Project Stage-1 Report

On

“IoT Based 12V Battery Monitoring System”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

by
Imran Tamboli
Suraj waghmode
Pradip Ekbote

Under the guidance of

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Dhole

Patil College of Engineering

Savitribai Phule Pune University

A.Y. 2023-2024
 Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “IoT based 12 V Battery management

System”submitted by Imran Tamboli (PRN:722205411E), Suraj Waghmode (PRN:72205416F)

and Pradip Ekbote (PRN: …………) is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under the
guidance of Dr.Prof. Omprakash Rajankar in the fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering, in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering course of
Savitribai Phule Pune University in the academic year 2023-24.

Certified by

Dr.B.E.Shinde

Project Guide Project Coordinator

Dr.O.S.Rajankar Dr.B.M.Shinde
Head of Department Principal

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering DHOLE PATIL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Wagholi, Pune- 412207

November 2023
 Project Stage-1 Approval Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “IoT Based 12V Battery Monitoring System” by
Imran Tamboli (PRN: 722205411E), Suraj waghmode (PRN: 72205416F) and Pradip Ekbote (PRN:
…………) is approved for the Project stage-1.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

(signature) (signature)

Name: Name:

Date: Date:

(Acknowledgement Stamp)
 Statement by the Candidates

We wish to state that the work embodied in this project titled “IoT Based 12V Battery
Monitoring System” forms our own contribution to the work carried out under the guidance of
Prof. Omprakash Rajankar, at the Dhole Patil College of Engineering. We declare that this written
submission represents our ideas in our own words and where others ideas or words have been
included, We have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that we
have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or
fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission.

(Candidate Signature) (Candidate Signature)

Imran Tamboli Suraj Waghmode
(PRN: 722205411E) (PRN: 72205416F)

(Candidate Signature)
Pradip Ekbote
(PRN: …………….)
 Acknowledgment

We express my gratitude to my guide & HOD Prof. Omprakash Rajankar. He has been much
focused and has aided for all the essential material needed for completing this project successfully. He
has helped me to explore this topic in organized manner.
We are also thankful to Dr. Bhausaheb E. Shinde, project coordinator for extending necessary help and
time to time valuable guidance.
No words could be enough to express our deep gratitude to respected Principal,
Dr. B. M. Shinde for his kind blessings, inspiration and the necessary support whenever needed.
We would also like to express our sincere thanks to all the staff members of
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering department who were always there in the need of
the hour and provide all the help and facilities, which we required to complete the task. Also all
those including our classmates who directly or indirectly encouraged us, helped us, in
accomplishment of the present work.

(Candidate Signature) (Candidate Signature)

Imran Tamboli Suraj Waghmode
(PRN: 722205411E) (PRN: 72205416F)

(Candidate Signature)
Pradip Ekbote
(PRN: …………….)
 Abstract

As the electrical era is emerging day by day, the importance of storing these amounts of
electrical energy is increasing. For storing purpose, we are having the different type
technologies such as Li-ion, Li-Polymer, Lead acid and much more. For this type of cells, we
need charging and discharging systems. For the better efficiency of cells, we need a better
battery management system. By doing this work we are aiming to create a battery analyzer
circuit which will measure the voltage, temperature, current and which will act accordingly
which is also lot enabled. We are likely to use a Node MCU for the processing and we will
use some kind of sensors to obtain the data. We are using a kind of loT chipset to enable loT
technology.

Keywords: internet of things (IoT), L i-ion Battery,NodeMCU, Li-Polymr

Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 Motivation
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Significance of IoT in Battery Monitoring
1.4 Overview of 12 V Battery Monitoring System
1.5 Internet Of Things(IoT)

2 Literature Review 3
2.1 Smart City...........................................................................................................3
2.2 Internet of Things (IoT)......................................................................................4
2.3 Machine Learning...............................................................................................5
2.4 Raspberry Pi and Mic-Hat..................................................................................6

3 System Architecture 7
3.1 List Of Components……………………………………………………………7
3.2 NodeMcu ESP8266..........................................................................................10
3.3 INA226 Current Sensor....................................................................................11
3.4 12 V Lead Acid battery....................................................................................12
3.5 Circuit Diagram ………………………………………………………………13

4 Working Principle 17
4.1 Working Of System..........................................................................................17
4.2 Data Storage and Analysis on the Cloud Platform...........................................22

5 Conclusion 41
5.1 Future work......................................................................................................41

References 42
 Chapter 1
1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation

In today's technologically driven world, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative
force, revolutionizing the way we interact with and manage various systems. One significant application
of IoT technology lies in the domain of energy storage and management, particularly with the
development of the IoT-Based 12V Battery Monitoring System. This innovative system addresses the
critical need for efficient monitoring and management of 12V batteries, which serve as the backbone of
power supply in numerous applications, ranging from automobiles to renewable energy systems.

