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General Physics 2 for Grade 12 learners

BSED Filipino (Sto. Nino Catholic Schopl)

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NAME: GRADE & SECTION:

TEACHER’S NAME: Sir Alfred Intong SUBJECT: GENERAL PHYSICS 2

Senior High School Department

S.Y. 2021-2022
4th Quarter

GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Subject Classification:
Grade Level: Quarter/Term: Date: Week: Module Number:
Core
12 SPECIALIZED Finals Feb 28 – Mar 11, 2022 1 and 2 1

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Topic/s Content Standard/s: Performance Standards Learning Objectives
(MELCs)
The learner can…
a. Distinguish between conventional
current and electron flow a. Define electric current,
b. Apply the relationship charge = resistance and resistivity.
current x time to new situations or b. Relate the drift velocity of a
to solve related problems The learner is able to: collection of charged
The learner demonstrates
c. Describe the effect of temperature Use theoretical and particles to electric current
understanding of current,
Electric Current increase on the resistance of a experimental approaches and current density.
resistivity and resistance,
metallic conductor. to solve multiconcept and c. Enumerate the factors
Ohm’s Law, Energy and power
d. Describe the ability of a material to rich – context problems affecting the resistance of a
in electric circuits and
conduct current in terms of involving electricity and uniform wire, and calculate
Electrical safety.
resistivity and conductivity. magnetism. . the resistance if one or more
e. Apply the relationship of the of these factors are
proportionality between resistance changed.
and the length and cross – sectional
area of a wire to solve problems.

Values Integration: Develop awareness confidence in dealing with electrical safety.

Google Classroom Code: References:
Arellano, B., et.al.,2017, Exploring Life Through Science Series. Electrostatics,
For more educational resources, you may access our virtual classroom thru the
Coulomb’s Law, and Electric Field. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. p. 4 – 23.
class code given above.

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NAME: GRADE & SECTION:

TEACHER’S NAME: Sir Alfred Intong

General Physics 2
2nd Semester, Module 1, Week 1 to 2

TOPIC/S: Electric Current

DISCOVERY ACTIVITY

Scientist are continuously searching for alternative sources of electricity Activity:

because of the growing concern over population. This has resulted in an increase in
Search in the internet and write down 10 practices that can be done at home to
the number of choices on how and where to get electricity. Wind, sun, biofuels,
conserve electrical energy.
water, and waves are some common alternative sources of electricity.

People may soon be painting their homes with “solar paints” that do not
only make houses beautiful, but also take care of electrical needs. But how do solar
paints work?

DISCUSSION

𝑞
Lesson 1.1: Electric Current 𝐼=
𝑡
𝐸𝑞. (3.1)

A difference in gravitational potential energy may cause mass to flow like
water flowing from an area of higher potential to an area of lower potential. Heat
naturally flows whenever there is a difference in temperature. In the same manner,
charges flow whenever there is a potential difference (more commonly known as
voltage) between the terminals of a source.
Electric current (I), or simply current, is the amount of charge passing through
any point in a conductor per unit time. In symbols,
where 𝑞 is the charge in coulombs and t is the time in seconds. From Eq. (3.1), the
unit of current is the coulomb/second. This combination of units is called the ampere
(A). Hence,
1𝐴 = 1 𝐶/𝑠
The unit ampere is named after the French scientist and mathematician,
André Marie Ampère. Ampère was considered "the Isaac Newton of electricity." He
was the first to describe current as a continuous flow of electricity along a wire. He
founded the science of electrodynamics-the study of charges in motion.

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 lOMoARcPSD|28839435

NAME: GRADE & SECTION:

TEACHER’S NAME: Sir Alfred Intong

General Physics 2
2nd Semester, Module 1, Week 1 to 2

CONVENTIONAL CURRENT VERSUS ELECTRON CURRENT
Originally, scientists believed that it was the positively charged particles that
flowed in circuits. Circuits were always labeled with the current flowing from the
positive terminal to the negative terminal of a source of voltage. This current is
referred to as conventional current.
When the electron was discovered, it became clear that the current in a
metallic conductor is actually a flow of electrons from the negative terminal to the
positive terminal. This is called electron current. Electron current is equivalent to the
conventional current flowing in the opposite direction, as shown in figure 3-1. The
conventional current was firmly established in scientific literature. Hence, most books
still follow the conventional current.
phones. Alternating current is produced by AC generators and distributed by electric
companies like Manila Electric Company (Meralco) and Mactan Electric Company
(MECO). Alternating current is used in most household appliances.
SELF – CHECK
- What is electric current?
- What is the difference between conventional current and electric
current?
Science Connections
The electric ray is a type of fish that literally puts its prey into a state of shock.
An electric ray can deliver voltages of up to 220 V and currents of up to 30 A
depending on the species. This ability is due to its thousands of specialized cells called
electroplaques that are capable of moving ions across membranes. The Ancient
Greeks used electric rays as anesthesia during childbirth and operations. Physicians
in ancient Rome placed electric rays on their patients to cure headaches and gout.

Example # 1.1.

A steady current of 2.0 A flows in a wire for 16.0 s. (a) How many coulombs
of charge flow through the wire? (b) How many electrons flow through the wire over
the given time interval?

