Ebook College Physics A Strategic Approach Technology Update 3Rd Edition Knight Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

College Physics A Strategic Approach
Technology Update 3rd Edition Knight

Solutions Manual
Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/college-physics-a-strategic-approach-technology-update-3rd-edition-knight-solu
tions-manual/
CIRCULAR MOTION, ORBITS, AND GRAVITY
6
Q6.1. Reason: Acceleration is a change in velocity. Since velocity is a vector, it can change by changing direction,
even while the magnitude (speed) remains constant. The cyclist’s acceleration is not zero in uniform circular motion.
She has a centripetal (center-seeking) acceleration.
Assess: In everyday usage, acceleration usually means only a change in speed (specifically a speeding up), hence the
confusion. But in physics we must use words very carefully to communicate clearly. Everyday usage is fine outside
the physics context, but while doing physics we must use the precise physics definitions of the words.
Q6.2. Reason: In uniform circular motion, the speed of an object is constant. This is the definition of uniform
circular motion in Section 6.1. The direction of the instantaneous velocity is always changing. The velocity of an
object in uniform circular motion is not constant. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of an object in
uniform circular motion is given by a = v 2 / r. The speed is constant and so is the radius, so the magnitude of the
centripetal acceleration is constant. However, the direction is constantly changing as shown in the figure in the text
so the centripetal acceleration is not constant. The net force is Fnet = mv 2/r, toward the center of the circle. The
magnitude of the centripetal force is constant but the direction is always changing, so the force is not constant.
Summarizing,
Speed: Constant
Instantaneous velocity: Not constant
Centripetal acceleration: Not constant
Magnitude of the net force: Constant
Assess: Note that though the directions of the centripetal acceleration and net force are always changing, their
magnitudes are constant and always point toward the center of the circle.
Q6.3. Reason: Because the centripetal acceleration is given by a = v 2/r, if the speed is zero then the centripetal
acceleration is zero. So the answer is no.
Assess: However, the particle may have a nonzero tangential acceleration at the instant its speed is zero (this would
ensure that the particle doesn’t stay at rest).
Q6.4. Reason: The centripetal force that keeps a car from slipping sideways on a curved road is mainly due to friction
and the banking of the road. In a four-wheel-drive car, two extra wheels can provide force to move the car forward.
These extra drive wheels do not provide any extra force in the centripetal direction, so the centripetal force provided by
friction and banking is the same in a four-wheel-drive car as in a two-wheel-drive car. A four-wheel-drive car has no
advantage over a two-wheel-drive car in turning corners.
Assess: Note however that a four-wheel-drive car will have more traction moving in the forward direction than a
two-wheel-drive car. This would be an advantage in moving forward on slippery surfaces.
© Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
6-1
6-2 Chapter 6
Q6.5. Reason: The discussion in the section on maximum walking speed leads to the equation vmax = gr where r
is the length of the leg. For a leg as short as a chickadee’s this produces a walking speed that is simply too slow to be
practical, so they hop or fly.
Assess: The longer the leg the greater the maximum walking speed, and the formula produces reasonable walking
speeds for pheasants.
Q6.6. Reason: The tires are in circular motion, along with the mud stuck to them. The stickiness of the mud
provides the centripetal force that keeps the mud on the surface of the tire. If the tire rotates fast enough, the mud will
become unstuck and fly off the tire due to its inertia.
Assess: Note that the mud will fly off when the tire has reached the critical speed, when the normal force of the tire
on the mud is zero.
Q6.7. Reason: At the lowest point, the acceleration is upward. Thus, the tension must be greater than the weight
for the net force to be upward. The tension in the string not only offsets the weight of the ball, but additionally
provides the centripetal force to keep it moving in a circle.
Assess: The string must have a higher strength rating than the weight of the ball in order for the ball to swing in a
vertical circle.
Of course, at the top of the circle the weight itself points centripetally, so the tension in the string can be less than at
the bottom.
Q6.8. Reason: A car turning an unbanked corner is an example where all of the centripetal force is due to static
friction. There are no other forces acting toward the center of the circular path in this case. An example where
centripetal acceleration is due mostly to tension is the motion of a child on a swing. The centripetal force is provided
by the tension in the rope supporting the swing.
Assess: See Conceptual Example 6.5 for a case where the centripetal force is entirely due to static friction.
Example 6.6 is a situation where centripetal acceleration is due mostly to tension.
Q6.9. Reason: (a) The moon’s orbit around the earth is fairly circular, and it is the gravitational force of the earth
on the moon that provides the centripetal force to keep the moon in its circular motion.
(b) The riders in the Gravitron carnival ride (Section 6.3) have a centripetal acceleration caused by the normal force
of the walls on them.
Another example would be the biological sample in a centrifuge. The test tube walls exert a normal force on the
sample toward the center of the circle.
Assess: The point is that centripetal forces are not a new kind of force; it is just the name we give to the force (or
sum of forces) that points toward the center of the circle and keeps the object from flying off in a straight line.
Q6.10. Reason: (a) The rotation of the station could provide artificial gravity if the floors of the station are
arranged so they are circular and perpendicular to the/a line perpendicular line from the center of the station to the
radius of the floor. The normal force would provide the centripetal acceleration and thus the feeling of apparent
weight. See the following diagram.
Circular Motion, Orbits, and Gravity 6-3
Here wapp = n = ma = mω 2r.

To get an idea of the angular velocities needed, consider a station with a 1 km radius. This is pretty large, but seems
reasonable for a station that could be built in the near future.
The angular velocity of the station would need to be such that the apparent weight is equal to the weight of a person
on the surface of the earth,
wapp = mω 2 r = mg
Solving for the angular velocity,
g 9.80 m/s 2
ω= = = 9.90 × 10−2 rad/s
r 1000 m
The rotational period of this station is
2π rad
T= = 63.5 s
9.90 × 10−2 rad/s
A station with a radius of 1 km would have to rotate about once a minute!
(b) Assuming the angular velocity of the station is fixed, the artificial gravity would be weaker closer to the center of
the station. For people to feel as if they and objects have normal weight, the area where people live and work would
have to be at a radius where the centripetal acceleration equals the acceleration due to gravity.
Assess: The idea here is very similar to the idea of the centrifuge, which is used on earth to create environments with
very large apparent weight on earth.
Q6.11. Reason: The car is traveling along a circle and so it must have centripetal acceleration which points
downward. From Newton’s second law, if an object is accelerating downward, the total force on the object must be
downward. The answer is C because only there is the downward force (the weight of the car) greater than the upward
force (the normal force on the car) so that the total force is downward.
Assess: It makes sense that the normal force on the car would be less than the weight of the car because, from
experience, you know that you feel lighter going over a hill in your car and normal force tells you how heavy you
feel. In the same way, the normal force on the car will be less than its weight.
Q6.12. Reason: The car is traveling along a circle and so it must have centripetal acceleration which points
downward. From Newton’s second law, if an object is accelerating downward, the total force on the object must be
downward. This means the upward normal force is less than when at rest, so the apparent weight is less than the
driver’s true weight.
Assess: It makes sense that the normal force on the car would be less than the weight of the car because, from
experience, you know that you feel lighter going over a hill in your car and normal force tells you how heavy you
feel. In the same way, the normal force on the car will be less than its weight.
Q6.13. Reason: When a pickup truck turns suddenly there isn’t a force that pushes the riders toward the outside of
the curve, throwing them out. Instead, the riders’ inertia tends to keep them moving in the same straight-line motion
while the truck turns beneath them. The crux of the danger in a pickup truck is that the walls are so low that they
don’t provide much centripetal force to hold the riders in the truck as it turns. If you must ride in the back of a pickup
truck, sit down low so the walls will be able to exert a centripetal force on you and keep you moving with the truck
(around the corner).
Assess: This reasoning carried farther says that riding on the back of a flat-bed truck is that much more dangerous.
However, in a cab the door (and seat belt) can provide the centripetal force needed to keep a rider moving around the
turn.
6-4 Chapter 6
Q6.14. Reason: In circular motion there must be a centripetal force directed toward the center. At the bottom of the
swing trajectory we can pretend you are in uniform circular motion, so the net force points up toward the center of
the circle. Therefore the swing must exert a bigger upward force on you than the earth does in the downward
direction. So your apparent weight is greater than your true weight.
Assess: The faster you go on the swing the more your apparent weight will increase at the bottom of the arc.
Q6.15. Reason: The radius of the loop decreases as the carts enter and exit the loop. The centripetal acceleration is
smaller for larger radius loops and larger for smaller radius loops. This means the centripetal acceleration increases
from a minimum at the entry to the loop to a maximum at the top of the loop and then decreases as the cars exit the
loop. This prevents a sudden change of acceleration, which can be painful. This also limits the largest accelerations to
the top of the loop, so that riders only experience the maximum acceleration for a portion of the trip.
Assess: This is reasonable. If the cars entered a small radius loop directly, the centripetal acceleration would
increase suddenly.
Q6.16. Reason: The bug is traveling along with the projectile, which is in free fall. The bug is in free fall, as is the
projectile. The force of gravity still acts on the bug, but the bug has a zero apparent weight. The bug feels weightless.
Assess: In “weightless” environments such as free-falling elevators or in orbit, the apparent weight of objects is
zero. Gravity still acts, since it is a universal force.
Q6.17. Reason: When we walk on the ground we push off with one foot while pivoting on the other; the weight
force brings us back down from the push-off for the next step. In an orbiting station, which is in free fall along with
the astronaut, after one foot pushes off there isn’t a force to bring the astronaut back to the “floor” for the next step;
the first push-off sends the astronaut across the cabin.
Assess: If the spacecraft is designed to rotate to provide an artificial gravity then one can walk fairly normally
around on the inside; “up” would be toward the center of the circular motion, “down” would be “out”; but that
probably isn’t the origin of the phrase “down and out.”
Q6.18. Reason: Though the gravitational attraction between objects on the earth exists, the force between objects
is very small. The force of attraction between two people seated next to each other was calculated in Example 6.12 as
roughly equal to the weight of one hair. You don’t feel this force because it is extremely small.
Assess: Gravitation is a universal force and acts between any two objects with mass.
Q6.19. Reason: An object’s weight is defined to be the gravitational force of the earth on the object. And the
gravitational force of the earth on an object decreases with distance (as 1/ r 2 ), where we measure r from center to
center. At the top of a mountain the climber’s center is farther from the center of the earth, and so the gravitational
force (i.e., the weight) is less, even though the climber’s mass hasn’t changed.
Assess: This is not just a change in apparent weight (what the scales read); this is a change in the real weight (the
gravitational force).
Doubling the height of the mountain would decrease the weight by a factor of 4—but only if you take the height of
the mountain to be r (from the center of the earth), not the height above sea level.
Q6.20. Reason: The earth’s gravitational force on the sun and the sun’s gravitational force on the earth are an
action-reaction pair and so are always equal and opposite. See Equation 6.15 in the text where this is explicit.
Assess: Though the forces are exactly the same, the mass of the earth is much smaller than the mass of the sun, so the
earth is affected much more than the sun. The acceleration on the earth due to the gravitational attraction between the
earth and the sun is much greater than the acceleration of the sun due to the same magnitude force.
Q6.21. Reason: Originally, the ball is going around once every second. When the ball is sped up so that it goes
around once in only half a second, it is moving twice as fast. Consequently its acceleration, which is given by
a = ω 2r will be four times as great. From Newton’s second law, force is directly proportional to acceleration, so if
we multiply the acceleration by 4, we must multiply the tension by 4. Thus the tension in the string will be four times
as great, or 24 N. The answer is D.
Assess: This accords with our experience that when we swing an object around a circle, as the speed increases, the
tension in the string increases.
Q6.22. Reason: There must be a centripetal force acting on the car directly toward the center of the circle. There
are no other forces on the car beside the normal force and the weight, which act in the vertical direction. The correct
choice is E.
Assess: Since the car is going around the curve with constant speed, it is not accelerating in the direction tangent to
the curve. This eliminates choices A, C, and D. Choice B would represent a “centrifugal force,” which seems to push
the car out of the circular path. As discussed in Section 6.3, such a force actually does not exist.
Q6.23. Reason: The static friction is directed centripetally and is the net force. The radius of the turn is 95 m.
v2 (68 m/s) 2
Fnet = ma = m = (610 kg) = 30,000 N
r 95 m
The correct choice is E.

Assess: This large friction force is only possible if the wings help push the car into the track.
Q6.24. Reason: There isn’t really a centrifugal outward force pushing on you (no agent is pushing outward on
you), but instead there is a centripetal inward force holding you in the circular motion. That centripetal force is what
we’ll compute, since it will have the same magnitude as the apparent outward force you feel. As a preliminary
calculation, compute the speed v = 2π r/ T = 2π (2.0 m)/6.0 s = 2.1 m/s.
v2 (2.1 m/s)2
Fnet = mac = m = (60 kg) = 130 N
r 2.0 m
So the correct choice is C.
Assess: The data seem like real-life data. A merry-go-round could easily have a radius of 4.0 m, and two friends
could easily have a mass of 60 kg each, and it could easily take 6.0 s to go around (that’s neither terribly fast nor
terribly slow). A speed of 2.1 m/s seems reasonable. And while we may still be developing an intuitive feel for
newtons, 130 N is a reasonable force.
Q6.25. Reason: A free-body diagram follows.
The centripetal force acts toward the center of the circle and is provided entirely by the normal force of the floor of
the station.
wapp = n = mω 2r
In order for the occupants to feel as if they are in an environment with an artificial gravity of 1-g , the centripetal
acceleration must equal g.
ω 2r = g
Solving for the angular velocity
g 9.80 m/s 2
ω= = = 0.313 rad/s
r 100 m
Additional significant figures have been kept in this intermediate result. The period of the rotation is given by
2π rad 2π rad
T= = = 20 s
ω 0.313 rad/s
The correct choice is B.
6-6 Chapter 6
Assess: Note that quite a short period is required even though the station has a large radius.
Q6.26. Reason: For a person on the inside of the outer wall to experience the same amount of artificial gravity in
the two cases the centripetal acceleration must be the same, a1 = a2 . We are also given that r2 = 4r1 (if the diameter
is four times as large, so is the radius). Remember that for uniform circular motion v = 2π r/T.
a1 = a2
v12 v22
=
r1 r2
( ) =( )
2 2
2 π r1 2π r2
T1 T2
r1 r2
r1 r2
=
T 21 T 22
r2
T 22 = T 21
r1
r2 4r1
T2 = T1 = T1 = 2T1
r1 r1
So the correct choice is B.
Assess: The answer is reasonable in view of the v 2 in the centripetal acceleration; it will take a rotational period
twice as long to produce the same artificial gravity if the diameter is four times as large.
Q6.27. Reason: The speed of a satellite in low orbit is v = gr . Use ratios to find vJup /vEarth .
vJup g Jup rJup (2.5 g Earth )(11rEarth )
= = = (2.5)(11) = 5.2
vEarth g Earth rEarth g Earth rEarth
The speed of a satellite in low Jupiter orbit is 5.2 times the speed of a satellite in low Earth orbit, so the correct
choice is A.
Assess: Both factors made the speed greater around Jupiter.
Q6.28. Reason: The free-fall acceleration due to a planet is given by Equation 6.18. It is proportional to the mass of
the planet and inversely proportional to the radius of the planet squared. This planet has twice the mass of earth, so this
leads to a factor of two increase in the acceleration. The planet has three times the radius, so this leads to a factor of nine
decrease in the acceleration. The planet has an acceleration which is 2/9 that of earth. The correct choice is A.
Assess: Reasoning from the mathematical relationships in an equation is a way to get a quick solution to a problem.
We avoided a lot of calculation with this method.
Q6.29. Reason: Equation 6.18 gives