The IoT-Based 12V Battery Monitoring System leverages the interconnectedness of devices to provide
real-time insights into the status and performance of 12V batteries. By integrating smart sensors,
advanced data processing units, and cloud-based platforms, this system offers a comprehensive solution
to the challenges associated with traditional battery monitoring methods. As the demand for reliable and
sustainable energy solutions continues to grow, the significance of implementing intelligent monitoring
systems for 12V batteries becomes increasingly apparent.

1.2 Objectives

This project aims to develop an advanced IoT-based 12V Battery Monitoring System,
focusing on real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and remote accessibility. The
system's objectives include enhancing battery performance, extending lifespan, and
providing users with actionable insights for efficient management.

1.3 Significance of IoT in Battery Monitoring

The significance lies in leveraging IoT technology to create a dynamic monitoring system
capable of providing comprehensive insights into battery health. This is crucial for ensuring
the reliability and efficiency of 12V batteries, which serve as power sources in critical
applications.

1.4 Overview of 12V Battery Monitoring System

The system integrates smart sensors, microcontrollers, IoT gateways, and cloud platforms to create a cohesive
monitoring and management solution. Users can access the system through an intuitive interface
enabling seamless interaction and informed decision Making

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1.5 Internet of Things (IoT)
For the past three decades, the Internet cared most about people as a way to exchange
data and information, like sending and receiving e-mails. Nowadays, physical devices
and machines that have computational intelligence (such as home appliances, mobile
phones and vehicles) are ubiquitous in our life. These devices can sense and
communicate with the ambient environment to perform specific tasks. In contrast to the
Internet of people, adding Internet connectivity to such smart devices (things) in order
to exchange data and interact over the Internet without any required human-to-human or
human-to-machine interaction is called the Internet of Things.
The number of IoT devices have increased dramatically during the last few years,
and it is estimated to reach 30 billion by 2020 [18]. Furthermore, several urban IoT
systems have been designed and performed to support the Smart City vision [19].
The most common IoT architecture consists of three layers: perception layer,
network layer, and application layer (Figure 2.2) [20].

• Perception layer: the perception layer is responsible for sensing the ambient en-
vironment and collecting data using different types of sensors. The data collected
by sensors are transmitted to the network layer either directly (wires) or wirelessly
through various wireless personal area networks (Wifi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc.)
• Network layer: the network layer is the brain of the IoT system. Its main task is
to process the data delivered from the perception layer and then transmit it
through the Internet to the application layer using wired or wireless network
technologies (3G/4G, LTE, fiber optics, etc.)
• Application layer: the application layer is responsible for the final presentation
and the effective utilization of the processed data. Various IoT applications
include smart home, smart city, e-government, e-health, etc.

Figure 1.1: The three layers of IoT architecture.

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 Chapter 2
2 Literature Review

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has spurred a paradigm shift in the realm of battery
monitoring systems, particularly with the development of IoT-based solutions tailored for 12V
batteries. This literature review delves into key aspects surrounding the integration of IoT in
battery monitoring, emphasizing its significance, advancements in sensor technologies, the role
of microcontrollers, communication protocols, cloud-based platforms, user interfaces, predictive
analytics, applications across industries, challenges, and future trends
Battery monitoring holds a pivotal role in ensuring the reliability and efficiency of 12V
batteries. As highlighted in the literature, continuous monitoring helps prevent unexpected
failures, reduces downtime, and optimizes energy usage. The need for effective battery
management has become increasingly critical in applications where uninterrupted power supply
is paramount.
The literature extensively explores advancements in smart sensor technologies dedicated to 12V
battery monitoring. Sensors measuring voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge (SoC)
play a crucial role in providing accurate and real-time data. These sensors are designed to
withstand diverse environmental conditions, ensuring reliable performance in various
applications.

