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Chemistry The Molecular Nature of
Matter 7th Edition Jespersen Test Bank

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Chapter 6
Energy and Chemical Change
Multiple Choice Questions

Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: easy
1. Which is a unit of energy, but is not the SI unit of energy?
a. joule
b. newton
c. pascal
d. watt
e. calorie
Answer: e
Section 6.1
2. Which is a unit of energy?
a. pascal
b. newton
c. joule
d. watt
e. ampere
Answer: c
Section 6.1
3. Chemical energy is
a. the kinetic energy resulting from violent decomposition of energetic chemicals.

b. the heat energy associated with combustion reactions.
c. the electrical energy produced by fuel cells.
d. the potential energy which resides in chemical bonds.
e. the energy living plants receive from solar radiation.
Answer: d
6-1
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: medium
4. Calculate the kinetic energy (KE) of an object which has a mass of 5.00 × 102 g, and is traveling in
a straight line with a speed of 50.0 m s-1.
Hint: 1 J = 1 kg m2s-2.
a. 0.625 kJ
b. 1.25 kJ
c. 2.5 kJ
d. 6.25 kJ
e. 25 kJ
Answer: a
Section 6.1
5. Calculate the kinetic energy (KE) of an object which has a mass of 9.00  102 g, and is traveling in
a straight line with a speed of 4.0  101 m s-1.
Hint: 1 J = 1 kg m2s-2
a. 0.72 kJ
b. 1.44 kJ
c. 2.88 kJ
d. 16.2 kJ
e. 18 kJ
Answer: a
Section 6.1
6. Calculate the kinetic energy (KE) of an object which has a mass of 1.200  103 g, and is traveling in
a straight line with a speed of 5.0  101 m s-1.
a. 1.5 kJ
b. 3.0 kJ
c. 6.0 kJ
d. 36 kJ
e. 300 kJ
Answer: a
6-2
Section 6.1
7. Calculate the kinetic energy (KE) of an object which has a mass of 2.45 kg, and is traveling in a
straight line with a speed of 12.0 m s-1.
a. 414 J
b. 353 J
c. 36.0 J
d. 176 J
e. 465 J
Answer: d
Section 6.1
8. How many kilojoules are equivalent to 8.18 kilocalories?
a. 1.96 kJ
b. 1,955 kJ
c. 8,180 kJ
d. 34,200 kJ
e. 34.2 kJ
Answer: e
Section 6.1
9. How many kilocalories are equivalent to 18.9 kilojoules?
a. 79.1 kcal
b. 4.52 kcal
c. 9.03 kcal
d. 7.91 kcal
e. 34.2 kcal
Answer: b
6-3
Section 6.2
10. Which statement is true?
a. Molecules in gases possess kinetic energy since they are in constant motion, while
molecules in liquids and solids are not in constant motion, and hence possess no
kinetic energy.
b. Molecules in gases and liquids possess kinetic energy since they are in constant
motion, while molecules in solids are not in constant motion and hence possess no
kinetic energy.
c. Molecules in gases, liquids and solids possess kinetic energy since they are in
constant motion.
d. Polyatomic molecules possess kinetic energy in the liquid and gaseous states since
the atoms can move about in the molecule even if the molecule cannot move.
e. Since solids are rigid, their molecules do not possess kinetic energy unless the solid
is melted.
Answer: c
Section 6.2
11. For a chemical reaction, where the internal energy is given the symbol E,
a. Efinal signifies the internal energy of the reactants.

b. Einitial signifies the internal energy of the products.
c. E = Eproducts - Ereactants
d. E is positive if energy is released to the surroundings.
e. E is positive if energy is released by the chemical reaction.
Answer: c
Section 6.2
12. Which statement is incorrect?
a. Heat can be considered the energy transferred between objects with different
temperatures.
b. Internal energy is the sum of the energies of all the individual particles in a particular
sample of matter.
c. If a system absorbs energy, its internal energy increases.
d. Kinetic molecular theory is related to the total molecular kinetic energy.
e. If the Kelvin temperature is doubled, the average kinetic energy is also doubled.
Answer: d
6-4
Section 6.2
13. Which statement is true?
a. A state function is one whose value for a system depends on the method of preparation of
the reactants and products.
b. A state function is one whose value for a system is determined by the difference in
temperature of the system, and not on the pressure of the system.
c. A state function is one whose value for the system is determined by only the pressure of
the system, and not on the temperature of the system.
d. A state function is one whose value for a system is determined by the temperature of the
system, and not on the composition of the system.
e. A state function is one whose value for a system is determined by the composition of the
system, the volume, the temperature, and the pressure.
Answer: e
Section 6.3
14. A freshly baked pie is placed near an open window to cool. Which of the following statements
best describes this situation?
a. The pie is the system and loses heat to the surroundings.

b. The pie is the system and gains heat from the surroundings.
c. The pie is the surroundings and gains heat from the system.
d. The pie is the surroundings and loses heat to the system.
e. The pie is the surroundings and neither gains nor loses heat.
Answer: a
Section 6.3
15. A system that does not allow the transfer of mass but does allow the transfer of thermal energy
would best be classified as
a. an open system.
b. a closed system.
c. an isolated system.
d. an adiabatic system.
e. an isobaric system.
Answer: b
6-5
Section 6.3
16. A system that allows the transfer of mass and allows the transfer of thermal energy would best be
classified as
a. an open system.
b. a closed system.
c. an isolated system.
d. an adiabatic system.
e. an isobaric system.
Answer: a
Section 6.3
17. A certain oil used in industrial transformers has a density of 1.068 g mL-1 and a specific heat of
1.628 J g-1 °C-1. Calculate the heat capacity of one gallon of this oil. (1 gallon = 3.785 liters)
a. 0.3747 kJ °C-1
b. 0.4027 kJ °C-1
c. 2.483 kJ °C-1
d. 5.770 kJ °C-1
e. 6.581 kJ °C-1
Answer: e
Section 6.3
18. A certain oil used in industrial transformers has a density of 1.086 g mL-1 and a specific heat of
1.826 J g-1 °C-1. Calculate the heat capacity of one gallon of this oil. (1 gallon = 3.785 liters)
a. 0.4442 kJ °C-1
b. 0.5239 kJ °C-1
c. 2.251 kJ °C-1
d. 6.364 kJ °C-1
e. 7.506 kJ °C-1
Answer: e
6-6
Section 6.3
19. A 500.0 gram sample of aluminum is initially at 25.0 °C. It absorbs 32.60 kJ of heat from its sur-
roundings. What is its final temperature, in °C? (specific heat = 0.9930 J g-1 °C-1 for aluminum)
a. 40.4 °C
b. 64.7 °C
c. 65.7 °C
d. 89.7 °C
e. 90.7 °C
Answer: e
Section 6.3
20. A 113.25 gram sample of gold is initially at 100.0 °C. It gains 20.00 J of heat from its surroundings.
What is its final temperature? (specific heat of gold = 0.129 J g-1 °C-1)
a. 98.6 °C
b. -98.6 °C
c. 101.4 °C
d. -101.4 °C
e .96.6 °C
Answer: c
Section 6.3
21. A 225.0 gram sample of copper absorbs 735 J of heat from its surroundings. What is the
temperature change for copper sample?
(specific heat = 0.387 J g-1 °C-1 for copper)
a. 64.0 °C
b. 8.44 °C
c. 92.2 °C
d. 117.3 °C
e. 156.7 °C
Answer: b
6-7
Section 6.3
22. A 350.0 gram sample of copper is initially at 25.0 °C, and it absorbs 12.50 kJ of heat from its sur-
roundings. What is its final temperature?
(specific heat = 0.387 J g-1 °C-1 for copper)
a. 38.8 °C
b. 67.2 °C
c. 92.2 °C
d. 117.3 °C
e. 156.7 °C
Answer: d
Section 6.3
23. A bomb calorimeter consists of metal parts with a heat capacity of 850.0 J °C-1 and 1.100 × 103
grams of oil with a specific heat of 2.184 J g-1 °C-1. What is the heat capacity, in joules per degree,
of the entire calorimeter?
a. 1354 J °C-1
b. 1952 J °C-1
c. 2956 J °C-1
d. 3252 J °C-1
e. 4259 J °C-1
Answer: d
Section 6.3
Difficulty Level: hard
24. A bomb calorimeter consists of metal parts with a heat capacity of 925.0 J °C-1 and 1.100  103
grams of oil with a specific heat of 2.814 J g-1 °C-1. What is the heat capacity, in joules per degree,
of the entire calorimeter?
a. 1321 J °C-1
b. 2028 J °C-1
c. 3703 J °C-1
d. 4020 J °C-1
e. 5698 J °C-1
Answer: d
Section 6.3
6-8
25. A bomb calorimeter consists of metal parts with a heat capacity of 950.0 J °C-1 and 8.50  102 grams
of oil with a specific heat of 2.418 J g-1 °C-1. Calculate the amount of heat energy required, in kJ, to
raise the temperature of the calorimeter from 25.00 °C to 31.60 °C.
a. 4.91 kJ
b. 11.9 kJ
c. 19.8 kJ
d. 20.8 kJ
e. 28.7 kJ
Answer: c
Section 6.3
26. A bomb calorimeter consists of metal parts with a heat capacity of 925.0 J °C-1 and 1.100  103
grams of oil with a specific heat of 2.184 J g-1 °C-1. Calculate the heat required, in kJ, to raise the
temperature of the calorimeter from 24.40 °C to 29.75 °C.
a. 0.827 kJ
b. 7.64 kJ
c. 17.8 kJ
d. 23.7 kJ
e. 99.0 kJ
Answer: c
Section 6.3
27. A 113.25 gram sample of gold is initially at 100.0 °C. It loses 20.00 J of heat to its surroundings.
What is its final temperature? (specific heat of gold = 0.129 J g-1 °C-1)
a. 98.6 °C
b. -98.6 °C
c. 94.6 °C
d. -94.6 °C
e .96.6 °C
Answer: a
6-9
Section 6.3
28. A 25.00 gram gold ingot and a 30.00 gram block of copper are placed in 100.00 grams of water. If
the initial temperatures of the gold, copper, and water were 95.0 °C, 85.0 °C, and 25.0 °C,
respectively, what would the final temperature of the entire system be? The specific heats of gold,
copper, and liquid water are 0.129, 0.387, and 4.18 J g-1 °C-1, respectively.
a. 26.0 °C
b. 28.2 °C
c. 23.1 °C
d. -27.1 °C
e. 27.1 °C
Answer: e
Section 6.3
29. A 25.00 gram pellet of lead (specific heat = 0.128 J g-1 °C-1) at 25 °C is added to 95.3 g of boiling
water (specific heat of 4.18 J g-1 °C-1) at 100 °C in an insulated cup. What is the expected final
temperature of the water?
a. 26.6 °C
b. 62.5 °C
c. 84.4 °C
d. 99.4 °C
e. 100.6 °C
Answer: d

