MrOr

iosa0743241064

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCHRI
STI
ANRELI
GIOUSEDUCATI
ON

I
NTRODUCTIONTOCHRI
STI
ANRELI
GIOUS
EDUCATI
ON

WHATSAAAP
Meani
Chr
i
ngofChr
st
ian
ist
ianRel
igi
ousEducat
ion

0721634274
Thewor

Rel
igi
on
dcomesf
chosent
ofol
l
r
om Gr
owChri
st
eekwor
.Ther
ef
d“
or
e,
Chr
ist
aChr
os”whi
i
sti
ani
chmeanssomeonewhohasbeen
safol
l
owerofChri
st.

I
tistheserv
iceandworshi
pofGodt
hroughappr
ovedsy
stemsofbel
i
efs,
pract
icesand
pat
ternsofbehavi
or.

Educat
ion

Ist
hesy st
emat
ict
rai
ning/
inst
ruct
ionofpupi
l
sespeci
all
y/mai
nlyi
nschool
sand
col
leges.

DPTE
Ther
ef

a) Sy
or

Jesus.
e,

st
Chr
i

emat
i
st
ianRel

cst
i
gi

udyofr
ousEducat

eli
gi
i

ousbel
i
on(

ef
CRE)i
st

sandpr
he;

act
icesbasedi
nthel
i
feandt
eachi
ngof

b) St
udyofGod’srevel
ati
onstopeopl
ethr
oughper
sonal
exper
iences,
hiscr
eat
ion,
the
Hol
ySpir
it
,JesusChri
standthewordofGod.

Reasonsf
orst
udy
ingChr
ist
ianRel
igi
ousEducat
ion

1. Byst
udyi
ngCRE,alear
nerget
stoknowGod’
spower
,char
act
erandhowGod

DECTE
rev
eal
shimsel

2. CREhel

emmanuel
ori
ft

psl
ohumanki

ear
ner
st

osa@gmai
l
.
nd.

oknowGod’
swi
l
lforhumanki

com 0743241064
ndandhowHeexpect
sust
oli
ve.
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

• Thi
swi
l
lhel
plear
ner
stodev
elopf
ait
hinGod.

3. Helpslear
ner
stoacquir
espi r
it
ualinsi
ghtwhichisusedinmaki
ngappropri
ate
deci
sionsonhowtohandleissuesthatfacethem i
nlif
ee.g.dr
ugabuse,
incest
,
corr
upti
on,andhomosexual
ity.

4. Thesubj
ecthel
pst
helear
nertoacquir
ebasi
cpri
ncipl
es/r
ulest
hatgui
deaper
son
todevel
opmoral
ly,
emoti
onal
l
y,i
ntel
lect
uall
yandphy
sical
ly.

5. Hel
psl ear
nersbecomemoreawareofthei
rint
ernal/i
nnerstat
eandthiscr
eates
sel
fawareness,l
eadi
ngtothedev
elopmentofself
-r
espect
,sel
f-wort
handident
it
y.

6. Helpst
hel
ear
nert
ounder
standandt
orespectt
hedi
ff
erencesamongpeopl
eint
he
soci
ety
.

7. Ital
sohelpsthelear
nert
otol
erat
eoneanot
herandappreciat
eoneanot
her
consequent
lyrel
ati
ngwellwi
thot
hersandev
enresol
vedi
fferences.

8. Thest
udyofCREpr
omot
esnat
ional
uni
ty.

• Wegett
ounder
standt
hatGodcr
eat
edal
lpeopl
eregar
dlessofgender
,race,
and
r
eli
gion.

9. Onaboar
dersense,
itpr
omot
esi
nter
nat
ional
consci
ousness.

• Thi
scomesasar
esul
toft
heawar
enesst
hatal
lhumanbei
ngswer
ecr
eat
edby
t
hesameGod.

10. I
tprov
idesanimport
antbackgroundforent
ryi
ntocar
eer
sandambi
ti
onse.
g.l
aw,
cl
ergy
,CREteachi
ng,andadmini
str
ation.

11. Byst
udy
ingt
hesubj
ectoneknowsmor
eaboutt
heBi
bleandt
heper
sonal
i
tiesi
nit
.

12. Hel
pst
oexplai
ncert
ainmy st
eri
esi
nli
fee.
g.or
igi
nofmanki
nd,
whypeopl
edi
e,
andt
hedest
inyofhumanbeings.

13. Hel
pst
helearnert
oappreci
ate/underst
andt
heenv
ironmentast
hecr
eat
ionofGod
andt
heneedtoconserv
e/preser
ve/careforit
.

14. I
tequipst
helear
nerwit
happropri
ateski
l
ls,
att
it
udesandknowl
edgewhi
char
e
i
mportantf
oreconomicdev
elopment.

• Suchv
irt
uesi
ncl
udehandwor
k,di
l
igence,
honest
y,t
oler
ance,
andr
espectamong
ot
her
s.

15. C.
R.E.cont
ri
but
est
othenat
ional
goal
sofeducat
ione.
g.pat
ri
oti
sm,
nat
ional
i
sm.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

THEBI
BLE
Whati
stheBi
ble?

• Thewor
dBi
blei
sder
ivedf
rom t
heGr
eekwor
d,“
Bibl
i
a”,
whi
chmeansabook.

• TheBi
blei
saccept
edbyChr
ist
ianswor
ldwi
deast
hewor
dofGod.

•I
sal
sor
efer
redt
oast
heHol
yBi
ble,
ThePr
omi
se,
orTheHol
yScr
ipt
ures.

Whyt
heBi
blei
sref
err
edt
oast
hewor
dofGod(
Hebr
ews1:
1-2,
2Ti
mot
hy3:
16,
Rev22:
18)

TheBi
blecanbesai
dtobet
hewor
dofGodbecauseoft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons

1. Thr
oughi
tGodspeakst
ohumanbei
ngst
hroughhi
sson,
JesusChr
ist
.(
Heb1:
1-2)

2. Al
lscr
ipt
urewasi
nspi
redbyGod.
(2Ti
mot
hy3:
16)

3. Thehumanaut
hor
s/wr
it
eswer
eundert
hei
nfl
uenceoft
heHol
ySpi
ri
t.

4. TheBi
bledeal
swi
thGod’
srev
elat
ionst
ohumanbei
ngsandt
hei
rresponses.

5. TheBi
blecont
ainst
het
ruemessageofGodf
orourdai
l
yli
vi
ng.

6. Godhi
msel
fwr
otet
heTenCommandment
s.

7. Al
lthescr
ipt
urei
squi
teuseful
intr
aini
ng/
teachi
ng,
rebuki
ngandcor
rect
inghuman
bei
ngssoastmakethem r
ight
eous.

8. Ther
eisast
ri
kingconsi
stencyint
houghtanddevel
opment
/mov
ementi
nthe
Bi
bli
calt
hemesbecauseal
lauthorswerei
nspi
redbyoneGod.

9. Whati
swr
it
tenact
ual
l
yhappens.I
tisf
ulf
il
ledandnev
erchanged.

10. I
tcont
ainswor
dsspokenbyGodHi
msel
fli
ke,
“Thus,
say
stheLor
d…….
”

11. I
tcl
ear
lyexpl
ainst
henat
ure/
qual
i
tyofGodt
ous,
forexampl
e,

• Godi
spower
ful
–omni
pot
ent
.

• Godi
sal
l
-knowi
ng–omni
sci
ent
.

• Godi
sev
ery
wher
e–omni
present
.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

12.At
tempt
stodest
royt
heBi
blehav
efai
l
ed.

13.I
trev
eal
sJesusChr
istast
heWor
dofGod.

14.Theinformati
onintheBi
blewasr
eveal
edt
otheaut
hor
sthr
oughdr
eams,
visi
ons
andnaturalphenomena.

TheBi
bleasal
ibr
ary

Sponsor
ed

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
her
easonswhyt
heBi
blei
sconsi
der
edasaf
orm ofal
i
brar
y.

1. TheBi
blei
sacol
l
ect
ionof66books.

2. TheBi
blewaswr
it
tenusi
ngdi
ff
erentl
i
ter
aryst
ylese.
g.poet
ic,
pray
ers.

3. Thedi
ff
erentbookswer
ewr
it
tenbydi
ff
erentaut
hor
sfr
om di
ff
erentbackgr
ounds.

4. Thebookswer
ewr
it
tenatdi
ff
erentt
imesi
nhi
stor
yov
eral
ongspanoft
ime.

5. Thebooksi
ntheBi
blear
ear
rangedi
nor
derf
rom t
heOl
dTest
amentt
otheNew
Test
ament.

6. Thebookswer
ewr
it
teni
ndi
ff
erentpl
aces.

7. Thebooksoft
heBi
blecat
erf
ordi
ff
erentaudi
encee.
g.pr
iest
s,women,
menet
c.

8. Thebooksarear
rangedaccor
dingtodi
ff
erentsubj
ect
sforexampl
e:booksofl
aw,
booksof hi
stor
y,wi
sdom wri
ti
ngs,amongother
s.

HumanAut
hor
s(2Pet
er1:
20-
21)

1. Godusedv ar
ioushumanaut
hor
stowr
it
eHi
smessagewhi
chi
sfoundi
nthe
di
ff
erentbooksoftheBibl
e.

2. Someoft
heaut
hor
swer
eki
ngs,
scr
ibes,
apost
lesanddi
sci
ples.

3. Thewr
it
ersl
i
vedatdi
ff
erentt
imesi
nhi
stor
yfr
om t
het
imeofMosest
otheGospel
s.

4. Thenatur
eofthecontentwr
it
tenwasi
nfl
uencedbyt
hehi
stor
ical
,pol
i
tical
and
rel
i
giousf
actor
softheti
me.

5. Al
lthewr
it
ersoft
heBi
blewer
eJewsexceptLukewhowasaGent
il
e.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

6. Al
lbooksoftheO.T.werewr
it
teni
nPal
est
ineexceptEzeki
elandDeut
ro-I
sai
ah
whi
chwerewrit
teninexil
e.

7. TheN.
T.bookswer
ewr
it
teni
nmanypar
tsoft
heRomanEmpi
re.

Thel
i
ter
aryf
ormsusedi
nthewr
it
ingoft
heBi
ble

1. Poet
ry-
e.g.Job.

2. Pr
ayer
s-e.
g.Psal
ms.

3. Wi
sesay
ings-
e.gPr
over
bs.

4. Phi
l
osophi
cal
essay
s-e.
g.Eccl
esi
ast
es.

5. Pr
ophet
icSpeeches-
e.g.Jer
emi
ah.

6. Lov
eSongs-
e.g.SongofSol
omon.

7. Rel
i
giousEpi
cs-
e.g.
Kings.

8. Legi
slat
iveText
s-e.
g.Lev
iti
cus.

9. Epi
stl
es/l
ett
ers-
e.g.Cor
int
hians.

10. Gospel
s-e.
g.Luke’
sGospel
.

MAJORDI
VISI
ONSOFTHEBI
BLE
TheBi
blei
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
womai
nsect
ionsi
.e.

(
a)TheOl
dTest
ament
.

(
b)TheNewTest
ament
.

• Thewor
d‘Test
ament
’meanscov
enant
,agr
eementorpr
omi
se.

• TheOl
dTest
amenthas39bookswhi
l
etheNewTest
amenthas27.

• TheRomanCat
hol
i
cChur
chBi
blecont
ainsot
herbooksknownasapocr
ypha
books.

• Apocr
yphai
saGreekwordwhichmeanshi
dden/
secr
etwr
it
ings.Theyar
eal
so
r
efer
redt
oasDeut
ro-canoni
cal
books.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

Thesei
ncl
ude:

 Tobi
t.

 Judi
th.

 Eccl
esi
ast
icus.

 Bar
uch.

 1Maccabees.

 2Maccabees.

 BookofWi
sdom.

 1Esdr
as.

 2Esdr
as

Thebooksoft
heBi
blecanbegr
oupedi
ntodi
ff
erentdi
sci
pli
nes,
thesear
e;

• Law

• Hi
stor
y

• Poet
ry

• Pr
ophecy

• Bi
ogr
aphy

Not
e;

• Canoni
cal
booksar
ebooksaccept
edbyal
lChr
ist
iansasHol
yScr
ipt
ures.

• Theymakeupt
hecanonoft
heOl
dTest
amentandt
heNewTest
ament
.

• Thewor
d‘Canon’
inGr
eekmeans;

- Rul
e

- St
andar
d

- Gui
dance

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

DI
VISI
ONSOFTHEOLDTESTAMENT

Thebooksoft
heOl
dTest
amentar
edi
vi
dedi
ntof
ourmai
ncat
egor
iesandt
hesear
e:

(
i)Lawbooks

Thesear
ethefi
rst5booksoft
heBi
blet
hatar
ebel
i
evedt
ohav
ebeenwr
it
tenby
Moses.Theseare:

a. Genesi
s.

b. Exodus.

c. Lev
iti
cus.

d. Number
s.

e. Deut
eronomy
.

Theyar
eal
sor
efer
redt
oast
heTor
ahorPent
ateuchorMosai
cLaw.

(
ii
)Hi
stor
ical
Books

Theyare12Histor
ical
booksandtheyrecor
dthehi
stor
yoftheIsr
ael
it
esfr
om t
het
ime
theyent
eredCanaanandsett
ledunti
laft
ert
heBabyl
onianexi
l
e.Thesear
e:-

a) Joshua.

b) Judges.

c) Rut
h.

d) 1stand2ndSamuel
.

e) 1stand2ndKi
ngs.

f
) 1stand2ndChr
oni
cles.

g) Ezr
a.

h) Nehemi
ah.

i
) Est
her
.

(
ii
i)Poet
icbooks

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

• Theyar
e5andcont
ainwor
dsofwi
sdom.

• Theyar
epoet
ici
nnat
ureandt
hesear
e:-

a) Job.

b) Psal
ms.

c) Pr
over
bs.

d) Eccl
esi
ast
es.

e) SongsofSongs.

(
iv)Pr
ophet
icbooks

Theycont
aint
hepr
opheci
esoft
hepeopl
eofI
srael
.Theyar
efur
thersub-
div
idedi
nto
twoi.
e.

(
a)Maj
orPr
ophet
s

Theyareref
erredt
oasMaj
orPr
ophet
sbecauset
hei
rmessagescov
eral
onger
hi
stor
ical
periodandar
e5i
nnumberi
.e.

a) I
sai
ah.

b) Jer
emi
ah.

c) Lament
ati
ons.

d) Ezeki
el.

e) Dani
el.

(
b).Mi
norPr
ophet
s

Themessagesoft
hispr
ophet
scov
erashor
terhi
stor
ical
per
iod

Theyar
etwel
vei
.e.

a) Hosea

b) Nahum

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

c) Joel

d) Habakkuk

e) Amos

f
) Zephani
ah

g) Obadi
ah

h) Haggai

i
) Jonah

j
) Zechar
iah

k) Mi
cah

l
) Mal
achi

Not
e:Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethebooksoft
heBi
bler
efer
redt
oast
hewr
it
ings;
(
i) Job
(
ii
) Psalms
(
ii
i) Prov
erbs
(
iv) Eccl
esi
aste
(
v) TheSongofSol
omon/SongofSongs

DI
VISI
ONSOFTHENEW TESTAMENT
I
tisdi
vi
dedi
nto5maj
orcat
egor
ies.Thesear
e:-
(i
)Biographical Books
• Theyar er ef erredtoasGospel s.
• TheseGospel swer ewr i
ttenbyt hedi
scipl
esofJesusChri
st.
• Theyt ellthel ifestoryandmi nistryofJesusChri
st.
• Theyar e4i nnumberi .e.
a) Mat hew.
b) Mar k.
c) Luke.
d) John.
• Thef ir
stt hreebooksi nt heNewTest amentar
ealsoref
erredtoasthesynopti
c
Gospels.
(i
i
)Hi st
orical Books
•I toutli
nest hehi st
oryanddev elopmentofthechurchaf
terJesus’
ascension.
•I tisonebooknamel y:
- Act s
• Theaut hori sLuke.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

•I tdealswit
hthehi
storyoftheear
lychurchaf
tert
heascensi
onofChri
st.
(i
ii
)Paul
ineEpi
stl
es
Theseare13lett
erswri
ttenbyPault
ot hecongr
egati
onandindi
vi
dual
stoaddr
ess
cert
ainprobl
emsthataroseamongthem.
Theyar
e:
a) Romans
b) Col ossians
c) 1stand2ndCor i
nthi
ans
d) 1stand2ndThessal onians
e) Galat i
ans
f) 1stand2ndTi mothy
g) Ephesi ans
h) Titus
i
) Philippians
j
) Philemon.
(i
v)Gener alEpist
les
Theselettersarenotaddressedtospeci
fi
cchur
chesori
ndi
vi
dual
sbutt
oal
lChr
ist
ians
toencour agethem.
Ar
eei
ghtnamel
y:
-
a) Hebr ews.
b) James.
c) 1stand2ndPet er
.
d) 1st ,2ndand3r
dJohn.
e) Jude.
(v)Propheti
cbooks
Ther ei
sonlyonebooki.e.Revelati
on.
ItpresentsGod’
swil
lforthefuture.

