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1) Vitamins may be lost when food is processed. When these vitamins are added back to
the processed food at the same or higher level, the food is said to be:
a) enhanced.
b) fortified.
c) enriched.
d) supplemented.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Describe the factors that affect the amount of a vitamin that
is available to the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 What Are Vitamins?
2) When the vitamins lost in grain processing are restored, which is a nutrient typically
NOT added back?
a) Iron
b) Thiamin
c) Pantothenic acid
d) Riboflavin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Describe the factors that affect the amount of a vitamin that
is available to the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 What Are Vitamins?
a) enrichment.
b) fortification.
c) milling.
d) supplementation.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Describe the factors that affect the amount of a vitamin that
is available to the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 What Are Vitamins?
4) The ____________ is the site of most vitamin absorption into the body.
a) large intestine
b) stomach
c) small intestine
d) mouth
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Describe the factors that affect the amount of a vitamin that
is available to the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 What Are Vitamins?
5) Which term describes how well a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body?
a) Adsorption
b) Assimilation
c) Bioavailability
d) Functionality
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Describe the factors that affect the amount of a vitamin that
is available to the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 What Are Vitamins?
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Describe the factors that affect the amount of a vitamin that
is available to the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 What Are Vitamins?
7) Many B vitamins function as ______, which bind to enzymes to promote their activity.
a) provitamins
b) transport proteins
c) coenzymes
d) hormones
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Describe the factors that affect the amount of a vitamin that
is available to the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 What Are Vitamins?
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Describe the factors that affect the amount of a vitamin that
is available to the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 What Are Vitamins?
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Describe the factors that affect the amount of a vitamin that
is available to the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 What Are Vitamins?
10) Which statement regarding fortification of foods in the U.S. is NOT true?
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Describe the factors that affect the amount of a vitamin that
is available to the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 What Are Vitamins?
a) riboflavin
b) thiamin
c) vitamin C
d) niacin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe the functions of thiamin and the diseases that occur
when thiamin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 Thiamin
12) Which of the following does NOT affect thiamin availability in food?
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe the functions of thiamin and the diseases that occur
when thiamin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 Thiamin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe the functions of thiamin and the diseases that occur
when thiamin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 Thiamin
14) Which group of people is most at risk for developing thiamin deficiency?
a) Tobacco users
b) Endurance athletes
c) Older adults
d) Chronic alcoholics
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe the functions of thiamin and the diseases that occur
when thiamin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 Thiamin
a) Sunflower seeds
b) Pork
c) Whole grains
d) All of the above
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe the functions of thiamin and the diseases that occur
when thiamin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 Thiamin
16) The symptom(s) of thiamin deficiency best explained by its role in glucose
metabolism are:
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe the functions of thiamin and the diseases that occur
when thiamin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 Thiamin
17) A person consuming a diet deficient in dairy products but otherwise adequate, would
have the most difficulty obtaining sufficient amounts of which vitamin?
a) Niacin
b) Riboflavin
c) Iron
d) Vitamin C
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Describe the functions of riboflavin and the diseases that
occur when riboflavin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 Riboflavin
a) light.
b) vitamin C.
c) oxygen.
d) acid.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Describe the functions of riboflavin and the diseases that
occur when riboflavin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 Riboflavin
19) Riboflavin forms active coenzymes that do all the following EXCEPT:
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Describe the functions of riboflavin and the diseases that
occur when riboflavin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 Riboflavin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Describe the functions of riboflavin and the diseases that
occur when riboflavin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 Riboflavin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Describe the functions of riboflavin and the diseases that
occur when riboflavin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 Riboflavin
a) Beriberi
b) Scurvy
c) Pellagra
d) None of the above
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Describe the functions of niacin and the diseases that occur
when niacin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 Niacin
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Describe the functions of niacin and the diseases that occur
when niacin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 Niacin
a) dermatitis.
b) flushing of the skin.
c) dementia.
d) hives.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Describe the functions of niacin and the diseases that occur
when niacin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 Niacin
25) Pellagra occurs when _________ is the staple grain in the diet and the diet does not
provide a mixture of different foods.
a) corn
b) wheat
c) rice
d) barley
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Describe the functions of niacin and the diseases that occur
when niacin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 Niacin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Describe the functions of niacin and the diseases that occur
when niacin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 Niacin
a) are commonly used in the US since niacin deficiency is a public health concern.
b) provide an essential energy boost.
c) may decrease LDL cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol.
d) are associated with an increase in heart attacks.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Describe the functions of niacin and the diseases that occur
when niacin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 Niacin
28) Biotin is tightly bound by avidin, which prevents absorption of the vitamin. Avidin is
commonly found in:
a) egg whites.
b) kidney beans.
c) peanuts.
