, he initially urges Alisa to accompany him to the arts and crafts supply store to buy materials for the model. A day later,
when she appears interested in the project, Rodrigo asks Alisa if she would help him complete the model. Alisa readily agrees to this proposal. In the
context of persuasion, this scenario exemplifies ________.
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A. the misinformation effect
B. the recency effect
C. the primacy effect
D. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
50. In your marketing class, your assignment is to create an advertisement that will encourage people to buy condom X over condom Y. Given your
knowledge of persuasion, which strategy would be most effective?
A. an ad that reads "AIDS kills" followed by a suggestion that condom X prevents it
B. an ad that reads "AIDS kills," along with a suggestion that condom Y does not prevent it
C. an ad with the catchphrase "Use condom X to prevent AIDS"
D. an ad that suggests condom Y does not prevent AIDS
51. Eric, a novice salesman, works for a pharmaceutical company. He is heading out on a sales trip. Which of the following should he follow to
succeed in his sales effort?
A. He should offer one-sided messages.
B. He should use logic regardless of the audience and the message.
C. He should ask a small favor before making a big request.
D. He should go in the middle for best results.
52. In the context of the channels of communication, which of the following is true?
A. Experience-based attitudes are less stable than attitudes formed passively.
B. The more familiar people are with an issue, the more persuadable they are.
C. Mere repetition of a statement serves to increase its fluency.
D. People tend to forget both the original story and the retraction.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 189
Topic: Channel of Communication
53. Myra wants to ask her husband to buy her a diamond necklace. Which of the following strategies used by Myra reflects the lowball technique?
A. Myra lets her husband know how much she loves him and tells him that if he loved her as much, he would gift her anything she wants.
B. Myra gets her husband to agree to buy her a diamond ring, and at the jewelry store, she informs him that she wants a diamond necklace.
C. Myra cooks a tasty dinner for her husband, and she shows him a picture of the necklace she likes.
D. Myra takes her husband out to dinner and asks if he would gift her a diamond necklace.
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Bloom's Level: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 185
Topic: Message Content
54. An electronic store advertises that customers can buy a specific cell phone for half its original price. When customers are drawn by the offer and
enter the store, they get to know that the offer is valid only if they make a purchase of $200 or above. The store's manager notices that those
customers who are merely interested in purchasing cell phones end up buying other products as well. In the context of persuasion, this scenario
illustrates ________.
A. the illusory truth effect
B. the lowball technique
C. rosy retrospection
D. belief perseverance
55. Bill is a car salesman. He is trying to sell a moderately expensive car to a client. In order to use the door-in-the-face technique effectively, Bill
must ________.
A. quote a high price first and reduce it later
B. make an initial offer and increase the price later
C. use a one-sided argument to convince the client
D. quote one price and stick to it
56. Carl, a 13-year-old, is overweight and is not motivated to lose weight. In order to persuade him to lose weight, Carl's parents first ask him to go
for walks twice a day for an hour each. He flatly refuses. Alternatively, they ask him to play basketball once a day to which he readily agrees. In the
context of psychology, this scenario illustrates ________.
A. the lowball technique
B. the door-in-the-face technique
C. the primacy effect
D. the recency effect
57. Werner and her colleagues (2002) conducted a study on aluminum-can recycling at the University of Utah and found that the most effective
message was a:
A. one-sided one.
B. two-sided one.
C. discrepant one.
D. clear and unambiguous one.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
7-13
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 186
Topic: Message Content
58. When Werner and colleagues (2002) placed signs on a campus with a two-sided message that not only stated the importance of recycling but also
acknowledged the inconvenience of it, recycling:
A. increased to 80%.
B. increased to 25%.
C. decreased by 40%.
D. decreased by 90%.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 186
Topic: Message Content
59. Maxine, a physics lecturer, assigns her students a five-page-long assignment on the theory of relativity that needs to be submitted in two days.