TRANSLATI
ONSOFTHEBIBLEFROM ORI
GINAL
LANGUAGESTOTHEPRESENTLOCALLANGUAGES
Thewor
dtr
ansl
atemeans:
• Tochangesomet hingwr itt
en/ spokenf ormf rom onel anguaget oanotherwi t
hout
changingt heoriginal meani ng.
• Thef ollowingist hedev elopmentofBi bleTr anslati
onf r
om i t
sorigi
nallanguageto
thepresent :
(i
) TheOl dTest amentwasor iginall
ywr i
tteninHebr ewandaf ewpartsinAr amaic
• Theor iginal(70)t ranslators( Septuaginta)didt hefirstt
r ansl
ati
onoftheBi blefr
om
theoriginal Hebrewi ntoGr eek.
• Thi stransl at
ionwasknownast heSept uagint .
(i
i) Thesecondt ransl at
ionar ound4t hCent ur
ywasspear headedbyaChr i
sti
anscholar
call
edJer ome.
• Thi stransl at
ionwascal ledv ulgate.
• Thet ranslati
onwasusedupunt i
lthe16t hcent ury
(i
ii
)I nthe16t hCent ury;afterther eformation( Reli
giouschangesi nEuropeby
Protestant swhowant edtobr eakapar tfr
om cat holi
ct eachings),manycount r
ies

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

tr
ansl
atedtheBi bleintotheirownlanguagese. g.
• Transl
ati
onoft heBibleintoEngli
sh( KingJamesVer si
on).
• Transl
ati
onoft heBibleintoGerman( byMar t
inLuther).
(i
v) Duri
ngt hemi ssionaryera,t
heBi blehadt obetranslatedi
ntot
helanguagesof
peopl
ebeingev angel i
zed.
• TheBrit
ishandFor eignBibleSocietywasf oundedin1804t ocoordi
nateal
lthe
tr
ansl
ati
onf unctions.
(v
)I nEastAf ri
ca, JohannLudwi gKr apftransl
atedtheNewTest amentint
oKiswahi
li
.

(v
i) Thefi
rstt
ransl
ati
onofthecompl
eteBi
blei
ntosomeAf
ri
canl
anguagei
nEast
Afri
cawasint
oLugandain1896

(
vii
)InKeny
a,t
heBi
blehasbeent
ransl
atedi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ngAf
ri
canl
anguages;

• Ki
kuy
u–1951.

• Kamba–1956.

• Dhol
uo–1963.

• Kal
enj
i
n–1968.

• Luhy
a -957.

Ver
sionsoft
heBi
bleusedi
nKeny
aToday
Someoft
hev
ersi
onsusedi
nKeny
atodayi
ncl
ude;

a. TheRev
isedSt
andar
dVer
sion.

b. TheGoodNewsBi
ble.

c. TheJer
usal
em Bi
ble.

d. TheNewI
nter
nat
ional
Ver
sion.

e. TheNewKi
ngJamesVer
sion.

f
. TheLi
vi
ngBi
ble.

g. TheGi
deonBi
ble.

h. TheCommonBi
ble.

i
. TheAf
ri
canBi
ble.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

j
. TheNewAmer
icanBi
ble.

Theeff
ect
soft
het
ransl
ati
onoft
heBi
blei
ntoAf
ri
can
l
anguages
1. Afr
icanscoul
dnowr
eadt
heBi
blei
nal
anguageoft
hei
rownandunder
stoodi
t
bet
ter
.

2. Communi
cat
ionwasi
mpr
ovedandmor
eAf
ri
cansaccept
edt
hegospel
message.

3. Chri
sti
anitybecameamor enat
iver
eli
gionandAf
ri
cansbegant
opar
ti
cipat
e
act
ivel
yinpreachingt
hegospel.

4. Afr
icansbecamemorecr
it
ical
oncer
tai
nissuesl
i
keequal
i
tyandl
eader
shi
pand
demandedforbett
ert
reat
ment.

5. Afr
icansre-
discover
edthei
rcul
tur
ali
dent
it
y,whi
cht
hemi
ssi
onar
ieswer
etr
yingt
o
under
minee.g.PolygamyanduseofAfri
cannames.

6. Itl
edt
oincreaseddemandf
orf
ormal
educat
ionbyAf
ri
cansandt
her
efor
emor
e
school
swereconstruct
ed.

7. Theenl
i
ghtenedAf r
icanswhowouldnotacceptt
hecondemnat
ionoft
hei
rcul
tur
e
for
medtheindependentchurchesandschool
s.

8. Ital
sopromot
edrevi
val
mov
ementandAf
ri
canst
ookupl
eader
shi
pposi
ti
onsi
n
suchrevi
val
movements.

9. Itl
edtot
hedev
elopmentofAf
ri
canl
anguagesast
heBi
blewasusedasal
ear
ning
resour
ce.

10. Ledt
otheest
abl
i
shmentofBi
bleTr
ansl
ati
onSoci
ety
,whi
chempl
oyedAf
ri
cans.

11. I
tal
soledt
otheestabl
i
shmentofpr
int
ingpr
essest
oassi
sti
nthehi
ghdemandf
or
andt
hedist
ri
but
ionoft
heBibles

12. Ledtot
hedevel
opmentoft
hespi
ri
toft
heecumeni
sm.E.
g.manychur
chescame
toget
hert
otr
ansl
atet
heBibl
e.

13. Contr
ibut
edtothedevel
opmentofAf
ri
cant
heol
ogy
;resear
chandst
udywer
e
conduct
edinAfri
canRel
igi
ons.

14. Afr
icanpeopl
ebecamemoreaware/
enli
ght
enedandconfi
dentofthei
rowndi
gni
ty
andri
ghtsbefor
eGod.Thiscont
ri
but
edtothest
ruggl
efori
ndependencefr
om t
he
col
oni
alrule.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

Ar
eas/pl
aceswher
ethebi
blei
susedi
nKeny
atoday
1. I
nthecour
tsofl
aw.

2. I
nschool
sandcol
l
eges.

3. I
nst
atehouse/dur
ingst
atef
unct
ions.

4. I
nchur
ches.

5. Dur
ingcr
usades.

6. Athomef
orper
sonal
use.

7. I
npar
li
ament
.

8. Athomef
orper
sonal
use.

9. I
npar
li
amentand

10. I
nhospi
tal
s.

Waysinwhi
chChr
ist
iansuset
hebi
blet
ospr
eadt
he
gospel
1. Usedi
ninst
ruct
ingnewconv
ert
s.

2. Useddur
ingpr
eachi
ng/
teachi
ngbypr
iest
s/past
ors.

3. Usedi
nthet
eachi
ngofC.
R.Ei
nschool
sandcol
l
eges.

4. Usedasar
efer
encebooki
ndi
ssemi
nat
ingi
nfor
mat
ion.
/i
nsear
chofknowl
edge.

5. Usedi
nwr
it
ingChr
ist
iansongsandhy
mns.

6. Usedi
nadmi
nist
eri
ngoat
hs.

7. Usedi
nwr
it
ingChr
ist
ianl
i
ter
atur
e.

8. Readi
ngi
toutt
ofel
l
owChr
ist
ians.

ReasonswhyChr
ist
iansuset
hebi
blei
nwor
shi
p
1. I
tist
hewor
dofGod.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

2. I
tmakest
hem i
dent
if
ywi
thGod/
Jesusaswel
lasenhanci
ngt
hei
runi
ty.

3. Tor
eci
tepr
ayer
sfr
om i
te.
g.t
heLor
d’sPr
ayer
.

4. I
thasgui
del
i
nesandr
it
ual
se.
g.t
heLor
d’sSupperandmar
ri
age.

5. I
tisasour
ceofbel
i
efaboutGod/
Jesus/
Hol
ySpi
ri
tandt
hechur
ch.

6. I
tout
li
neschur
chl
eader
shi
p,e.
g.r
olesofpast
ors,
evangel
i
stsanddeacons.

7. I
tisasour
ceofChri
sti
ancust
oms,
e.g.gi
vi
ngofof
fer
ings,
dedi
cat
ionofchi
l
dren
andcel
ebr
ati
onofEuchar
ist
.

8. I
tisasour
ceofmi
racl
es/heal
i
ngandot
herbl
essi
ngs.

9. Tost
rengt
hent
hei
rfai
thandhopei
nGod.

ReasonswhyChr
ist
iansf
indi
tdi
ff
icul
ttor
eadt
heBi
ble
1. Lackofdi
sci
pli
neandcommi
tmentt
oreadt
heBi
ble.

2. Bei
ngt
oobusywi
thwor
k.

3. Avai
l
abil
it
yofsev
eralentert
ainment
se.
g.mov
iesornewspaper
sthatt
akemostof
peopl
e’
stime/wor
ldl
ypleasures.

4. Mostpeopl
edon’
tseet
hei
mpor
tanceofofr
eadi
ngt
heBi
blef
requent
ly.

5. Peopl
efi
ndi
tdi
ff
icul
ttounder
standt
heBi
ble.

6. Somechur
chesdon’
tpr
ovi
degui
del
i
nesonhowt
oreadt
heBi
ble.

7. Mostpeopl
ebel
iev
ethatpast
orsandchur
chl
eader
sar
etheonl
yoneswhoar
e
supposedt
oreadt
heBibl
e.

8. Somepeopl
ear
esmi
-i
ll
i
ter
ate.

9. Somepeopl
edon’
thav
ethescr
ipt
uresi
nthel
anguaget
heyunder
stand

CREATI
ONANDTHEFALLOFHUMANKI
ND

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

CREATI
ONANDTHEFALLOFHUMANKI
ND
Fir
stAccountofcr
eat
ion
Genesis1-2:
3
Int
roduct
ion:

1.Godwast heonly/sol
ecreatorandhecreat
edbyasimpleutt
erance,
“Lett
her
e
be……,”
2.Creati
on
3.I
nt hebegi
nning,t
heuniversewasf or
mlessandchaot
ic.Thi
sbecamet he
beginni
ngofGod’screat
iveact i
on.
4.nwasdonei nsixdaysasf oll
ows;

DayOne: LightandDar kness.

DayTwo: Sky.
DayThree: land,seaandv egetation.
DayFour :Sun, moonandst ars.
DayFive:Birdsandseacr eat
ures.
DaySix:Ani malsandhumanbei ngsinHisimage.
DaySev en:Godr ested.
NOTE:Thef i
rstaccounti sGodcent eredanddescri
beGodast hesol
e/onl
ycr
eator
.
Aft
ereachwor kofcreation,Godemphasi zethegoodnessofhiscr
eati
onandalway
s
endswith; “
andGodssawt hatitwasgood…. .
”
Hecreatedoutofnot hingbyhi scommand.
SecondAccountofCr eat i
on
Gen2:4–25
Iti
samancent eredstoryandev eryt
hingiscr
eatedt
oservetheneedsofman.

 Theeart
hisdescri
bedaswater
lessanduncul
ti
vat
eddeser
t.
 Godmademanf r
om cl
ayordustandputthebr
eathofl
i
feinhi
m.
 Godplant
edagardencall
edEdenintheEastwher
eheputmantocul
ti
vat
eand
guardit
.
 Godmadef rui
ttreetoproducef oodandinthemiddl
eofthegar
den,
heputthe
tr
eeofknowledgeofgoodandev i
l.
 Godcreatedanimalsandaskedmant onamet hem.
 Hecommandedmant oeatallthefrui
tsexceptf
rui
tsf
rom t
hetr
eeofknowl
edge
ofwhatisgoodandev i
l
.
 Ariv
erflowedthroughandwat eredthegarden.
 Theriv
erthenspliti
ntofourr
ivers:-

1.Pishon
2.Euphrat
es
3.Gihon
4.Ti
gr i
s

 Godt
hendi
scov
eredt
hatmanwasl
onel
yandmadehi
mfal
li
ntodeepsl
eepand

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

cr
eatedawomanoutofhisri
bsasacompani
onandhel
per
.
 Heini
ti
atedmar
ri
agebecausehei
sacari
ngandl
ovi
ngGod.

Themeani
ngofBi
bli
cal
Account
sofcr
eat
ion

1.Godwor kedasaspi rite.g.inthebeginningt hespiritofGodwashov er

ingover
thewat ers.
2.Godcr eatedt heuni verseal l
alone.Hei sthesol ecr eat
or.
3.Hecr eatedbywor dofmout handoutofnot hingandsubst ance.
4.Hecr eatedhumanbei ngsi nhisowni mageandl i
keness.
5.Godputmani nchargeoft hecreati
onandmani st otakecareofit.
(Gen1:26,28)
6.Aftereachwor kofcr eation,Godemphasi zesont hegoodnessofcr eati
onand
alwaysendswi t
h“ AndGodsawt hatitwasgood” .
7.Godgav epeopl e/humanbei ngsunder st
andi ng,namel y;
ofgoodandev i
land
manhadt omakeachoi ce.
8.Thedi gnit
yofawomani semphasi zed.Shei sportrayedasacompani ontoman
andbot har eequal bef oreGodandar ealsocompl ement ar
y.
9.Godi sdepi ctedasaGodofor der.
10.
Hecr eatedt heear t
hwi t
hapl ane.g.Hecr eatedlightfi
rsttobeusedbyhuman
beings.
11.
Thesev ent hdayi ssetasi debyGodasahol idayorsacr edforrestandwor shi
p.

Compar
isonbet
weent
het
woaccount
sofcr
eat
ion
Si
mil
ari
ti
es

1.Inbot h,Godispor tr
ay edast heonl ysolecr eator.
2.Inbot h,manispor trayedasaspeci alcreature; Manwascr eatedinGod’simage
andlikenessandt herewasnot hi
ngel secr eatedinthatway .
3.Bothout li
nethecr eationoft heli
v i
ngandnon- liv
ingthi
ngsi .
e.heaven,
man,
plantsandani malset c.
4.Inbot h,Manshar esi nlif
ewi thGod.Godbr eathedli
feintoman’ snost
ril
sand
createdhimi nhisowni mage.
5.Inbot hcases,theear thwasempt y,f
orml ess.
6.Inbot hcases,Mani sgi v
enspeci alpri
vil
egesandr esponsibil
i
tiesandisto
mul t
iplyandfil
ltheear t
h.
7.Inbot hstori
es,Godexi stedbeforecreation.
8.Inbot hmankindi scr eatedintofullsexualit
y( maleandf emale).

Di
ff
erences

1.Thecreati
onofthefi
rmament ,thesun,themoon,st
ars,f
ishandcreepi
ng
animalsi
sonlymentionedinthefirstst
ory.
2.Theplanti
ngoftheGar denofEdenandt hemakingoftheri
veri
sonlymenti
oned
i
nt hesecondstor
y.
3.Thecreati
oninthefi
rstaccountisoutofnothi
ng(word)butoutofsubst
ancei
n
thesecondaccounte.g.thecr
eationofman.

emmanuel
ori
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.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

4.Inthef i
rstaccount,creationt ookpl acef orsixday sandGodr estedont he
seventhday( Sabbath)whi l
et her ei snoment ionofdur ationandt heSabbat hday
inthesecondst ory.
5.Thef i
rstaccountisGod- center edi .e.Godi spi ctur edast heonedoi ngthewor k
ofcreationwhilethesecondaccounti sman- cent eredi.e.mani scr eat
edf ir
st
andther estofthecr eaturesar et henmadet oser v etheneedsofman.
6.Mar r
iagei smeantforpr ocr eationi nt hef i
rstaccount( Genesi s1:38)whi l
eitis
meantf orcompani onshi pint hesecondst ory.(Genesi s2: 23–24)
7.Inthef i
rstaccountmanwascr eat edlastbuti nt hesecondaccountmani s
createdf i
rst
.
8.Inthesecondst oryther eisment ionoft hef orbi ddent reeofknowl edgeofgood
andev ilwhichisnotment ionedi nt hef i
rstaccount .
9.Inthef i
rstaccountGodaf firmst hegoodnessofal l t
hathecr eatedbutt hisis
lacki
ngi nthesecondaccount .
10.
Thepr iv
ilegesandresponsi bil
itiesgi vent omanar emor eemphasi zedint hefi
rst
account .(Genesi
s1: 26–30)
11.
Inthesecondaccounthumanbei ngsar eforbiddent oeatt hefrui
tsoft het r
eein
themi ddlebutinthesecond, theycaneatal lpl ant sy i
eldingseedsandnonei s
forbi
dden.

Att
ri
butesofGodfrom theBibli
calCr
eati
onAccounts
Genesi
s1and2
Att
ri
but
er ef
erstot
hechar act
eri
sti
c/nat
ure/qual
it
yorattr
ibut
eofsomeone.
Thetwocreati
onaccountsbri
ngoutthefol
lowi
ngquali
ti
esofGod;

1.Heistheonl yGod.
2.Godismor al andisconcer nedwi ththebehav i
orofhumanki nd.
3.Heisthesol ecreatorandcr eatedoutofnot hing/substance.
4.HeisaGodofor der,
apl annerandor ganizeroft heuni versee.
g.Hecreat
edin
st
ages.
5.Heisgoodandt hesourceofgoodnessandr ealhappiness.(Genesi
s1:
10).
6.Heisaper sonal Godandl i
keshav ingal ovingr el
ationshipwithhi
m.
7.Heisall
-power ful-
omnipot ente.g.Hecr eatedoutofawor d.
8.HeisaspiritandOmni -
pr esentorisspi r
ituallypresentev erywher
e.

 I
nthebegi
nni
ngt
hespi
ri
tofGodwashov
eri
ngov
ert
hewat
ers.(
Genesi
s1:
2).

1.Godissel
f-exi
stent
.Hewast
her
efr
om t
hebegi
nni
ng.
2.Heisthesourceofli
fe.

 Hebr
eat
hedl
i
fei
ntoman’
snost
ri
ls.

1.Godi
sallknowing/omni scient.
2.Godi
simmor tal(cannotdi e)/eternal
.
3.Godi
sawor ker.Hi screativit
yisdescribedaswor
k.
4.Godi
stheprov i
der/sustaineroft heuniver
se.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 Hepr
ovi
desl
i
fe,
foodandcompani
onshi
ptomanki
nd.

1.Godi
sHol
y.

 Heconsecr
atedt
he7t
hdayandmadei
tHol
yandseti
tasi
def
orr
estand
wor
shi
p.

1.Goddeser
ves,honour
,respectandobedi
encef
rom humanbei
ngs.
2.Godi
stheauthorofhumansexual i
ty.

 Hecr
eat
edmanandwomanandmadet
hem equal
.