GM planet
g planet = 2
Rplanet
If the mass stays the same while the radius doubles, then the new g will be 1/4 of the old one. Since g ≈ 10 m/s 2
now, then one quarter of that is 2.5 m/s 2 .
The correct choice is A.
Assess: Especially note that in part (b) the magnitude of the force of the floor on you is not the same as the
magnitude of the earth’s gravitational force on you, as it would have been if you hadn’t been pushing on the ceiling.
Q6.30. Reason: Equation 6.22 gives the relationship of orbital period of an object to the radius of its orbit. The
period is proportional to the square root of the cube of the radius. If the radius decreases, so does the period. The
correct choice is C.
Assess: This makes sense. The distance traveled by the moon in the tighter orbit would be smaller. From Equation
6.21, the velocity of the moon in the smaller orbit would actually increase. These two effects combine to decrease the
period of the orbit.
Q6.31. Reason: We need to use Equation 6.22 (also known as Kepler’s Third Law) because it relates the orbital
period T to the orbital radius r. We are given that r2 = 4r1.
Write Equation 6.22 for each planet (write planet 2 first) and then divide the two equations:
⎛ 4π 2 ⎞ 3
T 22 = ⎜ ⎟ r2
⎝ GM ⎠
⎛ 4π 2 ⎞ 3
T 12 = ⎜ ⎟ r1
⎝ GM ⎠
T 22 r 23
=
T 12 r 13
T 22 (4r1 )3
= 3
T 12 r1
Multiply both sides by T 12 and cancel r 13:
T 22 = T 12 (4)3
Take square roots:
T2 = T1 (4)3 = T1 64 = 8T1
The correct choice is D.
Assess: When the orbital radius quadruples, the period increases by a factor of eight because planet 2 has not only
farther to go, but also moves slower. It is instructive to test this relationship with real data. According to
Example 6.15, communication satellites have an orbital radius of 4.22 × 107 m and we know from the table inside
the back cover of the book that the moon’s orbital radius is 3.84 × 108 m. Combining these, we have rmoon ≈ 9rsatellite , so
( )
3
using the math above with the new number, Tmoon ≈ 93Tsatellite = 9 Tsatellite = 27Tsatellite = 27 d. From Question 6.28, we
know that this is the length of one month.
Problems
P6.1. Prepare: Find the speed of an object in uniform circular motion. We are given r = 2.5 m (half of the
diameter).
A preliminary calculation will give ω .
ω = 2π rad/4.0 s = 1.57 rad/s
Solve:
v = ω r = (1.57 rad/s)(2.5 m) = 3.9 m/s
Assess: A speed of 3.9 m/s seems reasonable for a merry-go-round turning this fast.
P6.2. Prepare: We need to convert the angular velocity, ω , from rpm to rad/s.
rev ⎛ 1 min ⎞⎛ 2π rad ⎞
3450 rpm = 3450 ⎟ = 361.3 rad/s
min ⎜⎝ 60 s ⎟⎜⎠⎝ 1 rev ⎠
We will also need to divide the diameter by 2 to get the radius: r = 12.5 cm = 0.125 m.
Solve: We know that v = ω r , so the velocity of the tooth is given by:
v = (361.3 rad/s)(0.125 m) = 45.2 m/s = 101 mph
Assess: This seems reasonable since 3450 rpm is a possible angular velocity for the engine in your car, the diameter
of the saw is of the same order of magnitude as the diameter of a tire, and 100 mph is a possible vehicular speed.
(Computing the speed of a car from the angular velocity is actually more complicated than this.)
6-8 Chapter 6
P6.3. Prepare: Assume uniform circular motion.

Solve: (a) Converting revolutions per minute to revolutions per second
⎛ 1 revolutions ⎞⎛ 1 minute ⎞
⎜ 33 3 min ute ⎟⎜ 60 s ⎟ = 0.56 rev/s
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
(b) Using the equation from the text
1 1
T= = = 1.8 s
f 0.56 rev/s
Assess: This seems reasonable, if you’re old enough to remember LPs. They are making a comeback now.
P6.4. Prepare: We need to convert the 5400 rpm to different units and then find the period which is the inverse of
frequency.
Solve: (a) The hard disk’s frequency can be converted as follows:
rev rev ⎛ 1 min ⎞ rev
500 = 5400 ⎜ ⎟ = 90
min min ⎝ 60 sec ⎠ sec
Its frequency is 90 rev/s.
(b) Period and frequency are inverses of each other, consequently, we have the following:
1 1
T= = = 11 ms
f 90 rev/s
Its period is 11 ms.
Assess: This is about the rate that the engine in a car turns if it is straining. So an automobile engine completes a
cycle every 10 or 20 ms.
P6.5. Prepare: We are asked to find period, speed and acceleration. Period and frequency are inverses according to
the chapter. To find speed we need to know the distance traveled by the speck in one period. Then the acceleration is
given by a = v 2 / r.
Solve: (a) The disk’s frequency can be converted as follows:
rev rev ⎛ 1 min ⎞ rev rev
10,000 = 10,000 ⎜ ⎟ = 167 ≈ 170
min min ⎝ 60 sec ⎠ sec sec
The period is the inverse of the frequency:
1 1
=T= = 6.0 ms
f 167 rev/s
(b) The speed of the speck equals the circumference of its orbit divided by the period:
2π r 2π (6.0 cm) ⎛ 1000 ms ⎞ ⎛ 1 m ⎞
v= = = 62.8 m/s,
T 6.00 ms ⎜⎝ 1 s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 100 cm ⎟⎠
which rounds to 63 m/s.
(c) From Equation 3.23, the acceleration of the speck is given by v 2 / r:
v 2 (62.8 m/s) 2 ⎛ 100 cm ⎞
a= = = 65,700 m/s 2 ,
r 6.0 cm ⎜⎝ 1 m ⎟⎠
which rounds to 66,000 m/s 2 . In units of g, this is as follows:
⎛ 1g ⎞
65,700 m/s 2 = 65,700 m/s 2 ⎜ = 6,700 g
⎝ 9.80 m/s 2 ⎟⎠
Assess: The speed and acceleration of the edge of a CD are remarkable. The speed, 63 m/s, is about 140 mi/hr. As
you will learn in chapter 4, very large forces are necessary to create large accelerations like 6,700 g .
P6.6. Prepare: The horse and rider are in uniform circular motion. We are given r = 4.0 m.
A preliminary calculation will determine ω in rad/s for part (b):
rev ⎛ 2π rad ⎞
ω = 0.10 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.628 rad/s
s ⎝ 1 rev ⎠
Solve: (a) Solve for Δ t .

Δθ 2 rev
Δt = = = 20 s
ω 0.10 rev/s
(b) Use the equation for angular speed:
v = ω r = (0.628 rad/s)(4.0 m) = 2.5 m/s.
Assess: A time for two revolutions of 20 s seems reasonable; a speed of 2.5 m/s also seems reasonable.
Note that for part (a) the answer is independent of the radius; it takes 20 s for everything to go around twice, not just
the bucking horse.
P6.7. Prepare: The earth is a particle orbiting around the sun in a circular orbit.
Solve: (a) The magnitude of the earth’s velocity is displacement divided by time:
2π r 2π (1.50 × 1011 m )
v= = = 3.0 × 104 m/s
T 365 days × 124dayhr × 3600
1 hr
s
(b) The centripetal acceleration is

v 2 (3.0 × 104 m/s) 2
ar = = = 6.0 × 10−3 m/s 2
r 1.5 × 1011 m
Assess: A tangential velocity of 3.0 × 104 m/s or 30 km/s is large, but needed for the earth to go through a
displacement of 2 π (1.5 × 1011 m) ≈ 9.4 × 108 km in 1 year.
P6.8. Prepare: The tip is in uniform circular motion. A preliminary calculation will determine ω in rad/s.
rev ⎛ 2π rad ⎞ ⎛ 1 min ⎞
ω = 13 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 1.36 rad/s
min ⎝ 1 rev ⎠ ⎝ 60 s ⎠
Solve: (a) The magnitude of the tip’s velocity is displacement divided by time:
v = ω r = (1.36 rad/s)(56 m) = 76 m/s
(b) The centripetal acceleration is
ar = ω 2 r = (1.36 rad/s) 2 (56 m) = 100 m/s 2
Assess: What appear to be lazily rotating blades are moving quite quickly.
P6.9. Prepare: The pebble is a particle rotating around the axle in a circular orbit. To convert units from rev/s to
rad/s, we note that 1 rev = 2π rad.
Solve: The pebble’s angular velocity ω = (3.0 rev/s)(2π rad/rev) = 18.85 rad/s. The speed of the pebble as it moves
around a circle of radius r = 30 cm = 0.30 m is
v = ω r = (18.85 rad/s)(0.30 m) = 5.65 m/s = 5.7 m/s
The centripetal acceleration is
v 2 (5.65 m/s 2 )
a= = = 110 m/s 2
r 0.30 m
Assess: These numbers seem reasonable.
P6.10. Prepare: v = ω r
Solve: Since the speeds are equal, we have

r1 1
ω1r1 = ω 2 r2 ⇒ ω 2 = ω1 = (17 rpm) = 9.5 rpm
r2 2
Assess: The proportionalities make intuitive sense.
P6.11. Prepare: The pilot is assumed to be a particle.

Solve: Since ar = v 2 / r , we have
v 2 = ar r = (98 m/s 2 )(12 m) ⇒ v = 34 m/s
6-10 Chapter 6
Assess: 34 m/s ≈ 76 mph is a large yet understandable speed.
P6.12. Prepare: Assume constant speed and compute the speed from the distance and time for one full lap.
Solve: The distance is 400 m and the time is 100 s, so the speed is 4.0 m/s. The radius of the circular ends is 37 m.
v 2 (4.0 m/s 2 )
a= = = 0.43 m/s 2
r 37 m
Assess: This is not an unduly large speed.
P6.13. Prepare: The equation in the text tells us the tension:

v2
T =m
r
Because all four are moving at the same speed, we need only consider the effect of m and r on T. A small r and a
large m would make for a large T, as in case 3.
Solve: T3 > T1 = T4 > T2
Assess: Case 4 is the same as case 1 because both the mass and radius are doubled.
P6.14. Prepare: The horizontal force must provide the centripetal acceleration. Use Newton’s second law.
Solve: (a) The radius of the circular ends is 8.0 m.
v2 (12 m/s) 2
F = ma = m = (65 kg) = 1170 N ≈ 1200 N
r 8.0 m
(b) The weight is w = mg = (65 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 637 N. The ratio of the centripetal force to the weight is
1170 N/637 N = 1.8.
Assess: So the centripetal force is about twice the weight of the skater. The mass of the skater cancels out in the
ratio.
P6.15. Prepare: Treat the block as a particle attached to a massless string that is swinging in a circle on a
frictionless table. A pictorial representation of the block, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown below.
We will use equations from the text and work with SI units.
Solve: (a) The angular velocity and linear speed are

rev 2π rad 1 min
ω = 75 × = 471.2 rad/min v = rω = (0.5 m)(471.2 rad/min) × = 3.93 m/s ≈ 3.9 m/s
min 1 rev 60 s
(b) Newton’s second law is
mv 2
Σ Fr = T =
r
Thus
(3.93 m/s) 2
T = (0.200 kg) = 6.2 N
0.5 m
P6.16. Prepare: Assume the ground is level. The static friction force is the net force and it must produce the
centripetal acceleration. We’ll compute for the minimum coefficient of static friction; any larger coefficient would
also work.
Solve: Because there is no acceleration in the vertical direction, the minimum static friction force is equal to μs mg .
v2 v2 (12 m/s) 2
Fnet = μs mg = ma = m⇒ μs = = = 0.73
r rg (20 m)(9.80 m/s) 2
Assess: This answer is in the range of coefficients in Table 5.2. The coefficient could even be as large as 1.0 if the
ground is covered with concrete.
P6.17. Prepare: We are using the particle model for the car in uniform circular motion on a flat circular track.
There must be friction between the tires and the road for the car to move in a circle. A pictorial representation of the
car, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown below.
Solve: The equation in the text gives the centripetal acceleration

v 2 (25 m/s) 2
a= = = 6.25 m/s 2
r 100 m
The acceleration points to the center of the circle, so the net force is
F = ma = (1500 kg)(6.25 m/s2, toward center) = (9400 N, toward center)
This force is provided by static friction:
f s = Fr = 9400 N
P6.18. Prepare: We are given r = 0.50 m and m = 0.19 kg.