Only 40% of the class completes the assignment within the specified time. Noticing the delay in submission, Maxine tries to convince her students in
a different way. She tells them that though the assignment involves extensive research and is difficult to complete within a short time, it is important
as the scores obtained will be added to their physics theory scores. The next day, almost 70% of the class turns up with their assignments. In the
context of persuasion, this scenario illustrates:
A. the primacy effect.
B. belief perseverance.
C. a two-sided appeal.
D. cognitive dissonance.
60. In the context of the elements of persuasion, other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence. This is known as
________.
A. the recency effect
B. the primacy effect
C. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
D. the door-in-the-face technique
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 186
Topic: Message Content
61. During a job interview, Juan is first asked by her interviewer to speak about her strengths and positive qualities. Soon after, she is asked to
mention her negative traits. The interviewer meets other candidates, but he reverses the order of his questions. Finally, he considers offering the job
to Juan as he remembers her positive traits better than others’. In the context of persuasion, the scenario exemplifies ________.
A. the primacy effect
B. the lowball technique
C. the sleeper effect
D. the door-in-the-face technique
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Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 186
Topic: Message Content
62. Rachid, a psychology lecturer, discusses the positive aspects of mercy killing with his students. After a week, he discusses the negative aspects of
mercy killing with the same group of students and asks for their opinions immediately. The students who initially seemed to support mercy killing
vote against it. In the context of persuasion, this scenario illustrates ________.
A. the door-in-the-face technique
B. the foot-in-the door phenomenon
C. the recency effect
D. the primacy effect
63. The ________ effect refers to how information that is presented first usually has the most influence.
A. recency
B. primacy
C. channel
D. initial
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 186
Topic: Message Content
64. The ________ effect refers to how information that is presented last sometimes has the most influence.
A. recency
B. primacy
C. channel
D. final
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 187
Topic: Message Content
65. When Asch (1946) presented students with a description of someone as "intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious," they
rated the person ________ than if the opposite order of adjectives was presented.
A. less positively
B. more positively
C. less attractive
D. more attractive
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 187
Topic: Message Content
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66. When Asch (1946) presented students with a description of someone as "intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious," they
rated the person more positively than if the opposite order of adjectives was presented. This demonstrates the ________ effect.
A. recency
B. primacy
C. channel
D. sleeper
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 187
Topic: Message Content
67. When two messages are back to back, followed by a time gap, the ________ effect usually occurs.
A. recency
B. primacy
C. channel
D. sleeper
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 187
Topic: Message Content
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 187
Topic: Message Content
69. The way a message is delivered is what social psychologists refer to as the ________ of communication.
A. style
B. route
C. channel
D. method
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 188
Topic: Channel of Communication
70. Studies comparing different media find that the more ________ a medium, the more persuasive its message.
A. positive
B. negative
C. lifelike
D. intense
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
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Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 191
Topic: Channel of Communication
71. Researchers found that difficult messages are most persuasive when ________, and easy messages are most persuasive when ________.
A. audiotaped; videotaped
B. spoken; written
C. written; videotaped
D. given slowly; given quickly
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 192
Topic: Channel of Communication
72. The process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others, is referred to as:
A. the sleeper effect.
B. an indirect channel of communication.
C. the opinion leader effect.
D. a two-step flow of communication.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 191
Topic: Channel of Communication
73. Which of the following illustrates media influence through a two-step flow of communication?
A. A teenager buys a video game that she has seen being advertised both on television and in her favorite magazine.
B. A domestic car manufacturer sponsors a television program based on the defectiveness of imports.
C. A candidate for political office answers questions from the members of a studio audience on live television.
D. A man buys a new laundry detergent after having it recommended by a friend who had read that it was both effective and environmentally safe in
a consumer magazine.
74. Chaiken and Eagly (1976) reasoned that if a message is difficult to comprehend, persuasion should be greatest when the message is:
A. written.
B. spoken.
C. nonverbal.
D. videotaped.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 191
Topic: Channel of Communication
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75. Which statement is NOT true about the best way to deal with media information?