Responsi
bil
i
tiesgi
vent
ohumanbei
ngsatcr
eat
ion

1.Toprocreate/mul ti
ply.
2.Tocult
ivatet hel andandguar dit
.
3.Tonamet hel i
vingcr eat
ures.
4.Toeatfrom al lplants.
5.Nottoeatfrom t hetreeofknowledgeofgoodandevi
l.
6.Torul
e/bei nchar ge/hav edominionov
erothercr
eat
ures.
7.Tomar r
yandpr ocreate/multi
ply
.
8.Tocarefort heenv i
ronment.
9.ToobeyGod.

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenhumanbei
ngsandt
heenv
ironmentf
rom t
hecr
eat
ion
st
ori
es

1.Bothhumanbei ngsandt heenvi

ronmentwer ecr eat
edbyGod/hav eacommon
ori
gin.
2.Humanbei ngsaresuperiortoal
lothercreatur es.
3.Humanbei ngsshouldtakecareoftheenv ironment /conserve/pr
eserveit
.
4.Humanbei ngshaveauthorit
yoverther estofcr eati
on.
5.Humanbei ngsshouldenjoy/useGod’ screation/restofcreati
onwasmadef or
humanbei ngs.
6.Allcreat
ionisver
ygood/humanbei ngsshoul dt r
eattherestofcr
eationwith
rever
ence/respect.
7.Humanbei ngsandt heenvir
onmentar einterdependent/owet hei
rexist
enceto
each other.
8.Humanbei ngsandt herestofGod’screati
onhav eacommondest iny
.

Thet
eachi
ngsabouthumanbei
ngsf
rom t
heBi
bli
cal
creat
ionaccount
s

1.Humanbeingsarecreatedintheimage/l
ikenessofGod.
2.Theyhavet
hebreathofl i
fefr
om God.
3.Theyhavet
heauthority
/domi ni
onoverGod’screat
ion.
4.Theycommunicate/fel
lowshipwit
hGod.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
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.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

5.Theyarespecial
/thegreat estofGod’ scr eation.
6.Theyhavetheabili
tyt
ot hink/r eason/makechoi ces/decisi
onsinthei
rli
ves.
7.TheyareblessedbyGod.
8.Theyhavebeengi v
enspeci alplacetost ay /GardenofEden.
9.Humanbei ngsaretouseot hercreation/pl antsforthei
rbenefi
ts.
10.
Theyaretotakecareoft hecr eationandt i
lltheland/work.
11.
Humanbei ngsaretoprocr eate/mul ti
plyt hroughmar ri
age.
12.
Manandwomanar et
ocompl ement /prov idecompani onshi
pforeachother.
13.
Humanbei ngsareGod’scr eationi .
e.bothmanandwoman.
14.
Thewomani scr
eatedoutoft heman’ srib.

Teachi
ngsaboutmar
ri
agef
rom t
hebi
bli
cal
stor
iesofcr
eat
ion
GEN.1:
26-
29;
2:18-
25

 Marri
agei
smonogamous.
 Marri
agei
sbetweenamanandawoman.
 I
tisapermanentunion/nodi vor
ce/itisacovenant
.
 Marri
agei
sforprocreat
ion.
 I
tisaconti
nuat
ionofGod’ swor kofcreat
ion.
 Husbandandwifeshouldnotbeashamedofoneanot her.
 Manandwomanar etocompl ementeachot her
/helpeachot
her
/ar
eequal
.
 Marri
agei
sforcompani onship.
 Marri
agei
sforlove/mut ualr
elati
onship.
 Marri
agei
ssacred/isordainedbyGod.

Way
sinwhi
chChr
ist
ianscont
inuewi
thGod’
swor
kofcr
eat
ion

 Thr
oughpr ocr eat ion.
 Byplanti
ngt rees/cr ops/affor estati
on.
 Thr
oughgener ationofelectricity.
 Byhelpi
ngt heneedy .
 Thr
oughpr ov isionofmedi cal car e.
 Thr
oughadv ancementofsci enceandt echnology.
 Thr
oughdi scov eryandspaceexpl orati
on.
 Thr
oughpr ov isionofeducat ionandt r
aini
ng.
 Byestabli
shingi ncomegener ati
ngpr oj
ectsi
nr ur
alar
eas.
 Thr
oughcl eani ngoft heenvironment .
 Thr
oughbui ldingandconst ruct i
on.
 Thr
oughgr owt handdev elopmentofi ndustr
ies.
 Byconservingandmanagi ngwi ldli
fe.

Reasonsast
owhymani
sconsi
der
edt
hemostspeci
alcr
eat
ionofGod

 Hewascreat
edinGod’simageandli
keness.
 Hehasthewil
ltochoosebet
weengoodandev il
.
 Godgav
ehimt hebreat
hofli
fe/shar
einthel
ifeofGod.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 Hecanwor ship/f el
lowship.
 Hecanr eason/i sr ati
onal.
 Hewasgi v encont rolovertheearth.
 Heisacar etakerofGod’ screat
ion.
 Al
lcreati
oni sf orhisbenef i
t.
 Consult
ationswer emadebef or
ehi screat
ion.
 Hewast oldt opr ocreate/co-cr
eator.
 Hewascr eat edwi thamat e/social bei
ng.

TRADI
TIONALAFRI
CANVI
EW OFCREATI
ON

 Thi
sref
erstothetr
adi
ti
onalAf
ricanideasaboutcreat
ion.
 TheAfr
icancr
eati
onst
oriesar
edi f
ferentf
rom onecommunit
ytoanot
herand
my thsar
eusedtoexplai
nthem.
 Amy t
hcanbedefi
nedasast or
ythatexpl
ainstheori
ginofsomet
hing,
some
customsandpract
ices.
 Ithasadeepermeaningandeventr
iestoexplai
ntheorigi
nofacommunit
y.

Commoni
deasi
nTr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanv
iewsofcr
eat
ion

1.Afr
icancommuni tiesacknowledgeGodast hecr eatoroft heuniv
erse.
2.Godisthesustainerofhiscreationforexampl e,Hepr ovidesforhumanbeings.
3.Godistheonlycreatorandcr eatedtheearthindependent l
y.
4.God’sworkofcreat i
oniscontinuousandhedoessot hroughhumankinde.g.
thr
oughpro-cr
eat i
on.
5.I
tisGodwhosetuphumancust omsandt radi
t i
onswhi chhumanki ndshould
fol
low.
6.Manwascr eatedwi thamate. Thewomani ssupposedt obehi scompanionand
hel
per.
7.Thecreat
ionofmanwasaf t
ert herestofthecr eati
on.
8.Tosustai
nhim, plantsandani malswerecreatedf orfood.

Si
mil
ari
ti
esbet
weent
het
radi
ti
onal
Afr
icanmy
thsandt
heBi
bli
cal
account
sofcr
eat
ion

1.Inboth,Godpre-existedt hecr eati

onoft heuniverse.
2.Inbothcases,Godi spor trayedast hecr eat
oroft heuniv erseandmanandHe
diditi
ndependently/alone.
3.Inboth,Godhadapl anofcr eation;Hedi diti
nanor derl
yway .
4.Inbothcases,manhasacl oser elati
onshipwi t
hGodal thoughMani snott he
samewi thhim.
5.Inboth,Manoccupi esaspeci al placei nGod’screation.
6.Inboth,thi
sgoodr elationshipr emai neduntilmandi sobey edGod/br oket he
rulessetforhi
m andt heconsequencesoft hedi sobediencewer epunishment.
7.Inbothcases,manwascr eatedi nor dertocompl eteGod’ splane.g.throughpro-
creati
onandmai ntainingt heenv i
ronment .
8.Inbothcases,manhasadut y
/ obli
gat i
ontowor shiporhav efel
lowshipwi t
hGod

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andbeobedi ente.g.i ntheBi bleGodsetasi deadayf orwor shi

pwhi leAfri
can
communi t
ieswor shippedGodi nmanyway se.g.throughpr ayers,sacri
fi
cese.t
.c.
9.Inbot hcases, Godcr eatedmanf ir
standatacer t
ainpoi ntcreatedawomanasa
compani on.Ther eforeGodi st heonewhoi nstit
utionali
zedmar ri
age.
10.
Inbot hcases, manwassupposedt oliveforeveruntilami sf
ortunehappenedand
deathwasi nt
roducedi ntot hewor l
d.
11.
Inbot h,
creationisacont i
nuouspr ocessandmani sapr o-creatorwithGod
throughprocr eati
onandt akingcareoft heenv i
ronment .
12.
Inbot hcasessomeat tr
ibutes/char acter
isti
csofGodar ecommone. g.Hei st
he
provider,
amor alGod, sole/onl ycreator
.
13.
Inbot hcasesGodgav emanki ndskill
sandgi f
tse.g.skil
l ofculti
vati
onandl and
respecti
vely.

Di
fferencesbetweenthet
radi
ti
onal
Afr
icanmy
thsofor
igi
nandt
heBi
bli
cal
creat
ion
st
ories/Afr
icanmyths

1.IntheAfricanmy ths, Godusesmat eri

alslikeclay ,waterandplantstocreate
whileinthefirstaccountGodcr eat esoutofnot hing
2.SomeAf ricanmy thsdonotspeci fywher emancamef rom whileintheBibl
i
cal
stori
esGodcr eatedmanandgav ehimt hebreathofl ife.
3.InsomeAf ri
canmy thstheearthwascr eatedatonegowhi leintheBibl
ical
stori
estheear thwascr eat
edi nst ages.
4.IntheAfricanmy thsanext er
nal object/ani malcausest heseparati
onofGodand
mane. g.snakewhi l
ei ntheBibli
cal storymani sbl amedf ortheseparat
ion.
5.IntheAfricanmy thst hewomani spor t
rayedasi nferi
ororsubor di
natet
oman
whileinthe Bi bl
emanandwomanar eshownt obeequal .

Teachi
ngsfr
om theBibl
icalcr
eat
ionAccounts
Welearnt
hefoll
owinglessonsfr
om theBibl
i
calstor
iesofcreat
ion:
1.Humanbeingsaregiventhemandate/powertosubduetheearth.

 Thi
smeanst
hathumanbei
ngshav
ebeengi
vent
heabi
l
ityt
otr
ansf
ormt
hewor
ld
f
ort
hei
rbenef
itt
hroughSci
enceandTechnol
ogy
.

2.Humanbei
ngsweregi
vent hepowert
onameplant
sandanimal.
3.Humanbei
ngsweregiv
ent hecommandtocar
efortheenv
ironmentandt
her
efor
e,
manhastoactr
esponsi
bly.

 I
tist
her
efor
ewr
ongf
ormant
omi
suset
heenv
ironment
.

4.Humanbei
ngsar
esoci
albei
ngs.

 Mal
eandf emal
ewerecreat
edforcompani
onshi
p.
 Nei
theri
scomplet
ewit
houttheother
.Sotheyshoul
dtr
eatoneanot
herwi
th
mut
ual
respectf
ort
heyar
ebot
hequal
inGodsey
es.

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5.Wor
kandl
eisur
ear
eGodsgi
ft
stohumanki
nd.

 Humanbei
ngsar
eexpect
edt
owor
kinor
dert
oobt
aint
hei
rbasi
cneedsandt
o
t
ransf
ormt
hewor
ld.
 Thi
sisbecause,
wor kwasordainedbyGod.Workisal
sorel
atedtoleisur
e.
 Ther
efor
ethesetti
ngasideofthesevent
hday.I
tisadayofrest/
recreati
onand
wor
shi
p.

THEORI
GINOFSI
NANDI
TSCONSEQUENCES
Whatissin?
Si
nistheint
entional
,wil
lf
ulorknowl
edgeabl
ev iolat
ionofanorm.
I
tisathought,
wor doracti
onwhichi
sshamef ul orharmful
toonesel
f,ot
her
sort
oGod.
I
tdestr
oystherelati
onshi
pbetweenhumanbei ngsandev enGod.
Causesofsin(Genesis3-
11)

1.Rebel l
ionagai nstGodashumanbei ngsaspi
redtobel
i
keGod.
2.Greedf orpowerashumanbei ngstr
ytousur
pthepowerwhi
chbel
ongst
oGod
alone.
3.Lackofknowl edgeofGod.
4.Lackoft rusti
nGod’ sprov
idence.
5.Failuret oobeyGodbyeat ingthefor
biddenf
rui
t.
6.Lackofsat isf
action.
7.Tempt ationbythedev i
l
.
8.Selfishness.
9.Wi ckedambi t
ions.
10.
Humanweakness.
11.
Stubbor nness.

Theconsequencesofsin(Genesi
s3,4,6–9)
Assoonast hehumanbeingsdisobeyedGodbyeat i
ngthefrui
tofknowl
edgeofgood
andevi
l,t
hef ol
l
owingconsequencesorresult
sareseen;someofwhichwere
i
mmedi at
eandot her
slongterm.Theseinclude:

1.Humanbei ngswer eali

enated/separat
edfrom God.
2.Theirf
riendshipwi thHim changedtofear
.(Genesis3:8)
3.Whathadbeeni nnocentandgoodbecameshamef ul.
4.Adam andEv ewer enowashamedoft hei
rnakedness, somethingtheyhadnot
fel
tbeforet heysinnedagainstGod.(Gen3:10-
14)
5.Painwillbepar tofhumanexper ience“
…….Iwil
lgreatlymult
iplyyourpaini
nchi
ld
beari
ng…. .
”Gen3: 16
6.TheGoodr elat
ionshipbetweenGodandhumanbei ngsgotruined.

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7.TheLordGodsentt hem outoftheGar

denofEden.(
Gen3:
23–24)
8. Theper
fectr
elat
ionshi
pbet weenmanandwomani sdamaged.

 Thei
rrel
ati
onshi
pbecomesoneofhost
il
it
y

1.TheLor dsai dt othewoman…. ,

“youwi llstil
lhav edesi ref ory ourhusband, y
etyou
wi l
lbesubj ecttohi m,”…..(Genesi s3: 23–24)
2. Peoplehav et otoilandst r
ugglet omeett heirneeds, ”youwi ll havet owor khar d
andsweatt omaket hesoi lproduceany t
hing”( Gen3: 17–19)
3.Theear t
hi tselfisunderacur se,”cursedi sthegr oundbecauseofy ou,”….
(Genesi s3: 17)
4.Ther elationshipbet weenhumanbei ngsandt hel andwhi cht heywer ecr eated
from becomemor t
al enemi eseachst r
uggl i
ngt ot akel ifef r
om t heot hersunt i
l
thegr oundf i
nallyregainsv i
ctory.(Genesi s3: 19)
5.Ther earoseenmi tybet weenmanandwi ldani mal s( Genesi s3: 15)
6.Deat hsent encei spasseduponal lthepeopl e…“ Youwi llr
et ur ntothegr ound….”
“Youar edust ….”(Gen3: 19)(Roman5: 12)( 1Cor i
nthians8: 19–23)
7.Mur derousf eeli
ngsbegant ogeti ntopeopl eshear tse. g.Cai nki ll
edAbel ,hi
s
youngbr other( Gen4: 8)
8.Humanbei ngschangedandbecamepr onet osi n“ ….thewi ckednessofmanwas
greatonear t
h….I magi nat i
onandt houghtofhi shear tisev i
l cont i
nually”.(Gen6:5
–6)
9.Thel i
fespanofhumanbei ngswasr educedGenesi s5“ …..Iwi l
lnotal l
owpeopl e
tolivefor ever…”“ …theywi l
lnotlivebey ond120y ears…. ”
10.
Global violenceandf orbi ddenmar r
iageswhi chl edGodt odecl areglobal
destruction.( Genesi s6:1–9, 18)
11.
Godf eltr egretandr emor sehav i
ngcr eatedhumanbei ngshumani .e.sin
awakenedGod’ sanger .( Genesis6:6–7)
12.
Godconf usedhumanl anguageaf tert hef l
ood“ ….Letusgodownandmi xtheir
languagesot hattheywi llnotunder standoneanot her…. ”(Genesi s11: 7)

GOD’SPLANOFSALVATI ONOFMANKI ND
Theneedforsal
vat
ionofhumanki
ndstar
tedaft
erAdam andEv
ecommi
tt
edt
hef
ir
stsi
n.
God’
splanofsal
vati
oncanbeoutl
inedasfol
l
ows:

 Manwasgi
venpuni
shmenti
nst
eadoft
otal
dest
ruct
ionbyGod/Godst
il
lgav
e
Adam andEv
eachancet
osur
viv
e.
 Godi
nit
iat
edt
hemaki
ngoft
hecov
enantwi
thNoah/Abr
aham.(
Gen.6,
12:
1-9,
15:
1-20)
.
 Godsentpr
ophet
stogui
deHi
speopl
e.

 Godmadeacov
enantwi
tht
heI
srael
i
tesonMountSi
nai
undert
hel
eader
shi
pof
Moses.(Ex.19,
20,24).
 Pr
ophetJeremiah/Ezekielf
oresawanewcovenanttobewrit
tenonmen’shear
ts
whentheoldcovenantfail
ed.
 GodlookedforAdam andEv einthegar
denandgavethem meanstoobt
ain

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food/cl
otheswhentheywerenaked.
 Heg aveAdam andEv eachancetopunishSatan/ser
pentbycrushingit
shead.
 Theteachingofmessiani
cexpectat
ionsbyProphetNathantoDavid.
 Go d’
ssalvat
ionwasulti
matel
yreali
zedthr
oughJesusChr i
stwhor est
ored
fel
lowshipbetweenhumanbeingsandGod.

