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Operations Management Processes and

Supply Chains 10th Edition Krajewski


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Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10e (Krajewski et al.)
Chapter 7 Constraint Management

1) A bottleneck is an operation that has the lowest effective capacity of any operation in the process.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: Introduction
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, effective capacity

2) The process with the least capacity is called a bottleneck if its output is less than market demand.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: Introduction
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, capacity

3) The process with the least capacity is called a bottleneck if its output is still greater than the market
demand.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: Introduction
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, capacity

4) Operating processes close to their capacity can result in low customer satisfaction and even losing
money despite high sales levels.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: capacity, customer satisfaction
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

5) The Theory of Constraints method is also referred to as the drum-buffer-rope method.


Answer: TRUE
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: TOC, theory of constraints, drum-buffer-rope

6) According to the Theory of Constraints, the four operational measures include inventory, throughput,
delivery lead times and utilization.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, capacity measures, inventory, throughput, operating expense, utilization

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7) A business school with plenty of classroom space that hires adjunct faculty for a semester to meet
unusually high student demand for courses is an example of elevating a bottleneck.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: elevate bottleneck, TOC

8) Any system composed of resources that are operating at maximum output will, by definition, have
maximum output for the entire system.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: constraint, bottleneck, TOC

9) In a shop managed according to TOC principles, inventory is needed only in front of bottlenecks in
order to prevent them from sitting idle.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, buffer

10) The first step in applying the Theory of Constraints is to identify the constraint.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: constraint, bottleneck, TOC

11) The final step in applying the Theory of Constraints is to repeat the first four steps.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: inertia, TOC

12) Lanny discovers that the bottleneck is the riveting machine so he schedules all production around
when that machine is available. This is an example of elevating the constraint in the five-step constraint
management process.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: exploit constraint, TOC

13) A bottleneck process has the lowest capacity and the longest total time from the start to the finish.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck process, lowest capacity, longest total time
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
14) A competent operations manager should first eliminate all of the bottlenecks from the process.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck process
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

15) Short term capacity planning should be driven by identification and management of bottlenecks.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: capacity planning, bottleneck
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

16) Line balancing is the assignment of work to stations in a line to achieve the desired output rate with
the smallest number of workstations.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line balance, workstations, line
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

17) Line balancing strives to create workstations so that the capacity utilization for the bottleneck is much
higher than for the other workstations in the line.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line balance, workstations, line, bottleneck
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

18) Line balancing applies only to line processes that do assembly work, or to work that can be bundled
in many ways to create the jobs for each workstation in the line.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line balance, workstations, line
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

19) Immediate predecessors are the smallest units of work that can be performed independently.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: predecessor, work, task

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20) The balance delay is the amount by which efficiency falls short of 100 percent.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: balance delay, efficiency

21) To generate the maximum output, the cycle time should be set as the longest elemental task time.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: cycle time, output, task
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

22) Paced lines require that inventory storage areas be placed between stations.
Answer: FALSE
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: paced line, inventory

23) A mixed-model line produces several items belonging to the same family.
Answer: TRUE
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: mixed model line, family

24) The focus for a process improvement exercise should be on balancing:


A) flow.
B) capacity.
C) workload.
D) time.
Answer: A
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, theory of constraints, flow
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

25) According to the Theory of Constraints, the four operational measures of capacity include all of the
following EXCEPT:
A) inventory.
B) throughput.
C) utilization.
D) delivery lead times.
Answer: D
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, capacity measures, inventory, throughput, operating expense, utilization

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26) Practical application of the Theory of Constraints involves the implementation of all of the following
steps EXCEPT:
A) Identify the system bottleneck(s).
B) Exploit the bottleneck(s).
C) Reduce the capacity at the bottleneck(s).
D) Elevate the bottleneck(s).
Answer: C
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, capacity measures, inventory, throughput, operating expense, utilization

27) Consider consecutive processes A-B-C, where process A has a capacity of 20 units per hour, process B
has a capacity of 25 units per hour, and process C has a capacity of 30 units per hour. Where would an
operations manager want any inventory?
A) in front of process A
B) in front of process B
C) in front of process C
D) Inventory should not exist anywhere.
Answer: A
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, theory of constraints, inventory
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

28) Use the process flow diagram to determine which of these events has the greatest net benefit.

A) reducing the flow time at Station A from 8 to 7 minutes


B) increasing the capacity at Station B to 8 units per hour
C) increasing the capacity at Station C to 7 units per hour
D) reducing the flow time at Station D from 9 to 8 minutes
Answer: C
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, theory of constraints, bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
29) Use the process flow diagram to determine which of these events has the greatest net benefit.

A) reducing the flow time at Station A from 10 to 8 minutes


B) increasing the capacity at Station B to 12 units per hour
C) increasing the capacity at Station C to 10 units per hour
D) reducing the flow time at Station D from 12 to 10 minutes
Answer: D
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, theory of constraints, bottleneck
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.
AACSB: Analytic skills

30) Use the process flow diagram to determine which of these events has the greatest net benefit.

A) reducing the flow time at Station A from 8 to 7 minutes


B) increasing the capacity at Station B to 12 units per hour
C) increasing the capacity at Station C to 9 units per hour
D) reducing the flow time at Station D from 6 to 5 minutes
Answer: A
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, theory of constraints, bottleneck
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.
AACSB: Analytic skills

31) Work should be released into the system when:


A) a customer order is received.
B) the first step in the process is idle.
C) a customer order is completed.
D) the bottlenecks need work.
Answer: D
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: TOC, theory of constraints, bottleneck
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.
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32) The second step in Theory of Constraints application, "exploit the bottleneck(s)," means that the
analyst should:
A) create a schedule that maximizes the throughput of the bottlenecks.
B) repeat the analysis process to look for other bottlenecks.
C) consider increasing capacity of the bottleneck.
D) schedule non-bottleneck resources to support the bottleneck.
Answer: A
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, TOC, theory of constraints
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

33) The third step in Theory of Constraints application, "subordinate all other decisions to Step 2," means
that the analyst should:
A) wait for authorization before proceeding with any system-wide changes.
B) schedule non-bottleneck processes to support the bottleneck schedule.
C) seek to increase capacity of only the bottleneck resources.
D) should seek to increase capacity of both the bottleneck and non-bottleneck resources.
Answer: B
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, TOC, theory of constraints
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

34) The fourth step in Theory of Constraints application, "elevate the bottleneck(s)," means that the
analyst should:
A) create a schedule that maximizes the throughput of the bottlenecks.
B) repeat the analysis process to look for other bottlenecks.
C) consider increasing capacity of the bottleneck.
D) schedule non-bottleneck resources to support the bottleneck.
Answer: C
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, TOC, theory of constraints
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

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35) The fifth step in Theory of Constraints application, "do not let inertia set in," means that the analyst
should:
A) create a schedule that maximizes the throughput of the bottlenecks.
B) repeat the analysis to identify and manage new set of constraints.
C) consider increasing capacity of the bottleneck.
D) schedule non-bottleneck resources to support the bottleneck.
Answer: B
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, TOC, theory of constraints
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

36) Which of the following statements regarding setups is TRUE?


A) Unusually high setup times result in higher utilization.
B) Processes are generating output throughout the entire setup process.
C) A machine used in a line process would probably have fewer setups than a batch process.
D) A TOC analyst would not be concerned with setup times on non-bottleneck machines.
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: setup, TOC, bottleneck

37) There are three consecutive steps in a customer service process. The first two steps are each capable of
serving 25 customers per hour while the third step can process only 20 customers per hour. Which of the
following statements regarding this system is true?
A) The entire system is capable of processing 25 customers per hour.
B) There are floating bottlenecks in the system.
C) If the first two steps are run at full capacity, then the third step has a waiting line.
D) The first and second steps are bottlenecks for the system.
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: capacity, bottleneck
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

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Table 7.1

The figure above shows the call routing process for a customer service call center. Incoming calls are
routed, depending on the complexity of the caller's request. Simple request are routed to work center B,
while the more complex calls are routed to work center C (which also takes simple calls when not busy).
The numbers in parentheses are the time in minutes for each step of the process.

38) Use the information in Table 7.1. What is the throughput time for the process, assuming that the Call
Center is always busy and has customers waiting to be processed?
A) 24 minutes
B) 18 minutes
C) 20 minutes
D) 22 minutes
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

39) Use the information in Table 7.1. What is the process bottleneck?
A) A
B) B and C together
C) D
D) E
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: process bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

40) Use the information in Table 7.1. What is the 8-hour capacity for the process?
A) 24 calls
B) 17.1 calls
C) 40 calls
D) 48 calls
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, capacity
AACSB: Analytic skills

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41) Use the information in Table 7.1. Where would you expect customer wait times to occur?
A) D only
B) C and D
C) A only
D) E only
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, capacity, customer wait times

Table 7.2

The figure above shows the process for paying tuition at a major university. Students are provided their
bill for the next term for review, then routed to different tables for questions to be answered before finally
paying their tuition at E. The numbers in parentheses are the time in minutes for each step of the process.

42) Use the information in Table 7.2. What is the throughput time for the A-B-C-E process route?
A) 17 minutes
B) 27 minutes
C) 21 minutes
D) 19 minutes
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

43) Use the information in Table 7.2. What is the throughput time for the A-B-D-E process route?
A) 17 minutes
B) 27 minutes
C) 21 minutes
D) 19 minutes
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

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44) Use the information in Table 7.2. What is the capacity for the A-B-C-E process route?
A) 10 students per hour
B) 6 student per hour
C) 3.5 students per hour
D) 2.9 students per hour
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

45) Use the information in Table 7.2. What is the capacity for the A-B-D-E process route?
A) 10 students per hour
B) 6 student per hour
C) 3.5 students per hour
D) 2.9 students per hour
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

46) Use the information in Table 7.2. If 60% of the students are routed to C and 40% are routed to D, what
is the average capacity per hour for the process?
A) 10 students per hour
B) 6.5 student per hour
C) 8 students per hour
D) 8.4 students per hour
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: bottleneck, capacity
AACSB: Analytic skills

47) Use the information in Table 7.2. Where would you expect student wait times to occur?
A) D only
B) B, C and D
C) A only
D) E only
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: bottleneck, capacity, customer wait times
AACSB: Analytic skills

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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Table 7.3

The figure above shows the process for customers arriving at Pierre's Spa and Salon. After signing in,
customers are routed to different locations in the Spa for the two different services provided. The
numbers in parentheses are the time in minutes for each step of the process.

