NA To SS EN 1991-1-5-2009

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Joshua Ong Cho Whatt, Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd

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NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
(ICS 91.010.30)
SINGAPORE STANDARD
Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1 :

Actions on structures
– Part 1-5 : General actions – Thermal actions
Published by
Licensed by SPRING Singapore to Er.Joshua Ong Cho Whatt, Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
(ICS 91.010.30)
SINGAPORE STANDARD
Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1 : Actions
on structures
– Part 1-5 : General actions – Thermal actions
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore Standard may be
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilming, without permission in writing from SPRING Singapore at the
address below:
Standards
SPRING Singapore
1 Fusionopolis Walk,
#01-02 South Tower, Solaris
Singapore 138628
Email : standards@spring.gov.sg
ISBN 978-981-4278-25-6
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
This Singapore Standard was approved by the Building and Construction Standards Committee on
behalf of the Standards Council of Singapore on 15 October 2009.
First published, 2009
The Building and Construction Standards Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of
the following members:
Name Capacity
Chairman : Mr Goh Peng Thong Member, Standards Council

1st Dy Chairman : Mr Lee Chuan Seng Member, Standards Council
nd
2 Dy Chairman : Mr Tan Tian Chong Member, Standards Council
Secretary : Mr James Choo Sou Yong SPRING Singapore
Members : Mr Boo Geok Kwang Singapore Civil Defence Force
Er. Chan Ewe Jin Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Mr Chan Yew Kwong Ministry of Manpower
Mr Paul Fok Land Transport Authority
Mr Goh Ngan Hong Singapore Institute of Surveyors and
Valuers
Mr Anselm Gonsalves National Environment Agency
Mr Desmond Hill Singapore Contractors Association Limited
Mr Benedict Lee Khee Chong Singapore Institute of Architects
Ms Andris Leong Building and Construction Authority
Assoc Prof Leong Eng Choon Nanyang Technological University
Dr Lim Lan-Yuan The Association of Property and Facility
Managers
Mr McDonald Low Real Estate Developers’ Association of
Singapore
Mr Larry Ng Lye Hock Urban Redevelopment Authority
Assoc Prof Gary Ong Khim Chye National University of Singapore
Mr Davis Ong Wee Choon Singapore Manufacturers’ Federation
Er. Shum Chee Hoong Housing & Development Board
Dr Tan Guan Association of Consulting Engineers,
Singapore
Mr Tang Pei Luen JTC Corporation
Co-opted
Member : Dr Tam Chat Tim Individual Capacity
2
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
The Technical Committee on Building Structure and Sub-structure appointed by the Building and
Construction Standards Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of
representatives from the following organisations:
Name Capacity
Chairman : Dr Tan Guan Member, Building and Construction

Standards Committee
Co-Chairman : Er. Chew Keat Chuan Building and Construction Authority
Secretary : Ms Lee Hiok Hoong SPRING Singapore
Members : Er. Chan Ewe Jin Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Dr Chen Enyi Cement and Concrete Association of
Singapore
LTC Cheok Poh Chin Singapore Civil Defence Force
Dr Sujit Ghosh Ready Mix Concrete Association of
Singapore
Dr Ho Nyok Yong Singapore Contractors Association Ltd
Mr Ho Wan Boon Singapore Structural Steel Society
Mdm Neo Bian Hong Land Transport Authority
Assoc Prof Gary Ong Khim Chye Singapore Concrete Institute
Mr Sze Thiam Siong Setsco Services Pte Ltd
Er. Angeline Tan Bee Hoon Housing & Development Board
Er. Tan Jui Teck CPG Corporation Pte Ltd
Assoc Prof Tan Kiang Hwee National University of Singapore
Er. Tang Pei Luen JTC Corporation
Assoc Prof Susanto Teng Nanyang Technological University
Co-opted
Members : Dr Tam Chat Tim Individual Capacity
Dr Tan Teng Hooi Individual Capacity
The following Technical Experts contributed in their individual capacity to the preparation of this
standard:
Dr Tan Teng Hooi (WG Convenor)