TRADI
TIONALAFRI
CANCONCEPTOFEVI
L

 I
tisanof
fenseagai
nstanot
herper
sonoft
hecommuni
tyori
tisanof
fense
againstGod,
thespiri
tsorancestor
s.
 Afr
icancommuniti
esar eawareoft heexistenceofev i
li
nthesociet
yandt
he
exi
stenceofevi
li
nt hesociet
yandt heytrytoav oi
di t
.
 Afr
icancommuniti
esbel i
evedthatGodisgoodanddi dnotcreat
eevil
.
 Therearemanyideasconcerningtheoriginandnat ureofevi
l
.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hebel
i
efsaboutt
heor
igi
nofev
il
;

1.ManyAf r
icancommuni tiesbel ievedt heycoul dbemal icious/mal evolentspir
it
s.
2.Suchspi ri
tscouldbehav ingagr udgeagai nstthelivi
ngwhopr obabl yf ai
ledt
o
pourlibati
onandt ogiveof fering.
3.Evilpeoplee.g.wizards,wi tches, sorcererswhoar eabl et otapmy sti
cal powers
andusei fforev i
l.Theyt her eforecausehar mt othel i
ving
4.Breakingoftaboos, thi
sr esul tinbecomi ngr i
tuall
yuncl ean.
5.Cursesbypar entsandot herol derr el
ativese. g.uncles, grandparents, auntsetc.
6.Thisoccur sbecausewhenoneof fendst hem e. g.throughi nsults,neglectand
disobedience.
7.Breakingofoat hs/asol emnpr omise.
8.Oathswer eusual l
ymadei nor dertoseal anar gumentort odefendoneagai nst
mal i
ciousaccusat i
ons.
9.Badomen.
10.
Certainacts,wordsort hingswhi char ebel ievedtohav et heeff
ectofcausi ng
harm.

Si
milar
it
iesanddi
ff
erencesbet
weent
radi
ti
onal
Afr
icanv
iewofev
ilandbi
bli
cal
concept
ofsi
n
Si
milar
iti
es

1.Inbothcases,GodistheSupr emeBei ngandi sgood.Hei snott

heauthorof
evi
l/
sin.
2.Bothbeli
evethatsin/
evi
larisesf r
om humanbei ngsdisobedi
enceandgr eed.
3.Bothagreethatsi
ncausesal otofhumansuf fering.
4.Inbothcases,evi
lmayresultf r
om fai
linginasoci al
/spi
rit
ualobl
igat
ion
5.Inbothcases,evi
landsinresultsinhumanbei ngsbei ngseparat
edfrom God
6.Inbothcases,Godistheguar dianofmor al
it
y,lawandor der
7.Inbothcases,Godistheguar dianofmor al
it
y,lawandor der.
8.Inbothi
tdestroysrel
ati
onshipsamonghumanbei ngs.

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9.Bothcreateasituat
ionoffearandmist
rustamongmembers.
10.
Inbothcases,theulti
materesul
tofbot
hisdeath.
11.
10.Bothevilandsincanresultt
odestr
ucti
onofGod’
creat
iont
hroughnat
ural
calamit
iessuchas
drought.

12.
Inbot
hcases,
evilandsi
ncanbeavoidedthr
oughright
eousl
iv
ing.
13.
Inbot
hcases,
therearespi
ri
tual
powersassoci
atedwit
hthem.
14.
Inbot
hcases,
resulti
npuni
shmentbyGod.

Di
ff
erences

1.Africancommuni t
iesbel i
evedthatthespirit
soft hedeadar ethecauseofev i
lbut
notsoi nthebible.
2.SomeAf ri
cancommuni t
iesbeli
evedt hatevili
sani ndependentori sol atedpower
empl oyedbyhumanbei ngstocausehar m.Buti ti
snotsoi nt heBibl e.
3.TheBi blebel
ievest hatsinnerswil
lhav eeternalpunishmentbutAf ricansbel i
eve
thatpuni shmenti sonlyi nthepresentwor l
d.
4.Biblicall
ypeoplear esinnersasdescendant sofAdam andEv ei .
e.sini spassed
onf rom onegener ati
ont oanother.Thisisnott hecasei nAfri
cansoci ety.
5.Althoughsi nhassepar atedhumanki ndfrom God, Bibli
cal
lythereisapl anof
salvat i
on/redempt ion,howev er
,thereisnosuchpl ani nAfri
cansy st em.

Way
sofdeal
i
ngwi
thev
ildoer
sint
radi
ti
onal
Afr
icancommuni
ti
es

1.I
mposi ngheav yf ines.
2..
Per formingcl eansi ngrit
uals.
3.Kil
li
ngoft heev il doer s.
4.Cursingoft heev i
l doer.
5.Admi nisteri
ngofoat hsonsuspects.
6.Wear ingofpr ot ect i
v echarms.
7.Ex-communi cat ingt heev i
ldoersfr
om t
hecommuni
ty.
8.Ridiculi
ngt hem t hr oughsongs.
9.Deny ingthem l eader shi
ppositi
ons.

Way
sinwhi
cht
hechur
cht
odaydi
sci
pli
neser
rantmember
s

 Theyar
edeniedtheHol yCommuni on/othersacrament sforsomet i
me.
 Theyar
esuspendedf rom thechurch.
 Theyar
edeniedleadershippositi
onsinthechur ch.
 Theyar
edeniedsomeser vi
cesoft hechurch.
 Theyar
erepri
mandedbyl eadersofthechur chandt oldtorepentt
heirsi
ns.
 Theyar
eforcedtorepentinpubl i
caboutt heirwrongdoings.
 Theyar
egivensternwar ni
ngs.
 Theyar
echargedaf ine.
 Somechurchesassignthecer t
ainchorest operform aspunishment.

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iosa0743241064

 Somechur
cheswi
thdr
awcer
tai
npr
ivi
l
egesf
rom t
hecul
pri
tse.
g.past
orsar
e
def
rocked.
 Chur
chl
eader
sar
etr
ansf
err
edf
rom onest
ati
ont
oanot
her
.

Howt
hechur
chhel
pst
obr
ingbackmember
swhohav
efal
l
enf
rom f
ait
h

 Byvisiti
ngthem/i nvi
tingthem totheirhomes.
 Bybei ngpatient
/forgivi
ngthem.
 Byev angeli
zingthem/ pr
eachingtot hem/t eachi
ngthem.
 Bygui di
ngandcounsel i
ngthem/r eferri
ngthem toexper
tsaccor
dingt
othei
r
needs.
 Prayi
ngf orthem.
 Byinviti
ngthem backt ochurch.
 Byencour agingthem torepent/conf ess.
 Byofferingthem mat eri
alneeds/aid.

FAI
THANDGOD’
SPROMI
SES:ABRAHAM
12/
10/
2015

Comment
s

FAITHANDGOD’SPROMISES:ABRAHAM
Backgr
oundt
othecal
lofAbr
aham
Gen11:24–32.

 Abr
aham wasthesonofTer
ahwholi
vedi
ntheci
tyofUr.
 Abr
aham wasanAmorit
e/aSemit
ict
ri
bewhooccupiedthef
ert
il
ecr
escentof
theMi ddleEast .
 Abraham’ sf athermi gratedtoHar anwi t
hhisfamil
y.
 Theirreli
gionwaspol ythei
sti
c.
 Sacrif
iceswer emadet ogodsi ncludi
nghumansacr if
ices.Aft
ert
hedeat
hof
Terah,Abr aham wasl eftinchargeoft hefamil
y.
 Abraham wasmar riedt oSaraibuttheyhadnochi l
d.
 Abraham l i
vedwi thLot , hi
snephew, anomadi candpastoral
wayofl
ive.
 Abraham wascal l
edbyGodt oleaveHar antogotoCanaan.
 Hewas75y earswhenhel ef
tHar anforCanaan.

Thecal
lofAbr
aham (
Gen.12:
1-9)

 Godcal
l
edAbraham i
nHaranaf
tert
hedeat
hofhi
sfat
her.
 HecommandedAbraham whowas75year
sol
dthent
oleavehi
sfami
l
ytoan
unknownl
and.
 Dur
ingt
hecal
l
,Godmadet
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
omi
sest
ohi
m:

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1.Agreatnati
on.
2.Manyblessings.
3.Agreatname.
4.Asourceofbl essi
ngs.
5.Bl
essingtothosewhobl esshi
m.
6.Cur
set othosewhocur sehim.

 Abr
aham obey
edandsetof
ffort
heunknownl
andwi
thhi
swi
fe,
nephewLot
,
ser
vant
sandhi
sfl
ock.
 I
nCanaanGodappear
edt
ohi
m atBet
hel
andSechem wher
ehewasshownt
he
l
andt
hatwoul
dbel
ongt
ohi
sdescendant
s.
 Abr
aham bui
l
ttwoal
tar
satt
het
wopl
acesandwor
shi
ppedGod.

Lessonsl
ear
ntaboutGodf
rom t
hecal
lofAbr
aham

1.Goddemandsobedi encefrom thoseHecal

l
s.
2.Heisaf ait
hfulGod.
3.Herewar dsthosewhoobeyHim.
4.Godisasour ceofblessi
ngs.
5.HerevealsHimselft
ohumanki nd.
6.Hepunishesev i
l.

LessonsChr
ist
iansl
ear
nfr
om t
hecal
lofAbr
aham

1.Chri
sti
ansshoul
dobeyGod.
2.Theyshoul
dhavepracti
cal fai
thinthei
rli
ves.
3.Theyshoul
daskforblessingsfrom God.
4.Theyshoul
dbereadytof acechallengi
ngsituati
onsasafactoft
hei
rfai
th.
5.Theyshoul
dhonourGodwhenr ewarded/bl
essed.
6.Theyshoul
dbepreparedt obeusedbyGodf orHispur
pose.

Defi
nit
ionoftheter
mf ai
thinGod
Fai
th
I
tmeanshav ingcomplet
etrusti
nsomet hi
ngorinsomeone.
I
tisast r
ongbeli
efandunquesti
onableconf
idence.(Heb11:1–6)
Fai
thpersuadesustobeli
eveinwhatwehav enoty etseenandenabl
esust
oactoni
t.
I
mpor t
anceofFaithinChri
sti
anl
ifetoday

1.EnablesChr i
sti
anstoovercometempt ati
ons.
2.GivesChristi
ansstr
engthandcouragei nthei
rli
ves.
3.I
nspiresChr i
sti
anstodot hewil
lofGod.
4.EnablesChr i
sti
anstofel
lowshipwit
honeanot her.
5.MakesChr i
sti
anstoleadaprayerf
ulli
fe.
6.Promotesuni t
yandonenessamongt heChr i
sti
ans.
7.EnablesChr i
sti
anstopreachthewordofGod.
8.Enablesthem todowonder sandmi r
acles.

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9.Leadstogrowthanddevelopmentoft heChurch.
10.
MakesChristi
ansli
veri
ghteouslives.
11.
Enabl
esChr i
sti
anstr
ansformt heliv
esofothersasr
olemodel
s.
12.
Enabl
esthem toknowthet r
uthandi nsi
ghtaboutGod.
13.
Enabl
esthem toprai
seandgl ori
fyGod.
14.
MakesChristi
anshopefortheKi ngdom ofGodasareal
it
y.

Abr
aham’sact
soff ai
thinGod
Gen12:
1–9, 15:1–6, 17:23-
2421:1-7,
22:11–19
Abr
aham i
srefer
redtoast hefat
heroffait
h.
Hedemonstr
atedhisfait
hi nGodinthefol
lowi
ngway
s:

1.Hewaswi ll
ingtoleav ehismot herlandandgot oast r
angeland.
2.Abr
aham readilybelievedall promi sesGodmadet ohi m.
3.Byf
ait
hAbr aham t rustedinGod’ sv oice.
4.Byf
ait
hAbr aham bui lttwoal tarsforGod; oneatBet helandanotheratSechem.
5.Abr
aham ent er
edi ntoacov enantr elationshipwithGod.
6.Hewaswi ll
ingtochanget heirnamesf r
om Abr am toAbr aham andSaraitoSar
ah.
7.Heoff
eredt hebestofhi sf l
ockasasacr ifi
ce.
8.HeobeyedGod’ callforpersonal relationship/lef
tpol ythei
sm f
ormonot heism.
9.Hewasr eadytosacr ifi
cehi ssonI saacwheni nstr
uct edbyGod.
10.
Hewaswi ll
ingtoobeyGod’ scommandofci r
cumci sion.

HowAbr aham demonst

rat
edhi
sfai
thi
nGodi
nthei
nci
dentwhenhewaswi
l
li
ngt
o
sacr
if
icehisson
Genesis22:1-
19.

 Abr
aham coll
ectedwoodf orabur ntoffer
ing.
 Abr
aham wentwi thhisson, I
saacandser vantsat hreedays’j
ourney.
 Heinf
ormedhisser vantstowaitf orhim andhi ssonast heygoandwor shi
p.
 WhenIsaacenquiredaboutt helambf orthesacr i
fi
ce,Abraham t
oldhimthatthe
l
ordshal
lprovi
de.
 Abr
aham buil
tanal t
arandl aidthewoodi nor der.
 Abr
aham boundI saacandl ai
dhi m ontheal tar.
 Hetooktheknif
et oslayhisson, buttheangel oftheLordstoppedhim.
 Abr
aham tookar am from t
hebushandof feredbur ntoff
eri
nginsteadofI
saac.
 Henamedt heplace“TheLor dwi l
l pr
ovide”.

LessonsChr
ist
iansl
ear
nfr
om t
hei
nci
dentAbr
aham waswi
l
li
ngt
osacr
if
icehi
sson

 Theyshoul
dobey/honourGod.
 Theyshoul
dhavefait
hinGod.
 Theyshoul
dbepatientandwaituponGod/ shoul
dnotgiveup.
 Theyshoul
dbepreparedtofacediff
icul
tsit
uati
ons/
persever
ance.
 Theyshoul
dbereadytogiveupev er
y t
hing.
 Theyshoul
drel
yonGod’ sguidance.

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 Theyshoul
dbewisewhendeal
i
ngwi t
hissuesaff
ect
ingt
hei
rli
ves.
 Theyshoul
dinv
olv
efamil
ymembersinwor shi
p.
 Theyshoul
drel
yonGod’spr
ovi
dence.

Way
sinwhi
chChr
ist
iansexpr
esst
hei
rfai
thi
nGodt
oday

 Pray i
ngt oGod.
 Givingof fer
ingandt i
thes.
 Readi ngt heBi ble/Bibl
est udy.
 Preachi ngt hegospel .
 SingingChr isti
ansongs.
 Attendi ngf ell
owshi ps.
 Helpingt heneedy .
 Leadinghol ylife/obeyingGod’slaws.
 Repent i
ngt heirsins.
 Partaki ngsacr ament se. g.t
heLord’
sSupper
,bapt
ism e.
t.
c.
 Caringf orGod’ screation.
 Celebr atingChr isti
anf esti
val
s.

GODSPROMI
SESTOABRAHAM
Gen12:
1–3,
Gen15:
1–21,Gen.17:
1–8,
15-
18.
Promi
se

 Anassurancetosomeone
 I
sawr i
tt
en/ spokendecl
arat
ion/
commi
tmentt
hatonewi
l
ldef
ini
tel
ydoornotdo
somet
hing.

Gods’
promi
sest
oAbr
aham wer
eir
rev
ocabl
ecommi
tment
s.Thesear
easf
oll
ows;

1.Godwoul dgivehimlandt odwel li

n.Hi sdescendantswoul dalsobegivent he
landofCanaant odwelli
n.
2.Godwoul dmakeAbr ahamsnamef amous.
3.Godwoul destabli
shanev erl
astingcov enantwit
hAbr aham andhi sdescendants
Heshal l
betheirGod.
4.Godwoul dbea‘ shi
eld’
toAbr aham t hatHewoul dprotecthi
m.
5.Godwoul dmakeAbr aham’ sdescendant sagreatnation.
6.Godwoul dgiveAbraham andhi swifeSar ahasonoft hei
rown.
7.Godwoul dmakehi sdescendant stobeensl avedfor400y earsinaforeignland.
8.Howev erGodwoul ddeli
ver/freethem andgobackt othei
rlandwi t
hal otof
wealt
h.
9.Godwoul dpunishthenat i
onthatensl avesAbraham’sdescendant s.
10.
Godwoul dmakesomeofAbr aham’ sdescendants’kings.
11.
Godwoul dblessAbraham.
12.
Godwoul dblessthosewhobl essedhi m.
13.
Godwoul dcursethosewhocur sedhi m.
14.
Godwoul dmakeal lt
hef amil
iesoft heear t
hreceiv
ebl essi
ngst hr
oughAbr aham.

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15.
Abr
aham wouldl
i
velonganddieinpeace.
16.
Hewoul
dhav emanydescendant
s.

Rel
ev anceofthepr
omisestoChrist
ianstoday
Thepr omisesmadetoAbraham areimportantt
oChr
ist
iansi
nsev
eral
way
s.These
i
nclude:

1.GodchoseAbr aham f rom amongpeopl ewhower eidol worshipperssot hathe

coul dser v ehim.I nt hesamewayGodcont inuest ocal lpeoplefrom differ
ent
backgr oundst oser vehi mi ndifferentway se. g.ev angel i
sm, pastor,pri
este.t.
c.
2.God’ spr omi set oAbr aham t hathewoul dbehi sshi eldofpr otecti
onhei s
i
nher i
tedbyChr i
sti
ans; Godcont inuest opr otectChr isti
ansunderal l
circumst ances.
3.Thr oughGod’ sdeal ingswi thAbr aham Godshowst hathev al
uesper sonal
relationshi pwi thhumanki nd.Chr i
sti
ansbel i
ev ethatGodi sinterestedin
est ablishingsuchr elati
onshi pswi t
ht hem.
4.4. Abr aham’ scal ldemandedt hathebr eaksf r
om hi sear l
ierli
fee.g.hehadt o
l
eav ehome, relati
vesandf ri
endsandgot ot heunknownl and.Chr isti
ansar e
alsocal l
edt ol eav ethei rpastsi nfulli
v esandputt heirfait
hinGodt healmighty.
5.Godpr omi sedAbr aham t hel andofCanaan.Hi storicall
ythiswasf ulfi
ll
edand
Chr isti
ansal sohopef oranewl earn–heav en,whi chi stheNewCanaan.
6.Godpr omi sedAbr aham t hathewoul dbeaf atherofagr eatnat i
on.Chr i
stians
todayseet hemsel vesast hegreatnat ionofGodandt hedescendant sof
Abr aham.
7.God’ spr omi set opuni sht hosewhoensl avedt heI sraeli
tesshowst hatGodi s
agai nstanyf orm ofhumanoppr ession.
8.Chr isti
ansar eexpect edt or espondt ot hepr omisesofGodbyf ait
h, t
rustand
obedi enceasAbr aham di d.