48) Use the information in Table 7.3. What is the throughput time for the A-B-C-D -H routing?
A) 48 minutes
B) 30 minutes
C) 53 minutes
D) 23 minutes
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

49) Use the information in Table 7.3. What is the throughput time for the A-B-E-F-G-H routing?
A) 48 minutes
B) 30 minutes
C) 53 minutes
D) 23 minutes
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

50) Use the information in Table 7.3. What is the process bottleneck?
A) H
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time

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Table 7.4

The figure above shows the process for customers arriving at Hobbies Unlimited for several advertised
crafts demonstrations. After signing in, customers are routed to different locations in the store for the two
different programs provided. The numbers in parentheses are the time in minutes for each step of the
process.

51) Use the information in Table 7.4. What is the throughput time for the A-B-C-D-G routing?
A) 25 minutes
B) 70 minutes
C) 105 minutes
D) 60 minutes
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

52) Use the information in Table 7.4. What is the throughput time for the A-B-E-F-G routing?
A) 25 minutes
B) 70 minutes
C) 105 minutes
D) 60 minutes
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

53) Use the information in Table 7.4. How many customers can be processed through the A-B-C-D-G
routing during a 4-hour evening session?
A) 48
B) 24
C) 32
D) 12
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

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54) Use the information in Table 7.4. How many customers can be processed through the A-B-E-F-G
routing during a 4-hour evening session?
A) 8
B) 24
C) 12
D) 32
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, throughput time
AACSB: Analytic skills

Table 7.5
A company makes four products that have the following characteristics: Product A sells for $50 but needs
$10 of materials and $15 of labor to produce; Product B sells for $75 but needs $30 of materials and $15 of
labor to produce; Product C sells for $100 but needs $50 of materials and $30 of labor to produce; Product
D sells for $150 but needs $75 of materials and $40 of labor to produce. The processing requirements for
each product on each of the four machines are shown in the table.

Work centers W, X, Y, and Z are available for 40 hours per week and have no setup time when switching
between products. Market demand for each product is 80 units per week. In the questions that follow, the
traditional method refers to maximizing the contribution margin per unit for each product, and the
bottleneck method refers to maximizing the contribution margin per minute at the bottleneck for each
product.

55) Use the information in Table 7.5. Which work center is of greatest concern to the operations manager?
A) Work Center W
B) Work Center X
C) Work Center Y
D) Work Center Z
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

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56) Use the information in Table 7.5. Using the traditional method, which product should be scheduled
first?
A) Product A
B) Product B
C) Product C
D) Product D
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck

57) Use the information in Table 7.5. Using the traditional method, in what sequence should products be
scheduled for production?
A) D, C, B, A
B) D, B, A, C
C) C, D, A, B
D) C, D, B, A
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, sequence, profit per minute at bottleneck

58) Use the information in Table 7.5. Using the traditional method, what is the optimal product mix
(consider variable costs only–overhead is not included in this profit calculation)?
A) 71 A, 80B, 80C, 80 D
B) 80A, 72B, 80C, 80D
C) 80A, 80B, 60C, 80D
D) 80A, 80B, 80C, 70D
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

59) Use the information in Table 7.5. Using the traditional method, what is the profit if the company
manufactures the optimal product mix (consider variable costs only–overhead is not included in this
profit calculation)?
A) less than or equal to $8,100
B) greater than $8,100 but less than or equal to $8,300
C) greater than $8,300 but less than or equal to $8,500
D) greater than $8,500
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

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60) Use the information in Table 7.5. Using the bottleneck method, which product should be scheduled
first?
A) Product A
B) Product B
C) Product C
D) Product D
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck

61) Use the information in Table 7.5. Using the bottleneck method, in what sequence should products be
scheduled for production?
A) D. C. B. A
B) D, C, A, B
C) C, D, A, B
D) C, D, B, A
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, sequence, profit per minute at bottleneck

62) Use the information in Table 7.5. Using the bottleneck method, what is the optimal product mix
(consider variable costs only–overhead is not included in this profit calculation)?
A) 71 A, 80B, 80C, 80 D
B) 80A, 72B, 80C, 80D
C) 80A, 80B, 60C, 80D
D) 80A, 80B, 80C, 70D
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

63) Use the information in Table 7.5. Using the bottleneck method, what is the profit if the company
manufactures the optimal product mix (consider variable costs only–overhead is not included in this
profit calculation)?
A) less than or equal to $8,100
B) greater than $8,100 but less than or equal to $8,300
C) greater than $8,300 but less than or equal to $8,500
D) greater than $8,500
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

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Table 7.6
Burdell Industries makes four different models of computer printers: the E-1000, the S-2000, the P-2000
and the N-1000. The E-1000 sells for $200 and has $40 in parts and $40 in labor; the S-2000 sells for $150
and requires $30 in parts and $30 in labor; the P-2000 sells for $100 and has $20 in parts and $20 in labor;
and the N-1000 sells for $75 but requires only $10 of parts and $10 of labor. Fixed overhead is estimated at
$5,000 per week. The manufacture of each printer requires four machines, Machines #1, 2, 3 and 4. Each of
the machines is available for 40 hours a week and there is no setup time required when shifting from the
production of one product to any other. The processing requirements to make one unit of each product
are shown in the table. Weekly product demand for the next planning period has been forecasted as
follows: 80 E-1000s; 65 S-2000s; 35 P-2000s; and 20 N-1000s.

In the questions that follow, the traditional method refers to maximizing the contribution margin per unit
for each product, and the bottleneck method refers to maximizing the contribution margin per minute at the
bottleneck for each product.

64) Use the information in Table 7.6. Which machine is the bottleneck operation?
A) Machine 1
B) Machine 2
C) Machine 3
D) Machine 4
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

65) Use the information in Table 7.6. Using the traditional method, which product should be scheduled
first?
A) Product E
B) Product S
C) Product P
D) Product N
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

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66) Use the information in Table 7.6. Using the traditional method, in what sequence should products be
scheduled for production?
A) N, S, E, P
B) N, E, P, S
C) P, E, N, S
D) E, S, P, N
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, sequence, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

67) Use the information in Table 7.6. Using the traditional method, what is the optimal product mix?
A) 120 E, 90 S, 60 P, 55 N
B) 60 E, 20 S, 50 P, 33 N
C) 80 E, 65 S, 35 P, 5 N
D) 80 E, 65 S, 20 P, 35 N
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

68) Use the information in Table 7.6. Using the traditional method, what is the profit if Burdell
manufactures the optimal product mix?
A) less than or equal to $10,000
B) greater than $10,000 but less than or equal to $13,000
C) greater than $13,000 but less than or equal to $16,000
D) greater than $16,000
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix, profit
AACSB: Analytic skills

69) Use the information in Table 7.6. Using the bottleneck method, which product should be scheduled
first?
A) Product E
B) Product S
C) Product P
D) Product N
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-18
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
70) Use the information in Table 7.6. Using the bottleneck method, in what sequence should products be
scheduled for production?
A) N, S, E, P
B) N, E, P, S
C) P, E, N, S
D) E, S, P, N
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, sequence, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

71) Use the information in Table 7.6. Using the bottleneck method, what is the optimal product mix?
A) 80 E, 65 S, 35 P, 20 N
B) 60 E, 20 S, 50 P, 33 N
C) 120 E, 90 S, 60 P, 55 N
D) 80 E, 65 S, 30 P, 20 N
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

72) Use the information in Table 7.6. Using the bottleneck method, what is the profit if Burdell
manufactures the optimal product mix?
A) less than or equal to $10,000
B) greater than $10,000 but less than or equal to $13,000
C) greater than $13,000 but less than or equal to $16,000
D) greater than $16,000
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix, profit
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-19
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Table 7.7
A company makes four products that have the following characteristics: Product A sells for $75 but needs
$20 of materials and $20 of labor to produce; Product B sells for $90 but needs $45 of materials and $20 of
labor to produce; Product C sells for $110 but needs $50 of materials and $30 of labor to produce; Product
D sells for $135 but needs $75 of materials and $40 of labor to produce. The processing requirements for
each product on each of the four machines are shown in the table.

Work centers W, X, Y, and Z are available for 40 hours per week and have no setup time when switching
between products. Market demand is 50 As, 60 Bs, 70 Cs, and 80 Ds per week. In the questions that
follow, the traditional method refers to maximizing the contribution margin per unit for each product, and
the bottleneck method refers to maximizing the contribution margin per minute at the bottleneck for each
product.

73) Use the information in Table 7.7. Which work center is the bottleneck operation?
A) Work Center W
B) Work Center X
C) Work Center Y
D) Work Center Z
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

74) Use the information in Table 7.7. Using the traditional method, which product should be scheduled
first?
A) Product A
B) Product B
C) Product C
D) Product D
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-20
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
75) Use the information in Table 7.7. Using the traditional method, in what sequence should products be
scheduled for production?
A) A, B, C, D
B) A, C, B, D
C) A, D, B, C
D) D, B, C, A
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, sequence, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

76) Use the information in Table 7.7. Using the traditional method, what is the optimal product mix?
A) 37 A, 60 B, 70 C, 80 D
B) 50 A, 51 B, 70 C, 80 D
C) 50 A, 60 B, 62 C, 80 D
D) 50 A, 60 B, 70 C, 60 D
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

77) Use the information in Table 7.7. Using the traditional method, what is the profit if the company
manufactures the optimal product mix (consider variable costs only–overhead is not included in this
profit calculation)?
A) less than or equal to $6,500
B) greater than $6,500 but less than or equal to $6,700
C) greater than $6,700 but less than or equal to $6,900
D) greater than $6,900
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

78) Use the information in Table 7.7. Using the bottleneck method, which product should be scheduled
first?
A) Product A
B) Product B
C) Product C
D) Product D
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-21
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
79) Use the information in Table 7.7. Using the bottleneck method, in what sequence should products be
scheduled for production?
A) A, D, B, C
B) D, A, B, C
C) A, D, C, B
D) D, A, C, B
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, sequence, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

80) Use the information in Table 7.7. Using the bottleneck method, what is the optimal product mix?
A) 37 A, 60 B, 70 C, 80 D
B) 50 A, 51 B, 70 C, 80 D
C) 50 A, 60 B, 62 C, 80 D
D) 50 A, 60 B, 70 C, 60 D
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

81) Use the information in Table 7.7. Using the bottleneck method, what is the profit if the company
manufactures the optimal product mix (consider variable costs only–overhead is not included in this
profit calculation)?
A) less than or equal to $6,500
B) greater than $6,500 but less than or equal to $6,700
C) greater than $6,700 but less than or equal to $6,900
D) greater than $6,900
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-22
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Table 7.8
King Supply makes four different types of plumbing fixtures: W, X, Y and Z. The contribution margins
for these products are: $70 for Product W, $60 for Product X, $90 for Product Y and $100 for Product Z.
Fixed overhead is estimated at $5,500 per week. The manufacture of each fixture requires four machines,
Machines #1, 2, 3 and 4. Each of the machines is available for 40 hours a week and there is no setup time
required when shifting from the production of one product to any other. The processing requirements to
make one unit of each product are shown in the table. Weekly product demand for the next planning
period has been forecasted as follows: 70 Ws, 60 Xs, 50 Ys and 30 Zs.