Er. Thung Sek Kwang (WG Secretary)
Er. Tan See Chee (Taskforce Leader)
Mr Adrian Billinghurst
Er. Chan Yek Seng
Er. Guo Ze Qin
Er. Fred Lee Ka Wing
Dr Leong Eng Choon
Prof Richard Liew Jat Yuen
Er. Lim Peng Hong
Er. Low Kam Fook
Mr Mah King Kheong
Mr Ong Yew Hing
Dr Tan Kang Hai
Er. Tay Yak Hong
3
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
The organisations in which the experts are involved are:
Beca Carter Hollings Ferner (SEA) Pte Ltd

Building and Construction Authority
CPG Consultants Pte Ltd
Defence Science & Technology Agency
Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd
Land Transport Authority
Maunsell Consultants (Singapore) Pte Ltd
Nanyang Technological University
National Environment Agency
National University of Singapore
TYH Consulting Engineers
T.Y.Lin International Pte Ltd
Worley Parsons Pte Ltd
4
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
Contents
Page
National Foreword 6
CLAUSES
NA.1 Scope 7
NA.2 Nationally determined parameters 7
NA.3 Decisions on the status of informative annexes 12
TABLE
NA.1 Recommended values of T for deck type 3 9

NA.2 Adjustment to uniform bridge temperature for deck surfacing 9
Bibliography 13
5
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
National Foreword
This National Annex was prepared by the Technical Committee on Building Structure and Sub-
structure under the purview of the Building and Construction Standards Committee.
In preparing this standard, reference was made to the UK National Annex (NA to BS EN 1991-1-5 :
2003) to Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures – Part 1-5 : General actions – Thermal actions.
Acknowledgement is made to BSI for the use of information from the above publication.
This Singapore NA contains information on those parameters which are left open in EN 1991-1-5 for
national choice, known as nationally determined parameters. The Singapore NA is to be read in
conjunction with SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009 – Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures – Part 1-5 : General
actions – Thermal actions.
Temperature profile for temporary earth retaining structural system is not covered in this National
Annex. Users may refer to the Singapore Technical Reference for Deep Excavation for the
appropriate section on design requirements.
At the time of publication, this standard is expected to be used as a reference in the Building and
Construction Authority’s ‘Approved Document – Acceptable Solutions’.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Singapore Standard may be the
subject of patent rights. SPRING Singapore shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all of
such patent rights.
NOTE
1. Singapore Standards are subject to periodic review to keep abreast of technological changes and new
technical developments. The changes in Singapore Standards are documented through the issue of either
amendments or revisions.
2. Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.
6
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
Singapore National Annex to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009 – Eurocode 1 :

Actions on structures – Part 1-5 : General actions – Thermal actions
NA.1 Scope
This National Annex gives:
a) the Singapore decisions for the Nationally Determined Parameters described in the following
subclauses of SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009.
– 5.3(2) – 6.1.4.2(1) – 7.2.1(1)

– 6.1.1(1) – 6.1.4.3(1) – 7.5(3)
– 6.1.2(2) – 6.1.4.4(1) – 7.5(4)
– 6.1.3.1(4) – 6.1.5(1) – A.1(1)
– 6.1.3.2(1) – 6.1.6(1) – A.1(3)
– 6.1.3.3(3) – 6.2.1(1)P – A.2(2)
– 6.1.4(3) – 6.2.2(1) – B(1)
– 6.1.4.1(1) – 6.2.2(2)
b) the Singapore decisions on the status of SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009 informative annexes C and D
(see NA.3); and
c) references to non-contradictory complementary information.
NA.2 Nationally determined parameters
NA.2.1 Determination of temperature profiles

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 5.3(2)]
The values recommended in SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Table 5.1, should be used.
SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Table 5.2 should be used, except that the following values should apply to
Singapore:
Return period Maximum shade air Minimum shade air

(years) temperature temperature
Tmax Tmin
50 35.7 oC 19.5 oC
100 36.0 oC 19.2 oC
T3 = 18 oC
T4 = 26 oC
T5 = 34 oC
SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Table 5.3 should be used, except that the following values should apply to Singapore:
T6 = 24 oC
T7 = 21 oC
T8 and T9 are not applicable.
7
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
NA.2.2 Bridge deck types