3
 Chapter 3
3. System Architecture

The system architecture of an IoT-Based 12V Battery Monitoring System is a meticulously

designed framework that seamlessly integrates smart sensors, microcontrollers, communication
modules, cloud-based platforms, and user interfaces to enable real-time monitoring, data
analysis, and user interaction. This architecture plays a pivotal role in ensuring the accuracy,
efficiency, and reliability of the monitoring system.
This systematic architecture establishes a seamless flow of data from the sensors to the cloud,
ensuring that users have access to accurate, timely, and actionable information. The
interconnectedness of components enables remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and
efficient management of 12V batteries across various applications, making the IoT-Based 12V
Battery Monitoring System a robust and versatile solution in the evolving landscape of energy
management.

The next layer involves microcontrollers or processors that serve as the processing units within
the system. These components collect the data from the sensors, perform necessary calculations,
and prepare the information for transmission. The efficiency of these microcontrollers
contributes to the system's overall responsiveness and real-time data processing capabilities.

Once the data is processed, an IoT gateway comes into play. This gateway acts as a bridge
between the battery monitoring system and the cloud-based IoT platform. It facilitates secure
and efficient communication, ensuring that the processed battery data is transmitted to the cloud
for further analysis and storage.

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3.1. List Of Components

1) NodeMCU ESP8266
2) INA 226 Current Sensor
3) 12 V Lead-Acid Battery
4) Breadboard
5) Jumper Wires

3.2. NodeMcu ESP8266

ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi enabled system on chip (SoC) module developed by Espressif system. It is
frequently used for development of IoT (Internet of Things) embedded applications. It employs
a 32-bit RISC CPU supported by the Ten silica Xtensa L106 running at 80 MHz (or overclocked
to 160 MHz). It consists of a 64 KB boot ROM, 64 KB instruction RAM and 96 KB data RAM.
External non-volatile storage is often accessed through SPI. ESP8266 module advantage is a
low-cost standalone wireless transceiver that can be used for end-point IoT developments. To
communicate with the ESP8266 module, the microcontroller must use a group of commands.
Microcontroller communicates with the ESP8266-01 module using UART having specified
Baud rate.NodeMCU is open-source firmware, hardware, and software development
environment project developed initially for the ESP8266 Wi-fi SoC chip based on LUA. The
most spectacular features are: It is a low-cost, small and powerful board. It is specifically
designed for loT applications. It is compatible with Arduino IDE and micro python making
prototyping a lot faster. Because of all these features, it is the most popular and trending board
in the electronics market

Fig. ESP8266

Features of ESP8266:-

1. The onboard ESP8266 chip manufactured by Espressif Systems has an ESP8266EX core
Wi-Fi SoC and a Tensilica L106 32-bit processor in the same chip.
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 2. It has 2.4GHz 802.11b/g/n Wi-fi with on-board antenna which supports WA/WPA2.
3. It has 17 GPIO, 11 are usable( 6 are used for communication with the onboard flash
memory chip) and some of them support PWM.
4. It operates on 2.5-3.6V and average 80mA current with temperatures ranging from -40
to 125 C.

3.3 . INA 226 Current Sensor

The INA226 is a digital current sense amplifier with an I2C- and SM Bus-compatible interface.
It provides digital current, voltage, and power readings necessary for accurate decision-making
in precisely-controlled systems. Programmable registers allow flexible configuration for
measurement resolution as well as continuous-versus triggered operation.
The INA226 device performs two measurements on the power-supply bus of interest. The
voltage developed from the load current that flows through a shunt resistor creates a shunt
voltage that is measured at the IN+ and IN– pins. The device can also measure the power supply
bus voltage by connecting this voltage to the VBUS pin. The differential shunt voltage is
measured with respect to the IN– pin while the bus voltage is measured with respect to ground.
The device is typically powered by a separate supply that can range from 2.7 V to 5.5 V. The
bus that is being monitored can range in voltage from 0 V to 36 V. Based on the fixed 1.25-mV
LSB for the Bus Voltage Register that a full-scale register results in a 40.96 V value

Fig. INA226

Features Of INA226:-
1) Senses Bus Voltages From 0 V to 36 V
2) High-Side or Low-Side Sensing
3) High Accuracy
6
 4) Operates from 2.7-V to 5.5-V Power Supply
5) 10-Pin, DGS (VSSOP) Package

3.4 12 V Lead Acid Battery

Lead-acid batteries are the most basic 12V battery type. They’re made of lead plates suspended
in a sulfric acid solution. This creates a chemical reaction that allows for energy to be stored.
Flooded Lead-Acid batteries are the most common variety of lead-acid batteries. You’ll need to
have the right amount of water in these batteries to keep them functioning correctly. This means
periodic maintenance is required to monitor this battery. Flooded lead-acid batteries generally
last 2 to 5 years, depending on use and maintenance.