In the questions that follow, the traditional method refers to maximizing the contribution margin per unit
for each product, and the bottleneck method refers to maximizing the contribution margin per minute at the
bottleneck for each product.

82) Use the information in Table 7.8. Which machine is the bottleneck operation?
A) Machine 1
B) Machine 2
C) Machine 3
D) Machine 4
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

83) Use the information in Table 7.8. Using the traditional method, which product should be scheduled
first?
A) Fixture W
B) Fixture X
C) Fixture Y
D) Fixture Z
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-23
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
84) Use the information in Table 7.8. Using the traditional method, in what sequence should the fixtures
be scheduled for production?
A) Z, Y, X, W
B) X, W, Z, Y
C) Z, Y, W, X
D) W, X, Y, Z
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, sequence, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

85) Use the information in Table 7.8. Using the traditional method, what is the optimal product mix?
A) 70 W, 60 X, 90 Y, 100 Z
B) 70 W, 50 X, 50 Y, 30 Z
C) 70 W, 60 X, 47 Y, 30 Z
D) 70 W, 47 X, 50 Y, 30 Z
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

86) Use the information in Table 7.8. Using the traditional method, what is the profit if King Supply
manufactures the optimal product mix?
A) less than or equal to $10,000
B) greater than $10,000 but less than or equal to $11,000
C) greater than $11,000 but less than or equal to $12,000
D) greater than $12,000
Answer: A
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix, profit
AACSB: Analytic skills

87) Use the information in Table 7.8. Using the bottleneck method, which product should be scheduled
first?
A) Fixture W
B) Fixture X
C) Fixture Y
D) Fixture Z
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-24
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
88) Use the information in Table 7.8. Using the bottleneck method, in what sequence should products be
scheduled for production?
A) Z, Y, X, W
B) X, W, Z, Y
C) Z, Y, W, X
D) X, Y, Z, W
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, sequence, profit per minute at bottleneck
AACSB: Analytic skills

89) Use the information in Table 7.8. Using the bottleneck method, what is the optimal product mix?
A) 70 W, 60 X, 90 Y, 100 Z
B) 70 W, 50 X, 50 Y, 30 Z
C) 70 W, 60 X, 47 Y, 30 Z
D) 70 W, 47 X, 50 Y, 30 Z
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix
AACSB: Analytic skills

90) Use the information in Table 7.8. Using the bottleneck method, what is the profit if Burdell
manufactures the optimal product mix?
A) less than or equal to $10,000
B) greater than $10,000 but less than or equal to $11,000
C) greater than $11,000 but less than or equal to $12,000
D) greater than $12,000
Answer: B
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit per minute at bottleneck, mix, profit
AACSB: Analytic skills

91) In a drum-buffer-rope system, the lot size that moves from one work center to another for additional
processing is a(n):
A) process batch.
B) operations batch.
C) transfer batch.
D) rope batch.
Answer: C
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: DBR, drum-buffer-rope, transfer batch

7-25
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
92) The process batch at the constraint in a drum-buffer-rope system should be:
A) the same size as that at any non-constraint.
B) the same size as the transfer batch.
C) of such a size as to maximize the number of setups for the constraint
D) of such a size as to improve utilization of the constraint.
Answer: D
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: DBR, drum-buffer-rope, process, batch, size

93) Which one of the following statements is best concerning line balancing?
A) The theoretical minimum number of stations must always be fewer than the actual number achieved
in a final solution. Increasing the output rate may increase the theoretical minimum number of stations.
B) The "largest number of followers" rule assigns as quickly as possible those work elements most
difficult to fit into a station.
C) Selecting the cycle time can never have an effect on line efficiency.
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line balancing, output rate, theoretical minimum number of work stations
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

94) What is the definition of "theoretical maximum efficiency"?


A) It is the amount by which efficiency falls short of 100 percent.
B) It is the efficiency that could be obtained by a solution that achieves the theoretical minimum number
of stations.
C) It is the maximum time allowed for work on a unit at each station.
D) It is alternatively called the desired output rate.
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: efficiency, line process

95) Balance delay could be described as the:


A) amount by which efficiency falls short of 100 percent.
B) efficiency that could be obtained by a solution that achieves the theoretical minimum number of
stations.
C) maximum time allowed for work on a unit at each station.
D) desired output rate.
Answer: A
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: balance delay, line process

7-26
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
96) A line balance that is 100% efficient must:
A) be using the minimum cycle time.
B) be using the theoretical minimum number of work stations.
C) also achieve 100% balance delay.
D) be producing the theoretical maximum output.
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: efficiency, line process

97) Instead of dividing by nc to determine the efficiency of a line balance, you could divide by:
A) the number of workers times the number of stations.
B) the number of tasks plus the number of stations.
C) the sum of the task times plus the sum of the idle times.
D) (1-balance delay).
Answer: C
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: efficiency, line process

98) The most controversial aspect of line-flow layout is:


A) the heuristic decision rules in assigning the next work element.
B) the number of models produced.
C) the cycle time.
D) behavioral response.
Answer: D
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: behavioral response, line process

99) A line that produces several items belonging to the same family is called a:
A) mixed-model line.
B) part family line.
C) group technology line.
D) cellular line.
Answer: A
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: mixed-model, line process

7-27
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
100) Which one of the following statements about line balancing is best?
A) If a precedence relationship exists between A and B, they cannot be assigned to the same station.
B) If the desired output rate increases, the cycle time also tends to increase.
C) The theoretical minimum number of stations can never be achieved, hence the name "theoretical."
D) If a line's balance delay is minimized, its efficiency is maximized.
Answer: D
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line balancing, flow, balance delay, efficiency
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

Figure 7.1

101) Use the information in Figure 7.1. What are the required predecessors of activity H?
A) E & G
B) A through F, including E
C) Activity H has no required predecessors.
D) D
Answer: A
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: predecessor, line process, flow

102) Use the information in Figure 7.1. If each task has a work time of one minute, what is the theoretical
minimum cycle time?
A) There is no minimum cycle time.
B) 1 minute
C) 8 minutes
D) The cycle time cannot be determined with the information given.
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: cycle time, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-28
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
103) Use the information in Figure 7.1. If each task has a work time of one minute and there are 480 work
minutes in a day, what is the task assignment at the fourth workstation if maximum output is desired?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: D
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: cycle, line process, flow, task
AACSB: Analytic skills

104) Use the information in Figure 7.1. If each task has a work time of one minute and there are 8 hours in
a day, what is the task assignment at the first station if 160 units should be produced each day?
A) A, B, C, D
B) H, G, F, E
C) A, B, C
D) H, G, F
Answer: C
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line process, flow, task, station
AACSB: Analytic skills

105) Use the information in Figure 7.1. If each task has a work time of one minute and there are 8 hours in
a day, what is the minimum number of stations if 240 units should be produced each day?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Answer: D
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: station, minimum number of stations
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-29
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Table 7.9
Balance the following line for an output rate of 3 units per minute.

Work Time Immediate


Element (sec) Predecessor(s)
A 12 --
B 6 A
C 12 A
D 4 B
E 14 B, C
F 10 E
G 6 D, F

106) Use the information in Table 7.9. How many stations are required?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: stations, flow, line process
AACSB: Analytic skills

107) Use the information in Table 7.9. What is the balance delay for your solution?
A) less than or equal to 15%
B) more than 15% but less than or equal to 25%
C) more than 25% but less than or equal to 35%
D) more than 35%
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: balance delay, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-30
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Table 7.10
Balance the following line for an output rate of five pieces per hour. The times are in minutes (not
seconds).

Work Time Immediate


Element (min) Predecessor(s)
A 7 --
B 5 --
C 3 --
D 4 --
E 2 A, B
F 5 C
G 6 D
H 7 E, F
I 11 F, G
J 4 H, I

108) Use the information from Table 7.10. The theoretical minimum number of stations is:
A) fewer than three stations.
B) three stations.
C) four stations.
D) more than four stations.
Answer: D
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line process, flow, stations
AACSB: Analytic skills

109) Use the information from Table 7.10. The highest efficiency for a balanced line is:
A) less than 89%.
B) more than 89% and less than 91%.
C) more than 91% and less than 93%.
D) more than 93%.
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line process, flow, efficiency
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-31
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Table 7.11
The Pennsylvania Appliance Company is installing an assembly line to produce vacuum cleaners, and
you, as an operations manager, are responsible for balancing the line. The work elements to be performed
are listed, along with their times and immediate predecessors.

