300 Before you start Review these intermediate grammar points and check you know them. Use of prefixes and suffixes 1 Prefixes are short additions that go in front of words, e.g. im-, utr, dis-. We often add them to adjectives, verbs and nouns to change their meaning. Most of these prefixes make words negativ possible impossible tie + untie approval -* disapproval 2 Suffixes are short additions that go at the end of words, e.g. -er, -ment, -ify. We add them to words to change their meaning: work + worker and to change their class : occur — occurrence (verb + noun) solid -+ solidify (adjective + verb) Compound nouns and adjectives 1 Compound nouns and compound adjectives are words which have been created by ‘combining two words which are related to each other. 2 They can be written ‘asa single word: dressmaker ‘+ as two separate words: fashion magazine + occasionally as two words joined by a hyphen: waste-bin It is best to check the formation in an up-to-date dictionary. 3 Compound nouns and adjectives are very useful because they give a lot of information in a short space: It’s place where you can park your car. -* ItS a car park, Does the hotel have any staff who speak English? = Does the hotel have any English-speaking staff? Verbs which are often confused Some verbs, e.g. borrow/lend, act as ‘mirror images’ of each other. They describe the same event from different points of view. + Ifyou want to use something that belongs to someone else you can borrow it from them. The owner of something can lend it to you for a certain period: ‘Dad, could we borrow your electric aril?” ‘Sorry. I've already lent it to Michael.’Pa eu a a acd of prefixes, suffixes, compound nouns and Re eT a htm City invaders in AECEMT THES A RACCOON ROAM AROUND a MEETS HAS A RARE SEIN RENOMENON The continuing expansion of our cities and the resulting destruction of their natural habitat fas made life in the countryside impossible for any raccoons. AS a result, thousans of the unfortunate creatures have migrated to the pack gardens and scraps of wasteland found inmany cities, Rather than hunting smell ‘animals, they simply steal from waste-bins and fubbish dumps, scavenging from the corelesshy tdiscarded human waste that les all around them, Most people regard these urban raccoons ‘asa nuisance, but few know what to do ‘bout them. For as soan as one Is captured oF Gestroyed, several more appear to take its place: 3. Complete the diagnostic test below. Choose the correct words in italics. 1 I'm interested in your keep-fit class. What qualifications does the érainee / trainer have? Learning to touch-type can take some time. But, if you are persistenc persistent, you will eventually master it 3 [noticed your ex- / pre- employee working at the supermarket y 4. It’s shocking. Some of the children leaving our schools are half-literate | semi-literate There are some great record / records shops in the High Street. > Unit 70.1 6 I'd like a cheese salad, a burger and two coffee cups / cups of coffee, please.» Unit 70.1 7 There aren't any waiters - it’s a self-service / serve yourself restaurant > Unit 70.2 8 Interest in Latino music is no longer confined to speaking Spanish / > Unit 70, Spanish-speaking audiences. 9 That old curtain fabric has done | made a marvellous evening gown. > Unit 71 10 Darling, can you bring / fetch my mother from the station on Tuesday? > Unit 71.2 11 Sorry I’m home so late, I took / brought the car to work today and I got > Unit stuck in a traffic jam 12 The prime minister spoke / talked at the climate change conference > Unit 71.3 in Copenhagen 13 Our old cat doesn’t do much, It just likes to lie / lay in the sun all day. 14 What do you think of that plan to rise / raise the Titanic from the seabed? > Unit 15 They robbed / stole my purse in broad daylight! > Unit 71 4 Check your answers on page 384. Then go to the unit for information and practice 30169 Word formation 1 Using suffixes to change meaning (SES * Nouns ending in-er have an active meaning and nouns ending in -ee have a passive meaning, eg. an interviewer asks questions and an interviewee answers them; a trainer teaches and a trainee learns. 2 Note there are some exceptions €9, a processor's an electronic component, nat a person. 