Many RVs, boats, and automobiles use twelve-volt batteries. A battery utilizes cells to produce
a chemical reaction that generates an electron flow in a circuit. Batteries do not create energy or
power on their own. Batteries simply store energy for you to use when you need it.

The power you get from a battery is direct current (DC) power and is different than the
alternating current (AC) power you get from the wall outlets in your home. If needed, DC power
can be converted to AC power using an inverter.

You can connect multiple 12-volt batteries in series or in parallel to get either a higher voltage
or more storage capacity. For example, if you connect two 12-volt batteries in series, you will
have a 24-volt system. If you connect these same 12-volt batteries in parallel, you will still have
a 12-volt system, but it will be able to power the same device for twice as long as a single 12-
volt battery.

7
 Fig.12 V lead Acid battery

3.5. Circuit Diagram

Fig.Circuit Diagram

 The discussed circuit comes equipped with an automatic programmer, eliminating the

8
 need for manual programming or the operation of Load. All it requires is an Module to
program the raw ESP chip. The programming process is managed by two switches (FLS
and RST), two BC547 transistors (Q1 and Q2), among other components.

 The RTS signal is utilized for resetting the ESP8266, and the DTR signal puts the chip
into flash mode. Transistors Q1 and Q2 ensure that the ESP8266 doesn’t reset when both
DTR and RTS signals are low. When an upload command is detected, the ESP module
automatically enters flash mode, facilitating the smooth upload of a new sketch. Without
an upload command, the ESP-12E/F operates in normal mode, allowing the programmed
ESP-12E/F board to be tested or deployed in an application.

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 Chapter 4

4. Working Principle

The working principle of a 12V Battery Monitoring System involves a systematic process
that enables real-time monitoring, data analysis, and user interaction for effective
management of a 12V battery. This principle is crucial for ensuring the reliability,
performance, and longevity of the battery.

4.1. Working of System

Below is a detailed explanation suitable for a project report:
 Sensor Data Collection:

The system initiates by employing smart sensors strategically placed on or within the 12V
battery. These sensors continuously monitor essential parameters, including voltage,
current, temperature, and state of charge (SoC). The sensors act as the primary data
acquisition mechanism, capturing the dynamic state of the battery.

 Data Processing by Microcontroller/Processor:

The collected data undergoes processing within a microcontroller or processor integrated

into the monitoring system. This processing step involves calculations, data conversions,
and potentially filtering to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the collected information.
The microcontroller acts as the brain of the system, managing and manipulating the raw
sensor data.

 Communication with IoT Gateway:

Following processing, the microcontroller communicates with an IoT (Internet of Things)

gateway. This gateway serves as a communication bridge between the battery monitoring
system and the cloud-based IoT platform. Standard communication protocols such as
MQTT or HTTP are often employed to facilitate efficient and secure data transmission.

 Data Storage and Analysis on the Cloud Platform:

The IoT gateway transmits the processed data to a cloud-based IoT platform where it is
securely stored. Cloud platforms provide a centralized and scalable infrastructure for data
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storage and analysis. Predictive analytics algorithms can be applied to historical data,
enabling the system to identify patterns, trends, and potential issues.

 User Interaction through Interface:

Users interact with the system through a user interface, typically accessible via web or
mobile applications. The interface provides a graphical representation of real-time and
historical battery data. Users can monitor key parameters, set customizable thresholds,
and receive alerts in case of abnormal conditions. The interface serves as the means for
users to make informed decisions based on the monitored data.

 Remote Monitoring and Control:

One of the primary advantages of the system is remote monitoring. Users can access the
monitoring system from any location with an internet connection. This capability is
particularly beneficial for scenarios where the 12V battery is situated in a remote or
inaccessible location. Remote access allows users to check the battery status and receive
timely information, enhancing overall control and management.

 Predictive Maintenance:

The system's predictive analytics capabilities play a crucial role in proactive maintenance.
By analyzing historical data trends, the system can predict potential issues before they
escalate. This predictive capability facilitates timely maintenance interventions, reducing
the risk of unexpected failures and minimizing downtime.

 Efficient Energy Management:

The real-time monitoring and analysis provided by the system contribute to efficient
energy management. Users can make informed decisions based on the data, optimizing
the usage of the 12V battery and extending its overall lifespan. This results in cost savings
and improved overall efficiency.