A preliminary calculation using Table 1.3 will give v in m/s.
⎛ 0.447 m/s ⎞
v = 70 mph ⎜ ⎟ = 31.3 m/s
⎝ 1 mph ⎠
Solve: (a)
v 2 (31.1 m/s) 2
a= = = 1960 m/s 2 ≈ 2000 m/s 2
r 0.50 m
to two significant figures.
6-12 Chapter 6
(b) With the two forces on the ball being its weight and the force exerted by the hand, apply Newton’s second law at
the lowest point and solve for Fhand .
∑F = F hand − w = ma
Fhand = w + ma = mg + ma = m(a + g ) = (0.19 kg)(1960 m/s 2 + 9.80 m/s 2 ) = 370 N
Since the hand is providing the centripetal force, the direction is up when the ball is at the bottom of the circle.
Assess: We check to see that we answered all parts of the problem: We gave the centripetal acceleration and the
magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the hand. The centripetal acceleration seems large (200 g), but the
force exerted by the hand seems reasonable, so everything is probably correct. The units check out.
P6.19. Prepare: We can calculate the ball’s centripetal acceleration and the centripetal force.
Solve: Refer to the following figure.
(a) Converting the velocity of the ball to meters per second, we have
⎛ 0.447 m/s ⎞
v = (85 mph) ⎜ ⎟ = 38 m/s
⎝ 1 mph ⎠
The centripetal acceleration of the ball is then
v 2 (38 m/s 2 )
a= = = 1.7 × 103 m/s 2
r 0.85 m
(b) From the free-body diagram in the figure above, the net force on the ball is in the centripetal direction and so is
equal to the centripetal force on the ball.
Fnet = ma = (0.144 kg)(1700 m/s 2 ) = 240 N
Assess: The centripetal acceleration is large. The centripetal force needed during the launch of the ball is about
54 pounds.
P6.20. Prepare: The blade is in uniform circular motion. A preliminary calculation will determine ω in rad/s. The
inward force provides the centripetal acceleration. Model the radius of the circular motion as half the length of the
blade, or 19 m.
rev ⎛ 2π rad ⎞⎛ 1 min ⎞
ω = 22 ⎟ = 2.3 rad/s
min ⎜⎝ 1 rev ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 60 s ⎠
Solve: The required force is
F = ma = mω 2 r = (12000 kg)(2.3 rad/s) 2 (19 m) = 1.2 × 106 N
Assess: The blades must be constructed well to support this force.
P6.21. Prepare: The force exerted by the wall of the truck on the box provides the centripetal force so we need
Fwall = mv 2 / r. The figure shows the box clinging to the left wall of the truck bed.
Solve: Since the force exerted by the wall equals the weight of the box, we can write: Fwall = mv 2 / r = mg. If we
solve this equation for v, we get:
v = gr = (9.80 m/s 2 )(20 m) = 14 m/s
The truck needs to travel at 14 m/s.
Assess: This is reasonable because we know from experience that at typical vehicular speeds, the forces on our
bodies (exerted by the seat belt) can be large compared to our weight, especially for sharp turns.
P6.22. Prepare: The contact force must provide the centripetal acceleration. Use Newton’s second law.
Solve: (a) The radius of the circular arc is 0.16 m.
v2 (2.5 m/s) 2
F = ma = m = (10 mg) = 0.39 mN
r 0.16 m
(b) The weight is w = mg = (10 mg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 0.098 mN. The ratio of the centripetal force to the weight is
0.39 mN/0.098 mN = 4.0.
Assess: The contact force must be about four times as much as the weight of the drop.
P6.23. Prepare: At the bottom there are two forces on the gibbon, the upward tension force in the arm (modeled as
a massless rod) and the downward force of gravity.
Solve: At the bottom of the swing the tension force in the rod must be greater than the weight in order to provide and
upward centripetal acceleration.
v2 v2 ⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (3.5 m/s 2 ) ⎞
Fnet = T − mg = ma = m ⇒ T = m + mg = m ⎜ + g ⎟ = (9.0 kg) ⎜ + 9.80 m/s 2 ⎟ = 270 N
r r ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ 0.60 m ⎠
The branch must be able to provide this much support without breaking.
Assess: The branch must be able to support about three times the weight of the gibbon.
P6.24. Prepare: Model the passenger in a roller coaster car as a particle in uniform circular motion. A pictorial
representation of the car, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown below. Note that the normal force n
of the seat pushing on the passenger is the passenger’s apparent weight.
6-14 Chapter 6
Solve: Since the passengers feel 50% heavier than their true weight, n = 1.50 w. Thus, from Newton’s second law,
the net force at the bottom of the dip is:
mv 2 mv 2
Σ F = n − w = 1.50 w − w = ⇒ 0.50 mg = ⇒ v = 0.50 gr = (0.50)(30 m)(9.80m/s 2 ) = 12 m/s
r r
Assess: A speed of 12 m/s or 27 mph for the roller coaster is reasonable. The mass cancels out of the calculation.
P6.25. Prepare: We will calculate the critical speed of the rock in the bucket.
Solve: A free-body diagram is shown.
At the top of the circle, the only forces on the rock are the weight of the rock and the normal force of the bottom of
the bucket on the rock. Both these forces are directed toward the center of the circle. Newton’s second law gives
mv 2
Fnet = n + w =
r
Solving for the normal force,
mv 2
n= − mg
r
The normal force is equal to zero when the velocity has a magnitude equal to the critical speed. Solving for v when
n = 0 N in the equation above,
vc = rg = (1.1 m)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 3.3 m/s
If the magnitude of the velocity of the rock is just equal to the critical speed, the normal force is exactly zero and the
rock is on the verge of leaving the bottom of the bucket.
Assess: It doesn’t matter how massive the rock is, as long as it is moving at a speed greater than the critical speed.
The result is independent of the mass of the rock. Note that the critical speed is the lowest speed that the rock can be
traveling to remain in contact with the bucket.
P6.26. Prepare: Model the passenger in a roller coaster car as a particle in uniform circular motion. A pictorial
representation of the car, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown below. Note that the normal force n
of the seat pushing on the passenger is the passenger’s apparent weight. Draw the x-axis pointing toward the center of
the circle.
Solve: Since the passengers feel 50% lighter than their true weight, n = 0.50 w. Thus, from Newton’s second law in
the x-direction, the net force at the top is:
1 mv 2 1 mv 2 gr (15 m)(9.80 m/s 2 )
∑F = w − n = w − w= ⇒ mg = ⇒v= = = 8.6 m/s
2 r 2 r 2 2
Assess: A speed of 8.6 m/s for the roller coaster is reasonable. The mass cancels out of the calculation. It also makes
sense that if r is bigger then v would need to be bigger.
P6.27. Prepare: Model the roller coaster car as a particle undergoing uniform circular motion along a loop. A
pictorial representation of the car, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown. Note that the normal force n
of the seat pushing on the passenger is the passenger’s apparent weight, and in this problem the apparent weight is
equal to the true weight: wapp = n = mg .
Solve: We have
mv 2
ΣF = n + w = = mg + mg ⇒ v = 2rg = 2(20 m)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 20 m/s
r
Assess: A speed of 20 m/s or 44 mph on a roller coaster ride is reasonable. The mass cancels out of the calculation.
P6.28. Prepare: Model the passenger on the Ferris wheel as a particle in uniform circular motion. A pictorial
representation of the passenger, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown below. Note that the normal
force n of the seat pushing on the passenger is the passenger’s apparent weight. Draw the x-axis pointing toward the
center of the circle in each case.
6-16 Chapter 6
2π r 2π (12.2 m)
A preliminary calculation gives the speed: v = = = 3.19 m/s
Δt 24 s
Solve: Use Newton’s second law in the x-direction.
(a) The net force at the lowest point of the circle is:
mv 2 mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞
∑F = n − w = ⇒ n = mg + = m ⎜ g + ⎟ = 740 N
r r ⎝ r ⎠
(b) The net force at the highest point of the circle is:
mv 2 mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞
∑F = w − n = ⇒ n = mg − = m ⎜ g − ⎟ = 630 N
r r ⎝ r ⎠
Assess: It feels right that the apparent weight would be a bit more at the bottom and a bit less at the top.
P6.29. Prepare: We will use the particle model for the test tube, which is in uniform circular motion. The radius to
the end of the tube from the axis of rotation is 10 cm or 0.1 m. We will use kinematic equations and work with SI units.
Solve: (a) The acceleration is
2
⎛ rev 1 min 2π rad ⎞
a = rω 2 = (0.1 m) ⎜ 4000 × × = 1.8 × 104 m/s 2
⎝ min 60 s 1 rev ⎟⎠
(b) An object falling 1 meter has a speed calculated as follows:
vf2 = vi2 + 2a y ( yf − yi ) = 0 m + 2(− 9.8 m/s 2 )( −1.0 m) ⇒ v1 = 4.43 m/s

When this object is stopped in 1 × 10−3 s upon hitting the floor,
vf = vi + a y (tf − ti ) ⇒ 0 m/s = − 4.43 m/s + a y (1 × 10−3 s) ⇒ a y = 4.4 × 103 m/s 2
This result is one-fourth of the above radial acceleration in part (a).
Assess: The radial acceleration of the centrifuge is large, but it is also true that falling objects are subjected to large
accelerations when they are stopped by hard surfaces.
P6.30. Prepare: Assume the radius of the satellite’s orbit is about the same as the radius of the moon itself.
As a preliminary calculation, compute the angular velocity of the satellite:

2π 2π rad ⎛ 1 min ⎞
ω= = ⎜
−4
⎟ = 9.52 × 10 rad/s
T 110 min ⎝ 60 s ⎠
Solve: The centripetal acceleration of the satellite is
a = ω 2 r = (9.52 × 10−4 rad/s)2 (1.738 × 106 m) = 1.6 m/s 2
Since the acceleration of a body in low orbit is the local g experienced by that body, then this is the answer to the
problem.
Assess: Our answer compares very favorably with the value of g Moon = 1.62 m/s 2 given in the chapter.
P6.31. Prepare: Assume the radius of the satellite’s orbit is about the same as the radius of Mars itself.
As a preliminary calculation, compute the angular velocity of the satellite:

2π 2π rad ⎛ 1 min ⎞
ω= = ⎜
−4
⎟ = 9.52 × 10 rad/s
T 110 min ⎝ 60 s ⎠
2π a
Solve: Since T = and a = ω 2 r ⇒ ω = , then
ω r
2π 2π 2π
T= = = = 5900 s
ω a 3.8 m/s 2
r 3.37 × 106 m
This answer is equal to about 99 min.
Assess: This is between the orbital period for a satellite in low earth orbit and one in low moon orbit, which sounds
right.
P6.32. Prepare: Assume the two lead balls are spherical masses such that their centers are separated by 10 cm.
Solve: (a)
Gm1m2 (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 )(10 kg)(0.100 kg)
F1 on 2 = F2 on 1 = = = 6.67 × 10−9 N = 6.7 × 10−9 N
r2 (0.10 m) 2
6-18 Chapter 6
(b) The ratio of the above gravitational force to the weight of the 100 g ball is
6.7 × 10−9 N
= 6.8 × 10−9
(0.100 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
Assess: The answer in part (b) shows the smallness of the gravitational force between two lead balls separated by
10 cm compared to the weight of the 100 g ball.
P6.33. Prepare: Call the mass of the star M. Write Newton’s law of gravitation for each planet.
GMm1
F1 =
r 12
GMm2 GM (2m1 )
F2 = =
r 22 (2r1 ) 2
Solve: Divide the two equations to get the ratio desired.
GM (2 m1 )
F2 (2 r1 )2 1
= GMm1
=
F1 r 21
2
Assess: The answer is expected. Even with twice the mass, because the radius in the denominator is squared, we
expect the force on planet 2 to be less than the force on planet 1.
P6.34. Prepare: We can use the equation for free-fall acceleration on the surface of a given planet. Assume the
two planets are spherical masses, M 1 and M 2 with radii R1 and R2 , respectively. M 2 = 2 M 1 and R2 = 2 R1.
Solve: (a) From the equation for free fall
GM 1 GM 2
g1 = and g2 =
R 21 R 22
So,
g2
= ( M 2 / M 1 )( R1/ R2 ) 2 = (2M 1/ M 1 )( R1/2 R1 ) 2 = 0.5 ⇒ g 2 = 0.5 g1 = 0.5(20 m/s 2 ) = 10 m/s 2
g1
Assess: The answer shows clearly the inverse square dependence on distance versus the direct dependence on mass
of the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a planet.
P6.35. Prepare: Model the sun (s) and the earth (e) as spherical masses. Due to the large difference between your
size and mass and that of either the sun or the earth, a human body can be treated as a particle.
GM e my GM e my
Solve: Fs on you = and Fe on you =
rs2− e re2
Dividing these two equations gives
2 2
⎛ M ⎞⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ 1.99 × 1030 kg ⎞⎛ 6.37 × 106 m ⎞
Fs on y
= ⎜ s ⎟⎜ e ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 6.0 × 10
−4
Fe on y ⎝ M e ⎠⎝ rs − e ⎠ ⎝ 5.98 × 1024 kg ⎠⎝ 1.5 × 1011 m ⎠

Assess: The result shows the smallness of the sun’s gravitational force on you compared to that of the earth.
P6.36. Prepare: We are given the free-fall acceleration at the surface and asked for the acceleration at a point
1000 m higher. We need to use the equation for the acceleration of gravity due to a planet: g = GM/ r 2 . In the
present problem, we know the free-fall acceleration at a distance re from the center of the earth, where re is the
radius of the earth. We will call the acceleration at the surface of the earth g (re ) and the acceleration at a point
1000 m higher g (re + 1000 m). We are given g (re ) = 9.8000 m/s 2 .
Solve: The equations for the free-fall acceleration at the surface of the earth and 1000 m higher are:
GM GM
g (re ) = 9.8000 m/s 2 = 2
and g ( re + 1000 m) =
re (re + 1000 m) 2
If we divide the second equation by the first, we get:
g ( re + 1000 m) r 2e 1 1
2
= 2
= 2
= 2
= 0.999686
9.8000 m/s (re + 1000 m) ⎛ 1000 m ⎞ ⎛ 1000 m ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 + 6.37 × 106 m ⎟
⎝ re ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Solving g (re + 1000 m)/(9.8000 m/s ) = 0.999686 gives g (re + 1000 m) = 9.7969 m/s 2 so the free-fall acceleration
2
at the top of the tower would be 9.7969 m/s 2 .

Assess: The value of 9.8 m/s 2 is very reliable because even at the top of this extremely tall building (the Empire
State building is only about 400 m), the free-fall acceleration is reduced by less than 1 part in 3000. This is what we
would expect since even astronauts in orbit experience a free fall acceleration not much less than 9.8 m/s 2 .
P6.37. Prepare: Look up the data for Jupiter. M Jupiter = 1.90 × 1027 kg, RJupiter = 6.99 × 107 m.
Solve: From the equation in the text,
g= = =
−11 2 2
( 27
GM G (0.43M Jupiter ) (6.67 × 10 N ⋅ m / kg ) (0.43)(1.90 × 10 kg)
= 3.9 m/s 2
)
R2 (1.7 RJupiter )2 ((1.7)(6.99 × 107 m))2
Assess: This is in the range of g for other planets.
P6.38. Prepare: Look up the data for Jupiter. M Jupiter = 1.90 × 1027 kg, RJupiter = 6.99 × 107 m.
( )
3
r3 (1.2 RJupiter )3 (1.2)(6.99 × 107 m)
T = 2π = 2π = 2π = 3200 s = 53 min
GM G (18M Jupiter ) (
(6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 ) (18)(1.90 × 1027 kg) )
Assess: This is in the range of T for other planets.
6-20 Chapter 6
P6.39. Prepare: Model the sun (s), the earth (e), and the moon (m) as spherical masses.
Gms me (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2/kg 2 )(1.99 × 1030 kg)(5.98 × 10 24 kg)
Solve: (a) Fs on e = = = 3.53 × 10 22 N
r 2s − e (1.50 × 1011 m) 2
GM m M e (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 )(7.36 × 10 22 kg)(5.98 × 10 24 kg)
(b) Fm on e = = = 1.99 × 1020 N
rm2 − e (3.84 × 108 m) 2
(c) The moon’s force on the earth as a percent of the sun’s force on the earth is
⎛ 1.99 × 1020 N ⎞
⎜ 22 ⎟ × 100 = 0.564%
⎝ 3.53 × 10 N ⎠
P6.40. Prepare: Look up the data for Saturn. M Saturn = 5.68 × 1026 kg, RSaturn = 5.85 × 107 m.