Meaningoft heterm Cov enant

I
tisanagr eementbet weent woormor eparti
esbywhichtheyexchangeandaccept
obli
gati
onst ooneanot her.
I
tisaser i
ousorsol emnagr eementbet weent wopersonsorgroupsofpeople
Otherwordsusedar e“t
estament ”“pact”or‘t
reat
y”
I
tbringstogethertwoormor epartiesthathavebeenseparat
ebef or
e.
Therearetwot ypes;
(i
)Conditi
onalcovenant
I
tisanagr eement /acovenantbet weent woormor eparti
eswhichinfactar
eequal.
(i
i)Unconditi
onalcovenant
I
tisacov enantbet weentwounequal parti
esforexamplebet
weenGodandhi speopl
e.
Examplesofwel l-
knowncov enantsintheBible;

1.Covenantwi t
hNoah/NoaicinwhichGodenter
edint
oar el
ationshipwitht
he
wholewor l
dandpr omi
sedtopreser
vet
heli
feofpeople(Gen9)Thesi gnofthi
s
covenantisther
ainbow.
2.Thecov enantwi
thAbraham i
nwhichGodpromisedt
of ul
fi
ll
thepr omiseshe

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madewi t
hhi m.Thesi gniscircumci si
on.
3.Thecov enantwi ththepeopleofIsraelatMt .Sinai/Mosaicinwhi chGod
promisedt obet heirGodtheIsrael
itespr omisedobedience( Exodus24) .The
si
gnist helaw/t heTenCommandment s.
4.Thecov enantwi thKingDav i
dinwhi chGodpr omisedhimt hathisdynast ywil
l
conti
nuef orever.(2Sam 7:14–16)
5.Thecov enantwi thJeremiahinwhichGodpr omi sedtomakeanewcov enant
witht
heI sraeli
teswher eeachindiv
idual wil
lknowGodper sonally.(
Jeremi ah
31:3–34)

El
ement
sofcov
enant

1.Twoormor eparti
esareinvolved.
2.Thoseinvolvedcommi tthemselvestoabi
ndingagreement.
3.I
nvolvespromisesoroat hs.
4.I
tusuallyhassomephy si
calsignorsymbol
.
5.I
tinvolv
esawi tnessorwi t
nesses.
6.I
tisusuallyseal
ed.
7.Aceremonyorar i
tuali
sper f
ormedtoenfor
cei t
.
8.I
thasser i
ous/negativ
econsequencesexperiencedbythosewhobr
eaki
tand
benefi
tsforthosewhokeepi t.

God’
scov
enantwi
thAbr
aham
Gen15:
1-19
Abr
aham want
edanassurancefrom Godthatt
heAlmight
ywoul
dful
fi
ll
hispr
omi
ses.
GodcommandedAbraham toprepar
etoof f
erasacr
if
ice.
Abr
aham wasaskedt
obri
ngt hefoll
owing

1.Threeyearol
dheif
er.
2.Threeyearol
dshe-goat
.
3.Threeyearol
dram.
4.Turtl
edove.
5.Youngpigeon.

 Hewast
ocutt
heseani
mal
sint
ohal
vesexceptf
ort
hebi
rdsandar
ranget
hem i
n
t
wor
ows.
 Hel
aidt
hecuthal
vesoneagai
nsteachot
heri
ntwor
owsouti
nthesun.

Bi
rdswer
eki
l
ledbutwer
eof
fer
edwhol
e.

 Abr
aham fel
lint
oadeepsleepdur
ingwhi
chGodgavehi
m morepromi
ses.
 Godthepassedbet
weenthesacri
fi
cedani
mal
sinthef
orm ofasmoki
ngfi
repot
andaf
lami
ngt
orch.
 Thi
swasanuncondi
ti
onal
cov
enantbecausei
tisGodwhowast
obeart
he
consequences.
 Abr
aham hadbeenassur
edoft
hef
ulf
il
lmentoft
hecov
enant
.

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Note
Thephysi
calmani
fest
ati
onsofGodarecommonlyr
efer
redtoasTheophany
.The
fol
l
owingarewel
lknownexamplesoft
heophani
esi
ntheBibl
e;

1.Theburningbushi nthecall
ofMoses.(Exodus3:2–4)
2.Thepil
laroffi
reandapi ll
arofcl
oudasr ecordedi
nthest
oryofExodus.(
Exodus
13:
20–22)
3.Thunder,l
ight
ning,smokeatMountSinai.(Exodus19:
16–22)
4.Themight ywi
nd, ear
thquakeasti
ll
voiceinthestor
yofEl
ij
ah.(1Kings19:
11–
12)

I
mpor
tanceoft
hecov
enant

1.I
tmar ksGod’ siniti
ati
v etoent erint
oaper sonalrel
ati
onshipwithhumankind
whichhadbeendest royed.
2.I
tsignif
iedt herewar dofobey ingandhav i
ngf ait
hinGod.
3.I
tconfir
mst hatGodwaswi ll
ingt ofulfi
l
lthepr omisesHehadmadet oAbr aham.
4.Thr
ought hecov enantwi thAbr aham, al
lnat i
onsofthewor l
dwer etoreceive
God’ssalvation.
5.I
tshowst hatGodmayel ectani ndi
vidualandusehi m/herforHispur
pose.
6.Byenteringintoacov enantwi thAbraham, Godwasconf ir
mi ngHischoiceof
Abraham ast heonet ofulfi
l
lHi splanofsal vati
on.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofGod’
covenantwi
thAbr
aham

1.I
twasuncondi ti
onal-ithadtwounequal part
iesi.
e.GodandAbraham.
2.I
thadpromi seswhi chweregi venbyGod.
3.I
thadanout war dsignwhichwasci rcumcisi
on.
4.I
twassealedt hrought hebloodoft hesacrif
ice.
5.I
twasvolunt ar
y-Abr aham entereditwil
li
ngly.
6.I
twasbinding-itwast obekeptev enbyAbr aham’sdescendant
s.
7.I
twasinit
iatedbyGod.

Cov
enant
sinmoder
nli
feThesei
ncl
ude;

1.Baptism/ sacr
ament s.
2.Marriage.
3.Ordinati
on.
4.Oathofl oyalt
ytostate/oathofal
l
egi
ance.
5.Tradeagr eements/t r
eati
es.
6.Peacet r
eat i
es.
7.Landbuy ingcontracts.
8.Empl oymentcontracts.

1.Bapt
ism

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 I
sanagr
eementbet
weenGodandt
hebel
i
evert
oshedt
hel
i
fewi
thoutChr
istand
takeonli
fewit
hChr i
st.
 Thebeli
evermakesv owst oremainfai
thful
toGodandobedienttohi
swi
ll
.
 Thebeli
everpr
omisest okeept hecommandmentofGodandt oser
vehi
m.
 Thecovenanti
senact edthroughtheceremonyofbapt
ism.
 Thepastor/
pri
estandt hecongregat
ionserveaswit
ness.

2.Mar
ri
age

 I
tinvol
vesthebri
deandbr i
degroom.
 Thesearetwopar t
iesthatweresepar atebefor
ecomingtoget
her.
 Thetwoexchangev owsinthepr esenceofthepast
orandthecongregat
ion.
 Godisalsoawitnessatt hi
scov enant.
 Wearri
ngsandexchangemar riagev ows.
 Amar r
iagecer
ti
ficateisthesign.

3Oat
hofal
legi
ance/
loy
alt
y

 I
tinv
olv
esnat
ional
leader
staki
ngupposi
ti
onsofpubl
i
cser
vicee.
g.t
heheadof
st
ate,Minister
s,et
c.
 Thi
sagr eementismadebet weenthem andthepeopletheywi
l
lser
ve.
 Ano at
hi stakenduri
ngthesweari
nginceremony.
 Theypromi setoserv
ethenationandit
sciti
zensfai
thful
ly

4.Ordi
nation
Madebyl eaderswhoaretaki
ngupleader
shi
pinthechur
ch.
Theytakeupv owsinwhichtheypr
omiseobedi
enceandloy
alt
ytoGod,
thei
r
superv
isorsand
BodyofChr i
st
Import
anceofcov enant
sinmodernli
fe

1.Throughbapt ism, Chri

stiansar eencour agedt ohavet heri
ghtrel
ationshi
pwi th
Godandbeabl etowor kf orthegoodoft hesociety.
2.ThroughBapt ism onei sabl etoacqui reChr i
sti
anpr i
ncipl
es/r
uleswi t
hinspi
res
onetol iv
eav irtuousli
fe.Thi shel psonet ofi
ghtagainstevil
se.g.sexual
i
mmor ali
ty,drugabuse, andcor r
uption.
3.I
tmakespeopl etobecommi ttedtot hei
rwor k.
4.Makespeopl etohav econf idencei ntheirleaders.
5.Helpstocr eateapeacef ul environment .
6.Bri
ngsuni tybetweeni ndividualsandcommuni t
iesthatwereseparatedbefore.
7.Str
engt hensone’ sfai
thinGod.
8.Enl
ightensci t
izensont heirr i
ghts.

JEWISHCIRCUMCI
SION
Gen171-
16
Cir
cumci
sion

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Thewor dli
ter
all
ymeanst ocutar
oundortocutt
heforeski
n.
Asasi gnofthecovenant,
Godinstr
uct
edcir
cumcisi
onforAbr
aham andhi
s
descendants.
ElementsofJewishcircumci
sion

1.EverymaleamongAbr aham’sdescendant shadt obeci r

cumci sed.
2.Theywouldbeci r
cumcisedbyt hefl
eshoft hei
rforeskins.
3.Cir
cumcisionwouldtakeplacewhenamal ewas8day sol d.
4.Cir
cumcisionwasalsorequiredofall
mal eservantsofAbr aham.
5.Thepracti
cewoul dbeamar k/symbolofanev erl
astingcov enantbetweenGod
andAbraham’scommuni ty.
6.Anymanwhowasnotci r
cumci sedwouldbecutof ffrom Abr aham’s
descendantsbecausehehadbr okenthecov enant.

I
mpor
tanceofci
rcumci
siont
oAbr
aham andhi
sdescendant
s

1.I
twasanout wardsi gnofAbr aham’sandhisdescendants’covenantrel
ati
onship
withGod.
2.I
twasanout wardsi gnofamal eJew’str
uebelongingtotheJewishcommuni t
y.
3.I
twasanout wardsi gnoft heinnerf
ait
hforAbraham andhisdescendant sthat
theywer ecalledt oal i
feofobediencetoGod.
4.I
ti denti
fiedtheIsraelit
esasGod’ schosenrace.
5.Thr oughi t
,Abraham andhi sdescendantswereassuredofi nher
it
ingGod’s
blessings.
6.I
tconf i
rmedt hatAbr aham wasobedientandfaithf
ultoGod.
7.I
twasasi gnofcont inuedloveandprotecti
onfrom Godwhi chtheIsr
aeli
teswere
toenj oy.
8.I
tsi gnif
iedpur i
ty/cl
eanl i
ness.

JEWISHVERSUSAFRI
CANPRACTI
CEOFCI
RCUMCI
SION
Simi
lar
it
ies

1.Inbothcases,i
tpr omot esonei ntof ullmember shipofthecommuni t
y.
2.Inbothcases,i
tisamar kofidentif
icat i
onofaper sont oaparticul
arcommunity
.
3.Inboth,
iti
scar ri
edoutonmal echildr en.
4.Inbothcases,cir
cumci sionhasar eligioussignifi
cance.
5.Inbothcases,special people/rel
igiousl eaders/headsoft hecommuni t
ycar
ry
outtheoperat
ions.
6.Inbothcases,i
tuni test hemember swi ththeancest ors.
7.Inbothcases,member sreceivenewnames.
8.Inbothcases,theriteiscar ri
edonf rom gener ationtogeneration/is
compulsory/whoev erf ail
stoobser vei tisconsideredanout cast.
9.Inbothcases,theritual i
sacommunal affai
r.
10.
Inbothcases,i
tinv olv
est hecutt
ingoft heforeskin.

Di
ff
erences

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1.InsomeAf r
icancommuni ti
es,theyci rcumcisedbot hboysandgirl
swhil
ethe
Jewishcommuni tycir
cumci sedboy sonl y
.
2.TheAf ri
cancommuni ti
escircumci sedmai nlyteenagerswhil
etheJews
cir
cumci sedi nfantsat8day s.
3.Jewishci rcumci sionisar el
igiousr equirementwhi letheAfri
canci
rcumci
sioni
sa
cult
uralrequi r
ement /ri
teofpassage.
4.IntheAf ri
cancommuni t i
esthei ni
ti
at ewoul dlaterbeentrust
edwit
hnew
rol
es/responsi bili
tiese.g.marriage, i
nher i
tanceofpr oper
tyetcwhi
chwasnotthe
casefort heJewi shcommuni ty.
5.Amongt heJewsi twascommandedbyGodwhi leinAfri
cancommuniti
esit
ori
ginatedf rom ancest ors.

THEEXODUS

THEEXODUS
I
ntr
oduct
ion

 AnExodusi samassmov ementofpeopl efrom onepl acetoanot her

 TheIsr aeli
teshur r
iedlyleftEgy pt.
 Theycar r
iedwi ththem unl eav enedbr ead.
 Thewoment ookawayt hej ewel l
eryandcl othi
ngt heyhadbor r
owedf rom the
Egyptiansascompensat i
onf ory earsofsl avery
,(hadbeensl avesfor430y ears)
 Thejour neyoft heI sr
aelitest hrought heharshwi l
derness, fi
ghtinghostil
elocal
people, wasadi ffi
cultone.
 Whenev ertheyf orgott hemi ght ydeedsGodhaddonef orthem Godgav ethem a
sol
uti
ont ot heirproblemsandr estoredtheirfai
thinhim.
 Mosesser v
edasmedi atorbet weent hem andGod.
 Theywer edi r
ect edbyGodi nt hewi l
dernessbyapi l
larofclouddur i
ngt heday
andapi l
laroff i
redur ingt heni ght .(Exodus13: 20–22, 14:
19–20) .

a)
.Cr
ossi
ngt
her
edsea.(
Exodus14:
5–31)

 I
mmedi
atel
ytheI
srael
i
tesl
eftEgy
ptPhar
aohandhi
speopl
eregr
ett
edl
ett
ing
t
hem go.
 Hepursuedthem wi
thi
ntensiontobri
ngt
hem back.
 TheI
sraeli
teshadcampedbyt hesea.
 Godi
nstructedMosestoli
fthisr
odabovethewater
soft
heRedSeat
odi
vi
de
them.
 Thewatersseparatedint
owal ls.
 TheIsr
aeli
tescrossedtheseaont hedrygroundbetweent
hetwowal l
s.
 WhentheIsrael
iteshadcrossedov ertheotherside,
Mosesstr
etchedouthis
handoverthewat erandbroughtthewallsback.
 TheEgypti
answhower estil
linthemiddledrownedandtheIsr
aeli
tessai
led.
 TheIsr
aeli
tessawGod’ smi ghtyworkinsavingthem.

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b)
.Pr
ovi
sionofwat
er(
Exodus15:
22–27,
17:
1–6)

 Af
tert
heI
srael
i
teshadt
rav
ell
edi
nthedeser
tfor3day
swi
thoutwat
er,
theywer
e
thi
rsty.
 Thewat ert heyfoundwasbi tt
erandcoul dnotdr i
nk.
 Calledt hepl ace“Marah”meani ng“bitt
er”.
 TheI srael i
tesstart
edmur muringincompl ain.
 Godi nst ructedMosest othrowaspl interofwoodi ntothewateranditbecame
sweet .
 At Eli
mt her ewere12springsofwat er.
 Go dprov idedmor ewat erwhent heyhadal mostr eachedMt.Sinai
.
 Hei nstruct edMosest ostri
kear ockandwat ercameoutofi tforpeopl
etodri
nk
(Ex.17:1–7) .

c)
.Pr
ovi
sionofmannaandquai
l
s(Exodus16:
1–35)

 AstheIsr
ael
it
eswer etr
avel
li
ngthrought hedeser
t,t
heyr
anoutoff
ood.
 Theywerehungryandagaincomplainedt oMoses.
 Thei
rcomplai
ntsdispl
easedtheLord,thoughhehadsavedt
hem manyt
imes
t
heyst
il
ldi
dnott
rusthi
mtopr
ovi
def
ort
hem.
 Henev
ert
hel
esspr
omi
sedt
opr
ovi
def
ort
hem wi
thf
oodwhet
hert
heyobey
ed
him ornot.
 Thenextmor ni
ngGodpr ovi
dedt hem withmannawhichtheycol
lectedandat
e.
 Intheevening,heprovi
dedt hem withquail
s.
 Thepr ovi
sionofmannaandquai l
slastedfor40year
s.
 Ont hesixthdayofeachweek, hegav ethem twopor
ti
ons;oneforthesixt
hday
andt heotherfort
heseventhorSabbat hday .
 Theywer esupposedtost ayindoorsontheSabbathdaytoworshipand
rememberGod.

d)
.Def
eatoft
heAmal
eki
tes(
exodus17:
8–16)

 Amal
ekit
eswer
edeser
tnomadswhoat
tackedtheI
srael
i
tesi
nthewil
derness.
 WhentheAmal
eki
tear
mycameagai
nstI
srael
,Mosesorder
edJoshuatogather
menamongt
hem t
ogoandf
ightt
hem.
 Duri
ngthebat
tl
e,Moseshel
duphisr
od.
 Eachti
meheraisedhi
shands,
theAmal
eki
teswer
edef
eat
ed.Whenhebr
ought
down,theIsrael
i
teswoul
dbedef eat
ed.
 AaronandHursawt hi
s;theydeci
dedtosuppor
thi
shandsunt
ilt
heAmal
eki
tes
weredefeated.Godpromisedtodestr
oytheAmal
eki
tesf
orev
er.