In summary, the working principle of the 12V Battery Monitoring System revolves
around accurate data collection, intelligent processing, secure communication, cloud-
based storage and analysis, user-friendly interfaces, and the ability for remote monitoring
and predictive maintenance. This comprehensive approach ensures the reliable and
efficient monitoring of a 12V battery, making it a valuable asset in various applications.

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4.2. Data Storage and Analysis on the Cloud Platform
We use Thingspeak Cloud Platfrom to to see the sensor Data anytime anywhere .
Following are the steps to use the thingspeak Platform
1) First, go to the Thingspeak website.

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2) Then, click the Get start button and create a new account on Thingspeak.

3) Login or Signup using Email

13
4) Now, includes your Email address, Location, and name. Then, click the “Continue” button.
The next step is to click “Continue”

5) Now, open your email address and click the “Verify email” button. Then close this tab.

14
6) Next, come back to the previous tab and click the “Continue” button. After, enter the
password as you like.

7) OK, now the account is ready. Then click the “OK” button to continue.

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 8) Then create a new channel with following details.

The parameters that we are gonna measure is Battery Voltage, Load Voltage, Current and Power.
Therefore, we need to create a 4 parameters.
.

Now your Thingspeak account setup is complete.

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 Chapter 5
Conclusion

In conclusion, the implementation of an IoT-based 12V Battery Monitoring System represents a

significant stride in enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and management of 12V batteries across
various applications. The culmination of smart sensor technologies, microcontrollers, IoT gateways,
cloud-based platforms, and user interfaces creates a robust ecosystem for real-time monitoring,
proactive maintenance, and remote accessibility.

The primary objective of the system is to address the critical need for continuous monitoring of key
parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge (SoC). Through the seamless
integration of these parameters, the system empowers users with actionable insights into the health and
performance of 12V batteries, enabling informed decision-making and timely interventions.

The user interface serves as a pivotal point of interaction, providing an intuitive platform for users to
visualize real-time data, access historical information, and set customized thresholds for alerts. This
user-centric approach ensures that stakeholders can effectively manage and control 12V batteries,
irrespective of their geographical location.

The predictive analytics capabilities embedded in the system elevate it beyond mere monitoring,
allowing for proactive maintenance. By analyzing historical data trends, the system can anticipate
potential issues, enabling users to implement preventive measures, reduce downtime, and optimize the
lifespan of 12V batteries.

The remote monitoring feature further enhances the system's practicality, making it applicable to
scenarios where 12V batteries are deployed in remote or inaccessible locations. Users can access the
system from any location with an internet connection, facilitating real-time decision-making and
intervention.

5.1. Future work

The IoT-Based 12V Battery Monitoring System, though already an advanced and effective solution,
opens avenues for future enhancements and innovations. Several areas of potential future work can
further refine and optimize the system, ensuring it remains at the forefront of battery management
technology:

Investigate the integration of artificial intelligence algorithms to provide more intelligent and adaptive
decision-making capabilities. AI can contribute to optimizing battery charging and discharging patterns
based on usage scenarios and historical data.

Explore the implementation of edge computing for real-time data processing. This would involve
processing critical data closer to the source (at the edge of the network), reducing latency and enhancing
the system's responsiveness.

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 References

1 Development of Battery Monitoring System in Smart Microgrid Based on Internet of Things (IoT)
Koko Friansa, Irsyad Nashirul Haq, Bening Maria Santi, Deddy Kurniadi, Edi Leksono, Brian
Yuliarto
2 Battery Monitoring And Smart Charging Using Iot For Electrical Vehicle Applications G. Themozhi,
A. Prabha, P. Radhakrishnan, K. Manigandan, Professor, Department of EEE, AMET Deemed
University, Chennai, India Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, Kings College of Engineering,
Thanjavur, India Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Tagore
Engineering College, Chennai, India Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, AMET Deemed
University, Chennai, India
3 https://theiotprojects.com/battery-status-monitoring-system-using-esp8266-arduino-iot- cloud/
4 The measurement and analysis for Open Circuit Voltage of Lithium-ion Battery Han Lei, Yuan Yuan
Han, School of automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China CCCC-FHDI
Engineering Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
5 IoT-Based Battery Monitoring System for Electric Vehicle Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab, Nur Imanina
Mohamad Anuar, Radzi Ambar, Aslina Baharum, Shanoor Shanta, Mohd Suffian Sulaiman, Shukor
Sanim Mohd Fauzi, Hafizul Fahri Hanafi.
6 BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT M. Ramesh Kumar, S.A. Arshiya,
S.T. Abiya, R. Ananthi Assistant Professor,UG Scholar Department of CSE
Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Chennai.

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