GM Saturn (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 / kg 2 )(5.68 × 1026 kg)
g= 2
= = 11 m/s 2
RSaturn (5.85 × 107 m) 2
This low value is possible because the density of Saturn is so low. The mass is big, but the volume is even bigger, so
the density of Saturn is quite low.
Assess: Saturn is the only planet in our solar system that would float in a pool of water.
P6.41. Prepare: Model Mars (m) and Jupiter (J) as spherical masses.
(6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m2 /kg 2 )(6.42 × 1023 kg)
Solve: (a) g Mars surface = = 3.77 m/s 2
(3.37 × 106 m)2
GM J (6.67 × 10 −11 N ⋅ m 2/kg 2 )(1.90 × 10 27 kg)
(b) g Ju pit er surf ace = = = 25.9 m/s 2
RJ2 (6.99 × 107 m) 2
P6.42. Prepare: We know that T 2 ∝ r 3.

Solve: Thus, at rY = 4rX ,
T Y2 ∝ (4rX )3 = 64r X3 ∝ (8TX ) 2
With TY = 8TX , a year on planet Y is 1600 earth days long.
Assess: This agrees perfectly with Question 6.31 where we saw that if r2 = 4r1 then T2 = 8T1.
The constants in the equation (including the mass M of the star) cancel out.
P6.43. Prepare: We can use the equation for the speed of a satellite in a circular orbit. Assume the two satellites
are spherical masses with center-to-center separations of RA and RB from a planet such that rB = 2 rA and
mB = 2 mA .
Solve: (a) From Equation 6.21, vA = GM/ rA and vB = GM/ rB , where M is the planet’s mass.
So,
vB rA 1
= ⇒ vB = 10,000 m/s = 7000 m/s
vA rB 2
Assess: Note that the mass of a planet does not figure in the equation.
P6.44. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass and the shuttle (s) as a point particle. The shuttle with
mass ms and velocity vs orbits the earth in a circle of radius rs . We will denote the earth’s mass by M e . As a
reminder, the gravitational force between the earth and the shuttle provides the necessary centripetal acceleration for
circular motion.
Solve: Newton’s second law is

GM e ms msvs2 GM e GM e
= ⇒ vs2 = ⇒ vs =
r 2s rs rs rs
Because rs = Re + 250 miles = 6.37 × 106 m + 4.023 × 105 m = 6.77 × 106 m,
(6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2/kg 2 )(5.98 × 10 24 kg)
vs = = 7675 m/s ≈ 7700 m/s
(6.77 × 106 m)
2π rs 2π (6.77 × 106 m)
Ts =
= = 5542 s = 92 min
vs 7.675 × 103 m/s
Assess: An orbital period of 92.4 minutes is reasonable for a 250 mile high orbit. As comparison, the orbital period
is 1440 minutes for a geostationary orbit at a distance of approximately 25,000 miles.
P6.45. Prepare: Model the sun (s) as a spherical mass and the asteroid (a) as a point particle. The asteroid, having
mass ma and velocity va , orbits the sun in a circle of radius ra . The asteroid’s time period is Ta = 5.0 earth
years = 1.5779 × 108 s.
Solve: The gravitational force between the sun (mass = M s ) and the asteroid provides the centripetal acceleration
required for circular motion.
2 1/ 3
GM s ma ma v 2a GM s ⎛ 2π ra ⎞ ⎛ GM sT 2a ⎞
= ⇒ =⎜ ⎟ ⇒ ra = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4π ⎠
2 2
ra ra ra ⎝ Ta ⎠
Substituting G = 6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 , M s = 1.99 × 1030 kg, and the time period of the asteroid, we obtain
ra = 4.37 × 1011 m. The velocity of the asteroid in its orbit will therefore be
2π ra (2π )(4.37 × 1011 m)
va = = = 1.7 × 104 m/s
Ta 1.5779 × 108 s
P6.46. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass and the satellite (s) as a point particle. The satellite has a
mass ms and orbits the earth with a velocity vs . The radius of the circular orbit is denoted by rs and the mass of the
earth by M e .
Solve: The satellite experiences a gravitational force that provides the centripetal acceleration required for circular
motion:
GM e ms msvs2 GM e (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2/kg 2 )(5.98 × 1024 kg)
= ⇒ rs = = = 1.32 × 107 m
r s2 rs vs2 (5500 m/s) 2
2π Rs (2π )(1.32 × 107 m)
⇒ Ts = = = 1.51 × 104s = 4.2 h
vs (5500 m/s)
P6.47. Prepare: From the equation for circular orbits we solve for r.
Solve: Ratios are a good way to solve this problem.
4π 2 3 GMT 2
T2 = r ⇒ r3 =
GM 4π 2
Compare with data from our solar system.
2 2
r23 M 2T22 M ⎛T ⎞ 1.1 ⎛ 2.7 d ⎞
= ⇒ r2 = r1 3 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = (1.0 au) 3 = 0.039 au
r13 M 1T12 M 1 ⎝ T2 ⎠ 1 ⎜⎝ 365 d ⎟⎠
Assess: This is a very small orbital radius because the period so short. We have no planets like this in our solar
system. This answer can also be obtained without ratios. Preliminary calculations give 2.7 d = 2.33 × 105 s .
T 2GM (2.33 × 105 s) 2 (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 / kg 2 )(1.1)(1.99 × 1030 kg)
r= 3 = 3 = 5.86 × 108 m = 0.039 au
4π 2 4π 2
6-22 Chapter 6
4π 2 r 3
P6.48. Prepare: From the equation for circular orbits we solve for M. M = . Use ratios to simplify the
GT 2
calculation. Preliminary calculations give 600 d = 1.64 y.
Solve: The satellite experiences a gravitational force that provides the centripetal acceleration required for circular
motion:
4π 2 rstar
3
M star 2
GTstar T 2 rstar
3 2
Tsun (1.4rsun )3 (1.4)3
= = sun = = = 1.0
M sun 4π rsun Tstar rsun (1.64Tsun )
2 3 2 3 2 3
rsun (1.64) 2
2
GTsun
Assess: This shows the mass of the star is about the same as the mass of the sun, which is a typical stellar mass.
P6.49 Prepare: From the equation for circular orbits we solve for T. Preliminary calculations give
0.0058 au = 8.70 ×108 m and 0.13M sun = 2.59 × 1029 kg.
Solve: The speed is
r3 (8.70 × 108 m)3
T = 2π = 2π −11
= 11 h
GM (6.67 × 10 N ⋅ m 2 / kg 2 )(2.59 × 1029 kg)
Assess: This is an extremely short year. This problem can also be solved using ratios.
P6.50. Prepare: The plane must fly as fast as the earth’s surface moves, but in the opposite direction. That is, the
plane must fly from east to west. Work with SI units.
Solve: The speed is
⎛ 2π rad ⎞ km km 1 mile
v = ωr = ⎜ (6.4 × 103 km) = 1680 = 1680 × = 1000 mph from east to west.
⎝ 24 h ⎟⎠ h h 1.609 km
P6.51. Prepare: Since the speed is constant the acceleration tangent to the path at each point is zero.
Solve: Since a = v 2 /r and v is constant, we see that the radius of curvature of the road at point A is about three
times larger than the radius of curvature at point C, so the car’s centripetal acceleration at point C is three times
larger than at point A.
At point B there is no curvature, so there is no centripetal acceleration.

Assess: When you drive on windy roads you know that the tighter the curve the more acceleration you feel, and it is
often wise to not keep your speed constant. Slowing down for tight curves keeps the centripetal acceleration
manageable (it must be produced by the centripetal force of friction of the road on the tires).
P6.52. Prepare: We will use Newton’s second law. The electric force between the electron and the proton causes
the centripetal acceleration needed for the electron’s circular motion.
Solve: Newton’s second law is F = ma = mrω 2 . Substituting into this equation yields:
F 9.2 × 10−8 N rad 1 rev
ω= = = 4.37 × 1016 rad/s = 4.37 × 1016 × = 7.0 × 1015 rev/s
mr −31 −11
(9.1 × 10 kg)(5.3 × 10 m) s 2π rad
Assess: This is a very high number of revolutions per second.
P6.53. Prepare: Treat the man as a particle. When at the equator the man undergoes uniform circular motion as the
earth rotates.
Solve: The scale reads the man’s apparent weight wapp = n, the force of the scale pushing up against his feet. At the
North Pole, where the man is in static equilibrium,
nP = ( wapp ) P = mg = 735 N
At the equator, there must be a net force toward the center of the earth to keep the man moving in a circle. In the
radial direction
ΣF = w − nE = mω 2 r ⇒ nE = ( wapp ) E = mg − mω 2 r = ( wapp ) P − mω 2 r
So the equator scale reads less than the North Pole scale by the amount mω 2 r.
The angular velocity of the earth is
2π 2π rad
ω= = = 7.27 × 10−5 rad/s
T 24 h × (3600 s/1 h)
Thus the North Pole scale reads more than the equator scale by
mω 2 r = (75 kg)(7.27 × 10−5 rad/s) 2 (6.37 × 106 m) = 2.5 N
Assess: The man at the equator appears to have lost approximately 0.25 kg or about 1/2 lb.
P6.54. Prepare: Treat the car as a particle in uniform circular motion. A visual overview is shown in the following
pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values. The force of friction between the road and the tires
causes the centripetal acceleration needed for the car’s circular motion.
6-24 Chapter 6
Solve: The centripetal acceleration of the car is

v 2 (15 m/s) 2
a= = = 4.5 m/s 2
r 50 m
The acceleration is due to the force of static friction. The force of friction is fs = ma = (1500 kg)(4.5 m/s2 ) = 6800 N.
Assess: The model of static friction is f s max = nμs = mg μs ≈ mg ≈ 15,000 N since μs ≈ 1 for a dry road surface. We
see that f s < f s max , which is reasonable.
P6.55. Prepare: Model the ball as a particle which is in a vertical circular motion. A visual overview of the ball’s
vertical motion is shown in the following pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values. The tension
in the string causes the centripetal acceleration needed for the ball’s circular motion.
Solve: At the bottom of the circle,

mv 2 (0.5 kg)v 2
∑ Fbottom = T − w =⇒ (15 N) − (0.5 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = ⇒ v = 5.5 m/s
r (1.5 m)
Assess: A speed of 5.5 m/s or 12 mph is reasonable for the ball attached to a string.
P6.56. Prepare: Treat the coin as a particle which is undergoing circular motion. A visual overview of the coin’s
circular motion is shown below in the following pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values. The
force of static friction between the coin and the turntable, as long as the coin does not slide, causes the centripetal
acceleration needed for circular motion. The force of static friction is f s = μs n = μs mg . This force is equivalent to the
maximum centripetal force that can be applied without sliding. Work with SI units.
Solve: That is,

v2 μs g (0.80)(9.8 m/s 2 )
μs mg = m = m( rωmax
2
) ⇒ ωmax = = = 7.23 rad/s
r r 0.15 m
rad 1 rev 60 s
= 7.23 × × = 69 rpm
s 2 π rad 1 min
So, the coin will stay still on the turntable.
Assess: A rotational speed of approximately 1 rev per second for the coin to stay stationary seems reasonable.
P6.57. Prepare: Treat the ball as a particle in circular motion. A visual overview of the ball’s circular motion is shown
below in a pictorial representation, a free-body diagram, and a list of values. The mass moves in a horizontal circle of radius
r = 20 cm. A component of the tension in the string toward the center of the circle causes the centripetal acceleration
needed for circular motion. The acceleration a and the net force vector point to the center of the circle, not along the string.
The other two forces are the string tension T , which does point along the string, and the weight w.
Solve: (a) Newton’s second law for circular motion is

mv 2
∑ Fy = T cos θ − w = T cos θ − mg = 0 N ∑ Fx = T sin θ =
r
From the y-equation,
mg (0.5 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )
T= = = 5.0 N
cos θ cos 11.54°
(b) We can find the rotation speed from the x-equation:
rT sin θ
v= = 0.633 m/s
m
The rotation frequency is ω = v /r = 3.165 rad/s. Converting to rpm,
rad 60 sec 1 rev
ω = 3.165 × × = 30 rpm
sec 1 min 2π rad
(c) The period of the orbit is 2π / ω = 2π / 3.165 rad/s = 2.0 s.
Assess: One revolution in two seconds is reasonable.
P6.58. Prepare: Consider the passenger to be a particle in circular motion. A visual overview of the passenger’s
circular motion is shown below in the following pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values. The
passenger moves in a horizontal circle of radius r = 2.5 m. The normal force of the cylinder’s wall toward the
rotation axis causes the centripetal acceleration needed for circular motion, so the acceleration a and the net force
vector point to the center of the circle. The other two forces, the upward force of static friction f s and the downward
weight w, cancel each other when the passenger sticks to the wall and does not slide.
6-26 Chapter 6
Solve: The minimum angular velocity occurs when static friction reaches its maximum possible value f s max = μ s n.
Although clothing has a range of coefficients of friction, it is the clothing with the smallest coefficient ( μs = 0.6)
that will slip first, so this is the case we need to examine. Assuming that the person is stuck to the wall, Newton’s
second law is
∑ Fx = n = mω 2 r ∑ Fy = f s − w = 0 ⇒ f s = mg
The minimum frequency occurs when
fs = fs max = μs n = μs mrωmin
2
Using this expression for fs in the x-equation gives
g 9.80 m/s2 1 rev 60 s

fs = μs mrω min
2
= mg ⇒ ω min = = = 2.56 rad/s = 2.56 rad/s × × = 24 rpm
μs r 0.60(2.5 m) 2 π rad 1 min
Assess: Note that the velocity does not depend on the mass of the individual. Therefore, the minimum mass sign is
not necessary.
P6.59. Prepare: Since the hanging block is at rest, the total force on it is zero. The two forces are the tension in the
string, T , and the weight of the puck, −mg. Since the revolving puck is moving at constant speed in a circle, the
total force on the puck is the centripetal force. We must write the equations and solve them.
Solve: The total force on the block is T − mg. From Newton’s second law, the total force is zero so we write:
T = mg = (1.20 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 11.8 N
The centripetal acceleration of the puck is caused by the tension in the string, so mv 2 / r = T. We solve this to obtain:
v = Tr / m = (11.8 N)(0.50 m)/(0.20 kg) = 5.4 m/s
The puck must rotate at a speed of 5.4 m/s.
Assess: It is remarkable that a block can be supported by a puck moving horizontally. But both the puck and the
block are able to pull on the string—the block pulls downward on one end and the puck pulls outward on the other
end. The relatively small mass of the puck is compensated by its high speed of 5.4 m/s.
P6.60. Prepare: Treat yourself as a particle in uniform circular motion. A visual overview of your vertical circular
motion is shown below in the following pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values.
Solve: (a) The speed and acceleration are