Summar
yoft
heway
sinwhi
chGodt
ookcar
eoft
heI
srael
i
tesdur
ingt
heExodus

 HeguidedtheIsr
aeli
tesbyapil
l
arofclouddur i
ngtheday.
 Heprovidedapil
l
aroffir
etoguidethem duri
ngthenight
.
 Godsentanangel whoengul
fedtheEgyptiansoldi
ersi
ndarknesst
odel
ayt
hei
r

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attackont heI sr
aeli
tes.
 Hegav et hem prieststobei ntermediari
esbet weent hem andGod.
 Godspl i
tt hewat ersoft heRedSeat ocreateadr ypathf ortheIsr aeli
testopass.
 Hepuni shedt heEgy ptiansoldierswhower epur suingtheI sr
aelitesbydr owning
them intheRedSea.
 Godchangedbi t
terwat erint
osweetwat ersfortheI sr
aelit
est odr inkatMarah.
 Godpr ov i
dedMannaandquai l
sasf oodf ortheIsraeli
teswhent heywer e
hungry.Healing thosewhower ebit
tenbysnakes.
 Godassi stedt heIsraeli
testodef eattheAmal eki
tes
 Hepr ovidedt hem withst r
ongl eadersli
keMoses.
 Godgav ethem the10commandment stogui dethem ont heirrelationshi
pwith
him andoneanot her .

Pr
obl
emsMosesf
acedashel
edt
heI
srael
i
tesdur
ingt
heExodus

 LackofwaterfortheIsrael
ites/bi
tt
erwat er
.
 Lackoff
oodf ortheIsraeli
tes.
 Complai
ning/grumblingbyt heIsr
aeli
tes/ref
usi
ngt
oheedt
oinst
ruct
ions/
stubbor n/sti
ffnecked.
 War r
ingtri
besi nthedesert
/Amaleki
tes.
 Set tl
ingdisputesamongt hepeopl
e.
 Trav ell
i
ngi nhostil
e/harshcli
mati
ccondit
ion.
 Lackoff ai
thf r
om thepeople/wor
shipofthegol
dencal
f/br
eaki
ngGod’
s
commandment s.
 Re belli
on/oppositi
onfrom hisf
amil
y.
 Th reatfrom theEgy pt
ianarmy.
 Bitesf r
om snakes.

Pr
obl
emsencount
eredbyChr
ist
iansi
nthei
rcommi
tmentt
oChr
istt
oday

1.Tempt ationsfrom t hedev il

/wor ldlypl easur es.
2.Weakeni ngoff ait
hi nGodi nt i
mesofhar dshi ps.
3.Opposi tion/per secut ion/oppr essi onbecauseofwhatt heyst andf or.
4.Fal set eaching/her esy /falsepr ophet swhocont radicttrueChr ist
ianmessage.
5.Div isi
on/quar rels/di sagreement swi thint hechur ch.
6.Mat eri
alism/gr eedf orweal th/st ruggl eforpoweri nt hechur ch/int hesociety.
7.Chal l
engesf r
om sci ence/t echnol ogywhi chseemst or eplacethepower /
aut hor i
tyofGod.
8.Nat ural calami ties;epi demics, diseases, dr ought ,femi nine,fl
oods, eart
hquakes
whi chmakesomeChr i
sti
ansquest i
ont heexi stenceofGod.
9.Pr oblemsoft hedest inyofaper sonaf terdeat h/Wher edopeopl egoaf terdeath?
10.
Thewi ckedseem t opr osper/ whydot hewi ckedpr osper ?
11.
Badexampl essetbyt hechur chl eader swhoar esupposedt obet heshepher ds
oft hepeopl e/mi sl
eadpeopl ee. g.t hroughmi sinterpretationofscr i
ptures.
12.
Chal l
engesf r
om ot herr el
igious/denomi nat ionsandt hesecul arsoci et
y/
tradi t
ional culture.

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iosa0743241064

13.
Hy pocr
isyinthechurch.
14.
Financi
alconstraint
s/lackofr
esour
cesinmeeti
ngt hei
robl
i
gat
ions.
15.
Mar gi
nali
zati
oni nthechurchmembershi
p/act
ivi
ti
es.

Whyt
heExodusi
simpor
tantt
otheI
srael
it
es

1.I
tmar kedt heendoft hei
rsufferi
ng/oppressioninEgypt.
2.I
tsignif
iedt heywereaspeci alnati
onchosenbyGod.
3.I
twasaf ulfi
ll
mentoft hepromisesGodhadmadet oAbr aham.
4.I
tprovedt hatGodwasmor epower f
ulthanothergods/supr eme.
5.I
tshowed/pr ovedtothem thatMoseswasachosenl eaderofI sr
aelasanat i
on.
6.I
tmadet hem understandthenat ur
eofGod.
7.I
ttaughtt hem thatGodneededobedi encefrom humanbei ngs.
8.Theyreceivedt heTenCommandment swhichguidedt hem inthei
rrelat
ionshi
p.

THEMAKI NGOFTHESI
NAICOVENANT(
EXODUS19,
24:
1–8)
(a).
Prepar
ati
on

 Godmadeacov
enantwi
tht
heI
srael
i
tesatMountSi
nai
int
hewi
l
der
ness.He
br
oughtt
hem heresot
hathecoul
denterint
oaper
sonal
rel
ati
onshi
pwi
tht
he
whol
ecommuni t
yofAbraham’
sdescendant
s.

 Godcal
l
edMosest
othemount
aint
oaskhi
mift
heI
srael
i
teswer
ewi
l
li
ngt
oobey
.
I
ftheywoul
dobeyHi
m,Godmadet
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
omi
sest
othem;

1.Hewoul
dmaket
hem Hi
speopl
e.
2.Hewoul
dmaket
hem aki
ngdom ofpr
iest
s.
3.Hewoul
dmaket
hem ahol
ynati
on.

I
nreadinessf
ort
hemaki
ngoft
heSi
nai
Cov
enant
,Abr
aham madet
hef
oll
owi
ng
pr
eparati
ons:

1.Theyhadt opur ifythemsel vesi.

e.washedt hecl
othesandt hemselves.
2.Mosesmar kedaboundar yatthefootofthemount ai
n/ahol yboundaryto
preventanyper sonorani malgoingupt hemountain.
3.Tober eadyont hethirddayf ortheLordcomedownont hemount ain.
4.Menwer eadvisednott otouchawoman/nosexual r
elat
ionship.
5.Theywer etor eportt othemount ainonhear i
ngt
hesoundoft hetr
umpet .
6.Ont he3rddayMosest ooktheIsrael
it
est omeetthei
rGod.
7.Godmani f
estedhi spr esenceintheform of:
8.Thunder.
9.Lightni
ng.
10.
Ear t
hquake.
11.
Thickcloudthatcov eredthewhol emount ai
n.
12.
Fire.
13.
Smoke.

emmanuel
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 MrOr
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14.
Aloudt
rumpetbl
astt
hatmadet
hepeopl
etr
embl
e.

1.Moseswentupt hemountai
nandwasgi vent
heTenCommandment s
2. Mosescamebackf rom t
heMt .andtol
dthepeopleaboutthel
awsand
ordinanceswhichweret
oguidethem asacovenantpeople.Al
lthepeopl
e
answer edinonevoi
ceandsaid“All
thewordswhichtheLordhasspokenwewi
l
l
do,”(Exodus24:3–4)

St
epsi
nthef
ormat
ion/seal
i
ngoft enant(
hecov Exodus24:
1–8)

 Mosestoldt
hepeopl
ethe10commandment s.Theyal
lagr
eedtoobey.
 MoseswrotedownGod’sl
awsandcommands.
 Thenextday/
morni
ngMosesbuil
tanal
tarandputtwel
vestor
es/pi
l
lar
saroundi
t;
the12st onessy mbol i
zest het welvet r
ibesofI srael.
 Youngmensacr if
icedbul l
s/oxent oof f
erbur ntofferi
ngsandpeaceof f
erings.
 Mosescol l
ectedthebl oodi ntotwobasi ns.
 Hepour edhal fofthebl oodi ntotheal t
ar .Thiswasasi gnt hatGodwasi nvolved
i
nt hecov enantformat ion.
 Her eadtheTenCommandment sbookoft hecov enanttothepeopl et
omake
surethattheyunder st
ood.Thepeopl eagr eedt oobey .
 Hespr i
nkled/threwt her emai ni
ngbl oodupont hepeopl e.Thi sshowedpeopl e’
s
i
nvolvementi nthecov enantf ormula.
 Theuseoft hebloodshowedt heser i
ousnessoft hecov enant.Whoeverbr oke
thi
scov enantmeantl ossofhi sli
fe.
 Theuseofl i
veani malsshowedt hatGodi sthelifegiver.

THETENCOMMANDMENTS(
EXODUS20:
1–17)

 Themai
nlawswhi
chGodgav
etoMosesar
eknownast
heTenCommandment
s/
Decal
ogue.
 I
tisanabsol
utel
awi
.e.uncondi
ti
onal
wher
ebyev
ery
thi
nghadt
obef
oll
owed
wi
thoutquest
ion.
 TheTenCommandment
swer
edi
vi
dedi
ntot
womaj
orpar
ts.

1.Duti
estowardsGod(Ex20:
3-11)–the1st4commandmentsaboutt
he
rel
ati
onshi
p bet weenGodandman.
2.Duti
estowardsman(Ex20:
12–17)–t helast6commandment
saboutthe
rel
ati
onshi
p betweenmanandfel
lowman.

Duti
estoGod
1.“
Youshallhav
enoot
hergodsbef
oreme”
.
Appli
cat
ion

 I
tmeanst
hatGodisonl
yone.
 Ther
ewasneedt
oremindt
heIsr
ael
i
test
hathewast
heGodwhobr
oughtt
hem
outofEgy
ptandcar
edf
ort
hem i
nthewi
l
der
ness.

emmanuel
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 TheIsr
aeli
tesweretoworshi
phim alone.
 Anyattemptstoconsi
deranyt
hingelseGodiswr ong.
 Wehav eoneGodwhoi sthecreatorandsust
ainerofall
thi
ngs
 Anyt
hingwecher i
shmorethanGodhasbecomeagod.
 I
tprohibi
tsagai
nstPol
ythei
sm i.
e.“TheLordi
sone”Deut er
onomy6:
4

2.“
Youshallnotmakey
our
sel
fagr
aveni
mage”
Appl
icat
ion

 Thi
sispr
ohi
bit
ionagai
nsti
dol
atr
ybecauseGodi
sinv
isi
ble.(
Ex19:
19,
Deut4:
12
–16)
 Anyr
epr
esent
ati
onofGodi
swr
ongbecausei
tmi
ghtt
emptust
owor
shi
pit
whi
chi
sdi
srespectt
oGod.
 Yahwehwasnotl
i
ket
heEgy
pti
ansorCanaani
tegodswhi
chwer
edepi
ctedi
n
i
mages.

3.“
Youshallnott
aket
henameoft
heLor
dyourGodi
nVai
n”
Appl
icat
ion

 I
tprohi
bit
sagai
nstt
akingthenameoftheLordi
nvai
n/sweari
ng.
 Thi
scommandmentf orbi
dstheuseofGod’
snameinacar
elessmannerwi
thout
r
egar
dtohi
shol
i
ness.
 Oneshoul
dnotsweari
nGod’
sname.
 I
nMathew5:33–37Jesusst
ressest
hatChr
ist
iansshoul
dbehonest
,si
ncer
e
andalway
sspeakthetrut
h.
 Wen eedt
hentorespectGod’
snameandt
hegr
eat
nessofhi
sname.

4.“RemembertheSabbat
hdaytokeepitholy”
Appli
cat
ion
TheSabbathDaywasinst
it
utedbyGodatcreati
onGodrest
edont
hisdayaf
tercr
eat
ion
thusweshoul
dnotworkorinvol
veour
selv
esinanywork.

 I
tisti
met orest
/relaxandref
lectonwhatGodhasdone.
 Peopl
eareexpectedtohonouritbyworshi
ppi
ngGod.
 ReminderofGod’ssacri
fi
ce.

Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heSabbat
htot
heJews

1.Theyremember edt hedayGodr est

edaft
erhi
screat
ion.
2.Dayforworship/thanksgiv
ing/prayer
.
3.I
tisinobediencetooneoft hecommandment s.
4.Dayforrest
/leisure.
5.Holydaydedicatedt oGod.
6.Showsthatmanhashi sorigi
ninGodandi st
her
efor
er esponsi
blet
oGod.

Dut
iest
owar
dsman

emmanuel
ori
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iosa0743241064

5.“
Honoury ourfat
herandmot herthaty
ourday smaybelong”
Appli
cation
God’sgiftofli
feispassedonthroughourparentsastheyt
akecar
eandbr
ingup
chi
ldren.Godt akescareofusthroughourparents.

 Dishonort oparentsl
eadst odisgrace.
 Thef ami l
yisthefoundati
onoft hesoci
ety.
 Goodr especttoourparentsleadstor i
ghtconduct
.
 Obedi encetoparentsleadst olongli
feandprosperi
tyi
ntheland.
 Parent sdeservehonour;respectandchildr
enshouldhel
ptheirpar
ent
s.

6.“
Youshallnotki
ll
”
Appl
icat
ion
I
tisGodalonewhogivesli
feanditshoul
dbeHi m al
onet otakei
t.Thelif
eofaper
son
i
ssacred.Chri
sti
ansarecal
ledupontopreser
ve,respectandprotectl
i
fe.
7.“
Youshallnotcommitadult
ery”
.

 I
tiswr
ongt
ohav
esexual
int
ercour
sewi
thsomebodyel
se’
swi
feorhusband.
Suchanactsowsdi
scor
dint
hecommuni
ty.
 Thi
scommandsafeguar
dsmar r
iageandfamily
.
 Pur
it
yisdemandedofChr
ist
iansbothi
ntheiroutwar
dli
fe,
thought
sanddesi
res.

8.“
Youshallnotst
eal
”
Appl
icat
ion

 Af
fi
rmst
hatGodi
stheonewhopr
ovi
desuswi
thal
lthati
srequi
redt
omai
ntai
n
l
if
e.
 St
eali
ngindi
cat
eslackoftrustinGod’
prov
idence.
 Thi
scommandpr ohibi
tstheft
.
 I
tisprot
ecti
onagai
nstproperty.

9.“
Youshallnotbearf
alsewi
tnessagai
nsty
ournei
ghbor
”
Appl
icat
ion

 Fal
seaccusationsdest
royrespectandloveamongGod’
speople.
 Chri
sti
ansshouldshowl ov
e,honesty,
fait
hful
nessandt
rut
hful
ness.
 Theneedforjusti
ceincourt
s.

10.“
Youshallnotcov
ety
ournei
ghbor
’spr
oper
ty”
.
Appl
icat
ion

 Pr
ohi
bit
ionagai
nstcov
etousness.Desi
ref
ort
hatwhi
chbel
ongst
oanot
herNum
11:
11.
 Thi
scommandmentcondemnsgr eedofanynatur
e.
 Gr
eedismot
ivat
edbyself
ishnessandhenceleadstosi
n.

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THEBREAKI
NGOFTHESI
NAICOVENANT (
EX32:
1–35

 Moseswentupt
hemount
aint
oGodsoast
obei
nst
ruct
edonhowt
oleadt
he
I
srael
i
tesont
hei
rlastpar
toft
hej
our
neyt
othePr
omi
sedLand.
 Mosesov
erst
ayedupt
hemount
ainunt
ilsomeI
srael
i
tesbecamei
mpat
ientand
r
est
less.
 -
Themul
ti
tudest
art
edmur
mur
ingagai
nstt
heGodofMoses/Yahwehand
desi
redt
ogobackt
oEgy
pt.
 TheyaskedAar
ontomakefort
hem aphysi
cal
godtoworshi
p.
 Aaronmadeanidol
godinf
orm ofacal
f.Heusedt
heornamentst
heyhad
br
oughtf
rom Egy
pt.
 Thei
dolr
epr
esent
edpowerandstr
ength.
 Thei
rwor
shi
pwasaccompaniedbysi
nging,
danci
ng,
dri
nki
ng,
eat
ingand
i
ndulgedinr evel
ry /sexar oundthecalf.
 Thiswasbl asphemybef oreGod/ i
dolatr
y.
 Meanwhi l
eGodt oldMosest ogodownf orthepeoplehadsinnedandr ej
ected
him.
 -Moseswasannoy edanddr oppedthet abl
etsonwhi chthel
awswer ewr it
ten
theybrokei ntopi eces.
 Hegroundt hebul l-calfandmi xedwi t
hwat erandforcedthepeopletodrink.
 Mosescal ledt hef aithfulfoll
owersofYahweh.Onl ytheLevi
tescamef orward.
 Mosesor der edt hef aithfulpeopl
etokillthesinner
s.
 Mosesr eturnedt oGodandaskedf orfor gi
venessonbehalfofthepeople.
 Godpromi sedt or ubt henamesoft hesinnersfrom t
hebookofheav en.
 GodtoldMosest ocont i
nueleadi
ngt hepeople.

Whydi
dtheI
srael
it
esdemandf
oranI
dol
/possi
bler
easonsf
orbr
eaki
ngt
heCovenant
?