A. The more lifelike a medium, the more persuasive a message.
B. Messages are best comprehended and recalled when written.
C. When a message is difficult to comprehend, it is best written.
D. Messages are best comprehended and recalled when spoken.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 191
Topic: Channel of Communication
76. People tend to have different social and political attitudes depending on their age because attitudes change as people grow older. This refers to the
________ explanation for how age plays a role in persuasion.
A. situational
B. life cycle
C. cognitive
D. social proof
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 192
Topic: Audience
77. People tend to have different social and political attitudes depending on their age because older people largely hold onto the attitudes they
adopted when they were young. This refers to the ________ explanation for how age plays a role in persuasion.
A. generational
B. life cycle
C. cognitive
D. social proof
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 192
Topic: Audience
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 193
Topic: Audience
79. A tactic for getting people to agree to something that is based on the fact that people who agree to an initial request will often still comply when
the requester ups the ante is known as ________.
A. the less-is-better effect
B. the overjustification effect
C. the door-in-the-face technique
D. the lowball technique
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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 185
Topic: Message Content
80. Darla wants to persuade her parents to pay for a study trip abroad. She will have a difficult time succeeding if:
A. her parents are forewarned of her intention to convince them.
B. she asks the trip coordinator to convince them.
C. her parents are not particularly analytical.
D. her parents have a moderate level of self-esteem.
81. Nora, a single mom, needs to ask her parents for money. To minimize the probability that they will object to her request, she should:
A. warn them ahead of her need.
B. have her distracting little toddler with her when she makes her request.
C. present a written request.
D. ask them over telephone.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 195
Topic: Audience
83. People who are quick to respond to such peripheral cues as a communicator's attractiveness are those with a(n) ________ need for cognition.
A. low
B. average
C. high
D. slightly above average
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 195
Topic: Audience
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Feedback: What Are the Elements of Persuasion?
84. Macy prefers classes conducted by professors who are visually appealing and entertaining rather than by professors who are knowledgeable and
effective communicators. Macy probably has a(n) ________ need for cognition.
A. low
B. average
C. high
D. slightly above average
85. Research has concluded that stimulating thinking makes strong messages ________ persuasive than earlier and (because of counterarguing) weak
messages ________ persuasive than earlier.
A. less; more
B. more; less
C. moderately more; more
D. partially less; extremely more
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 196
Topic: Audience
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 196
Topic: Audience
87. According to Cacioppo et al. (1996), people with a high need for cognition ________.
A. are fond of conserving their mental resources
B. are nonanalytical by nature
C. prefer the peripheral route to persuasion
D. enjoy thinking carefully
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 195
Topic: Audience
88. According to Cacioppo et al. (1996), who among the following is an individual with a low need for cognition?
A. Felix, a manager, overlooks a speaker's personality when analyzing arguments and formulating responses.
B. Anastasiya, an employee, prefers utilizing her mental resources before making a purchase decision.
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C. Martina, a homemaker, is analytical by nature and enjoys thinking carefully about issues.
D. Lukas, a teenager, responds quickly to such cues as the pleasantness of the surroundings.
89. Credible communicators mostly succeed in persuading. These are people who do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. speak unhesitatingly.
B. look listeners in their eye.
C. appear trustworthy.
D. argue for their self-interest.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 196
Topic: Audience
90. According to Cacioppo et al. (1996), who among the following has a high need for cognition?
A. Sarah prefers using her mental resources when making a purchase decision.
B. Tobias likes to conserve his mental resources when he comes across commercials.
C. Chiara responds positively to advertisements when attractive people feature in them.
D. Liam lacks analytical skills and is easily drawn toward pleasant surroundings.
91. Whether a one- or two-sided message is more persuasive depends on all of the following EXCEPT:
A. whether the audience already agrees with the message.
B. whether the audience is unaware of opposing arguments.
C. whether the audience thinks information is being shared in an appropriate way.
D. whether the audience is unlikely later to consider the opposition.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 196
Topic: Audience
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify some tactics for resisting influence.