2π r 2π (15 m) v 2 (3.77 m/s) 2
v= = = 3.77 m/s ≈ 3.8 m/s a= = = 0.95 m/s2
T 25 s r 15 m
(b) Newton’s second law at the top is
mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (3.77 m/s) 2 ⎞
∑ Ftop = w − n = ma = ⇒ n = wapp = m ⎜ g − ⎟ = m ⎜ 9.80 m/s 2 − = m(8.85 m/s 2 )
r ⎝ r⎠ ⎝ 15 m ⎟⎠
wapp 8.85 m/s 2
⇒ = = 0.90
w 9.80 m/s 2
(c) Newton’s second law at the bottom is

mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (3.77 m/s 2 ) ⎞
∑ Fbottom = n − w = ma = ⇒ n = wapp = m ⎜ g + ⎟ = m ⎜ 9.80 m/s 2 + ⎟⎠ = m(10.75 m/s )
2
r ⎝ r⎠ ⎝ 15 m
wapp 10.75 m/s 2
⇒ = = 1.1
w 9.80 m/s 2
P6.61. Prepare: Treat the car as a particle which is undergoing circular motion. The car is in circular motion with
the center of the circle below the car. A visual overview of the car’s circular motion is shown below in the following
pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values.
Solve: Newton’s second law at the top of the hill is

mv 2 ⎛ n⎞
Fnet = ∑ Fy = w − n = mg − n = ma =
⇒ v2 = r ⎜ g − ⎟
r ⎝ m⎠
This result shows that maximum speed is reached when n = 0 and the car is beginning to lose contact with the road.
Then,
vmax = rg = (50 m)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 22 m/s
Assess: A speed of 22 m/s is equivalent to 50 mph, which seems like a reasonable value.
P6.62. Prepare: Treat the ball as a particle undergoing circular motion in a vertical circle. A visual overview of the ball’s
vertical circular motion is shown in the following pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values.
Solve: Initially, the ball is moving in circular motion. Once the string breaks, it becomes a projectile. The final
circular-motion velocity is the initial velocity for the projectile, which we can find by using the kinematic equation
vf2 = vi2 + 2 a y ( yf − yi ) ⇒ 0 m 2 /s 2 = (vi ) 2 + 2( − 9.8 m/s 2 )(4.0 m − 0 m) ⇒ vi = 8.85 m/s
6-28 Chapter 6
This is the speed of the ball as the string broke. The tension in the string at that instant can be found by using the net
force Fx on the ball:
⎛ v2 ⎞ (8.85 m/s) 2
∑ Fx = T = m ⎜ i ⎟ ⇒ T = (0.100 kg) = 13 N
⎝ r ⎠ 0.6 m
P6.63. Prepare: The inner puck is acted on by two forces, the tensions in the two strings. The outer puck is acted
on only by one force, the tension in string 2. The total force on each puck must provide for its centripetal
acceleration. In the figure, the x-component of each force is given next to the force.
Solve: We use the formula for centripetal acceleration in terms of angular velocity: a = ω 2 r = (2π f ) 2 r. Applying
Newton’s second law to the inner puck, we have:
T1 − T2 = m(2π f )2 l
Here forces toward the center are counted as positive and forces away from the center are counted as negative. Hence
the negative sign in front of T2 . Applying Newton’s second law to the outer puck, we have:
T2 = m(2π f ) 2 (2l) = 2m(2π f )2 l
The tension in the second string is 2m(2π f ) 2 l = 8π 2 mf 2 l. Plugging this value into Newton’s second law for the
inner puck gives:
T1 − 2m(2π f ) 2 l = m(2π f )2 l
which we can solve to obtain the tension in the first string: T1 = 3m(2π f ) 2 l = 12π 2 mf 2l.
Assess: We see that the tension in the first string is greater than the tension in the second string because the first
string is pulling the inner puck toward the center and helping provide the centripetal force it needs, whereas the
second string is pulling the inner puck away from the center. The net force on the puck must be toward the center so
T1 must exceed T2 .
P6.64. Prepare: We expect the centripetal acceleration to be very large because ω is large. This will produce a
significant force even though the mass difference of 10 mg is so small.
A preliminary calculation will convert the mass difference to kg: 10 mg = 1.0 × 10−5 kg. If the two samples are equally
balanced then the shaft doesn’t feel a net force in the horizontal plane. However, the mass difference of 10 mg is
what causes the force.
We’ll do another preliminary calculation to convert ω = 70,000 rpm into rad/s.
rev ⎛ 2π rad ⎞⎛ 1 min ⎞
78 rpm = 70,000 ⎟ = 7330 rad/s
min ⎜⎝ 1 rev ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 60 s ⎠
Solve: The centripetal acceleration is given by the equation in the text and the net force by Newton’s second law.
Fnet = (Δm)(a) = (Δm)(ω 2r ) = (1.0 × 10−5 kg)(7330 rad/s)2 (0.10 m) = 54 N
Assess: As we expected, the centripetal acceleration is large. The force is not huge (because of the small mass
difference) but still enough to worry about. The net force scales with this mass difference, so if the mistake were
bigger it could be enough to shear off the shaft.
P6.65. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass. We will take the free-fall acceleration to be 9.83 m/s2 and
Re = 6.37 × 106 m. A pictorial representation of the situation is shown.
GM e GM e g earth
Solve: g obs ervatory = = = = (9.83 − 0.0075) m/s 2
( Re + h) 2 R 2e (1 + Rhe ) 2 (1 + Rhe ) 2
Here g earth = GM e/ R 2e is the free-fall acceleration. Solving for h,
⎛ 9.83 ⎞
h=⎜ − 1⎟ Re = 2400 m
⎜ 9.8225 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Assess: This altitude is relative to the sea level and is at reasonable altitude.
P6.66. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass.

Solve: Let the free-fall acceleration be 3gsurface when the earth is shrunk to a radius of x. Then,
GM e GM e
gsurface = and 3 gsurface =
R 2e x2
GM e GM e Re
⇒3= 2 ⇒x= = 0.58 Re
Re2 x 3
The earth’s radius would need to be 0.58 times its present value.
P6.67. Prepare: Model the planet Z as a spherical mass.

GM Z (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2/ kg 2 ) M Z
Solve: (a) g Z surface = 2
⇒ 8.0 m/s 2 = ⇒ M Z = 3.0 × 1024 kg
RZ (5.0 × 106 m) 2
(b) Let h be the height above the north pole. Thus,
GM Z GM Z g 8.0 m/s 2
g above N pole = = = Z surface2 = = 0.89 m/s 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
( RZ + h) 2
R 1+ h
1+ h
1+ 10.0×106 m
Z RZ RZ 6
5.0×10 m
P6.68. Prepare: Model Mars (m) as a spherical mass and the satellite (s) as a point particle. The geosynchronous satellite
whose mass is ms and velocity is vs orbits in a circle of radius rs around Mars. Let us denote mass of Mars by M m .
Solve: The gravitational force between the satellite and Mars causes the centripetal acceleration needed for circular
motion:
1/ 3
GM m ms ms vs2 ms (2π rs ) 2 ⎛ GM mTs2 ⎞
= = ⇒ rs = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4π
2 2 2
rs rs rs (Ts ) ⎠
Using vs = 2π rs / T , we have vs = 2π (2.052 ×107 m)/(89,280 s) = 1440 m/s.
6-30 Chapter 6
Using G = 6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2/kg 2, M m = 6.42 × 1023 kg, and Ts = (24.8 hrs) = (24.8)(3600) s = 89,280 s, we obtain
rs = 2.052 ×107 m. Thus, altitude = rs − Rm = 1.72 × 107 m.
P6.69. Prepare: According to the discussion in Section 6.2, the maximum walking speed is vmax = gr. The
astronaut’s leg is about 0.70 m long whether on earth or on Mars, but g will be difficult. Use the equation to find
gMars.
We look up the required data in the astronomical table: mMars = 6.42 × 1023 kg, and RMars = 3.37 × 106 m. In part (b)
we’ll make the same assumption as in the text: The length of the leg r = 0.70 m.
Solve: (a)
GM Mars (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 )(6.42 × 1023 kg)
g Mars = = = 3.77 m/s 2 ≈ 3.8 m/s 2
( RMars )2 (3.37 × 106 m) 2
(b)
vmax = gr = (3.77 m/s2 )(0.70 m) = 1.6 m/s
Assess: The answer is about 3.6 mph, or about 60% of the speed the astronaut could walk on the earth. This is
reasonable on a smaller celestial body. Astronauts may adopt a hopping gait like some did on the moon.
Carefully analyze the units in the preliminary calculation to see that g ends up in m/s2 or N/kg.
P6.70. Prepare: We can use the equation in the text to find the free-fall acceleration near the surface of Mars and
then use the acceleration to find the time it takes the rock to drop.
Solve: The mass of Mars is 6.42 ×1023 kg. The radius of Mars is 3.4 ×106 m. The acceleration due to gravity near
Mars’ surface is
GM Mars (6.67 ×10−11 N ⋅ m2 / kg 2 )(6.42 ×1023 kg)
g Mars =
2
= = 3.7 m/s2
RMars (3.40 ×106 m)2
We can use the Equation 2.12 to find the time the rock will drop. Putting the origin of coordinates at the surface of
Mars, we have yf = 0 m, yi = 2.0 m, ay = −3.7 m/s2 . The rock is dropped, so its initial velocity is zero. Solving for
t in the equation we have
−2 yi −2(2.0 m)
t= = = 1.0 s
ay −3.7 m/s 2
Assess: The answer seems reasonable. This is more time than a rock dropped from a height of 2.0 m on the earth
would take to reach the ground.
P6.71. Prepare: We place the origin of the coordinate system on the 20 kg sphere (m1 ). The sphere (m2) with a
mass of 10 kg is 20 cm away on the x-axis, as shown below. The point at which the net gravitational force is zero
must lie between the masses m1 and m2 . This is because on such a point, the gravitational forces due to m1 and m2
are in opposite directions. As the gravitational force is directly proportional to the two masses and inversely
proportional to the square of distance between them, the mass m must be closer to the 10-kg mass. The small mass m,
if placed either to the left of m1 or to the right of m2 , will experience gravitational forces from m1 and m2 pointing
in the same direction, thus always leading to a nonzero force.
Solve:
m1m m2m 20 10
Fm1 on m = Fm 2 on m ⇒ G =G ⇒ 2 = ⇒ 10 x 2 − 8 x + 0.8 = 0
x2 (0.20 − x)2 x (0.20 − x)2
The value x = 68.3 cm is unphysical in the current situation, since this point is not between m1 and m2 . Thus, the
point ( x, y) = (11.7 cm, 0 cm) ≈ (12 cm, 0 cm) is where a small mass is to be placed for a zero gravitational force.
P6.72. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass and the satellite (s) as a point particle. Let h be the height
from the surface of the earth where the free-fall acceleration ( galtitude ) is 10% of the surface value ( gsurface ).
Solve: (a) Since galtitude = (0.10) gsurface , we have
GM e GM
= (0.10) 2 e ⇒ ( Re + h)2 = 10Re2 ⇒ h = 2.162Re
(Re + h)2 Re
⇒ h = (2.162)(6.37 ×106 m) = 1.377 ×107 m ≈ 1.4 ×107 m
(b) For a satellite orbiting the earth at a height h above the surface of the earth, the gravitational force between the
earth and the satellite provides the centripetal acceleration necessary for circular motion. For a satellite orbiting with
velocity vs ,
GM e ms msvs2 GM e (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m2 / kg 2 (5.98 × 1024 kg)
= ⇒ vs = = = 4500 m/s
( Re + h)2 ( Re + h) Re + h (6.37 × 106 m + 1.377 × 107 m)
P6.73. Prepare: Model Mars (m) and Phobos as spherical masses.

Solve: The period of a satellite orbiting a planet of mass M m is
⎛ 4π 2 ⎞ 3
T2 =⎜ ⎟r
⎝ GM m ⎠
Thus we can use Phobos’s orbit to find the mass of Mars:
4π 2r 3 4π 2 (9.4 × 106 m)3
Mm = 2
= −11
= 6.5 ×1023 kg
GT (6.67 × 10 N ⋅ m2 / kg 2 )(2.7540 ×104 s)2
Assess: The mass of Mars is 6.42 ×1023 kg. The slight difference is likely due to Phobos’s orbit being somewhat
noncircular.
P6.74. Prepare: Model the star (s) and the planet (p) as spherical masses.
Solve: A planet’s free-fall acceleration is
GM p g p Rp2 (12.2 m/s 2 )(9.0 × 106 m)2
gp = 2 ⇒ M p = = = 1.48 × 1025 kg
Rp G 6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m2 / kg 2
(b) A planet’s orbital period is
⎛ 4π 2 ⎞ 3 4π 2r 3 4π 2 (2.20 × 1011 )3
T2 = ⎜ r ⇒ M = = = 5.22 × 1030 kg
⎝ GM s ⎟⎠
s
GT 2 (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m2 / kg 2 )(402 × 24 × 3600 s)2
Assess: The masses obtained are large and certainly physically reasonable.
P6.75. Prepare: According to the discussion in Section 6.2 the maximum walking speed is vmax = gr . The
astronaut’s leg is about 0.70 m long whether on earth or on Europa, but g will be different.
GM Europa (6.67 × 10 −11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 )(4.8 × 10 22 kg)
g Europa = = = 0.333 m/s 2
( REuropa ) 2 (3.1 × 106 m) 2
Solve:
vmax = gr = (0.333 m/s 2 )(0.70 m) = 0.48 m/s
Assess: The answer is about 1 mph or about 1/6 of the speed the astronaut could walk on the earth. This is
reasonable on a small celestial body. Astronauts may adopt a hopping gait like some did on the moon.
Carefully analyze the units in the preliminary calculation to see that g ends up in m/s2 or N/kg.
6-32 Chapter 6
P6.76. Prepare: Since the orbit is circular, the spacecraft is in uniform circular motion.
Solve: The direction of the net force is always in the direction of the acceleration, and a spacecraft in uniform
circular motion will have a centripetal (or center-seeking) acceleration.
So the correct choice is C.
Assess: The answer here is the same for any satellite orbiting a large celestial body. The acceleration of an object in
uniform circular motion is always toward the center of the circle.
If, as in choice D, the net force were zero, the spacecraft would go in a straight line.
P6.77. Prepare: Equation 6.13 which gives the orbital speed in terms of the free-fall acceleration and orbital radius
can be used. The radius is half the diameter, rMoon = 1.75 × 106 m.
Solve: Applying the equation for orbital speed,