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.1(1), NOTE 2]
NA.2.2.1 General
Values for the uniform temperature component and temperature difference component for buried
concrete box and portal frame structures, and masonry arch bridges with solid spandrels, are given in
NA.2.2.2 and NA.2.2.3.
Values for other types of bridges not covered in SS EN 1991-1-5 should be agreed for the individual
project with the relevant authority, where appropriate.
The following may be considered to be protected from climatic and operational temperature
changes:
a) The walls and base slab of buried concrete box structures and the walls of buried concrete
portal frame structures;
b) In situ buried concrete structures which have over 0.6 metres of cover (fill plus surfacing) and
which are more than five times as long (transversely) as the clear span or, for multispan
structures, five times as long as the largest clear span;
c) Precast buried concrete segments which have over 0.6 m of cover (fill plus surfacing) and
which are located more than 1.25 times the clear span from the edge of the structure.
Buried concrete box and portal frame structures, and masonry arch bridges with solid spandrels,
should be classified as Type 3 structures.
NA.2.2.2 Uniform temperature component
For buried concrete box and portal frame structures, and masonry arch bridges with solid spandrels,
where the total cover depth from the top of the surfacing to the top of the roof slab or extrados of the
arch ring is greater than 200 mm, the minimum and maximum uniform bridge temperatures obtained
from SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Figure 6.1, and adjusted using Table 1 may be further modified as
follows:
For every additional 100 mm of total cover depth in excess of 200 mm:
a) the minimum uniform bridge temperature may be increased by 1 oC;
b) the maximum uniform bridge temperature may be reduced by 2 oC.
However, the difference between the maximum and minimum uniform bridge temperature should not
be taken as less than 14 oC.
Changes in uniform bridge temperature may be ignored when the total depth from the top of the
surfacing to the top of the roof slab or extrados of the arch ring is 1.5 m or greater.
NA.2.2.3 Temperature difference component
SS EN 1991-5 : 2009, Annex B except Table B.3 which should be replaced by Table NA.1 given
below, should be used to establish temperature differences for buried concrete box and portal frame
structures, and masonry arch bridges with solid spandrels. In SS EN 1991-5 : 2009, Table B.3, the
value of h for buried concrete structures should be taken as the distance from the underside of the
surfacing to the soffit of the roof slab. For masonry arch bridges the value of h in Table B.3 should be
taken as the distance from the underside of the surfacing to the intrados of the arch ring. In SS EN
1991-5 : 2009, Figure 6.2a, Figure 6.2b and Figure 6.2c, T1 should be taken as occurring at the
underside of the surfacing and the dimensions h and h1 should be measured downwards from that
level so that the temperature profiles shown in SS EN 1991-5 : 2009, Figure 6.2c, are applied through
the fill as well as through the roof slab or arch ring.
8
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
Heating and cooling temperature differences may be ignored when the total depth from the top of the
surfacing to the top of the roof slab or extrados of the arch ring exceeds 500 mm.
Table NA.1 – Recommended values of T for deck type 3
Type of surfacing Temperature difference oC
Heating Cooling
T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T4
Surfaced 13.5 3.0 2.5 8.1 - 1.0 6.5
(Surfacing of not
less than 50 mm)
Unsurfaced 15.4 4.5 2.0 13.7 0.5 0.6 6.7
NA.2.3 Consideration of thermal actions

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.2(2)]
Approach 2 should be used, unless the use of Approach 1 is agreed for the individual project with the
relevant authority.
NA.2.4 Uniform temperature components – General