Work Time Immediate


Element (sec) Predecessor(s)
A 60 --
B 40 A
C 30 B
D 20 B
E 40 B
F 60 C
G 70 D
H 50 F, G
I 20 E
J 60 H, I

110) Use the information in Table 7.11. The company is planning to operate 2 shifts per day, 8 hours per
shift. If the desired output rate of the line is 480 units per day, what is the cycle time?
A) 60 seconds
B) 120 seconds
C) 180 seconds
D) 240 seconds
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: cycle time, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

111) Use the information in Table 7.11. The company is planning to operate 2 shifts per day 8 hours per
shift. If the desired output rate of the line is 480 units per day, what is the theoretical minimum number of
stations (TM) for the line? How many workstations are needed for the most efficient balance possible
given these circumstances?
A) TM = 3; solution = 3 stations
B) TM = 3; solution = 4 stations
C) TM = 4; solution = 4 stations
D) TM = 4; solution = 5 stations
Answer: C
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: stations, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-32
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
112) Use the information in Table 7.11. The company is planning to operate 2 shifts per day 8 hours per
shift. If the desired output rate of the line is 480 units per day, what is the highest efficiency possible for a
balanced line?
A) less than 91%
B) more than 91% and less than 93%
C) more than 93% and less than 95%
D) more than 95%
Answer: C
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: efficiency, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

Table 7.12
A company desires to set up a line to produce 60 units per hour. The work elements and their precedence
relationships are as follows.

Immediate
Work Element Time (sec) Predecessor(s)
1 40 -
2 30 1
3 50 1
4 40 2
5 6 2
6 25 3
7 15 3
8 20 4, 5
9 18 6, 7
10 30 8, 9

113) Use the information in Table 7.12. What is the theoretical minimum number of stations?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
Answer: C
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: minimum number of stations, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-33
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
114) Use the information in Table 7.12. What is the highest efficiency line balance possible?
A) less than 93%
B) more than 93% but less than or equal to 95%
C) more than 95% but less than or equal to 97%
D) more than 97%
Answer: A
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: efficiency, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

Table 7.13
The following information is given about an assembly line. The desired output rate is 90 units per hour.

Work Time Immediate


Element (sec) Predecessor(s)
A 10 --
B 6 A
C 15 A
D 20 B
E 12 B
F 14 C, E
G 8 D
H 20 F, G

115) Use the information in Table 7.13. What is the fewest number of workstations that you need?
A) two stations
B) three stations
C) four stations
D) more than four stations
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: minimum number of stations, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

116) Use the information in Table 7.13. Suppose that the desired output rate is increased to 120 units per
hour and a solution has been found that has four workstations. What is the efficiency of this new
assembly line?
A) less than 80%
B) between 80% and 85%
C) between 85% and 90%
D) more than 90%
Answer: C
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: efficiency, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills
7-34
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
117) A line-balancing solution has been developed for the assembly line for fertilizer spreaders at Green
Grass, Inc. The desired output rate of 30 spreaders per hour will be achieved. The sum of times for all
tasks performed on the line is 1200 seconds for each spreader assembled. This is the total productive time.
Which of the following statements must be true?
A) The cycle time is 30 seconds per spreader.
B) The theoretical minimum number of stations is 10.
C) If the solution calls for 11 stations, the efficiency is 80%.
D) If the solution calls for 12 stations, the efficiency is 80%.
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate

Table 7.14
The production of a particular product consists of seven work elements. The desired output rate is 60
units per hour. The work element and their precedence relationships are given.

Work Time Immediate


Element (sec) Predecessor(s)
1 30 --
2 15 1
3 20 2
4 15 3
5 30 3
6 25 4
7 30 5, 6

118) Use the information in Table 7.14. How many stations are required for the most efficient balance you
can achieve?
A) two stations
B) three stations
C) four stations
D) five stations
Answer: B
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line process, flow, minimum number of stations
AACSB: Analytic skills

119) Use the information in Table 7.14. What is the most efficient line balance you can achieve?
A) less than or equal to 70%
B) more than 70% but less than or equal to 75%
C) more than 75% but less than or equal to 80%
D) more than 80%
Answer: D
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: efficiency, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills
7-35
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
120) An assembly line has to perform 10 work elements, whose time requirements follow. An operations
analyst has found a solution using some heuristics, as shown in the table. If the cycle time of the line is 90
seconds, what is the efficiency of the assembly line?

A) less than 85%


B) greater than 85% but less than 90%
C) greater than 90% but less than 95%
D) greater than 95%
Answer: C
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: efficiency, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-36
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
121) Given the following data about an assembly line and the knowledge that we are trying to attain an
output rate of 40 units per hour, what is the theoretical minimum number of stations?

Work
Element Time (sec)
1 90
2 80
3 75
4 70
5 90
6 85

A) four or fewer stations


B) five stations
C) six stations
D) seven or more stations
Answer: C
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line process, flow, minimum number of stations
AACSB: Analytic skills

122) The production of a particular product consists of the following work elements. If the cycle time is 4
minutes and the work-element times are as follows, what is the theoretical minimum number of stations?

Work
Element Time (min)
1 2.4
2 0.5
3 2.1
4 2.0
5 2.7
6 1.1
7 2.0
8 2.7
9 1.6
10 1.4

A) fewer than or equal to three stations


B) four stations
C) five stations
D) more than five stations
Answer: C
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line process, flow, minimum number of stations
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-37
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
123) Fun Vehicles, Inc. makes beach buggies on an assembly line. The total productive time to make one
buggy is 300 seconds. The current line has a 90-second cycle time and consists of four workstations. The
balance delay of this line must be:
A) 0%.
B) greater than 0% but less than 6%.
C) greater than 6% but less than 12%.
D) greater than 12% but less than 18%.
Answer: D
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: balance delay, line process, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

Table 7.15
The Terminal Company is attempting to balance its assembly line of high-voltage electrical connectors.
The desired output for the line is 50 connectors per hour, and the information on the work elements for
this assembly line is as follows.

Work Immediate
Elements Time (sec) Predecessor(s)
A 40 --
B 36 A
C 20 A
D 25 A
E 30 B, C
F 34 D
G 35 E
H 5 F
I 15 E, H
J 40 H
K 38 G, I, J

124) Use the information from Table 7.15 to balance this line. What is the most efficient solution?
A) more than 90%
B) 80 - 90%
C) 70 - 79%
D) less than 70%
Answer: C
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: efficiency, line balance, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

7-38
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
125) Use the information from Table 7.15 and the most efficient line balance possible. What work
elements are included in the first station?
A) A only
B) A and B only
C) A and E only
D) A and D only
Answer: D
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: tasks, station, line balance, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

126) Use the information from Table 7.15, and assume that the most efficient line balance possible ha been
achieved. What is the total idle time for an eight hour work day?
A) less than an hour and a half
B) more than 1:30 but less than or equal to 1:45
C) more than 1:45 but less than or equal to 2 hours
D) more than 2 hours
Answer: D
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: idle time, line balance, flow
AACSB: Analytic skills

127) Any factor that limits the performance of a system and restricts its output is a(n) ________.
Answer: constraint
Reference: Introduction
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: constraint

128) ________ is the maximum rate of output of a process or a system.


Answer: Capacity
Reference: Introduction
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: capacity

129) A(n) ________ is an operation that has the lowest effective capacity of any operation in the process,
and thus limits the system's output.
Answer: bottleneck
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: bottleneck, TOC, output

7-39
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
130) According to the Theory of Constraints, all the money invested in a system in purchasing things that
it intends to sell is ________.
Answer: inventory
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: inventory, TOC

131) According to the Theory of Constraints, brand new cars on the lot waiting to be sold are ________,
not ________.
Answer: inventory, throughput
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: inventory, TOC, throughput

132) The wages paid to workers on the line are categorized as ________ in the Theory of Constraints.
Answer: operational expense
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: operational expense

133) ________ is the total time taken from the start to the finish of a process.
Answer: Throughput time
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: throughput time

134) Variability of a firm's workload may create ________.


Answer: floating bottlenecks
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Hard
Keywords: workload, variability, floating bottleneck

135) With TOC, ________ are scheduled to maximize their throughput of products while adhering to
promised completion dates.
Answer: bottlenecks
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck

136) Instead of producing products with the highest profit margins, operations managers should focus on
the ________ generated at the ________ .
Answer: profit (margin), bottleneck
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, bottleneck, profit, profit margin
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

7-40
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
137) ________ is a planning and control system that regulates the flow of work-in-process materials at the
bottleneck or the capacity constrained resource in a productive system.
Answer: Drum-buffer-rope (DBR)
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Easy
Keywords: drum-buffer-rope, DBR, CCR, capacity constrained resource, bottleneck
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

138) Every time a manufacturer uses one resource, they make a lot size of 300. Once a group of 30 units
are completed, they are taken to the next step in the process. The lot of 300 is the ________ and the group
of 30 is the ________.
Answer: production batch, transfer batch
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: production batch, transfer batch

139) ________ is the maximum time allowed for work on a unit at each station.
Answer: Cycle time
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: cycle time, work, line process, flow

140) ________ is the amount by which efficiency falls short of 100 percent.
Answer: Balance delay
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: balance delay, efficiency, line process, flow

141) Regardless of the number of tasks or their lengths, a line balance efficiency of 100% is possible if the
number of stations is ________.
Answer: one
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line balance, efficiency

142) A(n) ________ line is a product line that produces several items belonging to the same family.
Answer: mixed-model
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: mixed-model line, family

143) The movement of product from one station to the next as soon as the cycle time has elapsed is called
________.
Answer: pacing
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: pacing, line process, flow, cycle time

7-41
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
144) Explain why a bottleneck limits system output.
Answer: A bottleneck, by definition, is a process that has less capacity than all other processes in the
system. Just as a chain is as strong as its weakest link, the rest of a production system can produce only as
much as the slowest process. The bottleneck limits capacity by serving to slow the rest of the system
down. Running all other processes at their maximum capacity will result in inventory buildup in front of
the bottleneck.
Reference: Introduction
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck, output, TOC
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

145) What are five of the seven key principles of the Theory of Constraints?
Answer: The principles of TOC are
The focus should be on balancing flow, not on balancing capacity.
Maximizing the output and efficiency of every resource may not maximize the throughput of the entire
system.
An hour lost at a bottleneck or a constrained resource is an hour lost for the whole system. In contrast, an
hour saved at a nonbottleneck resource is a mirage because it does not make the whole system more
productive.
Inventory is needed only in front of the bottlenecks in order to prevent them from sitting idle, and in
front of assembly and shipping points in order to protect customer schedules. Building inventories
elsewhere should be avoided.
Work, which can be materials, information to be processed, documents, or customers, should be released
into the system only as frequently as the bottlenecks need it. Bottleneck flows should be equal to the
market demand. Pacing everything to the slowest resource minimizes inventory and operating expenses.
Activating a nonbottleneck resource (using it for improved efficiency that does not increase throughput)
is not the same as utilizing a bottleneck resource (that does lead to increased throughput). Activation of
nonbottleneck resources cannot increase throughput, nor promote better performance on financial
measures outlined in Table 7.1.
Every capital investment must be viewed from the perspective of its global impact on overall throughput
(T), inventory (I), and operating expense (OE).
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, steps
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

