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'|. . |. ..|., ||.| ||. ...| ..| . .|..||..

|, jHANKAR AHIKAR ... ^C. % |. ||.
C|...|, ...|...|. '|. u..|,. l... .|...
5.|.... ..,. .. ..... ..| |, |.. .... ||.
,....... ~ ...... ...., ........ ,.. ::
:::.


PrincipoI Mr. 8.D.Iofwoni
Adifyo 8irIo PubIic SchooI (Heod of chemisfry depf.)
Iovoyo


W&14M114W1

wish fo express my deep grofifude ond sincere fhonks fo

HonorobIe PrincipoI, Modom Poji Joyoprosod Adifyo 8irIo pubIic
schooI, kovoyo for her encourogemenf ond for oII fhe fociIifies
fhof she provided for fhis projecf work. sincereIy oppreciofe
fhis mognonimify by foking me info her foId for which shoII
remoin indebfed fo her.

exfend my heorfy fhonks fo Mr. 8.D IOTWAM,
chemisfry P0T, who guided me fo fhe successfuI compIefion of
fhis projecf. foke fhis opporfunify fo express my deep sense
of grofifude for his invoIuobIe guidonce, consfonf
encourogemenf, consfrucfive commenfs, sympofhefic offifude
ond immense mofivofion, which hos susfoined my efforfs of oII
sfoges of fhis projecf work.

con'f forgef fo offer my sincere fhonks fo Mr. Ponkoj 8ojpoi
who heIped me fo corry ouf fhis projecf work successfuIIy &
for fheir voIuobIe odvice & supporf, which received from
fhem in enfire course of Projecf work.

Jhonkor Dohikor

INTRUDUCTIUN


Soops ore sodium or pofossium soIfs of higher foffy ocids Iike sfeoric,
poImific ond oIeic ocids con be eifher sofurofed or unsofurofed. They
confoin o Iong hydrocorbon choin of obouf I0-Z0 corbon wifh one
corboxyIic ocid group os fhe funcfionoI group.


A soop moIecuIe o fodpoIe shoped sfrucfure, whose ends hove differenf
PoIorifies. Af one end is fhe Iong hydrocorbon choin fhof is non-poIor
ond hydrophobic, i.e., insoIubIe in wofer buf oiI soIubIe. Af fhe ofher
end is fhe shorf poIor corboxyIofe ion which is hydrophiIic i.e., wofer
soIubIe buf insoIubIe in oiI ond greose.





Long Hydrocurbon Chuin Hydrophobic end HydrophiIic end




When soop is shoken wifh wofer if becomes o soop soIufion fhof is
coIIoidoI in nofure. Agifofing if fends fo concenfrofe fhe soIufion on fhe
surfoce ond couses fooming. This heIps fhe soop moIecuIes moke o uni-
moIecuIor fiIm on fhe surfoce of wofer ond fo penefrofe fhe fobric.






The Iong non-poIor end of o soop moIecuIe fhof ore hydrophobic,
grovifofe fowords ond surround fhe dirf (fof or oiI wifh dusf obsorbed
in if). The shorf poIor end confoining fhe corboxyIofe ion, foce fhe
wofer owoy from fhe dirf. A number of soop moIecuIes surround or
encircIe dirf ond greose in o cIusfered sfrucfure coIIed miceIIes,
which encircIes such porficIes ond emuIsify fhem.








CIeonsing ocfion of soops decreoses in hord wofer. Hord wofer confoins
CoIcium ond mognesium ions which reocf wifh sodium corbonofe fo
produce insoIubIe corbonofes of higher foffy ocids.

1o compote tbe foomloq

copocltles of tbtee Jlffeteot
commetclol soops


\\S^S`a_

l 1est tubes
l conico/ l/osks {100 m/)
1est 1ube 5tond
8unsen 8urner
5top wotch


Procedure

I|ve con|ca| f|asks (100 m| each) are taken and numbered

1 to S
In each of these f|asks equa| amounts (say S gm) of the
g|ven samp|es of soap shav|ngs or granu|es are taken and S0
m| of d|st|||ed water |s added
Lach con|ca| f|ask |s heated few m|nutes to d|sso|ve a|| the
soap comp|ete|y
In a testtube stand f|ve b|g c|ean and dry test tubes are
taken and numbered 1 to S
Cne m| of the f|ve soap so|ut|on |s then poured |n the test
tubes of correspond|ng number
10 m| of d|st|||ed water |s then added to each test tube
1est tube no 1 |s then shaken v|gorous|y S t|mes
1he foam wou|d be formed |n the empty space above the
conta|ner Stop watch |s started |mmed|ate|y and the t|me
taken for the d|sappearance of foam |s noted
S|m||ar|y the other test tubes are shaken v|gorous|y for
equa| number of t|mes (|e S t|mes) w|th approx|mate|y w|th
the same force and the t|me taken for the d|sappearance of
foam |n each case |s recorded
1he /esser the time token for the disoppeoronce of foom
the /ower is the foominq copocity
UBSERVTIUN
mooot of eocb soop somple tokeo 2 Ml
Amount of distilled water taken =20 ML
volome of eocb soop solotloo tokeo 1 Ml
volome of JlstllleJ wotet oJJeJ 10 Ml


5 NO

5O4P 54MPL

1lM{5cONu5)

1

MulMlx

l5 5c

2

Lll8OY

l2 5c

l

Lux

28 5c
Conclusions




The soop for which fhe fime foken
for fhe disoppeoronce of foom is
highesf hos moximum fooming
copocify ond is fhe besf quoIify
soop omong fhe soops fesfed.