vorbit = rg = (1.75 × 106 m)(1.6 m/s 2 ) = 1700 m/s
The correct choice is C.
Assess: Even though the free-fall acceleration on the moon is much less than the free-fall acceleration on earth, the
moon’s orbital speed is still very high. At 3700 mph , it is still faster than an airplane.
P6.78. Prepare: The centripetal acceleration of the spacecraft in orbit is just the local acceleration due to gravity
that it feels. The radius is half the diameter, rMoon = 1.75 × 106 m.
Solve: Solve the equation for ω .
a 1.6 m/s 2
ω= = = 9.56 × 10 −4 rad/s
r 1.75 × 106 m
Now solve ω = 2π /T for T
2π 2π rad
T= = = 6600 s = 110 min
ω 9.56 × 10−4 rad/s
The correct choice is C.
Assess: The answer is reasonable. This period is a bit longer than the period of a satellite in low-earth orbit (because
the moon’s gravity is weaker the satellite doesn’t need to go as fast), but in the same ballpark. The answer here
agrees precisely with Problem 6.30.
P6.79. Prepare: The centripetal acceleration will be constant if the velocity and radius of the orbit remain the same.
Solve: The gravitational force is stronger on the spacecraft when it is orbiting the near side of the moon. The net
centripetal force must remain the same so the spacecraft should compensate for the increased gravitational force
towards the center of the moon by firing its rockets so that they exert a force away from the center of the moon. The
correct choice is A.
Assess: Another way to keep the radius of the orbit the same is to fire the rockets in the direction of motion of the
spacecraft. However, if the spacecraft were fired in the direction of motion the velocity of the spacecraft would
increase.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
—¡Qué vergüenza! —exclamó la señora sin disimular su enfado—
¿Conque para despachar un pasaporte se ha de gastar más tiempo
que para juzgar y condenar a muerte a un hombre?... ¡Qué tribunales
Santo Dios! ¡Qué Superintendencia y qué Comisión militar! Pongan
todo eso en manos de una mujer, y despachará en dos horas lo que
ustedes no saben hacer en una semana.
—Pero usted, señora —dijo Chaperón en el tono que empleaba
para parecer benévolo—, no tiene en cuenta las circunstancias...
—Veo que aquí las circunstancias lo hacen todo. Invocándolas a
cada paso, se cometen mil torpezas, infamias y atropellos. Si volviera
a nacer, Dios mío, querría que fuese en un país donde no hubiera
circunstancias.
—Si se tratara aquí del pasaporte de una señora —indicó e
Presidente de la Comisión con énfasis, como el que va a desarrolla
una tesis jurídica—, ande con Barrabás... Pero usted lleva dos criados
los cuales es preciso que antes se definan y purifiquen, porque uno de
ellos perteneció en tiempo de la Constitución a la clase de tropa, y e
otro sirvió largos años al ministro Calatrava... Pero nos ocuparemos
del asunto sin levantar mano...
—Yo deseo partir mañana —dijo la señora con displicencia—. Voy
muy lejos, señor Chaperón: voy a Inglaterra.
—Empezaremos, empezaremos ahora mismo. A ver, Lobo...
Al dirigirse a la mesa, Chaperón fijó la vista en la víctima cuyo
proceso verbal había sido suspendido por la entrada de la soberbia
dama.
—¡Ah!... Ya no me acordaba de ti —dijo entre dientes—. Voy a
despacharte.
Soledad miraba a la señora con espanto. Después de observarla
bien, cerciorándose de quién era, bajó los ojos y se quedó como una
muerta. Creeríase que batallaba angustiosamente con su desmayado
espíritu, tratando de infundirle fuerza, y que entre sollozos
imperceptibles le decía: «Levántate, alma mía, que aún falta lo más
espantoso».
—Con el permiso de usted, señora —dijo Chaperón mirando a la
dama—, voy a despachar antes a esta joven. Lobo, extienda usted la
orden de prisión... Llame usted para que la lleven... Orden al alcaide
para que la incomunique...
La víctima dejó caer su cabeza sobre el pecho.
Después miró de nuevo a la dama; pero esta vez encendiose su
rostro, y parecía que sus ojos relampagueaban con viva expresión de
amenaza. Esto duró poco. Fue la sombra del espíritu maligno al pasa
en veloz corrida por delante del ángel oscureciendo su luz.
La señora estaba también pálida y desasosegada. Indudablemente
no gustaba de ver a quien veía, y en presencia de aquella humilde
personilla condenada parecía tener miedo.
—Aquí tienes, mala cabeza —dijo Chaperón dirigiéndose a la
huérfana—, el resultado de tu terquedad. Demasiado bueno he sido
para ti... ¿Qué hemos sacado de tu declaración? Que Cordero es
inocente. ¿Y qué ganamos con eso, qué gana con eso la justicia? Tú y
nosotros adelantamos muy poco... Si hablaras sería distinto... Tú
habrás oído decir aquello de... quien te dio el pico, te hizo rico. ¿Te vas
enterando? Pero ahora, picarona, lo meditarás mejor en la cárcel... All
se aclaran mucho los sentidos..., verás. Esta linda pieza —añadió
señalando a la víctima y mirando a la señora—, es la estafeta de los
emigrados, ¿qué tal? Ella misma lo confiesa, lo cual no deja de tene
mérito; pero nos ha dejado a media miel, porque no quiere decir a
quién entregó las cartas que ha recibido hace unos días.
Soledad se levantó bruscamente.
—Una de las cartas de los emigrados —dijo con tono grave
extendiendo el brazo— la entregué a esta señora.
Después de señalarla con energía, cayó en su asiento con la
cabeza hacia atrás. Breve rato estuvieron mudos y estupefactos los
tres testigos de aquella escena.
—Es verdad —balbució la dama—. He recibido una carta de un
emigrado que está en Inglaterra; no sé quién la llevó a mi casa... ¿qué
mal hay en esto?
Chaperón, que estaba como aturdido, iba a contestar algo muy
importante, cuando la señora corrió hacia la huérfana, gritando:
—Se ha desmayado esta infeliz.
En efecto, rendida Sola a la fuerza superior de las emociones y de
cansancio, había perdido el conocimiento.
La señora sostuvo la cabeza de la víctima, mientras Lobo, cuya
oficiosidad filantrópica no se desmentía un solo momento, acudió
transportando un vaso de agua para rociarle el rostro.
—Eso no es nada —afirmó Chaperón—. Vamos, mujer, ¡qué mimos
gastamos! Todo porque la mandan a la cárcel...
La puerta se abrió dando paso a cuatro hombres de fúnebre
aspecto, que parecían pertenecer al respetable gremio de
enterradores.
—Ea, llevadla de una vez... —dijo don Francisco resueltamente—
El alcaide le dará algún cordial... No quiero desmayitos en m
despacho.
Los cuatro hombres se acercaron a la condenada.
—Un poco de vinagre en las sienes... —añadió el jefe de la
Comisión militar—. Ea, pronto..., quitadme eso de mi despacho.
—¡A la cárcel! —exclamó con lástima la señora, acercándose más a
la víctima como para defenderla.
—Señora, dispense usted —dijo Chaperón apartándola con enfática
severidad—. Deje usted a la justicia cumplir con su deber... Vamos
cargar pronto. No le hagáis daño.
Los cuatro hombres levantaron en sus brazos a la joven y se la
llevaron, siendo entonces perfecta la similitud de todos ellos con la
venerable clase de sepultureros.
La mampara, cerrándose sola con estrépito, produjo un sordo
estampido, como golpe de colosal bombo, que hizo retumbar la sala.
XVII
Aquel mismo día, ¡por vida de la chilindraina!, ¡cuán amargas horas

pasó el pobre don Patricio! Habrían bastado a encanecer su cabeza s
ya no estuviera blanca, y a encorvar su cuerpo si ya no lo estuviera
también. Sus suspiros eran capaces de conmover las paredes de la
casa; sus lágrimas corrían amargas y sin tregua por las
apergaminadas mejillas. No podía permanecer en reposo un solo
instante, ni distraerse con nada, ni comer, ni aposentar en su cerebro
pensamiento alguno, como no fuera el fúnebre pensamiento de su
desamparo y de la gran pena que le desgarraba el corazón. Este
lastimoso estado provenía de que Solita había salido temprano
diciéndole:
—No sé cuándo volveré. Quizás vuelva pronto, quizás mañana
quizás nunca... Escribiré al abuelo diciéndole lo que debe hacer
Adiós...
Y dirigiéndole una mirada cariñosa, se limpió las lágrimas, y bajó
rápidamente la escalera y desapareció, ¡santo Dios!, como un ánge
que se dirige al cielo por el camino del mundo.
«¿Será posible que haya salido hoy para Inglaterra? —se
preguntaba don Patricio, apretándose el cráneo con las manos para
que no se le escapara también—. ¡Pero cómo, si aquí está toda su
ropa, si no ha hecho equipaje, si en la cómoda ha dejado todo su
dinero!... ¿Pues a dónde ha ido entonces?... Quizás vuelva pronto
quizás mañana, quizás nunca... Nunca, nunca».
Y repetía esta desconsoladora palabra como un eco que de su
cerebro a sus labios saliera. Otro motivo de gran confusión para él era
que Soledad había despedido a la criada el día anterior. Estaba, pues
el viejo solo, enteramente solo, encerrado en la espantosa jaula de sus
tristes pensamientos, que era como una jaula de fieras. Pasaba de un
sentimentalismo patético a la desesperación rabiosa, y si a veces
secaba sus lágrimas despaciosamente, otras se mordía los puños y se
golpeaba el cráneo contra la pared. En los momentos de exaltación
recorría la casa desde la sala a la cocina, entraba en todas las piezas
salía para volver a entrar, daba vueltas, y tropezaba y caía y se
levantaba. Como entrara en la alcoba de Sola y viera su ropa, se
abalanzó a ella, hizo con febril precipitación un lío, y oprimiéndolo
contra su pecho cual si fuera el cuerpo mismo de la persona amada y
fugitiva, exclamó así con lastimero acento:
—Ven acá, paloma... Ven acá, niña de mi corazón... ¿Por qué huyes
de mí? ¿Por qué huyes del pobre viejo que te adora? Ángel divino
ángel precioso de mi guarda, cuya hermosura no puedo comparar sino
a la de la diosa de la Libertad, circundada de luz y sonriendo a los
pueblos; adorada hija mía, ¿en dónde estás? ¿No oyes mi voz? ¿No
oyes que te llamo? ¿No ves que me muero sin ti? ¿No te sacrifiqué m
gloria?... ¡Ay!... Mi destino, mi glorioso destino ahora me reclama, y no
puedo ir, porque sin ti soy un miserable y no tengo fuerzas para nada
Contigo al suplicio, a la gloria, a la inmortalidad, a los Elíseos Campos
sin ti a la muerte oscura, a la ignominia. Sola, Sola de mi vida, ¿en
dónde estás? Dímelo, o revolveré toda la tierra por encontrarte.
Esto decía, cuando llamaron fuertemente a la puerta. Más ligero
que una liebre fue y abrió... No era Sola quien llamaba: eran seis
hombres, que sin fórmula alguna de cortesía se metieron dentro. Uno
de ellos soltó de la boca estas palabras:
—¿No es este el viejo Sarmiento que predicaba en las esquinas?..
Echadle mano mientras yo registro.
—¡Ah!... —exclamó don Patricio algo confuso—. ¿Son ustedes de la
policía?... Sí, yo recuerdo..., conozco estas caras.
—Procedamos al registro —dijo solemnemente el que parecía jefe
de los corchetes—. Toda persona que se encuentre en la casa, debe
ser presa. Cuidado no se escape el abuelo.
—Quiere decir —balbució Sarmiento— que estoy preso.
—Ya se lo dirán allá —replicó el polizonte desabridamente—
Andando... Llévenme para allá al vejete, que aquí nos quedamos dos
para despachar esto.
Según la orden terminante del funcionario (que era un funcionario
vaciado en la común turquesa de los cazadores de blancos en aquella
infame y tenebrosa época), Sarmiento fue inmediatamente conducido
a la cárcel, y solo por un exceso de benevolencia, incomprensible y
hasta peligrosa para la reputación de aquella celosa policía, le dieron
tiempo para ponerse el sombrero, recoger el pañuelo y media docena
de cigarrillos.
No se daba cuenta de lo que le pasaba el infeliz maestro, y durante
el trayecto de su casa a la cárcel de Corte, que no era largo, fue con
los ojos bajos, encorvado el cuerpo, las manos a la espalda, en un
estado tal de confusión y aturdimiento, que no veía por dónde pasaba
ni oía las observaciones picarescas de los transeúntes. Cuando
entraron en la cárcel, el anciano se estremeció, revolviendo los ojos en
derredor. Su entrada había sido como el choque del ciego contra un
muro, símil tanto más exacto cuanto que don Patricio no veía nada
dentro de las paredes del lóbrego zaguán por donde se comunicaba
con el mundo aquella mansión de tristeza y dolor.
Lleváronle al registro y del registro a un patio, donde había algunas
personas que imploraban la misericordia de los carceleros para pode
ver a los detenidos. Hiciéronle subir luego más que de prisa po
hedionda escalera que se abría en uno de los ángulos del patio, y
hallose en un largo corredor o galería, que parecía haber sido claustro
pero que tenía entonces tapiadas todas sus ventanas, sin dejar más
entrada a la luz que unos ventanillos bizcos en la parte más alta.
Al entrar en la galería, Sarmiento oyó gritos, lamentos
imprecaciones. Era al caer de la tarde, y como la luz entraba all
avergonzada, al parecer, y temerosa, deteniéndose en los ventanillos
por miedo a que la encerraran también, no era fácil distinguir de lejos
las personas. Veíanse sombrajos movibles, los cuales, al acercarse a
ellos, resultaban ser la simpática humanidad de algún calabocero que
entraba en las celdas o salía de ellas.
Había centinelas de trecho en trecho, cuya vigilancia no podía se
muy grande, porque a cada instante les era forzoso apartar de las
puertas de las celdas a personas importunas que iban a turbar la
tranquilidad de los reos. Las llorosas mujeres, abusando de los
miramientos que se deben a su sexo, molestaban a los señores cabos
pidiéndoles noticias de tal o cual preso, dándoles cualquier recadillo
verbal o encargo enojoso, como llevar pan a alguno de los muchos
hambrientos que se comían los codos dentro de las celdas. En una de
estas debía de estar encerrado un loco furioso, cuya manía era da
golpes en la puerta, con lo cual estaban muy disgustados los
carceleros, hombres celosísimos de la paz de la casa. El dolor y la
desesperación, callado el uno, ruidosa la otra, hacían estremecer las
frágiles paredes, porque el mezquino edificio era indigno de la rabia
que contenía, y a ser tal como a ella cuadraba, hubiera tenido más
piedras que el Escorial y más hondos cimientos que el Alcázar de
Madrid.
Sarmiento fue introducido en una pieza relativamente grande, cuya
suciedad parecía resumen y muestrario de todas las suertes de
inmundicia que los años y la incuria de los hombres habían acumulado
en la indecorosa cárcel de Corte. En la zona más baja, una especie de
faja mugrienta marcaba el roce de muchas generaciones de presos, de
muchas generaciones de alguaciles, de muchas generaciones de
jueces y curiales. Alumbrábala el afligido resplandor de un quinqué
colgado del techo, que parecía acababa de oír leer su sentencia de
muerte, y se disponía con semblante contrito a hacer confesión de sus
pecados. Como el techo era muy bajo, y los allí presentes se movían
de un lado para otro en torno al ajusticiado quinqué, las sombras
bailaban en las paredes haciendo caprichosos juegos y cabriolas. En
el fondo había la indispensable estampa de Su Majestad, y sobre ella
un crucifijo cuya presencia no se comprendía bien, como no tuviera
por objeto el recordar que los hombres son tan malos después como
antes de la Redención.
Delante de Su Majestad en efigie y de la imagen de Cristo
crucificado, estaba en pie, apoyándose en una mesa, no fingido, sino
de carne y hueso, horriblemente tieso y horriblemente satisfecho de su
papel, el representante de la justicia, el apóstol del absolutismo, don
Francisco Chaperón, siempre negro, siempre de uniforme, siempre
atento al crimen para confundirlo donde quiera que estuviese, en
honra y gloria del trono, del orden y de la fe católica. Pocas veces se le
había visto tan fieramente investigador como aquella noche. Parecía
que el tal personaje acababa de llegar del Gólgota, y que aún le dolían
las manos de clavar el último clavo en las manos del otro, del que
estaba detrás y en la cruz, sirviendo de sarcástico coronamiento a
retrato del señor don Fernando.
A la derecha estaban junto a una mesa media docena de diablejos
vestidos con el uniforme de voluntario realista, y acompañados por e
licenciado Lobo, prestos todos a sumergir las plumas dentro de los
tinteros. La izquierda era ocupada por un banquillo pintado de color de
sangre de vaca: en él se sentaba alguien a quien don Patricio no vio
en el primer momento. El anciano no había salido aún de aque
estupor que le acometió al ser conducido fuera de su casa; miró con
cierta estupidez al tremendo fantasma; miró después a toda la chusma
curialesca que le rodeaba, al licenciado Lobo; miró al santo Cristo, a
rey pintado, y por fin, clavando los ojos en el banco de color de sangre
vio a su adorada hija y compañera.
—¡Sola!... ¡Hija de mi alma!... —gritó con alegría—. ¡Tú aquí..., yo
también..., parece que esto es la cárcel..., el suplicio..., la gloria..., m
destino!...
XVIII
Clarísima luz entró de improviso en la mente del afligido viejo