7-42
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
146) Describe a process from your own personal experience at home or work that suffers from a lack of
sufficient throughput. Apply the first four TOC steps to address the situation, assuming you have
complete authority to do so.
Answer: Examples will vary. The steps of TOC are (1) identify the system bottleneck(s); (2) exploit the
bottlenecks; (3) subordinate all other decisions to step 2; (4) elevate the bottleneck(s); and (5) do not let
inertia set in.
Reference: The Theory of Constraints
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: TOC, steps
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

147) What are two ways a process manager can identify a bottleneck in a service or manufacturing
process? If you were in a manufacturing firm, what physical cues would signal a bottleneck?
Answer: A workstation in a process is a bottleneck if 1) it has the highest total time per unit processed, or
2) it has the highest average utilization and total workload. Generally, the bottleneck has a pile of
materials in front of it waiting to be processed.
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

148) What is contribution margin for a product? How might it be used to manage the productive
resources on a shop floor?
Answer: Contribution margin is the amount each product contributes to profits and overhead.
Determining which product has the highest contribution margin and producing it at the expense of other
products is the traditional method of shop floor management. The Theory of Constraints instead studies
product's contribution margin based on bottleneck usage, which may be entirely different.
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

7-43
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
149) What is a Drum-Buffer-Rope system for planning and control?
Answer: Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) is a planning and control system based on the theory of constraints
that is often used in manufacturing firms to plan and schedule production. It works by regulating the
flow of work-in-process materials at the bottleneck or the capacity constrained resource (CCR). The
bottleneck schedule is the drum because it sets the beat or the production rate for the entire plant and is
linked to the market demand. The buffer is a time buffer that plans early flows to the bottleneck and thus
protects it from disruption. It also ensures that the bottleneck is never starved for work. A finished-goods
inventory buffer can also be placed in front of the shipping point in order to protect customer shipping
schedules. Finally, the rope represents the tying of material release to the drum beat, which is the rate at
which the bottleneck controls the throughput of the entire plant. It is thus a communication device to
ensure that raw material is not introduced into the system at a rate faster than what the bottleneck can
handle. Completing the loop, buffer management constantly monitors the execution of incoming
bottleneck work. Working together, the drum, the buffer, and the rope can help managers create a
production schedule that reduces lead times and inventories while simultaneously increasing throughput
and on-time delivery.
Reference: Identification and Management of Bottlenecks
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: bottleneck
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

150) Describe three ways that line balancing and line flow layouts are similar to project management and
three ways they are different.
Answer: Answers may vary. Line balancing and project management both rely on the completion of
predefined activities in the proper sequence. A line flow may have multiple feeder lines that supply
subassemblies to the main line, similar to subcontractors working on the project in state of partial
completion. Both have anticipated completion times that may not be reached if things don't go smoothly.

The time scale is radically different between line balancing and project management; projects tend to take
much longer. Projects also tend to be one of a kind endeavors; line balancing is performed with the
anticipation of high volumes of fairly standardized output. Line flows are created for more routine,
process-oriented work that can be composed of standardized tasks. Projects are typically anything but
routine and far from process-focused.
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line balancing, flow layout
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

7-44
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
151) You have been assigned a line balancing task and given a list of tasks, their precedence
requirements, and the time needed to accomplish them. As you begin to balance the line, you realize that
you must make some assumptions. What are these assumptions and which of them has the greatest
impact on the success of your balance?
Answer: One assumption that is being made is that the task times are invariant, unless a mean and
standard deviation have both been provided. You must also assume that the task durations will stay
roughly the same, i.e., that learning effects are not significantly different amongst the tasks. You are also
assuming that the tasks will stay somewhat static, or the line would require rearrangement and possibly
rebalancing with some frequency. You also assume that the precedence is static. Among these, the last
assumption is probably the least tenuous.
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line balancing, flow layout
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

152) How can Theory of Constraints principles be reconciled with line balancing?
Answer: Line balancing strives to assign work to stations such that the amount of work at each station is
equal. Work flows from station to station based on a cycle time that is determined based on the number
of units to be produced per unit time. Theory of Constraints stresses the need to balance flow with
demand and is concerned with preserving flow through the bottleneck, or lowest capacity station. Flow
can be preserved by protecting the bottleneck with protective WIP and making sure that market demand
is sufficient to support continuous bottleneck operation. Line balancing, as explained in the text, assumes
that all task times are constant. So the person performing the balance can try to allocate capacity as evenly
as possible. If task times were stochastic, then flow would not be preserved with classic line balancing
techniques because the lowest capacity work station would occasionally fall idle.
Reference: Managing Constraints in a Line Process
Difficulty: Moderate
Keywords: line balancing, TOC, theory of constraints
Learning Outcome: Explain options for managing bottlenecks and managing capacity in service and
manufacturing processes.

7-45
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Another random document with
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Oot, Herra, kovin mua rangaissut,
Tein varmaan paljon, paljon pahaa, nurjaa;
Kuin tullut ois, en varmaan toiminut,
Mä syntinen, mut, isä, sääli kurjaa.
Lempeenä istuimellas istuen
Oot kuva uskon, toivon, rakkauden.

Sydämein portit aukee, rintahani


Käy virta armon kevätkastehen,
Vaikk' kyynel tuskan polttaa poskeani,
Niin Herran puoleen katson, rukoilen.
Nyt tässä syleilen mä polviaan;
Oi ihme, kuinka suru haihtuukaan!

Mun yli liitää autuus hiljainen.


Oon autuas. — Sua katson, Jumalani.
Oi, soiko seura hauskain veljien
Tät' iloa, min saan mä Herraltani?
Luo hänen nousee sielu sureva
Maan lasten pimeästä joukosta.

Oi Herra, ylväs mieli taivuta


Näkemään noustessansa vähyytensä.
Ett' seisahtuisi se, kun käsket sa
Ja näkis turhaks luottaa itsehensä,
Ett' taaskin luokses sielu kohoais
Ja silmäis eessä levon, rauhan sais.

Kun suvaitset, niin ristis anna sä,


Jeesuksen risti suloinen on taakka!
Vakaasti tukemanas astun mä,
Todistan kunniaas maan ääriin saakka.
Kun lohtu tarpeen, pakenen sun luo
Ja lohdun mulle enkelisi tuo.

4.

Kuink' kaunis päivä vaikenee


Taas kullast' itätaivahan,
Se kukkain nuput aukaisee
Ja valoon pukee maailman!
Oi Herra, mua armahda!

Nyt hetki pyhä tullut on


Ja tärkein minun elämäin.
Mun katso, Herra, tuntohon,
Pois aja pahuus syömestäin!
Oi Herra, mua armahda!

Nyt astun luokse pöytäsi,


Kuin hyvä oot, saan maistaa sen.
Mä otetaan sun laumaasi,
Sä hellä, hyvä paimenen'.
Oi Herra, mua armahda!

Oi lausu, joko valmis lien


Sun kasvois eessä seisomaan!
Ja kypsä oonko elon tien
Mä vakavana astumaan?
Oi Herra, mua armahda!

Nyt tulin luo tienristeikon,


Suo, että oikein valitsen.
Jos ensi askel harhaan on,
Kuink' oikein enää löytänen?
Oi Herra, mua armahda!

Jos valhe rinnass' asuu juur',


Kun sulle valan vannon, oi!
On syntin' raskas, syntin' suur',
Ken enää auttaa mua voi?
Oi Herra, mua armahda!

Suo, Herra, että tajuisin


Tän hetken suuren tärkeyden,
Ett' tyynnä kerran astuisin
Mun leiviskästäin tilillen.
Oi Herra, mua armahda!

Suo, että pääsen taivaasen


Ja vanhurskauden puvussa
Saan laulaa kanssa pyhien:
Siunattu olkoon Jumala!
Oi Herra, mua armahda!

5.

Siis sun oon! Silmäis edessä


Tein valan juur'.
Mä tunsin, hyvä olet sä
Ja lempesi on suur'.
Oon Herran laps'! Oi riemua,
Oi lemmen, onnen suuruutta!
Mä näin, kun kirjaas kirjoitit
Mun valani,
Kun esiripun repäisit,
Lähetit henkesi.
Oon Herran laps'! Oi riemua,
Oi lemmen, onnen suuruutta!

Kun vaivuin silmäis etehen


Mä kyynelin,
Niin tunsin rauhan taivaisen
Ja löysin armonkin.
Oon Herran laps'! Oi riemua,
Oi ilon, onnen suuruutta!

Mun heikon sydämeni mä


Toin uhraten
Sun jalkoihis, — miel’hyvällä
Sä otit, Herra, sen.
Oon Herran laps'! Oi riemua,
Oi ilon, onnen suuruutta!

Sä mursit pyhän leipäsi


Ja mulle soit,
Sä valoit pyhän viinisi
Ja kalkin mulle toit.
Omakses sain! Oi riemua,
Oi ilon, onnen suuruutta!

Vuos kyynel, kovaan sykkien


Löi sydän mun —
Sä sylis auvoit hymyillen,
Mä vaivuin helmaan sun.
En muuta voi, oi riemua,
Oi ilon, onnen suuruutta!

6.

Oi, kuinka olen iloinen,


Mä Herrassani riemuitsen.
Mä laulan lapsuuslauluan',
Sen laulan moneen kertahan
Ja taasenkin.

En pelkää päivää tulevaa,


Kas enkelit mua taluttaa.
Kaikk' eikö siis käy hyvin päin?
Ja enkö rauha syömessäin
Sais hautaani?

Luo Herran paeta mä voin,


Kun loistaa säteet aamunkoin.
Kun ilta saapuu pimeten,
Niin nukun syliin hänellen
Kuin äidin luo.

Oi käänny, käänny syntinen


Ja riennä luokse Jeesuksen,
Jos tuntisit sä hyvyyttään
Ja rauhaansa ja lempeään,
Niin rientäisit!