30. A 55.00 gram pellet of lead at 25 °C is added to 58.5 g of boiling water (specific heat of 4.18 J g-1
° -1
C ) at 100 °C in an insulated cup. If the final temperature of the water in the cup is 97.9 °C, what is
the specific heat of lead?
a. 17.8 J g-1 °C-1

b. 0.128 J g-1 °C-1
c. 4.17 J g-1 °C-1
d. 22.2 J g-1 °C-1
e. 0.372 J g-1 °C-1
Answer: b
6-10
Section 6.3
31. A sample of chromium weighing 254 g was initially at a temperature of 25.88 °C. It required 843
joules of heat energy to increase the temperature to 32.75 °C. What is the molar heat capacity of the
chromium? ______
a. 21.6 J mol-1 °C-1

b. 25.1 J mol-1 °C-1
c. 33.2 J mol-1 °C-1
d. 37.3 J mol-1 °C-1
e. 17.4 J mol-1 °C-1
Answer: b
Section 6.3
32. A coffee cup calorimeter contains 480.0 grams of water at 25.00 °C. To it are added:
380.0 grams of water at 53.5 °C
Assuming the heat absorbed by the coffee cup is negligible, calculate the expected final temperature
of the water. The specific heat of water is 4.184 J g-1 °C-1.
a. 38.2 °C
b. 48.2 °C
c. 67.6 °C
d. 88.7 °C
e. 94.4 °C
Answer: b
Section 6.3
33. A coffee cup calorimeter contains 525.0 grams of water at 25.0 °C. To it are added:
Neglecting the heat absorbed by the coffee cup, calculate the final temperature of the water. The
specific heat of water is 4.184 J g-1 °C-1.
a. 39.6 °C
b. 45.7 °C
c. 44.8 °C
d. 66.7 °C
e. 92.4 °C
Answer: c
6-11
Section 6.3
34. A constant pressure calorimeter consists of metal parts with a heat capacity of 850.0 J °C-1 and
1.050  103 grams of oil with a specific heat of 2.148 J g-1 °C-1. Both are at 24.50 °C. A 5.00  102
g copper slug, at 220.0 °C is added. What is the final temperature? Specific heat of Cu = 0.3874 J
g-1 °C-1.
a. 33.4 °C
b. 36.0 °C
c. 36.8 °C
d. 89.7 °C
e. 120.5 °C
Answer: b
Section 6.3
35. A constant pressure calorimeter has metal parts (heat capacity of 850.0 J °C-1) and 1.100  103
grams of oil (specific heat = 2.184 J g-1 °C-1), both at 24.50 °C. Adding a 4.60  102 g slug, at 240.0
°
C, caused the temperature to rise to 32.5 °C. Find the specific heat of the metal.
a. 0.236 J g-1 °C-1

b. 0.273 J g-1 °C-1
c. 0.309 J g-1 °C-1
d. 0.357 J g-1 °C-1
e. 2.28 J g-1 °C-1
Answer: b
Section 6.3
36. A constant pressure calorimeter has metal parts (heat capacity of 925.0 J °C-1) and 1.100 103 grams
of oil (specific heat = 2.824 J g-1 °C-1), both at 25.40 °C. Adding a 5.50 102 g slug at 220.0 °C,
caused the temperature to rise to 35.2 °C. Find the specific heat of the metal.
a. 0.365 J g-1 °C-1

b. 0.389 J g-1 °C-1
c. 0.395 J g-1 °C-1
d. 0.551 J g-1 °C-1
e. 1.20 J g-1 °C-1
Answer: b
6-12
Section 6.4
37. During an exothermic chemical reaction,
a. a system becomes warmer, and the chemical substances undergo an increase in potential
energy.
b. a system becomes warmer, and the chemical substances undergo a decrease in potential
energy.
c. a system becomes cooler, and the chemical substances undergo an increase in potential
energy.
d. a system becomes cooler, and the chemical substances undergo a decrease in potential
energy.
e. a system becomes warmer, and additional heat is gained from the surroundings.
Answer: b
Section 6.4
38. During an endothermic chemical reaction,
a. a system becomes warmer, and the chemical substances undergo an increase in potential
energy.
b. a system becomes warmer, and the chemical substances undergo a decrease in potential
energy.
c. a system becomes cooler, and the chemical substances undergo an increase in potential
energy.
d. a system becomes cooler, and the chemical substances undergo a decrease in potential
energy.
e. a system becomes warmer, and additional heat is gained from the surroundings.
Answer: c
Section 6.4
39. Which statement is generally true?
a. A chemical reaction involves only the making of chemical bonds.

b. A chemical reaction involves only the breaking of chemical bonds.
c. Breaking weak chemical bonds require a relatively large amount of energy.
d. When bonds break in chemical reactions, the potential energy of the system tends to
increase.
e. When bonds break in chemical reactions, the potential energy of the system tends to
decrease.
Answer: d
6-13
Section 6.5
40. For a change in a system that takes place at constant pressure, which statement below is true?
a. ΔH = ΔE
b. ΔH = qp - P ΔV
c. ΔH = ΔE - qp
d. ΔH = qp
e. ΔE = qp
Answer: d
Section 6.5
41. For a chemical reaction taking place at constant pressure, which one of the following is true?
a. ΔHsystem = (Kinetic Energy)system + (Potential Energy)system

b. ΔHsystem = (Kinetic Energy)system - (Potential Energy)system
c. ΔHsystem = ΔEsystem - qp
d. ΔHsystem = ΔEsystem + PΔVsystem
e. ΔHsystem = ΔEsystem + qp
Answer: d
Section 6.5
42. An endothermic reaction is one in which there is
a. a positive value for the work done by the system (w > 0 joules).
b. a negative value for the work done by the system (w < 0 joules).
c. a negative value for ΔH (ΔH < 0 joules).
d. a positive value for ΔH (ΔH > 0 joules).
e. a negative value for ΔE (ΔE > 0 joules).
Answer: d
6-14
Section 6.5
43. In the course of measuring fuel content values, a reaction for the conversion of crude oil fuel into
water and carbon dioxide is carried out in two steps
Crude fuel oil + oxygen → CO(g) + H2O
CO(g) + oxygen → CO2(g)
The net reaction taking place is: crude fuel oil + oxygen → CO2(g) + H2O. A large fraction of
the raw material is converted in one step, while the second step is to collect the fraction that was
just partially burned the first time. For the overall or net process, which statement below is always
true?
a. ΔH is independent of the time interval between the two steps, but dependent on the frac-
tion which had to be converted in two steps.
b. ΔH is dependent on the time interval between the two steps, but dependent on the fraction
which had to be converted in two steps.
c. ΔH is independent of the time interval between the two steps, and also independent of the
fraction which had to be converted in two steps.
d. ΔH is dependent on the time interval between the two steps, but independent of the frac-
tion which had to be converted in two steps.
e. ΔH is independent of the time interval between the two steps, but dependent on the time
required for completion of the entire process.
Answer: c
Section 6.5
44. A chemical reaction took place in a 6 liter cylindrical enclosure fitted with a piston (like the
cylinder in an internal combustion engine). Over the time required for the reaction to be completed,
the volume of the system changed from 0.400 liters to 3.20 liters. Which of the following state-
ments below is true?
a. Work was performed on the system.

b. Work was performed by the system.
c. The internal energy of the system increased.
d. The internal energy of the system decreased.
e. The internal energy of the system remained unchanged.
Answer: b
6-15
Section 6.5
45. A chemical reaction took place in a 5 liter cylindrical enclosure fitted with a piston (like the
cylinder in an internal combustion engine). Over the time required for the reaction to be completed,
the volume of the system changed from 1.40 liters to 3.70 liters. Which of the following statements
below is true?
a. The enthalpy of the system remained unchanged.