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.3.1(4)]
NOTE – Refer to NA.2.1 for the values of Tmin and Tmax .
The values of Te.min and Te.max recommended in SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Figure 6.1, should be used,
subject to the adjustments for deck surfacing given in Table NA.2.
The uniform bridge temperature components are dependent on the depth of surfacing on the bridge
deck, and the values given in SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Figure 6.1, assume depths of 40 mm for Type 1
and 100 mm for Types 2 and 3. When the depth of surfacing differs from these values, the minimum
and maximum uniform bridge temperature components should be adjusted by the amounts given in
Table NA.2.
Table NA.2 – Adjustment to uniform bridge temperature for deck surfacing
Deck surface Addition to minimum uniform bridge Addition to maximum uniform bridge
temperature component, oC temperature component, oC
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Unsurfaced 0 –3 –1 + 4 c) 0 0
a) c)
Water-proofed 0 –3 –1 +4 +4 +2
b)
40 mm surfacing 0 –2 –1 0 +2 +1
b)
100 mm surfacing N/A 0 0 N/A 0 0
b)
200 mm surfacing N/A +3 +1 N/A –4 –2
a) Waterproofed deck values are conservative, assuming dark material; there may be some alleviation when light coloured
waterproofing is used; specialist advice should be sought if required.
b) Surfacing depths include waterproofing.
o
c) For steel truss and plate girders the values for unsurfaced and waterproofed deck surfaces may be reduced to + 2 C.
9
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
NA.2.5 Shade air temperature

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.3.2(1)]
See Clause NA.2.1 for the values of Tmin and Tmax.
NA.2.6 Range of uniform bridge temperature component

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.3.3(3)]
For bearings and expansion joints, the maximum expansion and contraction ranges of the uniform
bridge temperature component should be as given by other relevant standards (for example, EN
1993-2). Where no information is given the requirements should be as follows:
(TN,exp + 6) °C
and
(TN,con + 6) °C,
respectively.
If the temperature at which the bearings and expansion joints are set is specified then the ranges are
(TN,exp + 3) °C and ((TN,con + 3) °C, respectively.
NA.2.7 Temperature difference components

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.4(3)]
The initial temperature difference at the closure of cantilever construction should be specified for the
individual project.
NA.2.8 Vertical linear component (Approach 1)

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.4.1(1)]
Generally, Approach 1 should not be used. However, where Approach 1 is specified and permitted for
use, the values of TM,heat and TM,cool, and factor ksur given in SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Table 6.1 and
Table 6.2, respectively, should be used.
NA.2.9 Vertical temperature components with non-linear effects (Approach 2)

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.4.2(1)]
The temperature difference values recommended in SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Figure 6.2a to Figure
6.2c, for the different types of bridge deck should be used, but with the following changes to Figure
6.2a and Figure 6.2c:
In Figure 6.2a:
• In note, TN should be Tu.
In Figure 6.2c:
 Column (b) Cooling: Figure: the top horizontal line for h3 should be lowered to the kink;
 Column (b) Cooling: Below figure: line 2:  0.20 m instead of  0.20 m;
 In note, TN should be Tu.
The data given in SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Figure 6.2, assume depths of surfacing of 40 mm for Type 1
and 100 mm for Types 2 and 3. For other depths of surfacing different values will apply. Values for
other thicknesses of surfacing are given in SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Annex B (see also Table NA.1).
10
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
NA.2.10 Horizontal components

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.4.3(1)]
For Singapore, the horizontal temperature difference between the outer edges of the bridge is
insignificant.
NA.2.11 Temperature difference components within walls of concrete box girders

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.4.4(1)]
The temperature difference is insignificant.
NA.2.12 Simultaneity of uniform and temperature difference components

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.5(1)]
Adopt the recommended values of ωN and ωM in SS EN 1991-1-5, 6.1.5(1).
Alternatively, appropriate values may be determined from first principles.
NA.2.13 Difference in the uniform temperature components between different

structural elements
[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.6(1)]
Where relevant, the values for the differences in the uniform temperature components recommended
in the note to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.1.6(1), may be used.
Alternatively, appropriate values may be determined from first principles.
NA.2.14 Consideration of thermal actions

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.2.1(I)P]
The temperature differences between the outer faces of bridge piers is insignificant.
NA.2.15 Temperature differences

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.2.2(1)]
The linear temperature difference between the opposite outer faces of concrete piers is insignificant.
NA.2.16 Temperature differences