Miks suloist’ taivaan haaveilen


Ja asunnoista autuuden?
Mull' onhan taivas rinnassain,
Kun rukous lämmin liitää vain
Luo Jehovan.

Siis tietäni käyn riemulla


Ja noudan voimaa taivaasta,
Mä kunnes vaivun hautahan
Ja näen kasvot Jumalan,
Oi autuuttain!

Suomi hädässä.

Soi hätähuuto haikea


Yl' laaksojen,
Kun kansan tuskan vaikea
Maaks sortaa sen,
Ja epätoivo rinnassaan
Käy joukot kalpeet pelvoissaan,
Köyhyyden ryysyt päällään vaan.

On synnin palkkaa ankaraa


Tää vitsaus,
Ja raskaammaks viel' ehkä saa
Tää rangaistus.
Ken ymmärrä ei puutettaan,
Sen mieli siitä paatuu vaan
Sen rikoksella korjaamaan.
Mut yksi näkee kaiken sen
Ja armossaan
Hän ruumiillen ja sielullen
Suo lahjojaan.
Hän halveksi ei ketäkään;
Mon' ymmärrä ei hyvyyttään,
Hän hyljätään ja petetään.

Ei vailla hänen armoaan,


Ken ottaa sen,
Ja sitä hältä anomaan
Käy paraten.
Sit' ilman armoa ei saa, —
Mut ihminen, hän unhoittaa
Hädässään muistaa Jumalaa.

Oi, Hengen sanaa kuulemaan


Käy kallis maa!
Nyt Herran käsi armossaan
Sua kurittaa:
Ei tahdo sun se tuhoas,
Vaan hädässäs on turvanas
Ja herättää sua kuolostas.

Kysymyksiä.

Mit', ihminen, sulle se Herrasi on,


Iki-onnen mi suo tahi turmion?
Vaikk' et häntä tunne, hän sentään on.
Hän saapuu ja kuolema sitten
Kera viimeisten ailuhitten,
Mut tuomio — jäljestä sen.

Mist' etsit sä häntä, hän tahtovi sen,


Ett' antaisi hän mitä sinullen?
Todistajaks täällä ei kelpaja ken,
Sana vaan, sana vaan maan päällä
Voi Herrasta neuvoa täällä,
Sanassaan hänet kohtaat vaan.

Sä viihdytkö Herrassa, lempien


Hän tahtovi sydämes syntisen!
Sua vuottavi vielä hän malttaen;
Jos syntihin mielesi taipuu,
Niin silloin ijäksi haipuu
Sun taivaasi, rauhasikin.

Mit' teet sinä puolesta Herran tän,


Veres uhraatko hänelle lämpimän?
Hyvä isäsi tahtoisi olla hän;
Hän eestäsi ainoastaan
Maan tuskihin taivahastaan
Pyhän, lemmityn poikansa soi.

Häntä lemmitkö? Kristus sen tunnustaa


Kenen sydän Herralle leimuaa,
Ken alati määrähän tarkoittaa.
Hän seurasta pyhästä Herran
Vain nauttia saa, kunis kerran
Sulotaivahan nähdä hän saa.
Psalmi

Oi, älä komeutta, kultaa


Sä mulle kersku maailman;
On lahjat maailmaiset multaa,
Ei tyydytä ne sieluan'.
Halunsa kullai olkohon,
Vain Jeesus mulle rakas on.

On kallis aarre, rauha syvä


Ja halu, riemu mulle hän.
Mun häntä palvella on hyvä,
Hän onpi suojan', ystävän'.
Halunsa kullai olkohon,
Vain Jeesus mulle rakas on.

Maailma hukkuu irstain toimin,


Ja lihan sulo surkastuu;
Mit' tehdään täällä ihmisvoimin,
Se pian tyhjiin supistuu.
Halunsa kullai olkohon,
Vain Jeesus mulle rakas on.

Hän kulmakivi on, mi kestää,


On valo murheiss', iloissain;
Hän linnain on, mi vaarat estää,
Hän runko on, mä oksa vain.
Halunsa kullai olkohon,
Vain Jeesus mulle rakas on.
Hänt' kuningasten kuningasta
Ja taivaan Herraa kiittää maa;
Hän auttaa voi mua lankeemasta
Ja kerran taistoist' armahtaa.
Halunsa kullai olkohon,
Vain Jeesus mulle rakas on.

Valt'istuint' ei voi murtaa Herran,


Myös armonsa on ikuinen.
Hän kuoli minun eestäin kerran
Ja ompi vielä Jeesuksen'.
Halunsa kullai olkohon,
Vain Jeesus mulle rakas on.

Hän sydämeeni rauhans' suopi,


Sieluuni iki-elämän.
Kun silmäin kuolo umpeen luopi,
Niin sentään valoni on hän.
Halunsa kullai olkohon,
Vain Jeesus mulle rakas on.

Vaikk' kuinka kärsin elontiellä,


Sen kunnes päähän kulkenen,
Niin hänen luonaan kerran vielä
Saan tuhatkerroin jälleen sen.
Ja Herraa Jeesust' ainiaan
Mä hiljaa vuottain lemmin vaan.

Vastaus vanhalle Puutarhurille,


Olen pahoillani tappiostanne, hyvä ystäväni. Te tiedätte kyllä, että
itse olen muinoin kokenut, miltä tuntuu, kun rakkaimmat ja
kalleimmat siteet katkeavat, kun yhdellä kertaa koko meidän
maallisen ilomme kimalteleva rakennus luhistuu päällemme, miltä
tuntuu, kun Jumala tempaa pois ne rakkaat esineet, joihin tämä nurja
ja saastutettu sydän on ollut kiinnitetty, ja kun huomaa olevansa
yksin, yksin taivaan avaran kannen alla, niinkuin kaikesta jäljellä ei
enää olisi muuta kuin minä ja — Jumala. Kerran temmataan
todellakin kaikki pois, ja me olemme itse asiassa ilman mitään
suojaa, ilman mitään suloista ja kallisarvoista epäjumalaa, ilman
noita tuhansia rakkaita siteitä, jotka kahlehtivat meidän sydämemme,
me yksin elävän Jumalan edessä. Meistä olisi silloin, rakas ystävä,
"kauheata joutua hänen käsiinsä", ellei hän sitä ennen "ole niin
saanut irroittaa, vapauttaa ja valmistaa meitä", että voimme seista
hänen kasvojensa edessä iloiten ja todella olla muuta toivomatta,
kuin olla hänen lähellään ja laulaa hänen kiitostaan ikuisesti. Teidän
tuskanne voin siis hyvin ymmärtää, eikä se minua hämmästytä;
tahtoisin ojentaa teille käteni ja surra kanssanne, tahtoisin seurata
teitä tyttärenne hiljaiselle haudalle kirkkaan lahden tuolle puolen.
Sillä kalliilla paikalla tahtoisin seisoa kanssanne, ja kun päivän
hurjat, sekavat äänet olisivat valjenneet, ja illan tyyni rauha vallitsisi
maassa, vallitsisi teidän sielussannekin, tahtoisin sanoa teille sanan.