b. The enthalpy of the system decreased.
c. The enthalpy of the system increased.
d. Work was performed by the system.
e. Work was performed on the system.
Answer: d
Section 6.5
46. A closed, uninsulated system was fitted with a movable piston. The introduction of 430 J of heat
caused the system to expand, doing 238 J of work in the process against a constant pressure of 101
kPa (kilopascals). What is the value of ΔE for this process?
a. (430 + 238) joules

b. (430 - 238) joules
c. (238 - 430) joules
d. 430 joules
e. (-238 - 430) joules
Answer: b
Section 6.5
47. A closed, uninsulated system was fitted with a movable piston. Introduction of 430 J of heat caused
the system to expand, doing 238 J of work in the process against a constant pressure of 101 kPa
(kilopascals). What is the value of ΔH for this process?
a. (430 + 238) joules

b. (430 - 238) joules
c. (238 - 430) joules
d. 430 joules
e. (-238 - 430) joules
Answer: d
6-16
Section 6.5
48. A closed, uninsulated system was fitted with a movable piston. Introduction of 483 J of heat
caused the system to expand, doing 320 J of work in the process against a constant pressure of 101
kPa (kilopascals). What is the value of ΔE for this process?
a. (483 + 320) joules

b. (483 - 320) joules
c. (320 - 483) joules
d. 483 joules
e. (-320 - 483) joules
Answer: b
Section 6.5
49. A closed, uninsulated system was fitted with a movable piston. Introduction of 483 J of heat caused
the system to expand, doing 320 J of work in the process against a constant pressure of 101 kPa
(kilopascals). What is the value of ΔH for this process?
a. (483 + 320) joules

b. (483 - 320) joules
c. (320 - 483) joules
d. 483 joules
e. (-320 - 483) joules
Answer: d
Section 6.6
50. For the reaction, D2(s) + 2 AX(g) → A2(g) + 2 DX(g) taking place in an insulated system, the
enthalpy of the reactants is lower than that of the products. Which one of the following is true for
the system?
a. The energy of the system decreases as the reactants are converted to products.
b. The energy of the system increases as the reactants are converted to
products.
c. The total energy of the system decreases as the reactants are converted to products.
d. The total mass of the system decreases as the reactants are converted to products.
e. The total mass of the system increases as the reactants are converted to products.
Answer: b
6-17
Section 6.6
51. When pure sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, heat is evolved. In a laboratory experiment to
measure the molar heat of solution of sodium hydroxide, the following procedure was followed. To
a calorimeter containing 3.00  102 g of water at 20.00 °C, 10.65 g of NaOH, also at 20.00 °C was
added. The temperature of the solution, which was monitored by a digital thermometer with
negligible heat capacity, increased to 28.50 °C. If the specific heat of the mixture is 4.184 J g-1 °C-1,
and the small heat capacity of the calorimeter is ignored, what is the heat evolved, per mole of
sodium hydroxide?
a. -37.4 kJ
b. -41.5 kJ
c. -45.5 kJ
d. -90.5 kJ
e. -153 kJ
Answer: b
Section 6.6
52. When pure sulfuric acid is dissolved in water, heat is evolved. In a laboratory experiment to
measure the molar heat of solution of sulfuric acid, the following procedure was followed. To a
calorimeter containing 3.00  102 g of water at 20.00 °C, 10.65 g of H2SO4, also at 20.00 °C was
added. The temperature of the solution, which was monitored by a digital thermometer with
negligible heat capacity, increased to 26.55 °C. If the specific heat of the mixture is 4.184 J g-1 °C-1,
and the small heat capacity of the calorimeter is ignored, what is the heat evolved, per mole of
sulfuric acid?
a. -27.4 kJ
b. -72.8 kJ
c. -78.4 kJ
d. -84.6 kJ
e. -292 kJ
Answer: c
6-18
Section 6.6
53. When 0.250 moles of LiCl are added to 200.0 g of water in a constant pressure calorimeter a
temperature change of +11.08°C is observed. Given that the specific heat of the resulting solution
is 4.184 J g-1 °C and we can ignore the small amount of energy absorbed by the calorimeter, what is
the molar enthalpy of solution (Hsol) for LiCl?
a. 37.1 kJ/mol
b. -185.4 kJ/mol
c. -37.1 kJ/mol
d. 18.5 kJ/mol
e. -18.5 kJ/mol
Answer: c
Section 6.7
54. What would be the “standard state” for acetic acid in solution?
a. A solution with a concentration of 1.000 M.

b. A solution at 1.000 bar of pressure.
c. A solution at 1.000 Pascal of pressure.
d. A solution at 298 K.
e. A solution that is in the solid state.
Answer: a
Section 6.7
55. What would be the “standard state” for hydrogen gas at room temperature?
a. A gas sample with a concentration of 1.000 M.

b. A gas sample at 1.000 bar of pressure.
c. A gas sample at 1.000 Pascal of pressure.
d. A liquid solution at 298 K.
e. A liquid solution at 1.000 atm.
Answer: b
6-19
Section 6.7
56. When nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form ammonia, 92.38 kJ of heat are given off for
each mole of nitrogen gas consumed, under constant pressure and standard conditions. What is the
correct value for the standard enthalpy of reaction in the thermochemical equation below when
0.750 mol of hydrogen reacts?
N2(g) + 3H2(s) → 2 NH3(g)
a. +34.5 kJ
b. -98.3 kJ
c. +59.2 kJ
d. -59.2 kJ
e. -23.1 kJ
Answer: e
Section 6.7
57. When aluminum metal reacts with iron(III) oxide to form aluminum oxide and iron metal, 429.6 kJ
of heat are given off for each mole of aluminum metal consumed, under constant pressure and
standard conditions. What is the correct value for the standard enthalpy of reaction in the thermo-
chemical equation below?
2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → 2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
a. +429.6 kJ
b. -429.6 kJ
c. +859.2 kJ
d. -859.2 kJ
e. -1289 kJ
Answer: d
6-20
Section 6.7
58. The thermochemical equation for the reaction between dinitrogen monoxide and oxygen to produce
nitrogen dioxide is shown below. Write the thermochemical equation for the reaction when 1.00
mole of nitrogen dioxide is formed.
2 N2O(g) + 3O2(g) → 4NO2(g) Ho = -28.0 kJ
a. N2O(g) + 3O2(g) → NO2(g) Ho = -28.0 kJ

b. N2O(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) Ho = -28.0 kJ
c. 2 N2O(g) + 3O2(g) → 4NO2(g) Ho = -56.0 kJ
d. ½ N2O(g) + ¾ O2(g) → NO2(g) Ho = -7.00 kJ
e. ½ N2O(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) Ho = -14.0 kJ
Answer: d
Section 6.7
59. The combustion of butane, C4H10, is given as: 2 C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l),
ΔHo = -5,314 kJ.
How many grams of butane must be reacted by this reaction to release 15,285 kJ of heat?
a. 167.2 g
b. 83.62 g
c. 668.8 g
d. 333.7g
e. 33.09 g
Answer: d
Section 6.7
60. Propane is often used to heat homes. The combustion of propane follows the following reaction:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g), ΔHo = -2044 kJ.
How many grams of propane must be reacted by this reaction to release 7563 kJ of heat?
a. 3.70 g
b. 44.1 g
c. 81.6 g
d. 243.4 g
e. 162.8 g
Answer: e
6-21
Section 6.7
61. For the reaction below:
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(s) ΔHo = -64.8 kJ.
How many grams of CaO must be reacted by this reaction to release 1050 kJ of heat?
a. 16.2 g
b. 907 g
c. 1817 g
d. 454 g
e. 56.1 g
Answer: b
Section 6.8
62. When nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form ammonia, 92.38 kJ of heat is given off for each
mole of nitrogen gas consumed, under constant pressure and standard conditions. What is the value
of Ho for the reverse of the reaction shown?
N2(g) + 3H2(s)  2 NH3(g) Ho = -92.38 kJ
a. +34.5 kJ
b. -46.19 kJ
c. +59.2 kJ
d. -59.2 kJ
e. +92.38 kJ
Answer: e
Section 6.8
63. Consider the following thermochemical equation:
2NO(g) + O2(g)  2 NO2(g) Ho = -113.2 kJ
Calculate H for the reaction below:
o
4 NO2(g)  4NO(g) + 2O2(g) Ho = ??

a. +334.5 kJ
b. -146.19 kJ
c. +226.4 kJ
d. -509.2 kJ
e. +192.38 kJ
Answer: c
6-22
Section 6.8
64. Determine the enthalpy change, H, for the reaction, N2(g) + 2H2(g)  N2H4(l), given the
following thermochemical equations:
N2H4(l) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) + N2(g) H = -622.0 kJ
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O(l) H = -285.9 kJ
a. -151.7 kJ
b. -236.2 kJ
c. +106.1 kJ
d. +50.2 kJ
e. +567.4 kJ
Answer: d
Section 6.8
65. Determine the enthalpy change, H, for the reaction, W(s) + C(s)  WC(s), given the following
thermochemical equations:
2W(s) + 3O2(g)  2WO3(s) H = -1680.8 kJ
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H = -393.5 kJ
2WC(s) + 5O2(g)  2WO3(s) + 2CO2(g) H = -2391.4 kJ
a. +33.3 kJ
b. -38.2 kJ
c. +106.1 kJ
d. -52.9 kJ
e. +177.4 kJ
Answer: b
Section 6.8
66. Determine the enthalpy change, H, for the reaction, CS2(l) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2SO2(g), given
the following thermochemical equations:
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H = -393.5 kJ
S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g) H = -296.8 kJ
C(s) + 2S(s)  CS2(l) H = 87.9 kJ
a. +778.2 kJ
b. -602.4 kJ
c. -1075 kJ
d. -778.2 kJ
e. +602.4 kJ
Answer: c
6-23
Section 6.8
67. Determine the standard enthalpy change, Ho, for the reaction,
CCl4(l) + 4HCl(g)  CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g), given the following thermochemical equations:
2HCl(g)  H2(g) + Cl2(g) Ho = 184.6 kJ