Page: 196
Topic: Resisting Persuasion
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Feedback: How Can Persuasion Be Resisted?
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Identify some tactics for resisting influence.
Page: 197
Topic: Resisting Persuasion
94. In the context of persuasion, the "Mothers' Code for Advertisers" urges that there should be ________.
A. no product placements in movies targeting adolescents
B. no targeting individuals between the ages of 18 and 20
C. maximum advertising in schools
D. ample product placements in programs for children
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify some tactics for resisting influence.
Page: 200
Topic: Resisting Persuasion
95. Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available is known as:
A. central route persuasion.
B. attitude inoculation.
C. psychological reactance.
D. the boomerang effect.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Identify some tactics for resisting influence.
Page: 197
Topic: Resisting Persuasion
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify some tactics for resisting influence.
Page: 199
Topic: Resisting Persuasion
97. Research on attitude inoculation suggests that religious educators should avoid:
A. the two-step flow of communication.
B. forewarning their followers that outsiders will question their beliefs.
C. using charismatic leaders to attract new converts.
D. creating a "germ-free ideological environment."
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APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify some tactics for resisting influence.
Page: 200
Topic: Resisting Persuasion
98. In the context of persuasion, a way in which attitude inoculation can occur is by ________.
A. keeping one's own opinions to oneself
B. considering counterarguments
C. ignoring reasons why a persuasive message is wrong
D. refraining from making a public commitment to one's own position
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify some tactics for resisting influence.
Page: 197
Topic: Resisting Persuasion
99. Company A describes its cars' reliability, mileage, and durability. Company B's ads show people having a good time driving around in their cars.
A's ads focus on ________-route processing, whereas B's ads focus on ________-route processing.
A. cognitive; emotional
B. internal; external
C. stable; unstable
D. central; peripheral
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 196
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 183
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
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Feedback: What Are the Elements of Persuasion?
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 188
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 176
Topic: Central Route
104. In comparison to the peripheral route to persuasion, the central route to persuasion is ________.
A. automatic
B. more implicit
C. reflective
D. non-explicit
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 176
Topic: Central Route
Topic: Peripheral Route
105. According to Kumkale and Albarracin (2004) and Pratkanis et al. (1988), the credibility of a noncredible person may increase over time if
people remember his or her message better than the reason for discounting it. This is known as:
A. the sleeper effect.
B. the authority effect.
C. the primacy effect.
D. the recency effect.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
106. Stephanie is campaigning for the conservation of fossil fuels to a group of NASA engineers. To succeed, Stephanie should incorporate which
type of arguments in her speech?
A. emotional arguments
B. peripheral arguments
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C. neutral arguments
D. rational arguments
107. If two messages are presented back to back, which message will likely hold the most influence?
A. the last message
B. the first message
C. it depends on the communicator
D. it depends on the channel of communication
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 187
Topic: Message Content
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 191
Topic: Channel of Communication
109. Messages are best understood and remembered when they are:
A. audiotaped.
B. live.
C. written.
D. videotaped.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 191
Topic: Channel of Communication
110. People with a high need for cognition are likely to:
A. prefer peripheral routes to persuasion.
B. prefer central routes to persuasion.
C. support the life cycle explanation for differences in attitudes across age.
D. support the generational explanation for differences in attitudes across age.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 195
Topic: Audience
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Feedback: What Are the Elements of Persuasion?
111. Sean wants to talk to his teenage daughter about the dangers of smoking. Which of the following suggestions is least likely to persuade Sean's
daughter to resist the pressure to smoke?