Te olette runollinen mies, ystävä hyvä. Runouden loistavalla


hohdolla, sen ruusunvärisillä pilvillä olette itseänne varten
verhonneet tämän elämän, ja sen välkkyvissä sulounelmissa liitelee
sielunne, mutta tytärtänne ette ole ymmärtäneet, ettekä — sen
sanon surumielin — mitä ainoa välttämätön, mitä Kristinoppi on, siitä
ette tiedä vähintäkään. Minusta on joskus tuntunut, että sillä, joka
niin on tuutinut sielunsa runollisiin haaveihin, on sitä vähemmin
halua ja tahtoa "herätä", että se, joka on nousta singahtanut
runouden loistaville kukkuloille ja sinne koteutunut, tyytyväisenä ja
ihastuneena, varmaan vielä vähemmin kuin kukaan muu tahtoo
laskeutua sieltä ja heittäytyä tomuun ja tunnustaa olevansa "suurin
syntisistä". Surullista, ystäväni, mutta totta on, että runous, mikäli se
on ihmisen uudestisyntymättömän luonnon tuotetta, enemmän kuin
monet muut asiat kykenee tenhoamaan ja pettämään, kiehtomaan ja
vallitsemaan, vahvistamaan maallista mieltä (joka on Jumalan
vihollinen) ja tekemään sen suloiseksi, rakkaaksi, paatuneeksi.
Niinkuin hieno maailmanmeno kaikkein pikimmin ja vaarallisimmin
tarttuu, niin tunkee myöskin runouden myrkky sielun syvyyteen sitä
suuremmalla voimalla ja sitä suuremmaksi vahingoksi, mitä
hienompaa se on, ja tekee ihmisen sitä mahdottomammaksi
Jumalan armolle, sitä huolettomammaksi, vastahakoisemmaksi ja
hitaammaksi parannuksen taisteluun, mitä suloisempi, pettävämpi ja
hänen luonteelleen maireempi se on. Tekin olette kasvanut ja elänyt
kukkien keskellä; te olette tottunut näkemään maan
mielikuvituksenne loistavassa valossa, ja olette niin koteutunut sinne
ja niin tyytyväinen sielläoloonne, että viihdytte, samoinkuin muutkin,
äärettömän hyvin siellä, niinkuin Jumala siksi olisi meidät tänne
asettanut, ikäänkuin meillä täällä olisi pysyväinen olinsija, ja aivan
kuin sinä, elävän Jumalan poika, sitä varten olisit vuodattanut veresi.
Te ymmärrätte kai, ettei minun mielipiteeni voi olla, että Kristinusko
tekisi ihmisen sokeaksi Jumalan ihanalle maailmalle, tai kieltäisi
häntä myöskin iloitsemasta siitä, mutta sydämestään olla kiintynyt
siihen, haudata itsensä siihen, löytää siitä paras ilonsa,
lohdutuksensa, rauhansa ja huvinsa, eikä etsiä sitä, joka ylhäällä on,
vaan sitä, joka maan päällä on, se ei saata koskaan olla Kristinuskon
mukaista ja joka lehti Jumalan sanasta saarnaa aivan päinvastaista.
— Kas, te tahdotte epätäydellisimmässäkin nähdä täydellisiä,
heikossa kaunista, pahassa hyvää, sanalla sanoen, langenneessa
maailmassa kaikkialla ainoastaan Jumalan; mutta ettekö käsitä itse,
että tämä on ainoastaan runollista luonnon jumaloimista, ainoastaan
panteismiä hienommassa ja kauniimmassa muodossa, ainoastaan
epäjumalanpalvelusta? Kuuluuhan tosin kauniilta ja hyvältä elää
hiljaisessa, suloisessa sopusoinnussa maailman kanssa, katsella
sitä rakkauden silmillä, ja ilman suurempaa murhetta, huolenpitoa ja
pyrkimystä nauttia siitä, kunnes vajoaa kuoleman syliin; mutta
ainoastaan heti ilman muita huolia nähdäkseen taivaan portin
itselleen aukeavan, ja herätäkseen vielä kauniimpaan ja vielä
runollisempaan elämään. Oi ystäväni, eikö ihminen ole teillekin
enemmän arvoinen kuin kukka, vaikka te ette pitänyt tytärtänne
muuna kuin sellaisena? eikö ihmisen sielu teissäkin ole aiottu muuta
varten, kuin elämään maan päällä, nauttimaan hetkisen siitä ja
kuolemaan, vaikka te kaikin voimin näytätte tahtovan hyljätä kaiken
muun ajatuksen? eikö tämä elämä teistäkin ole syntistä,
saastutettua, Jumalasta eksynyttä elämää, vaikka te kutsutte sitä
"suruistaan huolimatta niin pyhäksi ja niin suloiseksi?" Voiko teidän
mielipiteenne todella olla, että ihminen, sellaisena kuin hän on, olisi
sovelias astumaan taivaaseen, jonne ei mitään saastutettua saa
tulla? että hän ei kaipaisi mitään täydellistä muutosta, mitään syvää,
oleellista ja perinpohjaista uudistusta, mitään uudestisyntymistä,
niinkuin Sanassa sanotaan, tullakseen Jumalalle otolliseksi, ja hänen
edessänsä kestääkseen? että hänen ei tarvitsisi "hartaasti pyrkiä"
ahtaasta portista sisälle, ei "taistella" ikuisen elämän kruunusta? Te
ette ole voinut siihen määrään unhottaa ainakaan sitä Kristinuskon
taitoa, jota varmaan nuoruudessanne teillekin opetettiin, että voisitte
kieltää sen esittävän ihmistä langenneena, perin turmeltuneena,
Jumalalle vihamielisenä ja hänen vihansa ja kirouksensa alaisena
olentona. Tätä ei luonnollinen ihminen koskaan voi itsestään nähdä
eikä tuntea, mutta sen vuoksihan Jumala alati koettamalla koettaa
saada ihmisen tajuunsa, avata hänen sielunsa silmät, jotta hän
näkisi kurjuutensa ja vaaransa, ja sitä tietä, jonka Jumala on hänelle
määrännyt, etsisi sitä pelastusta ja vapahdusta, joka ainoastaan
Kristuksessa on tapahtunut. Sanokaa itse, ystäväni, ettekö joskus
ole tuntenut salaista, kalvavaa rauhattomuutta sydämenne
syvyydessä, Jumalan vanhurskauden ja tuomion pelkoa, jota ette ole
voinut selittää tahi ymmärtää, tai edes hämärää sovituksen ja armon
kaihoa? Sanokaa itse, ettekö ole tuntenut jotain senkaltaista myöskin
nyt, kun kirjoititte kirjeenne, sillä te ette mitenkään voi olla niin perin
paatunut ja eksynyt? Jos tekin olisitte kuunnellut salaista ääntä,
Jumalan syvää, pyhää ääntä, niin näkisitte nyt kaikki toisin silmin,
ettekä suuren ihmislauman kanssa olisi alati uudelleen menettänyt
Jumalan armoa, hänen hellyyttään, joka olisi viehättänyt
parannukseen. Te kyllä varmaan tiedätte, että Jumalan edessä ei ole
kuin kahdenlaisia ihmisiä: kääntyneitä ja kääntymättömiä; ettei ole
kuin kaksi valtakuntaa: pimeyden, kuolon, kadotuksen valtakunta, ja
valon, elämän ja armon valtakunta, sekä että jokainen ihminen
luonnostaan kuuluu edelliseen eikä hänellä sellaisena, ei ajassa eikä
ijankaikkisuudessa, ole mitään osaa pyhien valoperintöön. Olkootpa
ihmiset kuinka erilaisia tahansa lahjojensa, mielenlaatunsa, kykynsä,
pyrkimyksiensä ja halujensa puolesta, olkootpa he millä eri asteella
tahansa, niin he ovat kuitenkin toistensa kaltaisia siinä, että ovat
luonnostaan synnintekijöitä, kuoleman ja kadotuksen lapsia, ilman
Jumalaa ja hänen armoansa ja autuuttansa sekä tässä elämässä
että haudan rajan tuolla puolla. Heillä on tosin kaikilla uskontonsa,
he tunnustavat kaikki Jumalan olevan, ja Kristikunnassa tuskin
lienee ainoatakaan, joka pitäisi itseänsä ei-kristittynä ja
uskonnottomana; mutta jos kuulee heidän puhuvan siitä, niin
huomaa, että heillä kullakin on se suuresti erilaisessa muodossa.
Heidän uskontonsa ei ole se, jota Jumala sanassaan vaatii, vaan se
on useimmiten, niinkuin teidänkin uskontonne, itse asiassa
ainoastaan pakanuutta; sillä he punovat ja sovittelevat itsellensä
Kristinuskoa, sellaiseksi kuin heidän luonnollensa on sopivaa ja
mukavaa, mutta aniharvat ovat ne, jotka todella koettavat tutkia,
onko heidän Kristinuskonsa myöskin todella sellainen kuin Jumala
sanassaan vaatii, jotka katsovat velvollisuudekseen saada sen
Raamatusta, ja siitä ainoastaan ja alati. Mitä siis ihminen
luonnollisessa tilassaan tekee ja toimii, se ei Jumalan edessä ole
minkäänarvoista; hänen parhaat tekonsa ovat syntiä ja häpeää, ellei
hän totisesti kääntymällä ole tullut pimeydestä valoon, Saatanan
vallasta Jumalan luo. Niinkauvan kuin hän on pimeyden lapsi, hän
tekee ainoastaan pimeyden töitä. Älkää pettykö: paha puu ei voi
kantaa hyviä hedelmiä; "hyvät teot eivät tee ihmistä hyväksi, vaan
hyvä ihminen tekee hyviä tekoja". Mutta pohja ja perustus, josta
valon teot kasvavat, on ainoastaan uudestisyntymisessä. Missä ei
sitä perustusta ole, oltakoon siellä miten tahansa, ja tehtäköön
kaikkea hyvää, mitä suinkin voidaan keksiä, siellä ollaan kuitenkin
pimeyden lapsia ja ainoastaan pimeyden tekoja tehdään. Oi, kuinka
paljon kaiken inhimillisen ymmärryksen yläpuolella, kuinka
ihmeellinen ja mahdoton käsittää tämä jumalallinen, syvä ja harras
kääntymyksen teko on, tämä mahtava muutos, kun sydän alkaa
rakastaa, mitä se vihasi, ja vihata, mitä se rakasti, kun vanha katoaa
ja uusi luontokappale syntyy, kun suomut putoavat sielun silmistä ja
se saa näkönsä? "Voiko Etiooppialainen muuttaa ihonsa ja pantteri
täplänsä?" Tai taitaako ihminen jälleen äitinsä kohtuun mennä ja
syntyä? Mutta tuuli puhaltaa, kussa hän tahtoo, ja sinä kuulet hänen
humunsa, ja et tiedä, kusta hän tulee taikka kuhunka hän menee:
näin on jokaisen, kuin hengestä syntynyt on. Niinpä niin, armon
salaisuus ja ihme on uudestisyntyminen. Kuinka isä rakkaudella ja
tuskilla vetää sielua luokseen! Kuinka hän tekee sen isoovaiseksi,
että hän itse ravitsisi sitä elämän leivällä! Kuinka hän ensin antaa
sille "maitoa" ja sitten "vahvaa ruokaa", kunnes vihdoinkin ylpeä
sydän huudahtaa: sinä olet minulle liian väkevä, sinä olet voittanut!
Silloin astuu jumalallinen voittaja voitetun luo ja pyytää: anna minulle
sydämesi! Syntinen sydän halajaa Vapahtajaa, eikä sielullakaan ole
muuta hänelle antaa. Se lakkaa erikseen repimästä joka myrkytettyä
suonta siitä irti, se tempaa kerrassaan koko syntisen sydämen,
antaa sen hänelle ja sanoo: murra, polta, muserra se, ja anna
minulle uusi sydän; vapahda minut, sillä ainoastaan täysin
vapautettu henki, joka pitää kaiken muun itselleen vahingollisena, on
sinulle arvokas. Ja Vapahtaja ottaa syntisen sydämen ja murtaa sen
ja valaa sen uuteen muotoon ja antaa sen hänelle takaisin. Ja niin
kilvoittelee sielu sitä, kuin ylhäällä on, eikä sitä, kuin maan päällä on!
sillä se on "kuollut, ja sen elämä on Kristuksessa kätketty Jumalaan".