C(s) + 2Cl2(g)  CCl4(l) Ho = -139 kJ
CH4(g)  C(s) + 2H2(g) Ho = 74.8 kJ
a. +55.3 kJ
b. -187 kJ
c. +101 kJ
d. -179 kJ
e. +433 kJ
Answer: b
Section 6.9
68. The thermochemical equation which is associated with H of , the standard enthalpy of formation for
HCl(g), is
a. H(g) + Cl(g) → HCl(g)

b. H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g)
c. ½ H2(g) + ½ Cl2(g) → HCl(g)
d. H2(g) + Cl2(l) → 2 HCl(g)
e. ½ H2(g) + ½ Cl2(l) → HCl(g)
Answer: c
Section 6.9
H2O(g), is
a. 2 H(g) + O(g) → H2O(g)

b. H2O(l) → H2O(g)
c. 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)
d. H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(g)
e. 2 H(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(g)
Answer: d
6-24
Section 6.9
glucose, C6H12O6(s), is
a. 6 C(s) + 6 H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s)

b. 6 C(s) + 12 H(g) + 6 O(g) → C6H12O6(s)
c. 6 C(s) + 6 H2(g) + 3 O2(g) → C6H12O6(s)
d. 2 C2H5OH(l) + 2 CO2(g) → C6H12O6(s)
e. 6 C(g) + 6 H2(g) + 3 O2(g) → C6H12O6(s)
Answer: c
Section 6.9
acetic acid, C2H4O2(l), is
a. C2(s) + 4 H(g) + O2(g) → C2H4O2(l)

b. 2 C(g) + 4 H(g) + 2 O(g) → C2H4O2(l)
c. C2(s) + 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → C2H4O2(l)
d. 2 C(s) + 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → C2H4O2(l)
e. C(s) + H2(g) + O2(g) → C2H4O2(l)
Answer: d
Section 6.9
urea, CO(NH2)2(s), is
a. CO(g) + 2 NH3(g) → CO(NH2)2(s) + H2(g)