 Mosesoverst
ayedupthemount ai
n.
 -
Theyneededanotherl
eaderbecauset
heydi
dnotknowwhathadhappenedt
o
Moses.
 Theylackedsel f-contr
ol/wereimpat ient
.
 Theylackedf aithinGod/unf ait
hful.
 Theydidnotunder standthenat ureoftheirGode.g.power f
ulGod.
 I
tispossi bl
et hattheywer emisledbyf oreigner
swhoj oinedthem onthei
rwayt
o
Canaan.
 Aaronwasaweakl eaderandaccept edtomaket hegoldenbull-
calf
.
 Theyhadbeenexposedt oidol
at r
yinEgy pt.
 Theav ai
labi
li
tyofr awmat eri
alse.g.Jewelleryt
heyhadbr oughtfrom Egy
pt.

Ef
fect
sofwor
shi
ppi
ngt
heI
dol
/Bul
l

1.Godwasannoyedwi
ththeIsrael
i
t esandwant
edt
odest
roy
/consumet
hem and
st
artr
aisi
nganewgenerat
ionthroughMoses.

1.Mosespl
eadedwi
thGodt
ofor
giv
ethem andGodwi
thdr
ewhi
swr
ath/God

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for
gav ethem.
2.Moseswasannoy edwhenhef oundtheIsr
aeli
tesworshippi
ngtheidolandhe
thr
ewdownt hest onetabl
etsbr eaki
ngthem.
3.Mosesbur nttheGol denBull
-calfint
oashesmixedwi t
hwat erandorderedthe
Isr
aeli
testodr i
nk.
4.Godf orgavethosewhor epentedaf t
erworshi
ppingtheGoldencalf
.
5. Mosessepar atedthosewhor epented;t
heLevitesi
ncluded,andorder
edt he
unrepentantgrouptobekill
ed.
6.TheLor dsentapl agueupont hepeoplebecausetheyhadwor shi
ppedthei dol
.

THERENEWALOFTHESI
NAICOVENANTEX34:
1-35

 Godfor
gavet
hepeopl
eandMoses.
 TheTenCommandmentswer
ere-
wri
tt
enont
wost
onet
abl
etst
hatGodhad
askedMosest
ocut
.
 Moseswentupt
hemount
ainwi
tht
het
wost
onet
abl
etsal
oneandnomanor
ani
mal
wasal
l
owedt
obeseenar
oundt
hemount
ain.
 Goddecl
aredthathecoul
dmakeacov enantwit
htheI
srael
i
tes.
 HegaveMosest heTenCommandment sthesecondt
ime.
 Godrev
ealedhisnat
uretoMosesas:

 Mer ciful
/compassi onat eGod.
 GraciousGod.
 Slowanger
 Aboundi ngi nlove
 Faithfultohispr omise
 Forgivingwi ckedness, Rebell
ionandsi n.
 Justandj ealous/punishessin
 Hepr omi sedt otaket heIsraeli
testothePromisedLandandprotectt
hem
againsttheCanaani tes
 Th eIsraelit
eswer egi venconditionstoful
fi
ll
aftert
herenewal
theseare:
1.ObeywhatGodcommandst hem.

1.Nott owor shipanyot hergods.

2.Nott omakeanycasti dols.
3.Tokeept heFeastofUnl eavenedBr ead.
4.Tor estont heseventhday .
5.Todedi cat eallt
heirfi
r stbor nchi l
drenandt hatoft hefl
ocktoGod.
6.Toof fertoGodt hefirstf r
uitoft hei
rhar vest.
7.Nott oent erint
oanycov enantr elat
ionshipwi t
ht heinhabi
tantofCanaane.
g.not
toi
ntermar rywithforeigner s.
8.Todest royt hewor shippingpl aceofi dols.
9.Nott omakemol tengodst owor ship.
10.Thr
eet i
mesi nay earthemal ef olkwer etoappearbef oreGod.
11.Nottooffert hebloodofHi ssacr i
fi
cewi thleaven.
12.Nottoboi l aki
di nhismot her’smi lk.

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Gi
vingofmorepromi
sesbyGod
Godthengav
ethem t
hefol
l
owingpr
omi
sesi
ftheyobey
edHi
m;

 Godwouldbl
esst hem andmaket hem moreprosper
ous.
 Godwouldpreservethem asachosennat ion.
 Godwoulddogr eatandawesomet hi
ngsamonghi speopl
e.
 Godwouldhelpthem settl
et hePromisedLandbydri
vingoutt
he
i
nhabi
tant
s/t
heirenemi ese.g.Canaanit
e,peri
zi
teset
c.

THEWORSHI
POFTHEI
SRAELI
TESI LDERNESS(
NTHEWI EX20:
22–26,
23:
14–20)

 Wor
shi
pref
erst
orev
erencepai
dtoGod/r
espectgi
vent
oGodi
nrecogni
ti
onof
Him as t hecreat orandcont r
oll
eroftheuniverseandt hestrongfeeli
ngofl ove
forGod.
 TheI sr
aeli
tesmusthav eknownGodwel le.
g.t heyknewhi m asprovider,
protect
or,Godofj usti
ce,themightyandallpower fulGod.
 Allt
hesequal it
iesofGodmusthav emadet hem r especthi
m andlovehi m deeply
.
 Duringtheirperi
odi nt hewil
derness,t
heIsr
aeliteswor shi
ppedGodasi ndi
v i
dual
andasacommuni ty.Thisoccurr
edatspecifi
cpl aces.
 Allworshipinvolved:

A.Sacr
if
icesandof
fer
ings

 Ani
mal
swereusedinsacr
if
ices.
 I
nanof
fer
ingagr
icul
tur
alpr
oducewasused.

Sacri
fi
cesincl
uded:
1.burntof
feri
ngs/hol
ocaust

 Thesacr
if
ici
alani
mal
wascompl
etel
ybur
nti
.e.ent
ir
elyr
emov
edf
rom human
possessi
onandgi
vent
oGod.
 I
tcouldbegiv
enbyani
ndi
vi
dual
orbyt
hecommuni
ty.

2.At
onement
/si
nof
fer
ing

 Of
fer
edwhenonehadsi
nnedei
theragai
nstGodoragai
nsthi
sfel
l
owmanand
want
edhi
ssi
nst
obef
orgi
ven.
 Theonewhohadsi
nnedbr
oughtanani
mal
bef
oreGodandi
twasof
fer
edasa
sacr
if
ice.
 Theani
mal
diedonbehal
foft
heper
sonwhosi
nned.

3.Peaceof
fer
ing/communi
onsacr
if
ice/f
ell
owshi
pof
fer
ing

 Par
toft
hemeatoft
hesacr
if
ici
alani
mal
waseat
enbyt
hepeopl
eandot
herpar
ts
whi
chconsi
stedoff
atandbl
oodwasbur
ntont
heal
tarf
orGod.

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4.Gi
ftof
fer
ing

 Thebestani
mal
orgr
aint
hatGodhadbl
essedt
heconcer
nedpar
tywaschosen
andof
fer
edt
oGodasat
hanksgi
vi
ng.

5.Mealof
fer
ing/dr
inkof
fer
ing

 I
tinvolv
edbothveget
abl
eandanimaloff
eri
ngs.
 Me atoff
eri
ngcoul
dbeoffer
edt
ogetherwit
hfreshagr
icul
tur
alpr
oduce.

6.I
ncenseof
fer
ing

 I
ncensei
sasubstancecomposedofsweetsmel
l
ingherbs.
 I
twasburntbef
oreGodanditwasasignofGod’
shol
inessandhi
saccept
ance
oft
hesacr
if
ices.

B.Fest
ival
s
Afesti
vali
sacelebr
ati
oncommemor at
ingapastevent
.
Therewereanumberoffesti
val
sintheIsrael
it
ecommunit
y.Thesei
ncl
uded:
1.ThePassover
/Feastofunl
eavenedbr ead.

1.Thi
sfeastwasheldannual
lyatthebeginni
ngofeachy ear/onceayear.
2.Unl
eavenedbreadwouldbeeatenfor7day softhefi
rstmont hi
neveryNewYear
.
3.Thefeastwasacommemor at
ionoftheIsr
aeli
teli
ber
ationfrom Egy
pt.

2.Thef
eastofweeks/Pent
ecost
.

1.Thi
sfeastori
ginal
l
ymar kedt
heendofthewheathar
vest
.
2.Lat
eri
twasconduct ed50daysf
rom t
heSabbathfol
l
owingt
hePassov
erhence
namePentecost.

3.TheFeastofTabernacl
es.
Thi
sfeastmarkedtheendofagr
icul
tur
aly
ear
.

1.I
ttookpl
acei
naut
umnwhent
hef
rui
tshadbeensaf
elygat
her
ed/har
vest
ed.

C.Al
tar
s
Al
tar
smarkedanear
thl
ymeet
ingpl
acebet
weenGodandt
hepeopl
e.

1.TheI sr
aeli
tesbui
ltanaltarinplaceswheretheyrecei
vedaTheophany /God
revel
ation.
2.e.g.Abraham bui
l
ttwoal tars,oneatShechem andanotheroneatBethelwhen
Godr evealedt
ohimt hathewoul dgivehimthelandofCanaan
3.Thepr acti
ceofbuil
dingaltarsconti
nuedtothetimetheIsrael
i
tesset
tledin
CanaanEx20: 24–25.

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NB:Altarswer ealsoplacesofsacrifi
ce.
D.PrayerandSongs
Peoplecommuni catedtoGodt hroughprayerandsong.Thi swasmost l
yusedby
pri
estsandt heirl
eaderse.g.MosesandJoshua.
E.Holydayofwor ship
TheIsraeli
tessetadayofwor ship.Everyweekt heyworkedforsixday
sandonthe
seventhdayt heyrestedandwor shippedtheLord/Sabbathrest.
F.TheTentofMeet ing(EX26)

1.Itwasapor tablestruct ureinwhi chtheIsrael

iteswor shippedGod.
2.Theout ercourtcont ainedt healtarfori
ncense, thegoldenst i
ckandt hebreadof
thepresencet able.
3.Theinnercour twasknownast hemostHol ypl acebecausei tcontainedtheAr k
oftheCov enant.
4.-TheAr koftheCov enantwascov eredwithpur egoldandt heinsidecont ained
thetwo st onet abl
et sinwhi cht heTenCommandment swer ewr i
tten.
5.Itwastakencar eofbyt heLevitesandt hepriestfrom thetimeofMoses.
6.TheTer banaclesy mbol izedthepr esenceofGodamonghi speople.
7.Pri
estswoul dgoi nsidet heTerbanacletoof f
erpr ayersandsacr i
fi
cest oGodon
behalfofthepeopl e.

Element
softheJewishworshi
pfoundintheChri
sti
anworshiptoday
Therear
eanumberofelementsofIsr
aeli
teworshi
pwhichhav ebeencarr
iedov
erfr
om
theti
meoftheExodustoJudai
sm theearl
ychurchandtothepresentt
ime.These
element
sincl
ude:

1.1.ThePassov erfeastwhi chfoundi t

soriginfr
om thePassov erwhichmarkedt
he
l
iberati
onoftheIsraelit
esf r
om Egy pt.Thisisref
erredtoast heLord’
sSupperi
n
theN.Tand Christi
anwor ship.
2.Useofpr ay
erandsongsi nwor ship.
3.Observingt
heLor d’sDay/Sabbat hbymoder nChri
stians.
4.Offeri
ngsarealsogiv eninform ofmoney ,
goodsandser v
icesti
thes.
5.Alt
ars.MostChr i
st i
anchur cheshav ealt
arsalsocalledsanctuar
y .

NB:Thewor shipofGodbyt heIsraelit

eswasmor esi
mil
art
othatoneoft
heTr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanwor ship.
6. Obser vi
ngt heTenCommandment s.
7. Bur ningofi ncensee.g.catholicchur ch.
8. Spiritual l
eaderse.g.pastors,priests.
9. Dedi cat i
onofchildrentoGod.
Summar yoft heway sIsraelit
eswor shippedGodint
hewil
der
ness

1.Thr
oughof
fer
ings,
incense,
grai
ngi
ft
.

1.Thr
oughsacri
fices/Holocaust
,atonement.
2.Thr
oughfest
ivals/feast
se.g.Passover
,feastofweeks,
Ter
banacl
e.

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3.Hadt heTaber nacl e/t hetentofmeet i

ng.
4.Useofpr ayer s; forthanksgi vi
ngandaski ngf orGod’sprotecti
on.
5.Useofsongsanddances.
6.Buil
tal t
ar stosi gnifythepr esenceofYahweh/appr oachedt healt
arswi t
h
respect/ear t
hl ymeet ingplacewher etheyhadTheophany .
7.Malef olkpr esent edt hemsel vest oGodt hreetimesay ear.
8.Obser vedt heTenCommandment s/hadl aws.
9.Assembl edatt hef ootofMt .Si naiwheret heyrecei
vedtheTenCommandment s.
10.
Burntincenset ot heLor d/Yahweh.
11.
Obser vedt heSabbat hasadayofwor shipbykeepingitHol yanddedicati
ngto
God.
12.
Paidtithesf ort heupkeepoft heTaber nacle.
13.
Consecr atedt heTentofmeet ing.
14.
Levit
epr i
est sledt heI srael
it
esi nwor ship/Religi
ousleaderse.g.Aaron,Moses,
Levit
ical Priest s.
15.
Madet heAr koft heCov enantandcar ri
editwhenev ert
heywentwhi ch
symbol izedGod’ spr esence.
16.
Thededi cationoft hef i
rstbornmal echi l
drentoGodi nmemor yofthePassover
inEgy pt.

HowChr
ist
iansshowr
espectt
oGod

1.Theysetasi deadayofwor ship.

2.Setasidehol ypl acesofwor ship.
3.Theydonotment ionGod’ snamei nvai
n.
4.Theypr aytohim aski ngf orforgiveness/conf
essi
ngt
oHi
m.
5.Liveexempl arylives/r olemodel s.
6.Givi
ngof feri
ng/t ithes.
7.PraiseHimf orHi swonder s.
8.Takingcar eoft heenv i
ronment .
9.Lookingaf t
ertheneedy .
10.
Preaching/spr eadi ngHi swor d.

THESI
NAICOVENANT:MOSES

THESINAICOVENANT: MOSES
Thecal
lofMoses(Exodus3:1-
22)
Thecal
lofMosestookplaceasfol
l
ows;

 Moseshadgonet
olookaf
terhi
sfat
her
-i
n-l
aw’
sfl
ocksnearMt
.Hor
eb/Mt
.Si
nai
whi
chmeansmount
ainofGod.
 Anangel
appear
edtohi
m asabur
ningbushwhi
chwasnotbei
ngconsumed.
 Mosesmovedneart
oseewhatwashappeni
ngandGodcal
l
edhim byhi
sname

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i
nthemiddl
eoftheBurni
ngbush.
 Hewasinstr
uct
ednottomoveanycl
oserandt
oremovehi
sshoesbecauset
he
pl
acewherehewasstandi
ngwasHolygr
ound.
 Godassur
edMosesthathewastheGodofAbr
aham,I
saacandJacob.

 Moseshidhi
sfacebecausehewasafrai
dtolookatGod.
 Godtol
dhim hehadseenthesuf
fer
ingofhi
speople(I
srael
i
tes)andwasr
eadyt
o
l
i
ber
atet
hem f
rom Egy
pt.
 GodcommandedMosestogotoEgy
pttofr
eetheI
srael
i
tes.
 Mosespr
otest
edt
hathewasnotwort
hybutGodgavehi
mt heassur
ancet
hat
;

1.Godwouldpr
otecthi
m andbewit
hhim.
2.Theywoul
dworshipGodatMt.Si
nai
aft
erl
eav
ingEgy
pt.

 MosesaskedGodwhathi
snamewasandGodr
epl
i
ed,
“Iam whoIam,
”meani
ng:

1.GodwaswhatHewasi nthepastandwil
lalway
sbet
hesamei
.e.Godi
set
ernal
.
2.Goddoesnotchangewi
thti
meorsi t
uat
ions.
3.Ther
eisnohumandescri
pti
onofGod.

 Godt
henassur
edMosest
hatt
heI
srael
i
teswoul
drespondposi
ti
vel
ywhi
l
e
Phar
aohwoul
dbest
ubbor
nunt
ilsev
eral
mir
acl
eswer
edone.
 Moseswasgi
vent
wosi
gnsasapr
ooft
hathewasGod’
smessenger
.

1.Hi
srod/wal
ki
ngsti
ck/stafft
urnedint
oasnake;
2.Hi
shandwasaff
ectedbyleprosy.

 Mosesbei
ngastammererwasgiv
enAaronashi
sspokesper
son.
 Mosesl
aterl
eftf
orEgy
ptwit
hhisfami
l
y.

ReasonswhyMoseswasr
eluct
antt
oacceptGod’
scal
l

1.Hewasamur derer
.
2.Hewasaf ugi
ti
ve/arunaway .
3.Hewasast ammerer.
4.HewasnotsureofGod/God’ name.
5.Thepeopl
ewoulddoubthim.
6.HeknewPharaohwouldrefusetol
etthepeopl
ego.
7.Hefel
thewaswor tht
hetask.

At
tri
but
esofGodl
ear
ntdur
ingt
hecal
lofMoses

1. GodisHoly/pure.Hetol
dMosest oremovehisshoesforhewasst
andi
ngona
Holyplace.
2.Godear sthecri
esofhispeopl
e/answerspr
ayersVs.7.
3.Just/
Godpuni shesthewrongdoers.