A. Ask her to think about the negative effects of smoking (e.g., cancer).
B. Ask her to make a public commitment to not smoke.
C. Increase her fear of smoking by showing her pictures of lung cancer.
D. Tell her she is forbidden from smoking and threaten to take her car away if she ever tries smoking.
112. If a message's purpose and content elicit bad judgments, we call it:
A. propaganda.
B. education.
C. channeled.
D. prejudiced.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 174
Topic: Central Route
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178
Topic: Central Route
114. In the context of persuasion, attractiveness and fame often matter most when ________.
A. people have ample time to think about their choices
B. people make superficial judgments
C. people are away from distractions
D. people meet others who are different from them
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 180
Topic: Central Route
115. Kevin, an 11-year-old, wishes to attend a sleepover party at his friend's house. However, he is skeptical about his parents’ permission. In order
to convince his parents, Kevin first informs them about his good performance in the science quiz and then immediately seeks their permission to
attend the party. The next day, his parents respond positively. In the context of persuasion, this scenario illustrates:
7-26
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
A. the primacy effect.
B. the misinformation effect.
C. the consistency bias.
D. the self-serving bias.
116. Ted is most likely to elicit an opinion change from an audience whose opinion differs greatly from his own if Ted:
A. is credible.
B. uses the peripheral route.
C. talks slowly.
D. uses a one-sided argument.
117. Stephanie believes that people become more conservative as they get older. Stephanie would most likely agree with the ________ explanation
of attitude change.
A. generational
B. life cycle
C. lifespan
D. cohort
118. William McGuire found that when participants were immunized by writing an essay refuting a mild attack on a belief, they were better able to
resist a more powerful attack later. This exemplifies the concept of ________.
A. attitude reactance
B. the central route persuasion
C. attitude inoculation
D. the peripheral route persuasion
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Identify some tactics for resisting influence.
Page: 197
Topic: Resisting Persuasion
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
7-27
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 184
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
120. Persuasive speakers must deliver messages that are all of the following EXCEPT:
A. understandable.
B. memorable.
C. compelling.
D. one-sided.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 184
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 188
Topic: Channel of Communication
122. Define both central routes to persuasion and peripheral routes to persuasion. Provide an example of each and suggest when each is most
appropriate.
APA Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 175–176
Topic: Central Route
Topic: Peripheral Route
123. Describe a familiar television commercial and analyze the elements of persuasion that it uses. Does it promote and/or assume central route
processing or peripheral route processing?
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects.
Page: 175–176
Topic: Central Route
124. Describe the ways in which a television salesperson will seek to enhance his or her perceived credibility in your eyes. Keep in mind the two
components of credibility when developing your answer.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
7-28
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 178–179
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
125. When will it be best to present a persuasive appeal to an audience that is in a good mood versus a bad mood? Why?
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 182–183
Topic: Elements of Persuasion
126. You have been hired to develop an informational campaign to prevent junior high school students from getting into the habit of smoking. Your
boss wants you to use a scare-tactic approach. What must you do to construct a fear appeal that is effective?
127. Explain the different channels of communication and compare their effectiveness.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 188–192
Topic: Channel of Communication
128. Describe how the two-step flow of communication would operate if you were about to purchase an automobile.
129. Describe how age plays a role in persuasion. Be sure to compare and contrast the life cycle explanation and the generational explanation.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route to persuasion.
Page: 192–193
Topic: Audience
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify some tactics for resisting influence.