b. CO(g) + 2 H2(g) + N2(g) → CO(NH2)2(s)
c. C(s) + O(g) + N2(g) + 2 H2(g) → CO(NH2)2(s)
d. C(s) + ½ O2(g) + N2(g) + 2 H2(g) → CO(NH2) 2(s)
e. C(s) + ½ O2(g) + 2 NH2(g) → CO(NH2) 2(s)
Answer: d
6-25
Section 6.9
73. Given the equation for a hypothetical reaction, 3A + 4B  4C + 7D, and the following
standard enthalpies of formation, H of :
A: +15.7 kJ mol-1 B: -86.4 kJ mol-1 C: -52.7 kJ mol-1 D: -71.6 kJ mol-1
calculate the standard enthalpy of reaction, in kJ, for the reaction shown.
a. -53.6 kJ
b. -413.5 kJ
c. -515.6 kJ
d. -853.6 kJ
e. -908.4 kJ
Answer: b
Section 6.9
74. Given the equation for a hypothetical reaction, 5A + 3B  7C + 3D, and the following
A: -15.7 kJ mol-1 B: -86.4 kJ mol-1 C: -52.7 kJ mol-1 D: -71.6 kJ mol-1
what is the standard enthalpy of reaction, in kJ for the reaction shown?
a. +26.6 kJ
b. -53.6 kJ
c. -198.8 kJ
d. -246.0 kJ
e. -413.5 kJ
Answer: d
6-26
Section 6.9
75. Given the equation for the reaction, CO2(g) + 4H2(g)  CH4(g) + 2H2O(g), and the following
CO2(g): -393.5 kJ mol-1
CH4(g): -74.8 kJ mol-1
H2O(g): -241.8 kJ mol-1
H2O(l): -285.8 kJ mol-1
a. -164.9 kJ
b. +76.9 kJ
c. -164.9 kJ
d. +978.3 kJ
e. +995.9 kJ
Answer: a
Section 6.9
76. Given the equation for the reaction, 4NH3(g) + 7O2(g)  4NO2(g) + 6H2O(g), and the following
NH3 (g): -80.3 kJ mol-1
NO2 (g): +33.2 kJ mol-1
H2O(g): -241.8 kJ mol-1
H2O(l): -285.8 kJ mol-1
a. -172.3 kJ
b. -128.3 kJ
c. +157.5 kJ
d. -996.8 kJ
e. +1003.8 kJ
Answer: d
6-27
Section 6.9
77. The standard enthalpy of combustion for xylene, C8H10(l), is -3908 kJ mol-1. Using this information
and the standard enthalpies of formation of the following, H of : H2O(l) = -285.9 kJ mol-1; CO2(g)
= -393.5 kJ mol-1, calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of C8H10(l), in kJ mol-1.
a. -669.5 kJ
b. +3228.6 kJ
c. -3228.6 kJ
d. +4587.4 kJ
e. +8485.5 kJ
Answer: a
Section 6.9
78. A chemical compound has a molecular weight of 89.05 g/mole. 1.400 grams of this compound un-
derwent complete combustion under constant pressure conditions in a calorimeter with a heat ca-
pacity of 2.980  103 J °C-1. The temperature went up by 11.95 degrees. Calculate the standard heat
of combustion of the compound.
a. 35.6 kJ mol-1
b. 686.2 kJ mol-1
c. 1681 kJ mol-1
d. 1886 kJ mol-1
e. 2265 kJ mol-1
Answer: e
Section 6.9
79. The standard heat of combustion for naphthalene, C10H8(s), is -5156.8 kJ mol-1. Using this
information and the standard enthalpies of formation, H of : H2O(l) = -285.9 kJ mol-1; CO2(g)
= -393.5 kJ mol-1, calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of C10H8(s), in kJ mol-1.
a. +78.2 kJ
b. +935.9 kJ
c. -1065.4 kJ
d. +3619.7 kJ
e. -10235.4 kJ
Answer: a
6-28
Section 6.9
80. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons or compounds with only C, H, and O gives CO2 and H2O as
the only products. If carried out under standard conditions, the CO2 is a gas and the H2O is a liquid.
Given these standard enthalpies of combustion:
C2H4(g) = -1411.08 kJ mol-1 C2H2(g) = -1299.65 kJ mol-1
H2(g) = -285.90 kJ mol-1 C(s) = -393.50 kJ mol-1
o
calculate H reaction for the reaction, C2H2(g) + H2(g) → C2H4(g)
a. -174.47 kJ
b. +397.33 kJ
c. -961.47 kJ
d. -2424.83 kJ
e. -2996.63 kJ
Answer: a
Section 6.9
81. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons or compounds with only C, H, and O gives CO2 and H2O as
the only products. If carried out under standard conditions, the CO2 is a gas and the H2O is a liquid.
Given these standard enthalpies of combustion: C6H12(l) = -3919.86 kJ mol-1, C6H6(l) = -3267.80 kJ
mol-1, H2(g) = -285.90 kJ mol-1, C(s) = -393.50 kJ mol-1, calculate H°reaction for the reaction,
C6H6(l) + 3 H2(g) → C6H12(l)
a. -205.64 kJ
b. +366.16 kJ
c. +759.66 kJ
d. +2155.36 kJ
e. +5684.36 kJ
Answer: a
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
Section 6.2
82. The kinetic energy transferred at the molecular level between objects caused by differences in their
temperatures is called _____________.
Answer: heat
6-29
Section 6.1
83. In the equation for the determination of the kinetic energy of an object, the ‘m’ in the equation
represents its ________________.
Answer: mass
Section 6.1
84. In order for a motorcycle to have the same kinetic energy as a large SUV the SUV would have to be
traveling ______________ than the motorcycle.
Answer: slower
Section 6.1
85. What is the mass of an object which has a kinetic energy of 1 J travelling at a speed of 1 m s-1?
___________.
Answer: 1 kg
Section 6.2
86. The sum of the energies of all the individual particles in a sample of a substance is its
_______________.
Answer: internal energy
Section 6.2
87. When the Kelvin temperature of a sample of molecules is doubled, its average kinetic energy is
_______.
Answer: doubled
Section 6.3
88. A 500.0 gram sample of water is initially at 25.0 °C. It absorbs 50.0 kJ of heat from its surround-
ings. What is its final temperature, in °C? Specific heat of water = 4.184 J g-1 °C-1.
______
Answer: 48.9 °C
6-30
Section 6.3
89. A sample of nickel weighing 425 grams was initially at a temperature of 26.20 °C. It required 975
joules of heat energy to increase the temperature to 31.55 °C. What is the specific heat of the
nickel? ______
Answer: 0.429 J g-1 °C-1
Section 6.3
90. A sample of zinc weighing 425 grams was initially at a temperature of 25.40 °C. It required 1360
joules of heat energy to increase the temperature to 33.70 °C. What is the molar heat capacity of the
zinc? ______
Answer: 25.2 J mol-1 °C-1
Section 6.4
91. The reactions which consume energy and change kinetic energy into chemical energy are said to be
_________.
Answer: endothermic
Section 6.4
92. In a chemical equation, heat can be written as a product. A chemical reaction in which heat is a
product is described as _________.
Answer: exothermic
Section 6.4
93. In an exothermic reaction energy is ___________ the system.
Answer: leaving
Section 6.4
94. In an endothermic reaction energy is ___________ the system.
Answer: entering
6-31
Section 6.5
95. The heat released or absorbed in a chemical reaction is called the _________.
Answer: heat of reaction
Section 6.5
96. The equation for the first law of thermodynamics, E = w + q, applies only to a(n) _________
system.
Answer: isolated
Section 6.5
97. In a gas-phase chemical reaction performed at constant volume, the heat absorbed by the insulated
calorimeter was calculated to be 29.3 kJ. What is qv for the reaction? _________
Answer: -29.3 kJ
Section 6.5
98. In a gas-phase chemical reaction performed at constant atmospheric pressure, the heat absorbed by
the insulated calorimeter was calculated to be 19.8 kJ. What is qp for the reaction? _________
Answer: -19.8 kJ
Section 6.6
99. When a chemical reaction occurs in a bomb calorimeter, the change in volume, V, is equal to
_________.
Answer: zero
Section 6.6
100. For a chemical reaction in which the change is endothermic, the sign of the enthalpy change, H, is
______.
Answer: positive
6-32
Section 6.6
101. At constant pressure, the difference between the enthalpy change, H, and the internal energy
change, E, is equal to _________ .
Answer: PV, or expansion work, w
Section 6.6
102. When 0.250 moles of KCl are added to 200.0 g of water in a constant pressure calorimeter a
temperature change is observed. Given that the specific heat of the resulting solution is 4.184 J g-1
°C, the molar heat of solution of KCl is +17.24 kJ/mol, and that we can ignore the small amount of
energy absorbed by the calorimeter, the observed temperature change should be _________.
Answer: 4.71 °C
Section 6.7
103. The thermochemical equation for the reaction between methane and oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide and water is: CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l), ΔHo = -890.5 kJ.
What is the corresponding thermochemical equation for this reaction when 1 mol of oxygen reacts?
__________
Answer: ½ CH4(g) + O2(g)  ½ CO2(g) + H2O(l), ΔHo = -445.2 kJ.
Section 6.7
104. The thermochemical equation for the reaction between sulfur and oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide
is: S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g), ΔH = -298 kJ.
What is the corresponding thermochemical equation for this reaction when 2 mol of sulfur react?
__________
Answer: 2S(s) + 2O2(g)  2SO2(g), ΔH = -596 kJ
Section 6.7
105. The thermochemical equation for the reaction between hydrazine, N2H4, and dinitrogen tetroxide is
given as: 2N2H4(l) + N2O4(l)  3N2(g) + 4H2O(g), ΔHo = -1049 kJ.
What is the corresponding thermochemical equation for this reaction when 6 mol of nitrogen are
formed? __________
Answer: 4N2H4(l) + 2N2O4(l)  6N2(g) + 8H2O(g), ΔHo = -2098 kJ.
6-33
Section 6.7
106. The thermochemical equation for the reaction of sulfur dioxide, SO2, with oxygen is given as:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g), ΔHo = -198 kJ.
What is the change in enthalpy when 3 moles of SO2 react by this reaction? __________
Answer: -297 kJ.
Section 6.7
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g), ΔHo = -198 kJ.
What is the change in enthalpy when 5 moles of SO2 react with 2 moles of oxygen by this reaction?
__________
Answer: -396 kJ.
Section 6.7
108. For the reaction of graphite with oxygen the reaction is given as: C(graphite) + O2(g)  2CO2(g),
ΔHo = -393 kJ.
How many grams of graphite must be reacted by this reaction to release 225 kJ of heat?
__________
Answer: 6.87 g.
Section 6.7
109. The combustion of butane, C4H10, is given as: 2 C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 8H2O(l),
ΔHo = -5,314 kJ.
How many grams of butane must be reacted by this reaction to release 10,525 kJ of heat?
__________
Answer: 230 g.
Section 6.7
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g), ΔHo = -198 kJ.
How much energy is given off when 300 g of SO2 is burned? __________
Answer: 464 kJ.
6-34
Section 6.8
111. For the reaction, N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g), ΔHo = -92.38 kJ per mole of nitrogen gas.
What is the value of ΔHo for the reaction, NH3(g)  ½N2(g) + 3 H2(g)? _____
2
Answer: +46.2 kJ
Section 6.8
112. For the reaction, 3 N2(g) + H2(g)  2 HN3(g), ΔHo = +264 per mole of hydrogen gas.
What is the value of ΔHo for the reaction, HN3(g)  ½ H2(g) + 3 N2(g)? _____
2
Answer: -132 kJ
Section 6.8
113. Given the thermochemical equation, 2 M2O5(s)  4 MO2(s) + O2(g) with a standard enthalpy
of reaction = +74.2 kJ, calculate the value for the standard enthalpy of reaction in the thermo-
chemical equation, 2 MO2(s) + ½ O2(g) → M2O5(s) ______
Answer: -37.1 kJ
Section 6.8
114. Given the thermochemical equation, 3 M(s) + 3 O2(g)  3 MO2(s) with a standard enthalpy of
o
reaction = -1443 kJ, calculate the value for H reaction for the reaction:
MO2(s)  M(s) + O2(g). __________
Answer: +481 kJ
Section 6.8
115. Use these reactions and standard enthalpies, ΔH°
2 ZbO(s) + ½ O2(g)  Zb2O3(s) -128.0 kJ
2 ZbO(s) + 1½ O2(g)  Zb2O5(s) -344.5 kJ
to find the value for
Zb2O3(s) + O2(g)  Zb2O5(s) ______
Answer: -216.5 kJ
6-35
Section 6.8
116. Use these reactions and standard enthalpies, ΔH°
2 ZbO(s) + ½ O2(g)  Zb2O3(s) -128.0 kJ
2 ZbO(s) + 1½ O2(g)  Zb2O5(s) -344.5 kJ
to find the value for
Zb2O3(s) + Zb2O5(s)  4 ZbO(s) + 2 O2(g) ______
Answer: +472.5 kJ
Section 6.9
117. Using the equation shown, 7A + 5B  3C + 4D, and the standard enthalpies of formation,
H fo : A: 15.7 kJ mol-1 B: -86.4 kJ mol-1 C: -52.7 kJ mol-1 D: -71.6 kJ mol-1
o
calculate H reaction in kJ for the hypothetical reaction above.__
Answer: -122.4 kJ
Section 6.9
118. Using the standard enthalpies of formation, H fo :
CO(g) = -110.5 kJ mol-1 CO(NH2)2(s) = -333.19 kJ mol-1 NH3(g) = -46.19 kJ mol-1
o
calculate H reaction for
CO(NH2)2(s) + H2(g)  2NH3(g) + CO(g) ______
Answer: 130.3 kJ
Section 6.9
119. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons or compounds with C, H, and O as the only elements give
CO2 and H2O as the only products. If carried out under standard conditions, the CO2 is a gas and
the H2O is a liquid. Given these standard enthalpies of combustion: C2H4(g) = -1411.08 kJ mol-1,
C6H12(l) = -3919.86 kJ mol-1, H2(g) = -285.90 kJ mol-1, C(s) = -393.50 kJ mol-1, calculate
o
H reaction for the process: 3 C2H4(g)  C6H12(l). _________
Answer: -313.38 kJ
6-36
Section 6.9
120. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons or compounds with C,H, and O as the only elements give
the H2O is a liquid. Given these standard enthalpies of combustion: CH3CHO(l) = -1166.37
kJ mol-1, C6H12O3(l) = -3340.34 kJ mol-1, H2(g) = -285.90 kJ mol-1, C(s) = -393.50 kJ mol-1. Calcu-
o
late H reaction for the process, 3 CH3CHO(l)  C6H12O3(l). ________
Answer: -158.77 kJ
Section 6.9
121. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons or compounds with C, H, and O as the only elements give
the H2O is a liquid. Given these standard enthalpies of combustion: C2H2(g) = -1299.65 kJ mol-1,
C6H6(l) = -3267.80 kJ mol-1, H2(g) = -285.90 kJ mol-1, C(s) = -393.50 kJ mol-1. Calculate
o
H reaction for the process, 3 C2H2(g)  C6H6(l). __________
Answer: -631.15 kJ
Section 6.9
H2O(l) = -285.9 kJ mol-1; C2H4(g) = 52.284 kJ mol-1; C2H5OH(l) = -277.63 kJ mol-1
o
C2H4(g) + H2O(l)  C2H5OH(l) ______
Answer: -44.0 kJ
Section 6.9
NO(g) = 90.37 kJ mol-1 NO2(g) = 33.8 kJ mol-1
-1
SO2(g) = -296.9 kJ mol SO3(g) = -395.2 kJ mol-1
o
SO2(g) + NO2(g)  SO3(g) + NO(g) _____
Answer: -41.7 kJ
6-37
Section 6.9
CO(g) = -110.5 kJ mol-1 CO2(g) = -393.5 kJ mol-1
-1
SO2(g) = -296.9 kJ mol SO3(g) = -395.2 kJ mol-1
o
CO2(g) + SO2(g)  SO3(g) + CO(g) ______
Answer: 184.7 kJ
Section 6.9
B2O3(s) = -1,273.5 kJ mol-1 B5H9(s) = 73.2 kJ mol-1 H2O(g) = -241.8 kJ mol-1
calculate how much energy would be given off when 104.4 g of B5H9(s) burns in an oxygen
environment to produce B2O3(s) and H2O(g).
Answer: 7200 kJ
True and False Questions
Section 6.1
126. The statement, "the total energy of the universe is constant", is a logical extension of the law of
conservation of energy. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.1
127. The potential energy of an object can be changed to kinetic energy. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.2
128. Heat is energy that is transferred between particles which have different temperatures.___
Answer: True
6-38
Section 6.2
129. Temperature is a measure of the total energy that the particles in a substance possess.___
Answer: False
Section 6.2
130. A property, like energy, which depends only on an object’s current state is called a state
function.______
Answer: True
Section 6.2
131. The concept of an average kinetic energy suggests that there is a distribution of kinetic energies
among the particles of a substance.______
Answer: True
Section 6.3
132. A system cannot allow the transfer of thermal energy, but can allow the transfer of mass
__________.
Answer: False
Section 6.3
133. Isolated systems do not exchange mass or energy with the surroundings.______
Answer: True
Section 6.3
134. As heat is transferred to ice cubes, its water molecules gain kinetic energy, causing the ice to
melt.______
Answer: True
6-39
Section 6.3
135. Processes that occur within closed systems are called adiabatic__________.
Answer: False
Section 6.3
136. The temperature change experienced by an object, is directly proportional to the heat it
absorbs._________
Answer: True
Section 6.3
137. If a 10 g block of metal is placed in a certain volume of water, and the metal loses 25 J of heat,
then the water can only gain 22 J of heat.________
Answer: False
Section 6.4
138. Any chemical reaction in which heat is a product is described as exothermic. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.4
139. Heat energy can always be quantitatively converted into various other forms of energy. ___
Answer: False
Section 6.4
140. In an endothermic reaction, the temperature of the system tends to decrease as the reaction
proceeds.________
Answer: True
6-40
Section 6.4
141. Acid-base neutralization reactions involving strong acids like HCl, and strong bases like NaOH,
are generally endothermic reactions_______.
Answer: False
Section 6.5
142. The first law of thermodynamics is expressed in the equation, ΔH = q + w. ___
Answer: False
Section 6.5
143. The first law of thermodynamics is expressed in the equation, ΔE = Kinetic Energy - Potential
Energy. ___
Answer: False
Section 6.5
144. Based on the terms and symbols used in the discussions on thermochemistry, the expression,
ΔE = ΔH - PΔV is correct. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.5
145. For a chemical reaction taking place at constant pressure in which all reactants and products are
solids or liquids, ΔE ≈ qp. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.6
146. In a bomb calorimeter, no expansion work is done, so PΔV must be equivalent to, or, greater than a
value of 1 at all times. ___
Answer: False
6-41
Section 6.6
147. The heat of reaction measured in a bomb calorimeter, is the heat of reaction at constant volume and
is equivalent to ΔE = qv. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.6
148. A coffee-cup calorimeter can be used to measure heats of reaction at constant volume. ___
Answer: False
Section 6.7
149. All substances in their “standard state” are at 1.000 bar of pressure and 298 K. ___
Answer: False
Section 6.7
150. The following thermochemical equation indicates that 184.8 kJ are released, if two moles of
hydrogen react with nitrogen to form ammonia, N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g), ΔHo = -92.38 kJ.
___
Answer: False
Section 6.7
151. The following thermochemical equation indicates that 258.9 kJ are absorbed in the reaction, if one
mole of hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water, H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O(l),
ΔHo = -258.9 kJ ___
Answer: False
Section 6.7
152. It is possible for the combustion of 1 mol of methane to have different values of ΔHo, if the water
produced in the combustion reaction is in the liquid or gaseous state at 25 oC.___
Answer: True
6-42
Section 6.7
153. The combustion of butane, C4H10, is given as: 2 C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l).
This reaction has the same heat of reaction as: 2 C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g).
__________
Answer: False.
Section 6.8
154. The value of ΔHo for any reaction which can be written in three steps, is equal to the sum of the
values of ΔHo of each of the individual steps.___
Answer: True
Section 6.8
155. When a thermochemical equation is reversed, the sign of ΔHo for the same reaction is also
reversed.___
Answer: True
Section 6.8
156. The formulas of substances cancelled from both sides of a thermochemical equation must be for the
substance even if it is in different physical states.___
Answer: False
Section 6.9
157. Combustion reactions generally have positive values for ΔHo.___
Answer: False
Section 6.9
158. In combustion reactions, the carbon in the substance that is the fuel, is converted to carbon dioxide
gas, while the hydrogen is converted to water.___
Answer: True
6-43
Section 6.9
159. The standard heat of combustion of a substance is the amount of heat released when 1 mole of the
substance is burned in pure oxygen gas, with all substances at 25 oC at a pressure of 1 bar.___
Answer: True
Section: Chemistry Outside the Classroom 6.1