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 6.2.2(2)]
The linear temperature difference between the inner and outer faces of walls is insignificant.
NA.2.17 Shade air temperature

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2003, 7.2.1(1)]
Refer to NA.2.1 for the values of Tmin and Tmax.
NA.2.18 Values of temperature components (indicative values)

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 7.5(3)]
NA.2.19 Values of temperature components (indicative values)

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, 7.5(4)]
11
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
NA.2.20 Isotherms of national minimum shade air temperatures – General

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, A.1(1)]
See NA.2.1
NA.2.21 Isotherms of national minimum and maximum shade air temperatures –

General
[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, A.1(3)]
The initial temperature T0 should be taken as the temperature of a structural element at the relevant
stage of its restraint (completion).
T0 may be taken as 27 oC.
NA.2.22 Maximum and minimum shade air temperature values with an annual
probability of being exceeded p other than 0.02
[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, A.2(2)]
The values of k1, k2, k3, k4 should be taken as 0.781, 0.056, 0.393 and -0.156, respectively, as
recommended in SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, A.2(2), Note 1.
NA.2.23 Temperature differences for various surfacing depths

[SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, B(1)]
Temperature difference profIles for surfacing depths, other than 40 mm for Type 1 and 100 mm for
deck Types 2 and 3, should be as given in SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Table B.1 and Table B.2. The
temperature difference profile for deck Type 3 is as given in Table NA.1.
NA.3 Decisions on the status of informative annexes

SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, informative annexes C and D, may be used as informative annexes.
12
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
Bibliography
Standards publications
BS EN 1337 Structural bearings

Part 1 : General design rules
Part 2 : Sliding elements
Part 3 : Elastomeric bearings (in preparation)
Part 4 : Roller bearings
Part 5 : Pot bearings
Part 6 : Rocker bearings (in preparation)
Part 7 : Spherical and cylindrical PTFE bearings
SS EN 1990 : 2008 Eurocode – Basis of structural design
SS EN 1991 (all parts) Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures
BS EN 1993-2 Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures – Part 2 – Steel bridges
Other publications
Civil Design Criteria published by the Land Transport Authority (LTA), Singapore.
TRRL Report LR 765. Crowthorne, Berkshire, United Kingdom, 1977.
13
NA to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009
ABOUT SPRING SINGAPORE
SPRING Singapore is an agency under the Ministry of Trade and Industry responsible for helping
Singapore enterprises grow and building trust in Singapore products and services. As the national
standards and accreditation body, SPRING develops and promotes an internationally-recognised
standards and quality assurance infrastructure. SPRING also oversees the safety of general
consumer goods in Singapore. As the enterprise development agency, SPRING works with partners
to help enterprises in financing, capability and management development, technology and innovation,
and access to markets.
SPRING Singapore
1 Fusionopolis Walk
Singapore 138628
Tel: 6278 6666
Fax: 6278 6667
E-mail: enterpriseone@spring.gov.sg
Website: http://www.spring.gov.sg
ABOUT THE NATIONAL STANDARDISATION PROGRAMME
Under the national standardisation programme, SPRING Singapore helps companies and industry to
meet international standards and conformity requirements by creating awareness of the importance of
standardisation to enhance competitiveness and improve productivity, co-ordinating the development
and use of Singapore Standards and setting up an information infrastructure to educate companies
and industry on the latest developments.
SPRING Singapore is vested with the authority to appoint a Standards Council to advise on the
preparation, publication and promulgation of Singapore Standards and Technical References and
their implementation.
Singapore Standards are in the form of specifications for materials and products, codes of practice,
methods of test, nomenclature, services, etc. The respective committee or working group will draw
up the standards before seeking final approval from the Standards Council or the relevant Standards
Committee. To ensure adequate representation of all viewpoints in the preparation of Singapore
Standards, all committees appointed consist of representatives from various interest groups which
include government agencies, professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumer, trade and
manufacturing organisations.
Technical References are transition documents developed to help meet urgent industry demand for
specifications or requirements on a particular product, process or service in an area where there is an
absence of reference standards. Unlike Singapore Standards, they are issued for comments over a
period of two years before assessment on their suitability for approval as Singapore Standards. All
comments are considered when a technical reference is reviewed at the end of two years to
determine the feasibility of its transition to a Singapore Standard. Technical References can
therefore become Singapore Standards after two years, continue as Technical References for further
comments or be withdrawn.
In the international arena, SPRING Singapore represents Singapore in the International Organisation
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Standards and Conformance (SCSC) and in the ASEAN Consultative Committee on Standards and
Quality (ACCSQ). The Singapore National Committee of the International Electrotechnical
Commission which is supported by SPRING Singapore, represents Singapore in the IEC.
14
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Programme is managed by
SPRING Singapore
1 Fusionopolis Walk,
Singapore 138628
Tel : +65 6278 6666
Fax : +65 6278 6667
www.spring.gov.sg