desaparecieron las percepciones vagas, las ideas confusas, para da
paso a aquella siempre fija, inmutable y luminosa, que había dirigido
su voluntad durante tanto tiempo, llenando toda su vida moral.
—Ya estoy en mí —dijo en tono de seguridad y convicción—
Soledad..., ¡tú y yo en este sitio! Al fin, al fin Dios ha señalado mi día
¿No lo decía yo?... ¿No decía yo que al fin vendría la hora sublime?
¡Destino honroso el nuestro, hija mía! He aquí que no solo heredas m
gloria, sino que la compartes, y los dos juntamente, unidos aquí como
lo estuvimos allá, somos llamados...
—Silencio —gritó Chaperón bruscamente—. Responda usted a lo
que le pregunto: ¿cómo se llama usted?
—Excusada pregunta es esa —repuso con aplomo y dignidad don
Patricio—, pues todo el mundo sabe en Madrid y fuera de él que soy
Patricio Sarmiento, adalid incansable de la idea liberal, compañero de
Riego, amigo de todos los patriotas, defensor de todas las
constituciones, amparo de la democracia, terror del despotismo. Soy e
que jamás tembló delante de los tiranos, el que no tiene en su corazón
una sola fibra que no grite libertad, y el que aun después de muerto
sacará la cabeza de la sepultura para gritar...
—Basta —dijo Chaperón, notando que las palabras del reo
provocaban murmullos—. Charlatán es el viejo... Responda usted
¿Conoce a esta joven?
—¿Que si la conozco? ¡Que si conozco a Sola...! Si no temiera
faltar al respeto que debo a todo juez, quienquiera que sea, diría que
es necia pregunta la que vuecencia acaba de hacerme. Esta es mi hija
adoptiva, mi ángel de la guarda, mi amparo, mi compañera de vida, de
muerte, de cielo y de inmortalidad. Dios, que dispone todas las
grandezas, así como el hombre es autor de todas las pequeñeces, ha
dispuesto que este ángel divino me acompañe también ahora
¡Admirable solución de la Providencia! Yo creí haberla perdido, y la
encuentro junto a mí en la hora culminante de mi vida, cuando se
cumple mi destino; aparece a mi lado, no para darme esos triviales
consuelos que no necesita mi corazón magnánimo, sino para
compartir mi sacrificio, y con mi sacrificio, mi gloria. Adelante, señores
jueces, adelante. Acaben ustedes. Soledad y yo nos declaramos reos
de amor a la libertad, nos declaramos dignos de caer bajo vuestras
manos, y confesamos haber trabajado por el triunfo del santo principio
ahora y antes y siempre, porque para ello nacimos y por ello morimos.
Causaba diversión a los diablillos menores y aun al diablazo grande
el desenfado del buen viejo, por lo cual no habían puesto tasa a la
charla de este. Mas Chaperón, que deseaba concluir pronto, dijo a
reo:
—¿Es cierto que esta joven recibió un paquete de cartas de los
emigrados para repartirlas a varias personas de Madrid?
—¿Y eso se pregunta? —replicó Sarmiento como si admirara la
candidez del vestiglo—. ¿Pues qué había de hacer sino trabajar noche
y día por el triunfo de la sagrada causa?... ¿No he dicho que para eso
nacimos y por eso morimos?
Soledad miraba con ojos muy compasivos a su amigo y al juez
alternativamente. Mas pronto dejó de mirarlos y se reconcentró en s
misma, mostrando estoica indiferencia hacia aquel lúgubre diálogo
entre un insensato y un verdugo. Había hecho ya con Dios pacto de
resignación absoluta, y se entregaba a la voluntad divina, prometiendo
no oponer ninguna resistencia a los accidentes humanos, ni acepta
otro papel que el de víctima callada y tranquila. Entre el instante en
que la sacaron desmayada de la caverna del gran esbirro, hasta aque
en que le pusieron delante a su compañero de infortunio, habían
pasado para ella horas muy angustiosas. Pero su espíritu se había
rendido al fin, aceptando la fórmula esencial del cristiano, que es
rendirse para vencer y perderse absolutamente para absolutamente
salvarse. Si algún combate sostenía aún su alma, era porque e
propósito de pensar solamente en Dios no podía cumplirse aún con
rigurosa exactitud. Pensaba en algo que no era Dios; pero aun así, iba
conquistando la tranquilidad y un pasmoso equilibrio moral, porque
había arrojado fuera de sí valerosamente toda esperanza.
—Usted sabrá sin duda a quién venían dirigidas esas cartas —
preguntó Chaperón a Sarmiento.
—¿Pues qué?... ¿Ella no lo ha dicho?... —repuso el anciano
nuevamente admirado de la ignorancia del tribunal—. Esto no puede
considerarse como delación, porque esas personas son leales
patricios que también anhelan llegue la coyuntura de sacrificarse por la
libertad. Nosotros no tenemos secretos; nosotros, como los héroes de
la antigüedad, lo hacemos todo a la luz del día. Fue preciso prestar un
servicio a la santa causa, facilitando las comunicaciones entre todos
los que conspiran dentro y fuera por hacerla triunfar, y lo prestamos, sí
señor, lo prestamos a la clarísima luz del sol, coram populo. Las cartas
eran cuatro.
—Atención —dijo don Francisco acercándose a la mesa de los
escribanos.
—Una era para don Antonio Campos, ese gran patriota que acaba
de llegar de Tarifa y Almería; otra para un oficial de la antigua guardia
que se llama Ramalejo; la tercera venía dirigida a don Roque Sáez y
Onís, y la cuarta a doña Jenara de Baraona.
—Muy bien —gruñó Chaperón, asemejándose mucho en su gruñido
al perro que acaba de encontrar un hueso perdido—. Veo que el viejo
y la niña son la peor casta de conspiradores que se conoce en Madrid.
—Sí —dijo Sarmiento con exaltación—, insúltenos usted... Eso nos
agrada. Los insultos son coronas inmarcesibles en la frente del justo
Mire usted las espinas que lleva en su cabeza aquel que está en la
cruz.
—Silencio —gritó Chaperón—. Veo que él es tan parlanchín como
ella hipocritona. Ya sabemos lo de las cartas, linda pieza... Ahora e
buen viejo nos informará de todas las particularidades que hayan
ocurrido en la casa. ¿Tiene noticia de que entrara en estos líos don
Benigno Cordero?
—¡Cordero! —exclamó Sarmiento con asombro—. Cordero es un
hombre vulgar, un tendero, un quídam... ¿Cómo puede ser capaz
semejante hombre de intervenir en un complot de esos que solo
acometen las almas grandes y valerosas?
—¿Seudoquis fue muchas veces a la casa?
—Dos veces, dos. Para nada hay que mentar a Cordero. Nuestra
gloria es nuestra, señor mío, y de nadie más. ¡Ay de aquel que intente
quitarnos una partícula de ella, siquiera sea del tamaño de un grano de
alpiste! Nosotros, nosotros solos somos los héroes, nosotros las
víctimas sublimes. Fuera intrusos y gentezuela que se presenta en e
festín de la gloria con sus manos lavadas, reclamando lo que no les
pertenece ni han sabido ganar con su abnegación. ¡Nosotros solos
ella y yo, nadie más que ella y yo!
—El que enviaba las cartas —añadió don Francisco dando un paso
hacia Sarmiento— ¿no hablaba de lo de Almería y Tarifa, ni de la
revolución que estaban preparando?
—Nosotros —repuso Sarmiento con desdén—, no nos ocupamos
de frívolos detalles. ¡Almería, Tarifa! ¿Qué vale eso ni qué significa?
Hechos aislados que ni precipitan ni detienen el hecho principal, que
es la victoria de la libertad. ¡Si al fin tiene que ser, si ha de venir tan de
seguro como saldrá el sol mañana!... Que se frustre una intentona, que
salga mal un desembarco, que fusiléis a trescientos o a mil o a un
millón de patriotas..., nada importa, señores. Lo que ha de venir
vendrá. Si pretendéis atajarlo con patíbulos, vendrá más pronto. Los
patíbulos son árboles fecundos, que con el riego de la sangre dan
frutos preciosísimos. Echad sangre, más sangre; eso es lo que hace
falta. Las venas de los patriotas son el filón de donde mana la nueva
vida.
»No me habléis de conspiraciones parciales: yo no entiendo de eso
El que escribió las cartas, lo mismo que mi hija, lo mismo que yo
cooperamos con nuestra voluntad y nuestros deseos más íntimos y
más ardientes en ese gran complot moral, cuyas ramificaciones se
extienden por todo el mundo. ¡Ah!, señores, no conocéis la gran
conspiración del tiempo. A ella pertenezco, a ella pertenecen todas
vuestras víctimas... Ea, despachemos pronto. Basta de fórmulas y de
procedimientos necios. El patíbulo, el patíbulo, señores, esa es
nuestra jurisprudencia. De él hemos de salir triunfantes, trocados de
humanos miserables en inmaculados espíritus. Lo mismo nos da que
nos ahorquéis de esta o de la otra manera, más o menos noblemente
¿A los mártires del circo romano les importaba que el tigre que se los
comía tuviera la oreja negra o amarilla? No, porque no atendían más
que a la sublime idea; lo mismo nosotros no atendemos más que a
esta idea que nos lleva en pos del suplicio, la cual es como un fuego
sacrosanto que nos embelesa y nos purifica. No tenemos ya sentidos
no sabemos lo que es dolor... ¡La carne!... ¡Ah!, no nos merece más
interés que el despreciable polvo de nuestros zapatos. Adelante, pues
Cumpla cada uno con su deber: el vuestro es matar, el nuestro
sucumbir carnalmente, para vivir después la excelsa, la inacabable y
deliciosa vida del espíritu... Vamos allá: ¿en dónde, en dónde está esa
bendita horca?
Había tanta naturalidad en las entusiastas expresiones del exaltado
viejo patriota, y al propio tiempo un tono de dignidad tan majestuoso
que los empleados de la Comisión, así militares como civiles, no
podían resistir al deseo de oírle. Aunque el sentimiento que a la
mayoría dominaba era de burla con cierta tendencia a la compasión
no faltaba quien oyese al estrafalario viejo con un interés distinto de
que comúnmente inspiran las palabras de los tontos. El mismo
Chaperón se mostraba complacido, sin duda porque le divertía su
víctima, haciéndolo mucho más barato que el célebre gracioso
Guzmán, que empezaba su carrera en el teatro del Príncipe. Poro
como la dignidad del tribunal no permitía tales comedias, don
Francisco mandó al reo que diese por terminada la representación.
Los polizontes que se quedaron registrando la casa de Sola
aparecieron. Habían encontrado alguna cosa de gran valor jurídico
habían hecho provisión de pedacitos de papel, fragmentos de cartas
sin olvidar un polvoriento retrato de Riego, hallado entre los bártulos
de don Patricio; dos o tres documentos masónicos o comuneros, y una
carta dirigida al maestro de escuela. Examinolo todo ávidamente
Chaperón, y lo entregó después a Lobo para que constase en e
proceso. En tanto, don Patricio se acercaba a su compañera de
infortunio y en voz baja le decía:
—Ánimo, ángel de mi vida, cordera mía. Que en esta ocasión
solemne no deje de subir tu espíritu a la altura del mío. Inspírate en mí
Reflexiona en la gloria que nos espera y en el eco que tendrán
nuestros sonorosos nombres en los siglos futuros, perpetuándose de
generación en generación. ¿Por qué estás triste, y no alegre como
unas castañuelas? ¿Por qué bajas los ojos en vez de alzarlos como
yo, para tratar de ver en el cielo el esplendoroso asiento que nos está
destinado? Tu destino es mi destino. Ambos están escritos en e
mismo renglón. Hay gemelos del morir como los hay del nacer: tú y yo
somos mellizos, y juntos saldremos del vientre de este miserable
mundo a la inmensa vida del otro... Posible es que no lo
comprendieras antes, niña de mis ojos; yo tampoco lo creía, y era
engañado por hechos mentirosos. Tu proyecto de abandonarme era
una ficción del destino para sorprenderme después con esta unión
celestial. Mi entrada en tu casa, el amparo que me diste, ¿qué
significan sino la preparación para estas nuestras bodas mortuorias
de las cuales saldremos unidos por siempre ante el altar de la
glorificación eterna? Tú necesitas de mí para este santo objeto, as
como yo necesito de ti... Bien sabía yo que conspirabas... ¡Y
conspirabas por la santa libertad! Bendita seas... Serás condenada y
yo también. ¡Seremos condenados!... ¿Ves cómo no es posible la
separación? ¿Ves cómo lo ha dispuesto Dios así? Viviremos juntos
eternamente. ¡Qué inefable dicha!... Solilla de mi vida, ten ánimo; que
la flaca naturaleza corporal no soborne con sus halagos tu alma de
patriota. Vive como yo la excelsa vida del espíritu. Desprécialo todo
mira al cielo, nada más que al cielo y a mí, que soy tu compañero de
gloria, tu gemelo, tu segundo tú, a quien has de estar unida por los
siglos de los siglos.
Soledad miró a su amigo. La serenidad, que en él provenía de un
loco entusiasmo, provenía en ella de la resignación, ese heroísmo más
sublime que todas las exaltaciones del valor, y al cual damos un
nombre oscuro: lo llamamos paciencia, y germina como flor invisible y
modesta en el alma de los que parecen débiles.
—Veo que no lloras —dijo don Patricio observando aquel semblante
plácidamente tranquilo, a quien la virtud mencionada daba angelica
hermosura—. No lloras, no estás demudada...
—¿Yo llorar? ¿Por qué?
—Así me gusta —exclamó Sarmiento con entusiasmo—. ¡Oh almas
sublimes! ¡Oh almas escogidas! ¡Y pensar que os han de intimida
horcas y suplicios!... Señores jueces, aquí aguardamos la hora de
holocausto. Llevadnos ya; subidnos a esos gallardos maderos que
llamáis infamantes. Mientras más altos, mejor. Así alumbraremos más
Somos los fanales del género humano.
Chaperón mandó que los dos reos fuesen conducidos cada cual a
su calabozo; mas como el alcaide manifestase la imposibilidad de
ocupar dos departamentos, se dispuso que ambos gemelos de la
muerte fuesen encerrados en un solo cuarto.
—Vamos —dijo don Patricio enlazando con su brazo la cintura de
Sola.
Esta se dejó llevar. Cuando iban por la oscura galería, la joven
huérfana oyó claramente en su oído estas palabras, dichas en voz
muy baja, como un silbido:
—Señora, no se sofoque usted... Se hará un esfuercito po
salvarla... Una persona que se interesa por usted..., que se interesa
sí..., me encarga de advertírselo.
Soledad volviose prontamente y vio unos ojos verdes y grandes, de
tamaño de huevos. Estos ojos brillaban, reflejando la claridad del faro
de los carceleros, en un semblante amojamado y partido en dos por la
hendidura sonriente de la prolongada boca, casi vacía. En vez de
tranquilizarse, Soledad tuvo miedo.
XIX
El licenciado Lobo, asesor privado del señor Chaperón, tenía su