160. Water has a high specific heat capacity which allows it to gain or lose a significant amount of heat,
while simultaneously undergoing a large change in temperature._____
Answer: False

161. It is known that water has a high specific heat capacity. Due to its high water content, the human
body is therefore able to adjust to large and sudden changes in the outside temperature._____
Answer: True

162. The high heat capacity of water ensures that cities and towns near large bodies of water will have
cooler summers and milder winters compared to other places which are located inland._____
Answer: True
Section: Chemistry and Current Affairs 6.2

163. The heat generated in a typical chemical reaction can be removed by pumping cold water around
the outside of the vessel in which the reaction occurs._____
Answer: True

164. The hazards associated with highly exothermic chemical reactions can be alleviated by calculating
the heat of the reaction from standard heats of formation, knowing how fast the heat is released, and
the rate at which it can be removed from the reaction vessel._____
Answer: True
6-44
165. At elevated temperatures, any volatile substances in a chemical reaction can be quickly converted
to gases, which tend to decrease the pressure within a reaction vessel._____
Answer: False

166. When the rate at which a chemical reaction generates heat is faster than the rate at which the
equipment can remove the heat, the reaction is considered endothermic in nature, and the heat is
used to generate more of the products._____
Answer: False
Critical Thinking Questions
Section 6.1
167. A large oceangoing container vessel (200,000 tons) was drifting at just 1.5 miles per hour on the
tide when it struck the bridge pylon. Last year a 4500 pound speedboat struck the same pylon while
going 48.5 miles per hour. Which possessed more kinetic energy? Use 1 pound = 0.4536 kg =
5.000  10-4 ton, 1 mile = 1.609 km. ___
Answer: The container vessel
Section 6.2
168. Explain how it is possible for a person to freeze to death when the temperature of their surroundings
is above their body temperature.
Answer: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a system, not the total kinetic energy
of a system. If a system has a very low density, such as a vacuum, it is possible that the molecules in the
system each have a high energy, but a low overall kinetic energy. Therefore because there are very few
collisions with a human body, very little energy is transferred to the human body. More energy is lost to
the surroundings as molecules leave the human body taking with them energy.
6-45
Another random document with
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Well, right under your eyes will happen one of the strangest things
I have ever seen.
From the row of dark spots along the leaf’s edge, springs a row of
tiny, perfect plants (Fig. 132).
And when these tiny plants are fairly started, if you lay the leaf on
moist earth, they will send their roots into the ground, break away
from the fading leaf, and form a whole colony of new plants.
Now, those dark spots along the leaf’s edge were tiny buds; and
the thick leaf was so full of rich food, that when it was broken off from
the parent plant, and all of this food was forced into the buds, these
were strong enough to send out roots and leaves, and to set up in
life for themselves.
It will not be difficult for your teacher to secure some of these
leaves of the Bryophyllum, and to show you in the schoolroom this
strange performance.
All children enjoy wonderful tricks, and I know of nothing much
prettier or more astonishing than this trick of the Bryophyllum.
Part V—Leaves
HOW TO LOOK AT A LEAF
T O-DAY we begin to learn what we can about the leaves of

plants. I hope that enough fresh green leaves have been brought
to school to allow every child here to have one on the desk before
him, so that he may see, as far as is possible, just what is being
talked about.
This picture (Fig. 133) shows you the leaf of the quince. Now,
suppose you held in your hand a leaf fresh from the quince tree, and
were asked to describe it to a blind person, how would you tell about
it?
Fig. 133
You would begin, I fancy, by saying, “This leaf is green,” for the
color of an object is one of the things we notice first.
Next perhaps you would describe its shape. “This quince leaf is
rounded, yet it is too long to be called a round leaf.” So you would
use the word “oblong.”
Like most leaves, then, it is green; and like some other leaves, it is
oblong.
Now look at this picture (Fig. 134) of the maple leaf. This, you see,
is not oblong, but three-pointed.
What other differences do you notice between these two leaves?
You do not seem quite sure as to whether there are any other
differences. But do you not notice that the edge of the maple leaf is
cut into little teeth, like the edge of a saw, while the edge of the
quince leaf is smooth?
And let me tell you here, that when I speak of a leaf, I speak not
only of the enlarged flat surface we call the “leaf blade,” but also of
the “leafstalk.” A leaf usually consists of a leafstalk and a leaf blade,
though some leaves are set so close to the stem that they have no
room for any stalks of their own.
Fig. 134
“Oh! then,” you answer, “the leafstalk of the maple is much longer
than that of the quince, and there are little bits of leaves at the foot of
the quince leafstalk which the maple is without.”
You have done very well, and have noticed just those things which
you should.
The shape of the leaf blade, whether the edge of this is toothed,
the length of the leafstalk, and whether this has any little leaves at its
foot where it joins the stem, are things always worth noticing.
Now take your leaves and hold them up against the light, or else
look at the picture of the quince leaf, and study carefully the make-up
of the blade.
You see that this is divided lengthwise by a heavy rib which juts
out on the lower side. From this “midrib,” as it is called, run a great
many smaller lines. These are called “veins.” And from these branch
off still smaller veins that bear the name of “veinlets.” And somewhat
as the paper is stretched over the sticks of a kite, so from the leaf’s
midrib to its edge, and from vein to vein, is drawn the delicate green
material which makes up the greater part of the leaf.
What I wish you to learn this morning is, how to look at a leaf.
Before using our brains rightly, we must know how to use our
eyes. If we see a thing as it really is, the chances are that our
thoughts about it will be fairly correct.
But it is surprising how often our eyes see wrong.
If you doubt this, ask four or five of your playmates to describe the
same thing,—some street accident, or a quarrel in the playground,
which all have seen, or something of the sort,—and then I think you
will understand what I mean by saying that few people see correctly.
THE MOST WONDERFUL THING IN THE
WORLD
I T would be quite a simple matter to interest you children in plants