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Licensed by SPRING Singapore to Er.

Joshua Ong Cho Whatt, Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd

Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1 :

First published, 2009

Chairman : Mr Goh Peng Thong Member, Standards Council

Chairman : Dr Tan Guan Member, Building and Construction

Dr Tan Teng Hooi (WG Convenor)

The organisations in which the experts are involved are:

Beca Carter Hollings Ferner (SEA) Pte Ltd

NA.1 Recommended values of T for deck type 3 9

Singapore National Annex to SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009 – Eurocode 1 :

– 5.3(2) – 6.1.4.2(1) – 7.2.1(1)

c) references to non-contradictory complementary information.

NA.2 Nationally determined parameters

NA.2.1 Determination of temperature profiles

The values recommended in SS EN 1991-1-5 : 2009, Table 5.1, should be used.

Return period Maximum shade air Minimum shade air

T8 and T9 are not applicable.

NA.2.2 Bridge deck types

NA.2.2.2 Uniform temperature component

a) the minimum uniform bridge temperature may be increased by 1 oC;

b) the maximum uniform bridge temperature may be reduced by 2 oC.

NA.2.2.3 Temperature difference component

Table NA.1 – Recommended values of T for deck type 3

Type of surfacing Temperature difference oC

NA.2.3 Consideration of thermal actions

NA.2.4 Uniform temperature components – General

NOTE – Refer to NA.2.1 for the values of Tmin and Tmax .

Table NA.2 – Adjustment to uniform bridge temperature for deck surfacing

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

NA.2.5 Shade air temperature

See Clause NA.2.1 for the values of Tmin and Tmax.

NA.2.6 Range of uniform bridge temperature component

NA.2.7 Temperature difference components

NA.2.8 Vertical linear component (Approach 1)

NA.2.9 Vertical temperature components with non-linear effects (Approach 2)

• In note, TN should be Tu.

NA.2.10 Horizontal components

NA.2.11 Temperature difference components within walls of concrete box girders

The temperature difference is insignificant.

NA.2.12 Simultaneity of uniform and temperature difference components

Adopt the recommended values of ωN and ωM in SS EN 1991-1-5, 6.1.5(1).

Alternatively, appropriate values may be determined from first principles.

NA.2.13 Difference in the uniform temperature components between different

Alternatively, appropriate values may be determined from first principles.

NA.2.14 Consideration of thermal actions

NA.2.15 Temperature differences

NA.2.16 Temperature differences

NA.2.17 Shade air temperature

Refer to NA.2.1 for the values of Tmin and Tmax.

NA.2.18 Values of temperature components (indicative values)

The temperature difference is insignificant.

NA.2.19 Values of temperature components (indicative values)

The temperature difference is insignificant.

NA.2.20 Isotherms of national minimum shade air temperatures – General

NA.2.21 Isotherms of national minimum and maximum shade air temperatures –

T0 may be taken as 27 oC.

NA.2.23 Temperature differences for various surfacing depths

NA.3 Decisions on the status of informative annexes

BS EN 1337 Structural bearings

TRRL Report LR 765. Crowthorne, Berkshire, United Kingdom, 1977.

ABOUT SPRING SINGAPORE

ABOUT THE NATIONAL STANDARDISATION PROGRAMME