*****

Ystäväni, koko teidän kertomuksestanne en voi muuta päättää,


kuin että tyttäressännekin Jumala oli herättänyt totisen autuuden-
huolen, että hän oli hänessä alkanut työnsä, ja että uuden elämän
aamurusko oli hänelle sarastanut niissä ystävissä, joiden kanssa hän
seurusteli. Että te ette sitä ymmärtänyt, ei minua lainkaan
kummastuta, sillä „luonnollinen ihminen ei havaitse mitään siitä, kuin
Jumalan hengen on; että te katkeruudella, surulla ja
vastenmielisyydellä katselitte tyttärenne pyrkimystä, on vallan
luonnollista; sillä se vihollisuus, jonka Jumala alussa pani käärmeen
siemenen ja vaimon siemenen välille, on tietysti aina pysyvä. Viha,
katkeruus ja pilkka on tietysti aina oleva todellisen Kristinuskon
osana, ja missä ei sitä ole, siellä ei ole Kristuskaan. On yleensä
sangen huono merkki ihmisen Kristinuskosta, jos hän viihtyy
sovussa ja rauhassa, jos hän elää hyvässä sovussa ja rauhassa
maailman kanssa. Niinkuin meri heittää maihin kuolleensa, niin on
maailmankin aina heitettävä pois ja sysättävä luotaan ne, jotka ovat
sille kuolleet ja elävät Jumalassa. Todellisten kristittyjen ja "suuren
lauman" välillä ei eroavaisuus ole inhimillinen, katoava, ulkonainen,
ei myöskään eroavaisuus mielipiteissä —; vaan periolennainen,
harras, loppumaton, kuin valon ja pimeyden välillä: Senvuoksi ne
eivät koskaan voi olla sovinnossa. Kristitty todistaa elämällä, teoilla
ja sanoilla maailmaa vastaan, että sen olemus on paha, ja maailma
osastaan vihaa ja pilkkaa kristittyä kuin pahinta kerettiläistä, kuin
tukalimpia syöpäläisiä, jotka maasta pitäisi hävittää. Oi, kyllä käy
päinsä elää hyvässä sovussa maailman kanssa, niin kauvan kuin
usko ei ole muuta kuin tyhjä pään ajatus, niin kauvan kuin eletään
tässä puolinaisessa, laimeassa, raukeassa ja elottomassa
kristinuskossa, joka rakentaa sopua sekä Kristuksen että Belialin
kanssa, joka palvelee sekä Jumalaa että Mammonaa, mutta mitä
enemmän asiasta tulee totinen tosi, mitä enemmän henki ja elämä
täyttävät ihmisen, sitä enemmän maailma asettuu häntä vastaan ja
julistaa sen — vanhan tapansa mukaan — haaveilemiseksi,
lahkolaisuudeksi, pietismiksi. Ja se, joka ei tahdo tätä kärsiä: älköön
tarttuko auran kurkeen; se, joka ei tahdo tulla kristityksi ja olla
kristitty sielultaan ja sydämeltään, kokonaan ja jakamatonna,
eläköön paljoa mieluummin ilman mitään jumalisuuden varjoakaan,
maailman kaltaisena, niinkuin hän sisimmältä olemukseltaan onkin.
"Ken tahtoo olla maailman ystävä, hänestä tulee Jumalan vihollinen".
Oi ei, kristityksi ei tule, ellei kuole maailmalta, eikä saata
kummastuttaa, jos maailma silloin katsoo sellaista samalla
vastenmielisyydellä ja inholla, kuin elossa oleva katsoo ruumista.
Salaista elämää Kristuksen kanssa Jumalassa, pyhää, sisällistä,
selittämätöntä elämää ei voida elää, ellei olla siten kuollut; mutta tätä
elämää ei maailma voi ymmärtää. — Ihmiset voivat kyllä peittää,
puolustaa ja kaunistella pahuutta, mutta tehdä totista totta
autuutensa asiasta, todella enemmän kunnioittaa Jumalaa kuin
maailmaa, hengessä ja totuudessa palvella häntä, se on heistä
vastenmielistä eivätkä he voi sitä kärsiä. Jos mikä hyvänsä heitä siitä
muistuttaa, se loukkaa heitä heti, niinkuin "teidän sielunne pimittyi, ja
te suutuitte" tyttärenne aivan viattomasta, syvimmän rakkauden,
säälin ja hellyyden tuottamasta kysymyksestä: "oletteko koskaan
ajatellut Jumalaa?" ja epäilemättä heti tuomitsitte hänet kadotetuksi
ja vietellyksi, tuon vihattavan lahkon saastuttamaksi, "noiden
jumalattomien, hiljaisten, kauheiden olentojen", "noiden mustien
haamujen, joilla on väritön iho ja puoleksi sammuneet silmät".

Ja tämä johtaa minut toiseen vihattavaan salaviittaukseen, joka


näyttää erityisesti voivan pelottaa ihmisiä lainkaan huolehtimasta ja
ajattelemasta autuuttaan. Te näytte pitävän varmana, että henkisen
elämän kehittämisestä on muka seurauksena ihmisen ruumiillinen
häviö, että sielun pelastumisesta herännyt huoli tuottaa ihmisen
ruumiillisen perikadon, hänen elämänsä, terveytensä ja mielensä
rauhan kadottamisen; että vakavampi Kristinusko on ainoastaan
valitusta, surua, alakuloisuutta ja kivuloisuutta. Ettekö ole koskaan
lukenut, että Jumalan valtakunta on "vanhurskautta, rauhaa ja
riemua Pyhässä Hengessä", eikä surua, huolehtimista ja
rauhattomuutta? että vanhurskasten asunnoissa lauletaan riemuiten
voitosta? että ei kukaan ole heidän riemuaan heiltä riistävä? Mutta
ettekö ole myöskään lukenut, että "suurella murheella täytyy
Jumalan valtakuntaan sisälle tulla?" että se suru, joka on Jumalan
mielen mukainen, tuottaa autuuteen parannuksen, jota ei kadu? —
Nautinto ja huvitus on ihmisten tunnussana; innokkaasti koettaa
kukin karttaa kaikkea tuskaa ja pelkää kuin kuolemaa kaikkea, mikä
saattaisi häntä häiritä hauskassa, syntisessä olossaan. Oi niitä
ylpeitä, kataloita olentoja iloisuuksineen ja tuoreuksineen! heille
julistaa Kristus itse: "voi teitä, jotka nyt hymyilette; sillä te tulette
itkemään ja suremaan". Voitteko edes luulla, että ihminen, joka
näkee ja tuntee kurjuutensa, jota painaa hänen syntitaakkansa, voi
kulkea hymyhuulin ja tanssivin askelin, voi leikkiä, laskea pilaa ja
hauskasti tehdä syntejä teidän kanssanne? Mutta se, joka
säikähtäen väistyy tätä tuskaa, ei myöskään koskaan saa tuta
riemua Jumalassa; se joka alituisesti tahtoo ehkäistä sitä surua,
"joka on Jumalan mielen mukainen", ei myöskään koskaan tule
käännetyksi, parannetuksi, ei koskaan todelliseksi kristityksi. Eikö
teistä ole luonnollista, että se tuska, joka ihmiselämässä on syvin ja
kaikkien muiden lähde, synnin tuska, ei voi olla leikin kaltainen?
Mutta juuri tätä tuskaa välttävät ihmiset suurimmalla varovaisuudella,
vaikka se enemmän kuin kaikki muut tuskat heitä lähentelee; tuska,
josta oikeastaan ei ketään heistä voida armahtaa. Kuinka usein se
tahtookaan hiljaisina hetkinä nousta heidän sydämessään — mutta
he painavat sen alas, ennenkuin se saa valtaa heidän ylitsensä.
Kuinka usein se tempaakaan heidät kesken heidän iloaan,
suruttomuuttaan ja huvejaan — mutta he pakenevat sitä. Oi, jos he
sillä tavalla tahtovat päästä siitä, niin tietäkööt he, että se vain
tuokioksi heittää heidät sitä suuremmalla voimalla palatakseen.
Synnin tuska on tuskaa, joka välttämättömästi on kerran koettava,
jota kaikkien on tunnettava, olkoonpa se sitten siellä tahi täällä,
ajassa tai ijankaikkisuudessa. Niinpä niin, kyllä ihminen saattaa
ehkäistä tätä surua, kun Jumala sen kautta tahtoo saattaa häntä
parannukseen, mutta hän ei saata estää, että siitä kerran hänen
ikuiseksi kauhukseen tulee todellinen ja muuttumaton; kyllä hän voi
estää Jumalaa asettamasta hänen syntejänsä hänen omantuntonsa
silmäin eteen, että hän näkisi, katuisi ja saisi ne poispyyhityiksi
Kristuksen verellä, mutta ei hän voi estää Jumalaa asettamasta niitä
hänen eteensä hänen turmiokseen ja ikuiseksi kadotuksekseen.
Jumalan sana ei tässä asiassa vähintäkään jätä meitä
epätietoisuuteen. — Kuitenkin on kummallista, että useimpien
ihmisten puuhan ja homman tarkoituksena aina on löytää huveja ja
iloa, syöstä toisesta huvituksesta toiseen. No niin, onko heillä siis
niin hauska? Oi ei, levottomia ja rauhattomia he enimmäkseen ovat,
ja sangen harvoin heitetään heille kuin syöttinä haihtuva huvi, jonka
jälkeen sama etsiminen ja rauhattomuus alkaa uudestaan; heillä ei
itsellänsä ole rauhaa, eivätkä he voi jättää muita rauhaan. Oi,
tahtoisimmeko. vaihtaa heidän kanssansa? Ei, ei! keskellä kaikkien
kärsimysten, keskellä taisteluiden ja kyyneleiden on meillä
Jumalassa ilo, jota he eivät voi kuvitella, saamme tuntea rauhaa,
"joka käy yli kaiken ymmärryksen", on meillä autuuden toivo
"kypäränä", ja tiedämme kyllä, että "meidän surumme, joka kuitenkin
on ajallinen ja kevyt, synnyttää meissä ikuisen ja ylen määrin
tähdellisen ihanuuden".

Mutta minä puhun todellisesta Kristinuskosta; ehkä te hymyilette


sille, koska te olette itsessänne vakaannuttanut sen ajatuksen, että
kaikki teidän tyttäressänne oli ollut vaan eksymystä, lahkolaisuutta,
tai miksi te sitä tahdotte nimittää. Kysymys on siis siitä, mitä on
pidettävä lahkolaisuutena? Epäilemättä sitä, mikä sotii Raamatun
sanaa ja meidän kirkkomme tunnustusta vastaan. Jos tahtoisitte itse
tutkia asiaa, niin tulisitte minun kanssani siihen kokemukseen, että
tyttäressänne juuri sillä muutoksella, jota te etupäässä piditte
vääränä ja lahkolaisena, on Raamatussa täydellinen ja varma
perustuksensa, ja sen sanat ansainnevat kai teidänkin silmissänne
enemmän uskottavaisuutta, kuin teidän omat kuvittelunne ja
käsitteenne asiasta. Mutta vaikka jonkin puolen tyttärenne
olemuksessa ja puheessa täytyikin tuntua teistä liioittelulta,
haaveilemiselta ja selittämättömältä, niin piti sen vähemmin
hämmästyttää teitä, kun te toiselta puolen otatte huomioon, kuinka

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