and their lives, if always it were possible to talk only about the
things which you can see with your own unaided eyes.
I think a bright child sees better than many a grown person, and I
think that it is easier to interest him in what he sees.
And then plants in themselves are so interesting and surprising,
that one must be stupid indeed if he or she finds it impossible to take
pleasure in watching their ways.
But about these plants there are many things which you cannot
see without the help of a microscope, and these things it is difficult to
describe in simple words. Yet it is necessary to learn about them if
you wish really to feel at home in this beautiful world of plants.
After all, whatever is worth having is worth taking some trouble for;
and nothing worth having can be had without trouble. So I hope
when you children come to parts of this book that seem at first a little
dull, you will say to yourselves, “Well, if we wish really to know
plants, to be able to tell their names, to understand their habits, we
must try to be a little patient when we come to the things that are
difficult.”
For even in your games you boys have to use some patience; and
you are quite willing to run the risk of being hurt for the sake of a little
fun.
And you girls will take no end of trouble if you happen to be
sewing for your dolls, or playing at cooking over the kitchen stove, or
doing something to which you give the name “play” instead of “work.”
I only ask for just as much patience in your study of plants; and I
think I can safely promise you that plants will prove delightful
playthings long after you have put aside the games which please you
now.
So we must begin to talk about some of the things which you are
not likely to see now with your own eyes, but which, when possible, I
will show you by means of pictures, and which, when you are older,
some of you may see with the help of a microscope.
Every living thing is made up of one or more little objects called
“cells.”
Usually a cell may be likened to a tiny bag which holds a bit of that
material which is the most wonderful thing in the whole world, for this
is the material which has life.
Occasionally a cell is nothing but a naked bit of this wonderful
substance, for it is not always held in a tiny bag.
Fig. 135
This picture (Fig. 135) shows you a naked plant cell, much
magnified, that swims about in the water by means of the two long
hairs which grow from one end of the speck of life-giving material.
The next picture (Fig. 136) shows you a seed cut across, and so
magnified that you can see plainly its many cells.
In the middle portion of the seed the cells are six-sided, and laid
against one another in an orderly and beautiful fashion, while the
outer ones are mostly round.
All animals, we ourselves, all plants, began life as a single cell.
Sometimes a cell will spend its life alone. When the time comes for
it to add to the life of the world, it divides into two or more “daughter
cells,” as they are called. These break away from one another, and
in like manner divide again.
But usually the single cell which marks the beginning of a new life
adds to itself other cells; that is, the different cells do not break away
from one another, but all cling together, and so build up the perfect
plant or animal.
By just such additions the greatest tree in the forest grew from a
single tiny cell.
Fig. 136
By just such additions you children have grown to be what you

are, and in the same way you will continue to grow.
Every living thing must eat and breathe, and so all living cells must
have food and air. These they take in through their delicate cell
walls. The power to do this comes from the bit of living substance
which lies within these walls.
This strange, wonderful material within the little cell is what is alive
in every man and woman, in every boy and girl, in every living thing,
whether plant or animal.
We know this much about it, and not the wisest man that ever
lived knows much more.
For though the wise men know just what things go to make up this
material, and though they themselves can put together these same
things, they can no more make life, or understand the making of it,
than can you or I.
But when we get a good hold of the idea that this material is
contained in all living things, then we begin to feel this; we begin to
feel that men and women, boys and girls, big animals and little
insects, trees and flowers, wayside weeds and grasses, the ferns
and rushes of the forest, the gray lichens of the cliffs and fences, the
seaweeds that sway in the green rock pools, and living things so tiny
that our eyes must fail to see them,—that all these are bound into
one by the tie of that strange and wonderful thing called life; that they
are all different expressions of one mysterious, magnificent idea.
While writing that last sentence, I almost forgot that I was writing
for boys and girls, or indeed for any one but myself; and I am afraid
that perhaps you have very little idea of what I am talking about.
But I will not cross it out. Why not, do you suppose?
Because I feel almost sure that here and there among you is a girl
or boy who will get just a little glimmering idea of what I mean; and
perhaps as the years go by, that glimmer will change into a light so
bright and clear as to become a help in dark places.
But the thought that I hope each one of you will carry home is this,
—that because this strange something found in your body is also
found in every other living thing, you may learn to feel that you are in
a way a sister or brother, not only to all other boys and girls, but to all
the animals and to every plant about you.
HOW A PLANT IS BUILT
N OW we know that the plant, like yourself, began life as a single

cell; and we know that the perfect plant was built up by the
power which this cell had of giving birth to other cells with like power.
Suppose that a brick were laid upon the earth as the foundation of
a wall; and suppose that this brick were able to change into two
bricks. Suppose that the new brick were able to form another brick in
the same manner, and that this power should pass from brick to
brick; and suppose that all these bricks were able to arrange
themselves one upon another in an orderly fashion, so that they
could not easily be moved from their places.
Now, if you can see this brick wall growing up, you can see
something of how the cells of a plant grow up and arrange
themselves.
But though it is fairly easy to see how the plant cells form one from
another, that does not explain how they come to make a plant, with
its many different parts, with its root and stem, its branches, leaves,
and flowers.
One thing can divide and make two things of the same sort; but it
is not easy to see how it can make things that are quite different from
itself.
Now, if this difficulty as to the building-up of plants and animals
has come into your minds, you are only puzzled by what has puzzled
hundreds of people before you; and all these hundreds of people
have found the puzzle quite as impossible to solve as the king’s
horses and the king’s men found it impossible to put Humpty Dumpty
together again.
A good many questions that we cannot answer come into our
minds; but if we look honestly for the answers and do not find them,
then we can be pretty sure that for the present it is safe to leave
them unanswered.
As cell is added to cell in the building-up of plant life, some
wonderful power forces each new cell to do the special work which is
most needed by the growing plant.
Sometimes this new cell is needed to help do the work of a root,
and so it begins to do this work, and becomes part of the root; or
else it is needed to do stem work, and goes to make up the stem, or
leaf work, and is turned over into the leaf.
A healthy cell is born with the power to do whatever is most
needed.
HOW A PLANT’S FOOD IS COOKED
S OME time ago we learned that the little root hairs, by means of
their acid, are able to make a sort of broth from the earthy
materials which they could not swallow in a solid state.
But before this broth is really quite fit for plant food, it needs even
more preparation.
Why do we eat and drink, do you suppose?
“Because we are hungry.” That is the direct reason, of course. But
we are made hungry so that we shall be forced to eat; for when we
eat, we take into our bodies the material that is needed to build them
up,—to feed the cells which make the flesh and bone and muscle.
And this is just why the plant eats and drinks. It needs constantly
fresh nourishment for its little cells, so that these can live, and grow
strong enough to make the new cells which go to form, not bone and
flesh and muscle, as with you children, but fresh roots and stem and
leaves and flowers and fruits.
If these little cells were not fed, they would die, and the plant
would cease to live also.
And now what do you think happens to the broth that has been
taken in from the earth by the root hairs?
As we have said, this broth needs a little more preparation before
it is quite fit for plant food. What it really wants is some cooking.
Perhaps you can guess that the great fire before which all plant
food is cooked is the sun.
But how are the hot rays of the sun to pierce the earth, and reach
the broth which is buried in the plant’s root?
Of course, if it remains in the root, the earth broth will not get the
needed cooking. It must be carried to some more get-at-able
position.
Now, what part of a plant is usually best fitted to receive the sun’s
rays?
Its leaves, to be sure. The thin, flat leaf blades are spread out on
all sides, so that they fairly bathe themselves in sunshine.
So if the broth is to be cooked in the sun, up to the leaves it must
be carried.
And how is this managed? Water does not run uphill, as you know.
Yet this watery broth must mount the stem before it can enter the
leaves.
Water does not run uphill ordinarily, it is true; yet, if you dip a towel
in a basin of water, the water rises along the threads, and the towel
is wet far above the level of the basin.
And if you dip the lower end of a lump of sugar in a cup of coffee,
the coffee rises in the lump, and stains it brown.
And the oil in the lamp mounts high into the wick.
Perhaps when you are older you will be able somewhat to
understand the reason of this rise of liquid in the towel, in the lump of
sugar, in the lamp wick. The same reason accounts partly for the rise
of the broth in the stem. But it is thought that the force which sends
the oil up the wick would not send the water far up the stem. And you
know that some stems are very tall indeed. The distance, for
example, to be traveled by water or broth which is sucked in by the
roots of an oak tree, and which must reach the top-most leaves of
the oak, is very great.
Yet the earth broth seems to have no difficulty in making this long,
steep climb.
Now, even wise men have to do some guessing about this matter,
and I fear you will find it a little hard to understand.
But it is believed that the roots drink in the earth broth so eagerly
and so quickly, that before they know it they are full to overflowing. It
is easier, however, to enter a root than it is to leave it by the same
door; and the result is, that the broth is forced upward into the stem
by the pressure of more water or broth behind.
Of course, if the stem and branches and leaves above are already
full of liquid, unless they have some way of disposing of the supply
on hand, they cannot take in any more; and the roots below would
then be forced to stop drinking, for when a thing is already quite full
to overflowing, it cannot be made to hold more.
But leaves have a habit of getting rid of what they do not need.
When the watery broth is cooked in the sun, the heat of the sun’s
rays causes the water to pass off through the little leaf mouths. Thus
the broth is made fit for plant food, and at the same time room is
provided for fresh supplies from the root.
Fig. 137
If you should examine the lower side of a leaf through a