3 Some nouns that end in (Jan and -ese can also be used to describe a person: Italian = an italian Chinese ~ a Chinese 2. Using suffixes to change word class ens Ena Pronunciation » 1.19 w Using prefixes to change meaning Prefixes with a negative meaning, e.g. dislike, unfair > Unit 48.4 302Practice You may find it helpful to use a dictionary when completing these exercises 1 ‘There are ten more incorrectly formed words in the text. Find the words and correct them. SDEEEI Listen and check. PANS) sila Paola I'd lke to get some sort of job working vith aimals. Can anyone give me any et sce abou suble jobs? You could work as @ voluntor at an animal rescue centre. If you are persistant, ater a few ‘months you might get a permanous job. Then after a few years you might be able to work asavet Josh's idea is ridiculent! | don't want to subvalue your enthusiasm, but lots of people want to work with animals and it's actually very difficult. To become a vet you have to study veterinary science at university and take lots of exams! It isn’t easy to get a place but if you are successble it does lead to a great career. You don't have to be 2 vet. There are lots of differant jobs you can do with animals. My pre-flatmate works at 2 200 and he really enjoys it. Or what about working for one of those ‘overnational organisations that protects endangered wild animals? 2 Complete each sentence, using a suitable form of the word in brackets, as in the example. 0 Along-term aim of the European Union is to Aarmanice., rules and regulations among the member states. (harmony) 1 Even experienced failed to predict the banking crisis of 2008. (economy) 2 The existence of an at the very bottom of society has long been recognised by sociologists. (class) 3. Badgers are creatures, rarely appearing in daylight. (elude) 4 Most of the in our San Diego factory work part-time. (employ) 5 Although she is , Maria prefers to write in Spanish rather than English. (language) 6 in the face of continuous setbacks is the mark of true determination. (persist) 7 We really must try to reduce our on fossil fuels. (depend) 8 between tribes is rare in this part of the Amazon. (marriage) 9 Local readers are protesting at the of the public library. (close) 10 The liquid compound will tend to if subjected to temperatures below zero. (solid) 30370 1 A 304 Compound nouns and adjectives Compound nouns In compound nouns the first word usually ‘classifies’ the second word - it describes it or tells us its purpose: wasteland (= land that has no use) @ fashion magazine (= a magazine about fashion) The frst word js usually singular: X adressesmaker J a dressmaker X a-eaes-park J a car park ‘Compound nouns are formed in several ways: ‘The main stress is usually on the first part of the compound noun: Karl is a German teacher. (compound noun = He teaches German.) Karl is a German teacher. (= He is a teacher who comes from Germany.) ‘Some compound nouns are formed from multi-word verbs (> Units 66 and 67). They usually follow the same order as the verb, but there are a few exceptions: break out —* outbreak spill over —* overspill put in input Pronunciation > 1.20 Some compound nouns describe containers. The compound form only describes the container itself, not its contents. Compare: « ina shop: I‘d like six Royal Doulton teacups. (compound noun = cups designed to hold tea) «ima café: x Hebtikea teacup and-a-stice of eake, please, Td like a cup of tea and a slice of cake, please. (= tea in a cup) Compound adjectives Compound adjectives can be formed from adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs and prepositions. They usually have a hyphen when they are used before a noun: + We aso make compound nouns with sf seit-confdence, self-awareness, ec Many are formed by adding an -ed or -ing participle to an adverb, adjective or noun: He's a well-known actor and the author of a best-selling novel. This Japanese maple isa particularly slow-growing variety. The marines made a death-defying leap over the cliff edge. ‘We often use compound adjectives to describe time, quantity and measurement: a three-week holiday 4 four-hour delay a ten-minute drive a five-year-old child The noun is usually singular: X Aterrkilometres journey. J A ten-kilometre journey. Compound adjectives formed with participles can often replace relative clauses: ‘The impact of recent legislation is an issue which commentators frequently ignore. = The impact of recent legislation is a frequently-tgnored issue. Pronunciation > 1.2116 Practice Complete each sentence with a suitable compound noun. Part of the word has been given in brackets. 