Given: I = 2.0 A t = 16.0 s

DIRECT CURRENT VERSUS ALTERNATING CURRENT
Solution:
Current that travels in one direction (at all times) is called direct current (DC),
a. Using Eq. (3.1)
while current that changes directions at a regular interval (normally 60 times in one
𝑞 = 𝐼𝑡 = (2.0 𝐴)(16.0 𝑠) = 32 𝐶.
second) is called alternating current (AC). Direct current is supplied by cells or
batteries and is commonly used in flashlights, calculators, automobiles, and cell

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NAME: GRADE & SECTION:

TEACHER’S NAME: Sir Alfred Intong

General Physics 2
2nd Semester, Module 1, Week 1 to 2

b. Recall that the charge of an electron is −1.602 × 10−19 𝐶. Considering 𝑣𝐷 = 𝜇𝐸 𝐸𝑞. (3.2)
the absolute value of this charge to solve for the number of electrons,
In time t, the electrons moved a distance 𝐿 = 𝑣𝐷 𝑡. Substituting this to (1).
1 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 32 𝐶 [ ] = 2.0 × 1020 𝑞 = 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑣𝐷 𝑡 (2)
1.602 × 10−19 𝐶
Electric current I is defined as charged flow (q) per unit time. Thus,
𝑞
DRIFT VELOCITY AND CURRENT DENSITY 𝐼= = 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑣𝐷 (3)
𝑡
Consider a uniform section of a conductor of length 𝐿 and cross-sectional area A new quantity, called current density, is the amount of the current per unit
𝐴. The volume 𝑉 of this section of the conductor is 𝐴𝐿. Assuming that there are n area of a conductor. It is represented by 𝐽. From this definition and using (3),
number of electrons per unit volume in the conductor and each electron has a charge
equal to e, 1
𝐽= = 𝑛𝑒𝑣𝐷 𝐸𝑞. (3.3)
𝐴
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑞 = 𝑛𝐴𝐿𝑒
Using Eq. (3.2)
The motion of electrons in the conductor is random. When subjected to an
electric field E, these electrons will accelerate. However, they will not attain an 𝐽 = 𝑛𝑒𝜇𝐸 𝐸𝑞. (3.4)
infinite speed because of their collisions with other electrons. Over a period of time, Eqs. (3.3) and (3.4) relate current density with drift velocity and electric field,
there will be a relatively small net motion of electrons in a direction opposite from respectively. The SI unit for current density is the ampere per square meter (𝐴/𝑚2 ).
that of the electric field (Figure 3-2). The velocity associated with this motion of
electrons is referred to as drift velocity and is represented as 𝑉𝐷 . This drift velocity is Example # 1.2
proportional to the electric field E. The constant of proportionality 𝜇 is called the A current of 350 mA flows through a gold wire with a diameter of l.0 mm and
electron mobility a length of 25 cm. There are 5.90 × 1028 free electrons/𝑚3 in gold. (a) What is the
current density in the wire? (b) What is the magnitude of the drift velocity of the free
electrons in the wire?

Given: l = 350 mA = 0.350 A d= 1.0 mm = 0.001 m

L= 0.25 m n= 5.90 × 1028 free electrons/𝑚3

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NAME: GRADE & SECTION:

TEACHER’S NAME: Sir Alfred Intong

General Physics 2
2nd Semester, Module 1, Week 1 to 2

Solution:
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 0.350 𝐴 𝐴
a. 𝐽 = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝑑 2
= 0.001𝑚 2
= 4.456 × 10−5 𝑚2 = PILLAR OF SCIENCE
𝜋( 2 ) 𝜋( 2 )
Nick Holonyak Jr. is known as the father of light - emitting diode (LED}
−5 2
4.5 × 10 𝐶/𝑠 ∙ 𝑚 technology. In 1962, he invented the first LED that emits visible light (red). He had 41
patents including those for light dimmers and laser diodes. In addition, he had made
key contributions in the field of semiconductors.

b. Using Eq. (3.3), with the absolute value of e, He obtained his bachelor’s, master's, and doctorate degrees in electrical
𝐽 engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the United Stares.
𝑣𝐷 =
𝑛 |𝑒 |
4.456 × 10−5 𝐶/𝑠 ∙ 𝑚2
=
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝐶
(5.90 × 1028 3 ) (−1.602 × 10−19 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛)
𝑚
= 4.71 × 10−15 𝑚/𝑠.

DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITY

Essay. Answer the three essay questions below.

1. How is electricity produced?

2. Is electricity related to the motion of electrons?
3. How does electricity affect our lives?

KEY CONCEPTS

• Electric Current • Electron current

• Conventional currents • Direct current

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 lOMoARcPSD|28839435

NAME: GRADE & SECTION:

TEACHER’S NAME: Sir Alfred Intong

General Physics 2
2nd Semester, Module 1, Week 1 to 2

• Alternating current • Current density

• Drift velocity

Topic/s: Electric Current

NOTE: This is the only part of the module that you must return to your Adviser.

ASSESSMENT 1.1: Test II. Problem Solving. Read and analyze each question carefully then solve for
what is asked in the problem. Use another sheet of paper to answer the following
General Instructions:
problems.
o Read and analyze the questions carefully 1. An electrician experienced a mild shock when he accidentally touched a
o Show your complete solutions for questions intended to have solutions. wire carrying 5.0 mA for approximately 1.0 s. How many electrons
o Using of calculator is allowed. constitute the given current?
o Graph the functions 1 and 2. 2. The current density in a copper wire of diameter 1.02 mm is 1.75 × 105 𝐴/
o Use another sheet of paper for your answers and solutions 𝑚2 . The number of free electrons per cubic meter of copper is 8.5× 1028 .
o Answer the assessment wholeheartedly! Find the (a) current in the wire and (b) magnitude of drift velocity of
Test I. True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if false. electrons in the wire.

1. The unit ampere is equivalent to 1 Cs.

2. Andre Marie Ampere is considered as the “Isaac Newton of Electricity”
3. If the amount of charge increases, the value of electric current decreases, “If safety is a joke, then death is the punchline”
keeping the time constant. o Unknown
4. Charges flow whenever there is a potential difference between the It is better to lose one minute in life… than to lose life in a minute.
terminals of a source.
5. Ohm’s law describes the relationship among electric current, potential
difference, and electric resistance.

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