d) spinach.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Discuss the functions of biotin and describe the diseases that
occur when biotin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Biotin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Discuss the functions of biotin and describe the diseases that
occur when biotin is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Biotin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Describe the functions of pantothenic acid and the diseases
that occur when pantothenic acid is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.6 Pantothenic Acid
a) Coenzyme A
b) Flavinadenine dinucleotide
c) Pyridoxal phosphate
d) Adenosine triphosphate
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Describe the functions of pantothenic acid and the diseases
that occur when pantothenic acid is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.6 Pantothenic Acid
a) raw spinach.
b) sunflower seeds.
c) apples.
d) All of the above.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Describe the functions of pantothenic acid and the diseases
that occur when pantothenic acid is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.6 Pantothenic Acid
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Describe the functions of vitamin B6 and the diseases that
occur when vitamin B6 is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Vitamin B6
a) pantothenic acid.
b) biotin.
c) pyruvate.
d) pyridoxine.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Describe the functions of vitamin B6 and the diseases that
occur when vitamin B6 is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Vitamin B6
a) increases
b) decreases
c) stays the same
d) increases for males but decreases for females
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Describe the functions of vitamin B6 and the diseases that
occur when vitamin B6 is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Vitamin B6
a) neurological symptoms.
b) numbness in the extremities.
c) anemia with large, deeply colored red blood cells.
d) decreased antibody formation.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Describe the functions of vitamin B6 and the diseases that
occur when vitamin B6 is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Vitamin B6
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Describe the functions of vitamin B6 and the diseases that
occur when vitamin B6 is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Vitamin B6
a) Vitamins A, C & E
b) Riboflavin, A & folate
c) B6, folate & B12
d) Pantothenic acid, riboflavin & biotin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Describe the functions of vitamin B6 and the diseases that
occur when vitamin B6 is deficient.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Vitamin B6
39) Which B vitamin decreases the risk of neural tube defects in developing babies?
a) Riboflavin
b) Biotin
c) B12
d) Folic acid
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 Explain the functions of folate and why folate is important in
cells that are rapidly dividing.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Folate (Folic Acid)
a) Lentils
b) Chicken
c) Cheese
d) Brown rice
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 Explain the functions of folate and why folate is important in
cells that are rapidly dividing.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Folate (Folic Acid)
a) post-menopausal women.
b) women who may become pregnant.
c) toddlers.
d) the elderly.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 Explain the functions of folate and why folate is important in
cells that are rapidly dividing.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Folate (Folic Acid)
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 Explain the functions of folate and why folate is important in
cells that are rapidly dividing.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Folate (Folic Acid)
a) Premature infants
b) Elderly
c) Smokers
d) All of the above
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 Explain the functions of folate and why folate is important in
cells that are rapidly dividing.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Folate (Folic Acid)
a) type 1 diabetes.
b) heart disease.
c) renal dysfunction.
d) All of the above
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 Explain the functions of folate and why folate is important in
cells that are rapidly dividing.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Folate (Folic Acid)
45) The role of folate in DNA synthesis makes it particularly important in:
a) lipid synthesis.
b) rapidly dividing cells.
c) nerve cells.
d) old age.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 Explain the functions of folate and why folate is important in
cells that are rapidly dividing.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Folate (Folic Acid)
a) development of cancer.
b) microcytic anemia.
c) poor growth.
d) inflammation of the tongue.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 Explain the functions of folate and why folate is important in
cells that are rapidly dividing.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Folate (Folic Acid)
47) Meeting vitamin B12 needs from the diet is especially difficult for:
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the functions of vitamin B12 and why a deficiency
of vitamin B12 can interfere with folate function in the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 Vitamin B12
48) Absorption of vitamin B12 is dependent upon all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the functions of vitamin B12 and why a deficiency
of vitamin B12 can interfere with folate function in the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 Vitamin B12
49) Vitamin B12 deficiency caused by a lack of intrinsic factor results in:
a) beriberi.
b) scurvy.
c) pernicious anemia.
d) pellagra.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the functions of vitamin B12 and why a deficiency
of vitamin B12 can interfere with folate function in the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 Vitamin B12
50) For which group is taking vitamin B12 supplements the LEAST beneficial?
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the functions of vitamin B12 and why a deficiency
of vitamin B12 can interfere with folate function in the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 Vitamin B12
51) Which of the following statements about vitamin B12 deficiency is true?
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 8.9
Section Reference: Section 8.9 Vitamin B12
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the functions of vitamin B12 and why a deficiency
of vitamin B12 can interfere with folate function in the body.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 Vitamin B12
a) Strawberries
b) Corn
c) Milk
d) Beef
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe the functions and sources of vitamin C.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Vitamin C
54) Which of the following is NOT recognized as a major function of vitamin C in the
body?
a) Formation of collagen
b) Facilitating release of energy from glucose
c) Protection against damage from free radicals
d) Enhancing iron absorption
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe the functions and sources of vitamin C.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Vitamin C
55) Consumption of orange juice enhances the absorption of which nutrient?
a) Glucose
b) Iron
c) Zinc
d) Fluoride
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe the functions and sources of vitamin C.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Vitamin C
a) Drinking alcohol
b) Exercising frequently and intensely
c) Smoking cigarettes
d) Eating a diet high in fiber
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe the functions and sources of vitamin C.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Vitamin C
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe the functions and sources of vitamin C.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Vitamin C
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe the functions and sources of vitamin C.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Vitamin C
a) bleeding gums.
b) hemolysis.
c) pernicious anemia.
d) megaloblastic anemia.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe the functions and sources of vitamin C.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Vitamin C
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.11 Explain why choline is not considered a vitamin.