1 All my correspondence is kept in the metal ... Next to my desk. (filing) 2 Apparently the company’s contains over two million names. (base) 3. Clarisse doesn't wear , she prefers the natural look. (up) 4 You can't drive that vehicle on the public without a licence. (way) 5. Tourist agencies have warned of an of cholera in northern Thailand. (out) 6 It's great to have a vintage car but the can be prohibitively expensive. (keep) 2. Rewrite these sentences, using compound adjectives to replace the underlined words, as in the example. Use suitable forms of one word from each box and make any other changes necessary. Listen and check. car home fast rare confident expand hour ropid self three manufacture make move visit 0 Sto Paulo ia clty which sting gE! pul iy rpidy-exening. iy 1 Eleanor is attractive and a person wt nce in hi 2 The Midlands is Britain's main region that produces automobiles. 3. They were soon engulfed by the water, which was flowing very quickly. 4 Each new member of staff must take part in a training session which lasts three hours. 5 Northumberland is a part of England which people don't go to v : 6 Th wi Ives, are the main feature of our restaurant. 3 ‘Complete the article with compound nouns and compound adjectives, using the clues in brackets, as in the example. Hypoallergenic cats (0) California-based... (based in California) company has come up with a (1) seven (@ngineered by genetics) solution for those (2) (people that love animals) that have an allergy to cats. in Britain alone there are 2.6 million @) (people who suffer from asthma) who are allergic to cats. ‘These allergies are caused by @ protein in the cat's skin which causes coughing, sneezing and skin irritation in sufferers. (4) (scientists who do research) have now identified the genes that produce this protein. By examining the lca. (extracted with care) DNA of different cats they have produced @ breed that looks exactly ike an ordinary cat, but does not trigger allergic reactions in humans. Allerca Lifestyle Pets of San Diego has been breeding the (6) {free of allergens) cats and are now offering them for sale around the world. 305VAN Cai confused rom surrounding areas to build a dam. They start by building hen lay branches across them to form a wall bring twigs and branch vertical pole 1 make and do Make has a number of uses: Aunt Alice is going to make the bridesmaids’ dresses. (= create) Gouda cheese is made in Holland. (= is produced) This multinational makes a lot of products in Sri Lanka, (= manufactures) The spare bedroom has made a wonderful office for Deirdre. (= has become) Those new drugs seem to make him very lethargic. (= cause him to be) # make + object + infinitive (without to) means ‘force’ or ‘command’ (> Unit 63.3): The police officer made me empty my pockets. + idiomatic meanings such as ‘earn’ and ‘keep an appointment He makes $1,000 a week on the oil rigs. can’t make it on Friday I’m out all day. We often use do to describe an activity or to mean ‘carry out/complete a task’ What are we going to do for your birthday? (= take part in an activity) You can go out after you've done your homework. (= you've completed) We can use do + determiner + -ing form to describe regular tasks at home or at work:| ‘There isn't much in the fridge as I haven’t done the shopping yet. We do the stocktaking every Wednesday morning. Collocations with make and do, e.g. make an effort, do research > Unit 68.3 2. bring and take, fetch Bring and take have opposite meanings: bing take’ to take someone or something with you to'the | to move someone or Something away from the place you are now, to your home, ar ta the place/ place you are now, avray from your home or away ‘event you have been taking about: from the place/event you have been talking ebout: I've brought the piers you said you needed - {can't find the cheque book ~ Dennis must have hhere they are. taken it vihen he left this morning. When are you going to bring your new friend to. When are you taking me to meet your parents? ‘meet us? (to our house) {away from here to their home) ‘The choice of verb depends on the situation of the speaker: Are you bringing your scuba gear? (on our holiday) ‘Are you taking your scuba gear? (on your holiday) Fetch means to collect someone or something from another place and bring it to the place you are now, to your home or to the place you are talking about. We don’t use bring with this meaning of ‘collecting’: 1X. Cote pour bring the kids front school tomorrow? ¥ Could you fetch the kids from school tomorrow? (= go to the school and bring them home) 3063. speak and talk Speak and talk have very similar meanings and are often equally appropriate: T/m going to talk/speak to my teacher about it after the lesson. + We usually use speak, not talk, for formal speeches: X Before-the eloction-the President talked-to-the-nation-or television: ¢ Before the election the President spoke to the nation on television + We use speak, not talk, to refer to languages: X Anatoly taiks-Enslish-with-aneaccent: / Anatoly speaks English with an accent. ‘© We use talk for long conversations: X Wewereup-halfthenisht-speaking! v We were up half the night talking! ‘There are a number of expressions with speak or talk: Could you speak up? (= talk louder) I'd like to talk about our plans. (= explain/discuss) You're talking nonsense. (I strongly disagree with what you are saying.) 4 lay and lie, raise and rise INFINTIVE | PAST TENSE | PAST PARTICIPLE | PRESENT PARTICIPLE + these verbs are intransitive (cannot have an objec) Lay expresses an action; lie describes a state or position: First, lay all the parts on a clean work-surface, (action = place them flat on something) I think I'l just lie on the sofa untit my headache goes. (state/position) We've been laying artificial grass on the new pitch. We found these photos lying in a drawer. That child lies all the time. (= says things which are not true) Raise refers to the action of someone or something lifting, increasing or moving something else (i.e, an object) in an upward direction. To rise only refers to the movement itself: ‘The government has been urged to raise corporation tax rates to match those in other European Union states. Rates are predicted to rise by ten percent, X Fares-willraisenextyear. 7 They will raise the fares next year. X Phepwiltrisethefarernentyear/ Fares will rise next year, (no object) In formal English we sometimes use arise to refer to difficulties occurring, or something caused or started by a situation. It does not have an object: Tissue rejection is a problem which can arise in this procedure. We will contact you, should the need arise. X Let hopenobodwarises-thatissue. V Let’s hope that issue doesn’t arise. 5 rob and steal Rob refers to the person or place that suffered the crime; steal refers to what was taken: X Fhieves-stolemysncle: / Thieves robbed my uncle. (rob + victim) X A-gangstolethehentoffie: VA sung robbed the head office. (rob + place) X They-robbed-his-gold-watel / They stole his gold watch. (steal + object taken) We can use the preposition from to link steal to a person or place and we can use the preposition of to link rob with the thing which was taken: Colonel Blood stole the crown jewels from the Tower of London in 1665. No man has the right to rob another of his freedom. say/tell > Unit 50.2 307 16711 eros orren conrusco Practice 1 Choose the correct words in italics. CHEEEB Now listen and check. 1 Is there any chance of you bringing / fetching Clarissa from her piano lesson? 2 We'd better order a taxi to bring / take us to the airport next week. 3. Apparently the ambassador will talk / speak at the full assembly tomorrow. 4 Five modern masterpieces have been stolen / robbed from a gallery in Paris. Sox thi goveesent eae a office, inflation has raised / risen four times. 7 8 308 After lying / laying the cloth on the ground, they leave it to dry in the hot sun, My neighbour Is such a chatterbox ~ she never stops speaking / talking! Ill be able to join you once I've made / done these reports for my boss. 9 Whatever problems raise / arise, I'm sure you can deal with them. Some politi the example. Can you take / bring me a screwdriver? I need to change the fuse in this plug. ians would like to rob / steal us of our right to free speech. My aunt says the vase is Victorian, but she isn’t sure exactly when it was done / made. ‘Complete the article with suitable forms of words from the box, as in bring (2) do lie 62) make raise tise ‘rob speak steal” take (2) Animal smuggling on the rise WITH THE GROWING interest in exotic pets, ‘unscrupulous criminals (0) have. heee.neabing. hhuge sums of money by illegally smuggling animals into many countries. As the number of these incidents (1) ci customs authorities and ecological organisations are becoming more worried about the effect (on local wilde. @)... _ animals from theit natural habitat is always a questionable practice because once non-indigenous animals (hence into a foreign country, they can easily escape and cause devastation to local animal populations. Many species ®.. _. diseases to which indigenous animals have no defence. The ecological balance can be permanently upset, threatening the most vulnerable species with extinction ‘The animals come from various sources. Some are captured in the wild, others ° __ from their rightful ‘owners (often 2005 oF nature reserves), but many are sold by ilegal breeders. One of the most serious problems isthe theft of eggs from the nests of rare birds, The adult birds are frightened off and thieves simply (6) ene the 0995 a at the bottom of the nest, Eggs are obviously much easier to smuggle than live birds and (8) en nests isan easy way to acauite birds whch are ctfit +0 catch when fully grown. ‘Methods of smuggling range from the ingenious to the ridiculous. In 2007 a smuggling racket between the UK and Australia was smashed when customs officials discovered snakes and lizards hidden inside plastic garden statues. In Decernber 2009 Gypsy Lawson arrived in Los Angeles with 2 rhesus monkey hidden under her shirt. When questioned about the suspicious lump under her clothing, she (9) _. 10 customs officers and deimed that she was pregnant. ‘And last year a 23-year-old man was caught at Melbourne Airport in Australia with two racing pigeons inside his trousers, strapped to his legs What can be (10) about this problem? (11). ata conference last week, a leading ecological campaigner called on governments to 2)... _a the fines and prison sentences given to animal smugglers. Increased penalties will deter many criminals, she believes. =3 The three news items below contain incorrect or inappropriate verbs. Underline them and write them correctly, as in the example. Listen and check. 10 ul 12 13 14 raised, US RATE RISE ‘THE CHANCELLOR returned from this month's meeting of the ‘Group of Six’ with news that interest rates are tobe rised by an average of halt ‘percentage point in the United States. While the Chancellor has been in Dallas, city markets have been feverish with rumours of even higher increases. The US dollar has been laying atan all-time low for several weeks and the American trade deficit has been arising steadily. The Chairman of the Federal Reserve has gone to Tokyo to discuss the problems which have arose from pressure in Congress to tackle the deficit. He will be in Japan until next Tuesday. Priceless treasure disappears : a prielesswel-known tobe soi on te apen FE eer ponomaiver, make Tenmuseumshave bet has disappeared from its display cabinetin the British Museum. Attoday’s emergency press conference, museum director ‘Alan Woods talked of his theory that the treasures had probably been robbed by a professional gang on behalf of a specific collector as the silveris too AGROUP of local naturalists has done a successfull proposal to open with the animals in a natural a new petting 200 in Brigstowe. Talking ata recent press conference, organiser Stephanie Fenton told reporters that the 200 wil be aimed at young children, ‘Teachers will be able to fetch children to the 00, where they will foe inthe lsteb monthsand the number hasbeen rising steadily ower the ast ee years-The Berton tert one Bans Romar aver Iwas found 1928, having aid undiscovered for Aimowtsiaten centres beneath a susses ed, have the chance to interact environment, Arising attendances at similar 200s in tecent years have shown that this type of ‘petting’ 00, where childien can actually touch animals, can make alot of. good in helping to rise early awareness of natural history.| 310 Review MODULE 16 Use the words in brackets to form one word for each gap in the article. Some of the words are compounds. (You may use hyphenated words, as in example 00.) Pets for ewes PETS FOR PATIENTS is an organisation hich provides small pets for those suffering from certain mental and physical illnesses. t believes itis time to (0)....reeanider.... (consider) our (00)... long-held... (long hold) belief that animals should be kept out of hospitals and away from sick people. For years medical experts have considered animals to be a source of dangerous (1) (infect), been reduced, and feedback from the medical tials completely 2)... (suit) for an has shown (8) (consider improve) environment containing winerable and sick