microscope, you would find hundreds and thousands of tiny mouths,
looking like the little mouths in this picture (Fig. 137).
Some of the water from the earth broth is constantly passing
through these mouths out of the plant, into the air.
A STEEP CLIMB
I T is all very well, you may think, to say that the pressure from the
root sends the water up through the stem; but when we cut across
such a stem as a tree trunk, one finds it full of wood, with a little
tightly packed soft stuff in the center, and not hollow like a water
pipe, as one would suppose from all that has been said about the
way the water rises in the stem.
No, a stem is not a hollow pipe, or even a bunch of hollow pipes, it
is true; and it does seem something of a question, how the water can
force its way through all this wood; and even if one hears how it is
done, it is not an easy thing to make clear either to grown people or
to children. But I will see what I can do; and I know that you really
love these plants and trees, and will try to be a little patient with them
and with me.
The water, or liquid, when it mounts a stem or tree trunk, takes a
path that leads through the new-made cells. Each young cell wall is
made of such delicate material that it allows the water, or broth, to
filter through it, just as it would pass through a piece of thin cloth.
And so it makes its way from cell to cell, along the stem, more slowly
than if it were passing through a hollow tube, but almost as surely. It
is true, the earth broth does not reach the leaves above without
having given up something to the little cells along the road. These
seem to lay hold of what they specially need for their support, while
the rest is allowed to pass on.
I want your teacher to prove to you by a little experiment that water
makes its way up a stem.
If she will place in colored water the stem of a large white tulip,
cutting off its lower end under the liquid, those parts whose little cells
are in closest connection with the stem will soon begin to change
color, taking the red or blue of the water; for a freshly cut stem has
the same power as the root to suck in water eagerly and quickly.
HOW A PLANT PERSPIRES
W E cannot see the water as it passes from the tiny leaf mouths
into the air. Neither can we see the water that is being
constantly carried from the surface of our bodies into the air. But if
we breathe against a window pane, the scattered water in our breath
is collected by the cold of the glass in a little cloud; and if we place
the warm palms of our hands against this window pane, in the same
way the cold collects the water that is passing from the little mouths
in our skin, and shows it to us as a cloud on the glass.
Heat scatters water so that we cannot see it, any more than we
can see the lump of sugar when its little grains are scattered in hot
water; but cold gathers together the water drops so that we are able
to see them.
This is why you can “see your breath,” as you say, on a cold day.
The cold outside air gathers together the water which was scattered
by the heat of your body.
If you place against the window pane the under side of the leaves
of a growing plant, the water passing from the tiny leaf mouths
collects on the glass in just such a damp cloud as is made by the
moist palms of your warm hands.
When water passes from your hands, you say that you are
perspiring; and when water passes away from the plant, we can say
that the plant perspires. Some plants perspire more freely than
others. A sunflower plant has been known to give off more than three
tumblers of water a day by this act of perspiration.
There is a tree, called the Eucalyptus, whose leaves perspire so
freely that it is planted in swampy places in order to drain away the
water.
Of course, the more quickly the leaves throw off water, the faster
the fresh supply pushes up the stem.
If the leaves do their work more quickly than the roots make good
the loss, then the plant wilts.
When a leaf is broken from a plant, it soon fades. Its water supply
being cut off, it has no way of making good the loss through the leaf
mouths.
Just as the air in a balloon keeps its walls firm, so the water in the
leaf cells keeps the cell walls firm.
As a balloon collapses if you prick it with a pin, and let out the air,
so the cell walls collapse when the cells lose their water; and when
the cell walls of a leaf collapse, the leaf itself collapses.
HOW A PLANT STORES ITS FOOD
W E see that the water is drawn away from the earth broth into
the air by the heat of the sun, just as water is drawn from the
broth we place on the stove by the heat of the fire; and that when
this has happened, the plant’s food is cooked, and is in condition to
be eaten.
But this broth does not lose all its water. There is still enough left
to carry it back through the leaf into the branches and stem, and
even down into the root once more.
In fact, the prepared food is now sent to just those parts of the
plant which most need it.
Perhaps it is laid up beneath the bark, to help make new buds
which will burst into leaf and flower another year.
Or perhaps it goes down to help the roots put out new branches
and fresh root hairs.
Or possibly it is stowed away in such an underground stem as that
of the lily, or the crocus bulb, and is saved for next year’s food. Once
in a while some of this prepared food is stored in the leaf itself.
When a leaf is thick and juicy (“fleshy,” the books call it), we can
guess that it is full of plant food.
Do you recall the Bryophyllum,—the plant we talked about a few
days ago? Its wonderful leaves, you remember, gave birth to a whole
colony of new plants.
You may be sure that these leaves had refused to give up all the
food sent to them for cooking in the sun. You can guess this from
their thick, fleshy look, and you can be sure of this when you see the
baby plants spring from their edges; for without plenty of
nourishment stored away, these leaves could never manage to
support such a quantity of young ones.
LEAF GREEN AND SUNBEAM
B UT the earth broth which the roots supply is not the only article
of importance in the plant’s bill of fare.
The air about us holds one thing that every plant needs as food.
This air is a mixture of several things. Just as the tea we drink is a
mixture of tea and water, and milk and sugar, so the air is a mixture
of oxygen and nitrogen, and water and carbonic-acid gas.
Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonic-acid gas,—each one of these
three things that help to make the air is what we call a gas, and one
of these gases is made of two things. Carbonic-acid gas is made of
oxygen and carbon.
Now, carbon is the food which is needed by every plant. But the
carbon in the air is held tightly in the grasp of the oxygen, with which
it makes the gas called carbonic-acid gas.
To get possession of this carbon, the plant must contrive to break
up the gas, and then to seize and keep by force the carbon.
This seems like a rather difficult performance, does it not? For
when a gas is made of two different things, you can be pretty sure
that these keep a firm hold on each other, and that it is not altogether
easy to tear them apart.
Now, how does the plant meet this difficulty?
You cannot guess by yourselves how this is done, so I must tell
you the whole story.
Certain cells in the plant are trained from birth for this special
work,—the work of getting possession of the carbon needed for plant
food. These little cells take in the carbonic-acid gas from the air; then
they break it up, tearing the carbon from the close embrace of the
oxygen, pushing the oxygen back into the air it came from, and
turning the carbon over to the plant to be stored away till needed as
food.
Only certain cells can do this special piece of work. Only the cells
which hold the green substance that colors the leaf can tear apart
carbonic-acid gas. Every little cell which holds a bit of this leaf green
devotes itself to separating the carbon from the oxygen.
Why this special power lies in a tiny speck of leaf green we do not
know. We only know that a cell without such an occupant is quite
unable to break up carbonic-acid gas.
But even the bit of leaf green in a tiny cell needs some help in its
task. What aid does it call in, do you suppose, when it works to
wrench apart the gas?
In this work the partner of the bit of leaf green is nothing more or
less than a sunbeam. Without the aid of a sunbeam, the imprisoned
leaf green is as helpless to steal the carbon as you or I would be.
It sounds a good deal like a fairy story, does it not,—this story of
Leaf Green and Sunbeam?
Charcoal is made of carbon. About one half of every plant is
carbon.
The coal we burn in our fireplaces is the carbon left upon the earth
by plants that lived and died thousands of years ago. It is the carbon
that Leaf Green and Sunbeam together stole from the air, and turned
over into the plant.
If one looks at a piece of coal with the eyes which one keeps for
the little picture gallery all children carry in their heads, one sees
more than just a shining, black lump. One sees a plant that grew
upon the earth thousands of years ago, with its bright green leaves
dancing in the sunlight; for without those green leaves and that
sunlight, there could be no coal for burning to-day. And when we
light our coal fire, what we really do is to set free the sunbeams that
worked their way so long ago into the plant cells.
It is more like a fairy story than ever. Sunbeam is the noble knight
who fought his way into the cell where Leaf Green lay imprisoned,
doomed to perform a task which was beyond her power. But with the
aid of the noble Sunbeam, she did this piece of work, and then both
fell asleep, and slept for a thousand years. Awakening at last,
together they made their joyful escape in the flame that leaps from
out the black coal.
In truth, a sunbeam and a flame are not so unlike as to make this
story as improbable as many others that we read.
And because I have told it to you in the shape of a fairy story, you
must not think it is not true. It is indeed true. Everywhere in the
sunshiny woods and fields of summer, the story of Leaf Green and
Sunbeam is being lived. But when the day is cloudy or the sun sets,
then there is no Sunbeam to help the Princess, and then no carbon
is stolen from the air.

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Ebook Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter 7Th Edition Jespersen Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

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Chemistry The Molecular Nature of

Matter 7th Edition Jespersen Test Bank

Multiple Choice Questions

a. the kinetic energy resulting from violent decomposition of energetic chemicals.

a. Efinal signifies the internal energy of the reactants.

a. The pie is the system and loses heat to the surroundings.

Difficulty Level: medium

a. 17.8 J g-1 °C-1

a. 21.6 J mol-1 °C-1

a. 0.236 J g-1 °C-1

a. 0.365 J g-1 °C-1

a. A chemical reaction involves only the making of chemical bonds.

a. ΔHsystem = (Kinetic Energy)system + (Potential Energy)system

a. Work was performed on the system.

a. The enthalpy of the system remained unchanged.

a. (430 + 238) joules

a. (430 + 238) joules

a. (483 + 320) joules

a. (483 + 320) joules

a. A solution with a concentration of 1.000 M.

a. A gas sample with a concentration of 1.000 M.

a. N2O(g) + 3O2(g) → NO2(g) Ho = -28.0 kJ

4 NO2(g)  4NO(g) + 2O2(g) Ho = ??

2HCl(g)  H2(g) + Cl2(g) Ho = 184.6 kJ

a. H(g) + Cl(g) → HCl(g)

a. 2 H(g) + O(g) → H2O(g)

a. 6 C(s) + 6 H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s)

a. C2(s) + 4 H(g) + O2(g) → C2H4O2(l)

a. CO(g) + 2 NH3(g) → CO(NH2)2(s) + H2(g)

Answer: internal energy

Answer: 0.429 J g-1 °C-1

Answer: 25.2 J mol-1 °C-1

Answer: heat of reaction

Answer: PV, or expansion work, w

Answer: ½ CH4(g) + O2(g)  ½ CO2(g) + H2O(l), ΔHo = -445.2 kJ.

Answer: 2S(s) + 2O2(g)  2SO2(g), ΔH = -596 kJ

Answer: 4N2H4(l) + 2N2O4(l)  6N2(g) + 8H2O(g), ΔHo = -2098 kJ.

Answer: -297 kJ.

Answer: -396 kJ.

Answer: 464 kJ.

True and False Questions

Section: Chemistry Outside the Classroom 6.1

Section: Chemistry Outside the Classroom 6.1

Section: Chemistry Outside the Classroom 6.1

Section: Chemistry and Current Affairs 6.2

Section: Chemistry and Current Affairs 6.2

Section: Chemistry and Current Affairs 6.2

Critical Thinking Questions

Answer: The container vessel

HOW TO LOOK AT A LEAF

T O-DAY we begin to learn what we can about the leaves of

I T would be quite a simple matter to interest you children in plants

By just such additions you children have grown to be what you

N OW we know that the plant, like yourself, began life as a single

If you should examine the lower side of a leaf through a

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