oficina en el ángulo más oscuro y apartado de la planta baja de la
Comisión militar. Cubría el piso la estera más vieja, servíale de
escritorio la mesa más rota que contaba entre sus propiedades e
Estado, y el pupitre, el tintero, la estantería, denotaban con honrosa
vejez haber acompañado en toda su larga vida a las antiguas
covachuelas. Hasta el retrato de Fernando VII que decoraba la pared
era el más feo de toda la casa, y comido de polilla, no presentaba a la
admiración del espectador más que los ojos y parte del cuerpo. Lo
demás era una mancha irregular con grandes brazos al modo de
tentáculos. Parecía un gran cefalópodo que estaba contemplando a su
víctima antes de chupársela.
En el centro de este mueblaje, y encorvado sobre una mesa llena
de descoloridos papeles, aparecía el leguleyo, cuya figura encajaba en
tal marco como el cernícalo en su nido. La diestra pluma rasgueaba
sin cesar, cual si fuera absolutamente imprescindible su actividad para
la existencia de todo aquello, o como si fuera la clave cabalística de
que dependían las imágenes del despacho, del retrato, de los muebles
y del licenciado mismo. Cuando la pluma paraba, creyérase que todo
iba a desvanecerse. A no ser porque en los ratos de descanso e
asesor se ponía a tararear alguna tonadilla trasnochada de las de
tiempo de la Briones y de Manolo García, se le hubiera tenido po
momia automática, o por alma en pena a quien se había impuesto la
tarea de escribir mil millones de causas para poderse redimir.
Al día siguiente de la prisión de Sarmiento, y cuando aún no había
despachado regular porción de su faena de la mañana, una señora se
presentó sin anunciarse en el escondrijo del asesor.
—¡Oh! señora... —exclamó Lobo suspendiendo la escritura—. No
esperaba a usted tan tempranito. Hágame el obsequio de toma
asiento.
Ya la señora lo había hecho en la única silla que servía para e
caso. Era la misma dama a quien vimos en el despacho de Chaperón
guapa si las hay, seductora de cara, cuerpo y apostura, tota totalitate
hermosa. Envolvíase en un rico chal blanco, que a Lobo le pareció
sobre los lindos hombros y entre los brazos de verde vestidos, como e
más gracioso capricho de la nieve entre las plantas de un jardín. Como
a los viejos feos se les permite ser galantes, Lobo dijo que la cara de
la señora era una rosa con la cual no se había atrevido la nieve
temiendo que una mirada la derritiera.
—Déjese usted de sandeces —dijo ella—. Yo vengo a salir de
dudas.
—¿Respecto a esa jovenzuela que se delató a sí misma?..
Confieso que es el primer caso que he visto desde que tengo esta
nobilísima pluma en la mano. Por ella se interesa la señora.
—Mucho, muchísimo —repuso la dama con pena—. Anoche he
tenido una pesadilla... No es la primera vez que sueño con ella..
¿Pues no he dado en soñar que soy verdugo y que la estoy
ahorcando?
—Graciosísimo, señora mía, graciosísimo. ¿La conoce usted hace
tiempo? ¿De qué procede ese interés tan vivo? Ella no demuestra
tenerla a usted grabada en las telas de su corazón. Recordemos cómo
declaró haberle entregado una de las cartas. Sin duda quería perderla
a usted. ¡Infame víbora! ¡Y usted quiere favorecerla! ¡Oh generosidad
inaudita!
—¡Ella me aborrece!
—Se conoce, sí, porque lo de la carta es una calumnia.
—No es una calumnia, no. Recibí la carta —dijo la señora
suspirando—. Pero Chaperón me ha dicho que no seré molestada po
ello. Mostraré la carta, si es preciso. No contiene nada que transcienda
a conspirar.
—Todo sea por Dios —dijo Lobo con ademán distraído—. Pues se
arreglará. Basta que usted se interese por ella, para que don Francisco
sea benigno. Para él no hay más Dios que Calomarde, y como m
señora tiene felizmente todo el favor de nuestro querido ministro y
también el de Quesada...
—No me fío yo del ministro —dijo la dama nublando su hermoso
semblante con las sombras de la duda—. Muy amigo mío era don
Víctor Sáez, y en Cádiz me prendió, como usted sabe. Aquello duró
poco; pero fui maltratada del modo más grosero. En estos tiempos no
hay que fiar de las amistades.
—No, no hay que fiar, señora mía —repitió Lobo riendo y bajando la
voz como el que va a decir un secreto peligroso—. ¡Estamos en los
tiempos más perros que se han visto desde que hay tiempos, y
bregamos con la gente más mala que se ha visto desde que e
hombre, esa infame bestia inteligente, apareció sobre la tierra! Empero
usted conseguirá lo que desea. ¿Es cuestión de gratitud? ¿Ha recibido
usted favores de esa infeliz o de su familia?
—No, no es eso —dijo la dama, mostrando que le importunaba la
curiosidad del hombre de leyes—. Es cuestión de conciencia.
—¿Debe usted favores a esa desgraciada?
—No, ella me debe a mí un disfavor muy grande. Yo he sido mala
señor Lobo..., pero no, no soy tan mala como yo misma creo. No faltan
voces en mi conciencia... Verdad es que tengo un genio arrebatado
que soy capaz en ciertos momentos... Vamos, lo diré: soy capaz hasta
de coger un puñal...
La hermosa dama, moviendo su brazo como para matar, convirtiose
por breve momento en una figura trágica de extraordinaria belleza.
—Pero estos furores me pasan —añadió pasándose la mano po
los ojos—. Pasan, sí, y como Dios castiga y advierte... Yo he sido
mala; pero no he cerrado mis ojos a las advertencias de Dios. No es
posible siempre reparar el mal que se ha causado... Pero se me
presenta ahora ocasión de hacer un bien, y he de hacerlo: quiero
sacar de la prisión a esa joven.
—El señor don Francisco...
—No me fío yo del señor don Francisco. Es demasiado amigo de m
esposo para que yo haga caso de sus palabrejas corteses. Usted
usted puede arreglarlo fácilmente.
—¿Cómo?
—Componiendo la causa de modo que aparezca la reo tan inocente
de conspiración como los ángeles del cielo, aunque no sé yo s
Chaperón y Calomarde podrán convencerse de que los ángeles no
conspiran.
—¡La causa, señora! —exclamó Lobo sonriendo con malicia.
—Sí; componer la causa, hombre de Dios; poner lo blanco negro y
lo negro blanco.
—Pero, señora doña Jenara de mis pecados, si aquí no hay
causas, ni jurisprudencia, ni ley, ni sentencia, ni testimonio, ni pruebas
ni nada más que el capricho de la Comisión militar y de la
Superintendencia, sometidas, como usted sabe, al capricho más
bárbaro aún de los voluntarios realistas. Si todo este fárrago de
papeles que usted ve aquí es tan inútil para la suerte de los presos
como los guijarros de que está empedrada la calle... ¡Si todo esto es
vana fórmula; si yo escribo porque me pagan para que escriba; si esto
es puramente lo que yo llamo pan de archivo, porque no sirve más que
para llenar esa gran boca que está siempre abierta y nunca se sacia!..
¡Oh inocencia, oh candor pastoril! No hable usted de causas ni de
procedimientos, porque si todo esto (señaló los legajos que en
grandes pilas le rodeaban) se escribiera en griego, serviría para lo
mismo que en castellano sirve: para nada... ¡Pobres ratones! ¡Y es tan
inhumana la Sala que manda poner ratoneras para impedirles que se
coman esto!
El licenciado, después que concluyó de hablar, siguió riendo un
buen rato.
—En ese caso, emprenderemos la conquista de Chaperón.
—Cosa muy fácil, pero facilísima... Tenga usted de su parte a
Calomarde y a Quesada, y échese a dormir, señora.
—Es que ahora —repuso la dama muy preocupada— dicen que
apretarán mucho la cuerda y que no perdonarán a nadie.
—Sí; el gobierno necesita ahora más que nunca demostrar gran
celo para perseguir a los liberales. Los voluntarios realistas le acusan
de que ahorca poco.
—¡Qué horror!
—De que ahorca poco. Pues bien: el gobierno se verá en el caso de
ahorcar mucho.
—¡Y a esa pobre joven...!
—Esa pobre joven... La verdad es que la causa, como causa de
conspiración, es de las que más alto piden un desenlace trágico
Ahora me acuerdo de una circunstancia que favorece mucho su deseo
de usted.
—¿Qué?
—Anoche nos han traído al que figura como cómplice de la
tunantuela.
—¿Sarmiento?... Le conozco —dijo la señora desanimándose—. Es
un pobre tonto, a quien la Comisión no puede considerar como reo.
—Poquito a poco. La ley está de tal modo redactada, que yo no me
atrevería a absolverle. Puesto que la señora quiere que yo dé unos
cuantos toques a la causa, se hará. Nada se pierde en ello. Verá usted
cómo resulta que el culpable de todo es Sarmiento, y que la joven
jamás ha roto un plato.
—Buena idea, si ese infeliz estuviese en su claro juicio, si tuviera
responsabilidad...
—Allí está el quid. Anoche dijo Chaperón que iba a mandarle a
Nuncio de Toledo. Puede que persista en esta humanitaria idea. Allá
veremos... Ya sabe usted que la cabeza de mi jefe es una piedra
berroqueña.
—Puede sostenerse —dijo la dama en tono humorístico— que su
jefe de usted es uno de los hombres más brutos que han comido pan
en el mundo.
—Señora —replicó Lobo como quien da expansión a un sentimiento
contenido por el deber—, yo le aseguro a usted que no come cebada
por no dar qué decir. Así anda el reino en manos de esta gente
Malaventurados los que se ven en la dura necesidad de servirle, como
yo, por ejemplo, que pudiendo estar pavoneándome en una Sala de
Consejo, cual lo piden mis merecimientos y servicios, me hallo
reducido a la triste condición en que usted me ve. ¡Ay, señora de m
vida! —añadió haciendo pucheros—. Esto me pasa por haber sido una
mala cabeza, por haber fluctuado entre los dos partidos sin decidirme
por ninguno. Desde la guerra vengo haciendo quiebros como un
bailarín, sin saber a qué faldón agarrarme. Mis vacilaciones, mi timidez
natural, y, ¿por qué no decirlo?, mi honradez me han traído al estado
en que me veo, simple secretario de un Chaperón, yo que llegué a
posarme en la sala de Mil y Quinientas... ¡Y que no he pasado yo
congojas en gracia de Dios!... (Al decir esto movía la cabeza como los
muñecos que la tienen pegada al cuerpo por una espiral de alambre)
¡Sin destino, y teniendo que mantener esposa, dos suegras y once
becerros mamones! Es verdad que Dios se llevó de mi casa a la gente
mayor; pero vinieron nietecillos..., ¡y qué casorios los de mis hijas!..
En fin, señora, me callo, porque si sigo hablando de mis lástimas ha de

Ebook College Physics A Strategic Approach Technology Update 3Rd Edition Knight Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ebook College Physics A Strategic Approach Technology Update 3Rd Edition Knight Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

College Physics A Strategic Approach

Technology Update 3rd Edition Knight

Here wapp = n = ma = mω 2r.

The correct choice is E.

Q6.25. Reason: A free-body diagram follows.

Q6.29. Reason: Equation 6.18 gives

P6.3. Prepare: Assume uniform circular motion.

Solve: (a) Solve for Δ t .

(b) The centripetal acceleration is

Solve: Since the speeds are equal, we have

P6.11. Prepare: The pilot is assumed to be a particle.

Assess: 34 m/s ≈ 76 mph is a large yet understandable speed.

P6.13. Prepare: The equation in the text tells us the tension:

Solve: (a) The angular velocity and linear speed are

Solve: The equation in the text gives the centripetal acceleration

P6.18. Prepare: We are given r = 0.50 m and m = 0.19 kg.

vf2 = vi2 + 2a y ( yf − yi ) = 0 m + 2(− 9.8 m/s 2 )( −1.0 m) ⇒ v1 = 4.43 m/s

As a preliminary calculation, compute the angular velocity of the satellite:

As a preliminary calculation, compute the angular velocity of the satellite:

Fe on y ⎝ M e ⎠⎝ rs − e ⎠ ⎝ 5.98 × 1024 kg ⎠⎝ 1.5 × 1011 m ⎠

at the top of the tower would be 9.7969 m/s 2 .

Solve: From the equation in the text,

Solve: From the equation in the text,

Solve: From the equation in the text,

P6.42. Prepare: We know that T 2 ∝ r 3.

Solve: Newton’s second law is

At point B there is no curvature, so there is no centripetal acceleration.

Solve: The centripetal acceleration of the car is

Solve: At the bottom of the circle,

Solve: That is,

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law for circular motion is

Using this expression for fs in the x-equation gives

g 9.80 m/s2 1 rev 60 s

Solve: (a) The speed and acceleration are

(c) Newton’s second law at the bottom is

Solve: Newton’s second law at the top of the hill is

P6.66. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass.

P6.67. Prepare: Model the planet Z as a spherical mass.

P6.73. Prepare: Model Mars (m) and Phobos as spherical masses.

Solve: Applying the equation for orbital speed,

Aquel mismo día, ¡por vida de la chilindraina!, ¡cuán amargas horas

Clarísima luz entró de improviso en la mente del afligido viejo

El licenciado Lobo, asesor privado del señor Chaperón, tenía su

You might also like