people. recovery times for a large number of patients. Now new research has shown that rather than Doctors have noted that the effect on patients’ sarin omeaas posing 2 risk to patients, pets can promote o (psychology) states has been recovery and have (3) (benefit) (10) (remark). It appears that psychological effects. Patients suffering from the stimulus provided by looking after pets has given “ (severe disable) conditions, patients a(11) (height) sense of such as those which prevent them from leaving their (12) (response) and improved ‘beds and moving around, have been given small their general (13)... (self confide). pets to look after. ‘According to the researchers, itis almost impossible 6 (continue) monitoring 10 (14) (state) the positive has shown that while stroking or grooming pets, _effects of ‘pet therapy patients’ blood pressure and heart rates have Pets for Patients is currently raising money to been (6) ar (low), Because of this, (15) (able) it to provide small pets to their (7) (depend) on drugs has all the long-term care centres in the county. Choose the best explanation, A or B. 1 Are you taking your own skis? A You are about to go on holiday with your friends. B You are about to go on holiday with me. 2 They each work ten-hour shifts. ‘A They work for one hour at a time, but ten times each day, B They work for ten hours continuously. 3. Could we have six coffee cups, please? A Weare in a shop. B We are ina café 4 A gang of thieves stole the cash machine, A They took the whole machine, B ‘They took the money from the machine, 5. Look at those men laying the pavement. ‘A The men are relaxing. B The men are working.6 The elderly patient in the end bed is self-conscious. A The patient is shy. B The patient is awake. 7. Send us the feedback as soon as possible. ‘A We want our food to be returned. B We want to know what you think. 8 The bank offered us a tax-free savings account. ‘A We won't have to pay for the account. B We won't have to pay tax on the account 9 Steve, could you fetch my car from the garage? A Steve is my flatmate. B Steve works at the garage. 10 Are you done yet? A Have you finished a task? B Have you produced something? 3 Choose the correct word(s) in italics. 1 need my glasses. Could you etch / take them from my bedside table? 2. Everyone's afraid the government is going to rise / raise income tax next year. 3. Kiaran’s the author of a best- sold / selling guidebook. 4 If there’s one thing I can’t stand it’s lazyness / laziness 5 You'll have to talk / speak up - grandpa's slightly deaf. 6 I've just read a fascinating selfbiography / autobiography. 7 The insurance policy covers stolen / robbed goods up to the value of $10,000. 8 Some of the key components of the Airbus are done / made in Spain. 9 The contents of the grave had laid / Iain undisturbed for over eight centuries. 10 The new drug has been subject to several controlled-carefully / carefully-controlled trials. 11 L enjoyed the fitness class but the trainer / trainee wasn’t very experienced. 12. Residents have been complaining about the clasement / clasure of the local library. 13. I've brought / taken you a paper. Do you want to read it now? 14 Complications can rise / arse if the correct clinical procedures are not followed. 4 ‘Complete each sentence, using a suitable form of the word in brackets, as in the example. 0 The oak isa .....s¢w-grewing_. tree which takes many years to reach maturity. (grow) 1 The machinery detects or faulty parts and automatically ejects them. (standard) 2. Marathons are a feat of . cuss Father than of speed. (endure) 3. Caroline has given up her job and become a freelance... (consult) AL prefer a sssasnesnens Plants ~I can't be bothered to spend all my time pruning and watering! (maintain) 5. Uncle David is a famous jin fact he’s a professor at the local university. (mathematics) 6 Unemployment in the town has increased due to the of jobs to cheaper areas. (source) 7 One way to keep your house warmer is to have a roll of insulation in the roof space. (lay) 8 My local doctor operates a .. Surgery; you don’t need to make an appointment. (walk) 9. People with colour-blindness often find it hard to 4 between brown and green. (differ) 10 We've agreed to sa the loan after six months. (pay) 11 According to recent research, people with jobs tend to live longer than ordinary workers. (status) 12 Children can be surprisingly nu. t0 those they dislike. (spite) 31 16