Section Reference: Section 8.11 Choline
a) neurological disorders.
b) development of diabetes.
c) atherosclerosis.
d) liver disease.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.11 Explain why choline is not considered a vitamin.
Section Reference: Section 8.11 Choline
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rauhassa. Ennen ensi kierrosta etsin vasikan taas käsiini, ja jos se
nyt on kyllin suuri erotettavaksi lehmästä, ei minun tarvitse muuta
kuin muuttaa sen korvamerkit ja polttaa oma merkkini sen lonkkaan.
Minä en tietystikään saa kaikkia merkkipuoliani, mutta ainakin
suurimman osan. Jos karjankierroksessa ilmestyy kovin paljon
merkkipuolia, on hyvin luultavaa, että joku on liian ahkerasti
käyttänyt veistään. Me saimme viime kierroksessa koko joukon
merkkipuolia aitaukseen», hän päätti tyynesti.
»Mikä nyt on?» hän kysyi hymyillen onnellisena. »Mitä nyt taas
olen tehnyt hullusti?»
»Päivällisestä?»
»Se nimi sopii hänelle hyvin», huomautti Patches, »ei ihme, että
kaikki sitä käyttävät. Ja te olette varmaan saanut omanne
ratsastamisesta?»
»Omani?»
Phil nauroi. »Ettekö ole vielä kuullut sitä juttua? No, saatanhan
yhtä hyvin kertoa sen teille. Meillä on hyvää aikaa. Ratsastakaamme
eteläistä tietä, niin kenties voin näyttääkin sen teille.»
Phil nyökkäsi.
»Kuuluvatko ne Risti-Kolmiolle?»
»Musta ori oli silloin vuoden vanha», hän alkoi. »Minä olin ihaillut
sitä koko vuoden ja niin olivat kaikki muutkin pojat, jotka olivat
nähneet lauman, johon se kuului, sillä siitä näki jo varsana, mikä siitä
tulee. Vapaina elävät hevoset olivat hiukan liian lukuisia sinä vuonna,
ja me suunnittelimme ajojahtia vähentääksemme niitä hiukan, kuten
meillä on tapana tehdä vuoden tai parin väliajoin. Jokainen ajoi takaa
tuota mustaa oritta, ja eräänä päivänä, kun olimme jo hajoittaneet
monta laumaa, yllätin sen aivan sattumalta. Ajoin juuri takaa erästä
harmaata hevosia ja ratsastin samaa tietä, jota tänäänkin kuljimme,
kun se äkkiä tuli vastaani selänteen harjalla. Se tapahtui niin äkkiä,
että ori ja minä hämmästyimme kumpikin yhtä suuresti. Voitte uskoa,
että värisin kuin haavanlehti. Mutta toinnuin yhtäkaikki
ensimmäisenä hämmästyksestäni ja heitin lassoni sen kaulaan,
ennen kuin se ehti paeta. Mutta se taisteli kuin paholainen, niin etten
lopulta tiennyt, minäkö pitelin sitä vai se minua. Mutta se oli silloin
vielä varsa, ja minä sain sen lopuksi pysähtymään.»
Philin hymy levisi yli koko hänen kasvojensa. »Niin teittekin», hän
vastasi pyyhkiessään hikeä kasvoiltaan. »Olen teille siitä hyvin
kiitollinen.»
Patches pudisti päätään. »En voi sanoa tienneeni muuta, kuin että
te olitte pahassa pälkähässä ja että minun oli nopeasti tehtävä
jotakin. Miten kaikki oikeastaan tapahtui?» kysyi hän innokkaana
kääntämään keskustelun toisaalle.
»Ei ollut mitään syytä tappaa hyvää härkää niin kauan kuin oli
muita mahdollisuuksia. Minun tehtäväni on pitää se hengissä, — ja
sen minä yritin nyt tehdä.» Näin paimen muutamin sanoin luonnehti
ammattinsa perusohjeen, joka ei salli ottaa lukuun henkilökohtaista
vaaraa tai onnettomuutta, kun isännän omaisuus on kyseessä.
»Nuo miehet tuolla ylhäällä ovat saman näköisiä kuin ne, jotka
silloin näin, toinen kookas, toinen pienenläntä. He olivat samalla
etäisyydellä minusta, ja — niin — olen varma siitä, että nuo ovat
samat hevoset.»
»Hyvä, Patches, mutta teidän olisi pitänyt ilmoittaa siitä heti kotiin
tultuanne.»
»Hyvästi!»