7-29
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Page: 197–200
Topic: Resisting Persuasion
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 130
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 37
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 59
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 33
APA Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena 1
Bloom's Level: Apply 32
Bloom's Level: Remember 45
Bloom's Level: Understand 53
Difficulty: High 32
Difficulty: Low 45
Difficulty: Medium 53
Learning Objective: Describe how the factors that comprise persuasion affect the likelihood that we will take either the central or the peripheral route
to persuasion. 96
Learning Objective: Identify some tactics for resisting influence. 10
Learning Objective: Identify two paths leading to influence and describe the type of cognitive processing each involves–and its effects. 25
Page: 174 3
Page: 174–175 1
Page: 175 6
Page: 175–176 2
Page: 176 11
Page: 177 2
Page: 178 13
Page: 178–179 1
Page: 179 3
Page: 180 6
Page: 181 2
Page: 182 2
Page: 182–183 1
Page: 183 3
Page: 183–184 1
Page: 184 5
Page: 185 5
Page: 186 7
Page: 187 7
Page: 188 4
Page: 188–192 1
Page: 189 2
Page: 191 8
Page: 192 4
Page: 192–193 1
Page: 193 2
Page: 195 9
Page: 196 9
Page: 197 5
Page: 197–200 1
Page: 199 1
Page: 200 2
Topic: Audience 18
Topic: Central Route 18
Topic: Channel of Communication 14
Topic: Elements of Persuasion 38
Topic: Extreme Persuasion 1
Topic: Message Content 24
Topic: Peripheral Route 12
Topic: Resisting Persuasion 10
7-30
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
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As early as the reign of Edward III. (1327-1377), there is record of
a number of stationarii as carrying on business in Oxford. In an
Oxford manuscript dating from this reign, there is an inscription of a
certain Mr. William Reed, of Merton College, who tells us that he
purchased this book from a stationarius.[410]
In London, there is record of an active trade in manuscripts being
in existence as early as the middle of the fourteenth century. The
trade in writing materials, such as parchment, paper, and ink,
appears not to have been organised as in Paris, but to have been
carried on in large part by the grocers and mercers. In the
housekeeping accounts of King John of France, covering the period
of his imprisonment in England, in the years 1359 and 1360, occur
entries such as the following:
“To Peter, a grocer of Lincoln, for four quaires of paper,
two shillings and four pence.”
“To John Huistasse, grocer, for a main of paper and a
skin of parchment, 10 pence.”
“To Bartholomew Mine, grocer, for three quaires of
paper, 27 pennies.”[411]
The manuscript-trade in London concentrated itself in Paternoster
Row, the street which became afterwards the centre of the trade in
printed books.
The earliest English manuscript-dealer whose name is on record is
Richard Lynn, who, in the year 1358, was stationarius in Oxford.[412]
The name of John Browne occurs in several Oxford manuscripts on
about the date of 1400. Nicholas de Frisia, an Oxford librarius of
about 1425, was originally an undergraduate. He did energetic work
as a book scribe and, later, appears to have carried on an important
business in manuscripts. His inscription is found first on a manuscript
entitled Petri Thomæ Quæstiones, etc., which manuscript has been
preserved in the library of Merton.
There is record, as early as 1359, of a manuscript-dealer in the
town of Lincoln who called himself Johannes Librarius, and who
sold, in 1360, several books to the French King John. It is a little
difficult to understand how in a quiet country town like Lincoln with
no university connections, there should have been enough business
in the fourteenth century to support a librarius.
The earliest name on record in London is that of Thomas Vycey,
who was a stationarius in 1433. A few years later we find on a
parchment manuscript containing the wise sayings of a certain
Lombardus, the inscription of Thomas Masoun, “librarius of gilde
hall.”
Between the years 1461 and 1475, a certain Piers Bauduyn,
dealer in manuscripts, and also a bookbinder, purchased a number
of books for Edward IV. In the household accounts of Edward
appears the following entry: “Paid to Piers Bauduyn, bookseller, for
binding, gilding and dressing a copy of Titus Livius, 20 shillings; for
binding, gilding and dressing a copy of the Holy Trinity, 16 shillings;
for binding, gilding and dressing a work entitled ‘The Bible’ 16
shillings.”
William Praat, who was a mercer of London, between the years
1470 and 1480 busied himself also with the trade in manuscripts,
and purchased, for William Caxton, various manuscripts from France
and from Belgium.
Kirchhoff finds record of manuscript-dealers in Spain as early as
the first decade of the fifteenth century. He prints the name, however,
of but one, a certain Antonius Raymundi, a librarius of Barcelona,
whose inscription, dated 1413, appears in a manuscript of
Cassiodorus.
PART II.
THE EARLIER PRINTED BOOKS.
PART II.
THE EARLIER PRINTED BOOKS.
CHAPTER I.
THE RENAISSANCE AS THE FORERUNNER OF THE
PRINTING-PRESS.