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4.Del iverer.
Vs.8.
5.GodofHi story,vs.15andVs.6
6.Car ing/ l
oving/mer ciful /compassi onate.Vs.7.
7.Fai t
hf ul/fulf
il
lspr omi sese. g.f ulfi
ll
edt hepromi semadet oAbraham.
8.Demandsf ait
handobedi encef rom t hosehecal ls/sends.
9.Tr anscendent /my ster ious/bey ondhumanunder standinge.g.burni
ngbush.
10.Personal /knowsusbynamee. g.cal l
edMosesbyhi sname. vs.
4.
11.Useshumanbei ngst oaccompl i
shat aske.g.Moses/ Godcommi ssionspeopl
e
toper form certaint asks/wor kst hroughpeopl eHechooses.
12.Empower st hoseHesends/ doesn’ tgivepeopl eimpossi bletaskse.
g.enabled
Mosest oper form mi raclese. g.changi ngstickint osnake.
13.Awesome/ demandsr espectv s.5/wor t
hyofr espect .
14.Knowsoursuf feri
ngv s.7.Hehadseent heaf fl
ict i
onofHi speopleinEgypt.
15.Haspowerov ernat ure/ allpower fulvs.2e.g.bushbur ningthoughnotgetti
ng
consumed/al might y/omni potent .
16.Eternal.vs.14IAM WHOIAM.
17.All
-knowi ngi .
e.knowsusbyname, oursufferi
ngse. t.
c.
18.Protect shispeopl ev s.12e. g.pr omi sedtopr otectMoses.
19.Godi somni present .
20.Usesev entstor ev eal Hi msel ftopeopl ee.g.burni ngbush.
21.Godi smi raclewor kingGod.

WhatMosesl
ear
ntf
rom t
hisi
nci
dent
/cal
laboutGod

1.GodisaGodofHi stor yi
.e.HeisaGodofAbr aham,I
saacandJacob.
2.Godislovingandcar ingandi sconcernedwiththewelfareofhispeople.
3.Godistranscendenti.e.Hei sbeyondhumanunder st
andi nganddescript
ion.
4.Godchooseswhoev erhewi l
lstocarryouthi
splanse.g.HechoseMoses, a
murderer,
fugit
ivestammer er.
5.Godexpect st
otalfaithandobedi encefrom t
hepeoplehechoosest oservehi
m.
6.Godfulfi
ll
shispromi sesi.e.hewasr eadytodeli
vert
heI srael
i
tesfrom bondage/
sl
averyhehadpr omi sedAbr aham.

Chr
ist
ianval
uesl
ear
ntf
rom t
hecal
lofMoses

1.Humi l
it
y.
2.Cour age.
3.Fait
h.
4.Love/mer cy/care.
5.Honest y.
6.Obedi ence.
7.Rever ence/respect/honour
/God-fear
ing.
8.Service.
9.Holiness.
10.
Inquisit
iveness/knowledge/cur
iosi
ty.
11.
Patience/per si
stence.

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ori
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iosa0743241064

12.
Just
ice.

THETENPLAGUES
Exodus7:14-
11:
1-10
I
ntroduct
ion

 WhenMosesr
eachedEgy
pt,
hegat
her
edal
ltheI
srael
i
teel
der
sthent
oldt
hem
whatGodhadsenthi
mtodo.
 Heper
for
medal
lthemi
racl
esGodhadshownhi
m andt
heI
srael
i
teel
der
s
bel
ievedinhismission.
 WhenPhar aohwasappr oachedtolettheIsraeli
tesgo,hebecamestubbor
nand
i
ncreasedthewor kloadfortheIsr
aeli
tes
 Moseshadt oper f
or m pl
aguesonEgy pt.(Apl aguemaybeadi seaseoran
unf
ortunateoccurrenceinone’sli
fe)(Exodus7: 4–5)
 Thesignsandt hewonder softheplagueswer et omaket heI
srael
it
eand
Egypti
ansknowt hatonl yYahwehwaswor thyoft het
it
leGod.

1.Thepl
agueofbl
ood(
Exodus7:
14–25)

 MoseswascommandedbyGodt otel
lAarontost
rikethewater
softheNil
e.
 Hedidt
hisi
nthepr
esenceofPharaohandthewatersoftheNil
etur
nedint
o
bl
ood.
 Al
lthefi
shdi
edandt herewasnowat
ert
odr
ink.Thi
slast
edsev
enday
s.
 Hed i
dnotr
eleaset
heI sr
ael
it
es.

2.Pl
agueoff
rogs(
Exodus8:
1–15)

 TheLor
dcommandedMosest
otel
lAar
ont
ost
ret
chhi
shandov
ert
hest
reams,
canalsandponds.
 Aarondi daswascommandedandt herewerefr
ogsal
loverthelandofEgypt.
 Ons eeingthis,Phar
aohpleadedwit
hMosesandAarontopraytot heLordtoget
ri
doft hefrogsandhewoul drel
easethem.
 Theypr ayedandal l
thef
rogsdiedwhenPharaohsawthatt
hef r
ogswer edead,
hechangedhi smind.

3.Pl
agueofgnat
s(Exodus8:
16–19)

 Gnatsaresmal ltwo-wi
ngedbi
tingfli
es.
 TheLor dinst
ructedMosestotellAarontostri
ketheground.
 Aarondidandal lthedusti
nEgyptturnedint
ognat s.
 Thegnat scoveredtheenti
rel
and.
 Eventhemagi ciansaccept
editasGod’swor k,butPhar
aohstil
lref
usedt
olett
he
I
srael
itesgo.

4.Pl
agueoff
li
es(
Exodus8:
20–32)

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 TheLor
dwar
nedPhar
aoht
hroughMosest
hathewoul
dsendswar
msoff
li
est
o
t
heEgy
pti
anhouses.Butt
heI
srael
i
teshouseswoul
dbespar
ed.
 Whent
hishappened,
Phar
aohsentf
orMosesandAar
onandpr
omi
sedt
olet
t
hem t
ogoandwor
shi
psot
hatt
hef
li
eswoul
dgoaway
.
 Mosespr
ayedandt
hef
li
eswentaway
.Howev
er,
Phar
aohchangedhi
smi
ndand
agai
nref
usedt
olett
heI
srael
i
tesgo.

5.Deat
hofl
ivest
ock(
Exodus9:
1–7)

 Godsentapl
aguet
hatki
l
ledal
ltheEgy
pti
anani
mal
s.Thei
rcows,
donkey
s,
camel
s,sheep,
goat
sandhor
seswer
eal
lki
l
led.
 TheI
srael
i
teswer
enotaf
fect
ed.St
il
lPhar
aohr
efusedt
orel
easet
hem.

6.Pl
agueofboi
ls(
Exodus9:
8–12)

 Mosesthrewashesint
oairasGodhadinstr
ucted.
 Thi
sproducedboil
swhichbecameopensor esontheski
noftheEgypt
ians.
 Unmov edbythesuff
eri
ngofhispeopl
e,Pharaohwouldst
il
lnotl
ett
heIsrael
it
es
go.

7.Pl
agueofhai
l(Exodus9:
13–35)

 Mosesr
aisedhi
sst
ickandt
her
ewasahai
l
stor
m wi
thl
i
ght
ningandt
hunder
.The
peopl
e,ani
mal
sandpl
ant
sthatwer
est
ruckwer
eki
l
ledanddest
roy
ed.
 Phar
aohpr
omi
sedt
olett
heI
srael
i
tesgobutassoonasMoseshadpr
ayedand
al
lthehail
andthunderst
opped.Phar
aohchangedhi
smi
ndy
etagai
n.Hedi
d
notlett
heIsr
ael
it
esgo.

8.Pl
agueofLocust
s(Exodus10:
1–20)

 Locustscoveredthewholelandandat eal
lthecr
opsi nthefi
elds.
 Thelocustsateal
l t
hathadnotbeendest r
oyedbythehai l
.
 Pharaohoncemor epleadedfortheplaguetobeli
fted.
 Assoonasl ocustswereoutofEgy pt
,Pharaohchangedhismi nd.Hest
il
lwoul
d
notlett
heIsrael
it
esoutofEgy pt
.

9.Pl
agueofdar
kness(
Exodus10:
21–29)

 Godinst
ruct
edMosestostr
etchouthi
shandt
oheaven.
 Ther
ewast ot
aldar
knessi
nEgyptfor3day
s.TheI
srael
i
teshadl
i
ghtwher
ethey
wer
eli
vi
ng.

1.Phar
aohr
emai
nedunmov
edandwoul
dst
il
lnotl
ett
heI
srael
i
tesgooutofEgy
pt.

10.Deat
hoff
ir
st-
bor
nsons(
Exodus12:
1–31)

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 Thel
astpl
aguei
sthedeat
hoft heEgypt
iansmalefi
rstbor
n.
 TheLor
dwouldki
ll
all
thefi
rstbornsonsandfi
rstmaleani
malsoft
heEgy
pti
ans
atmi
dnight
.
 TheI
srael
it
emal
eswoul
dbespar
ed.

At
tri
but
esofGodl
ear
ntf
rom t
het
enpl
agues

1.Godempower st hepeopl ehesendst oper f

orm mi raclesanddohi swor k.He
gaveMosest her odwi thwhi cht owor kandcauset hepl agues.
2.Godi sal might y/allpower ful/omni potentandnoot herfor cesorpowercan
challengehi m.Themagi ci
anscoul dnotmat chhi spower sandaccept edt hat
God’ spower saregr eat(Exodus8: 18–19) .
3.Godi sdet ermi nedt of ulfi
llhi
spl ans/ tosav ehi speopl enomat terhowhar dthe
taskmayappeart othehumaney e.Hedoesnotgi v euponhi speopl e.Exodus
8:22, 9:
6,10: 23.
4.Godgi vesev eryoneachancet or epent .Hef orgivest her epentant.Eacht ime
Phar aohpr omi sedt or eleaset heI sraeli
tes,Godr elievedt heEgy pti
ansf rom the
plagues.
5.Godi sGodofj ust i
ce/hepuni shest hewr ongdoerandpr otectstheoppr essed.
Heaf fl
i
ctedt heEgy ptianswhohadensl avedhi speopl e.Hespar edtheI srael
it
es.
6.Godf ul
fil
lhispr omi ses/Hei sf ait
hf ul
.TheI sraelitesf i
nallyleftEgyptasGodhad
promi sedExodus3: 7–10, Genesi s15: 13–14, 26:3–4.
7.Godexpect st otal obedienceandf aithfrom t hepeopl ehesends.
8.Godi sal oving/car i
ngGod.Heseest hepl ightandsuf f
er i
ngofhi speopl eand
wor kst oreleaset hem f rom t hei rsuf f
ering.
9.Mor epower ful t
hatt heEgy pti
angods.
10.
Godwasawar eoft hepr oblemsoft heIsrael i
tes.
11.
Deter minedt osav ehispeopl e.
12.
Godwaswor kingt hroughMoses.Thi sst rengthenedf aithoft heIsraeli
teson
Mosest heirliberator

THEPASSOVER
Exodus12: 1–31
Passov erisderiv
edfrom Hebrewwor dPasachmeaning“topass”wit
htheaim of
spari
ngorpr otecti
ng.
Preparati
onsf orthePassover
GodinstructedMosest opreparetheIsr
ael
it
esforthetent
hplague.
Mosescal l
edal lt
heelder
sofI sr
aelandgavethem thefol
l
owinginst
ruct
ions.

1.Onthetent
hdayoft hatmont
heachmanhadtochooseei
theralamborayoung
goatf
orhishousehold.I
fhi
sfamil
ywastoosmal
ltoeatawholeani
mal,
thenhe
andhi
snext-doornei
ghborweret
oshar
etheani
mal.

 Theani
mal chosenwastobeamal
e,oneyearol
dandwi t
houtbl
emish.
 Usi
ngay ounganimalsi
gni
fi
edt
hei
nnocenceofthesacr
if
icewhi
leananimal
wi
thoutbl
emi
shsi
gni
fi
edpur
it
yoft
hesacr
if
ice.

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1.Theanimal chosenwastobekil
l
edont
heeveofthe14t
hdayoft
hatmonth/
eve
ofthenightoftheExodus.
2.Thebloodoft heanimalwast
obesmear
edonthedoorpost
sandl
int
elof
I
srael
it
es’ houses.

 Thebl
oodwast
oactasasi
gnofdi
sti
ngui
shi
ngt
heI
srael
i
teshousesf
rom t
hose
oftheEgypt
ianssot
hatt
heangelofdeat
hwoul
dspar
ethem whenheki
l
ledt
he
fi
rst-
bor
nsonsoftheEgy
pti
ans.

1.Thelamb/ani
mal
forsacr
if
icewast
ober
oast
edwhol
ei.
e.wi
thi
tshead,
legsand
i
nnerpart
s.

 Roast
ingwast
hequi
ckestmet
hodofcooki
ngsi
ncet
heI
srael
i
teswer
einahur
ry.

1.Themeatwast
obeeat
ent
hatni
ghtwi
thunl
eav
enedbr
eadandbi
tt
erher
bs.

 Thebi
tt
erher
bssi
gni
fi
edt
hebi
tt
erexper
ienceofsl
aver
yinEgy
pt.

1.Every
thingwastobeeatenandwhateverremai nedwastobeburnt
.
2.Theywer etoeatt
hesacri
fi
ci
almeataftertheyhaddressedupandpackedthei
r
l
uggage( Vs9–11)
3.TheIsrael
it
ewomenwer etoaskforJewellery
,Silv
erandcl
othi
ngfrom t
he
Egypti
anwomenont heeveofthei
rdeparture.

 Thesei
temswer
etoactascompensat
ionf
ort
hef
reel
abourt
heI
srael
i
teshad
gi
venEgy
pt.

1.Everyonewastor
emainindoorsunt
ilmor
ningi
nordertobeprot
ectedfr
om the
angelofdeat
h.
2.ThePassoverwastobetobecommemor atedannual
lyandi
tssigni
fi
cance
taughttot
hecominggenerat
ion.

Not
e

 Ont
hatni
ghtt
heAngel
ofdeat
h“passedov
er”t
hehousesoft
heI
srael
i
tesand
ki
l
ledt
heent
ir
emal
efi
rstbor
noft
heEgy
pti
ans,
incl
udi
ngPhar
aoh’
sson.
 Ther
ewasgreatwail
i
nginEgypt
.
 Phar
aohsummonedMosesandr el
easedtheI
srael
it
es.
 TheIsr
ael
i
tesl
eftEgyptf
ort
hePromisedLandthr
oughthewi
l
der
ness/
Exodus.

At
tri
but
esofGodshowni
ntheJewi
shPassov
er

1.Godi
scari
ngi.e.preser
vedtheli
feoftheIsr
ael
it
es.
2.Godl
oves.
3.Godi
spowerfuli.
e.tookcareofnat
ure.
4.Godi
sprovi
deroflifei.
e.ki
l
ledtheEgypti
ans.

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5.Godi
sthecr eatorandcont roll
erofhumanl i
fe.
6.Godi
suniversal e.
g.controll
edlivesoftheEgypti
ansandIsr
ael
it
es.
7.Godi
somni presenti.
e.ev erywhereincl
udingtotheI
srael
i
teandtheEgy
pti
ans.
8.Godi
sfait
hful t
ohi spromi ses.
9.Hepuni
shest hedisobedient .

I
SRAELI
TESNEW UNDERSTANDI
NGOFTHENATUREOF
GOD

I
SRAELI TESNEW UNDERSTANDI NGOFTHENATUREOFGOD
Throughtheteachi
ngsofMosesandthei
rper
sonal
exper
ience,
theI
srael
i
tesl
ear
ntt
he
fol
l
owi ngaboutthenat
ureofGod:

1.Hei stheGodoft hei rforefather s,Abr aham, I

saacandJacob.
2.Godi smor epower ful t
hant heot hergod’ se. g.hel edt hem acr osst heRedsea.
3.Hef ulf
il
shi spr omi sesasev idencedbyt heirreleasef r
om Egy pt .
4.Godi shol yasseenf rom t her estri
ctionf rom cont actwi ththeHol yMount ain.
5.Goduseshi schosenpeopl et ocarryouthi smi ssi
one. g.Israel.
6.Godi sthepr ov i
derasseeni nhi spr ovisionoff oodandwat eri nt hewilderness.
7.Hei samor al Godashegav et heTenCommandment st otheI sraeli
testogui de
theirbehav i
or /Godi saj ealousGod.
8.Godi saper sonal Godwhoi niti
atesacov enantr elat
ionshipwi thindivi
dualsf or
e.g.theSinai cov enant .
9.Hei stheonl yGod/ Yahwehwast het rueGod.
10.
Godi sjustashepuni shedi dol wor shipper s.
11.
Godi stranscendentandbey ondhumanunder standi
ngasseeni nther evelati
on
atMt . Si nai .
12.
Goddemandst otal obedi encef r
om hi speopl easexpr essedi nhi sinst
ruct i
on
duringthemaki ngandt her enewal ofcov enant .
13.
Godi sawesomeasshowni npeopl e’sf earofhi m asseenonMt .Sinai.
14.
Godi somni pr esent .Hemov edwi tht hem andwaspr esenti nt hepill
arofcl oud
andf ir
e.
15.
Godi saj ealousGodasexpr essedi nt heTenCommandment s.
16.
Godf orgivessi nners.

LEADERSHIPINI
SRAEL:DAVIDANDSOLOMON
Backgr
oundtoKi
ngshi
pinIsr
ael

1.Ref
erstothemanneri
nwhichacommuni t
y’swayofli
feisruledorcontr
oll
ed.
2.WhentheIsr
ael
it
essett
ledi
nCanaanforthefir
st200yearstheywererul
edby
j
udges.
3.Thefi
rstj
udgewasJoshuawhotookoverafterMosesdiedinthewil
derness.

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iosa0743241064

4.TheperiodafterJoshua’
sdeathwaschar acter
izedbypol
it
icalandsocial
di
sorganizat
ionandwasbet weentheIsraeli
tesandthei
rneighbour
ingnati
ons.
5.Torestoreorder,Godrai
sedjudgest
or uleoverthepeopl
eofI sr
aele.
g.

 Othniel -Judges3:9–10.
 El
iud -Judges3:15.
 Shamgar -Judges3: 31.
 Debor ah -Judges4:4.
 Gideon -Judges6: 11–24,7:
1–2.

TheRol
esoft
heJudges/
Char
act
eri
sti
csofj
udges

1.Theywer echar ismat ic.

2.Tempor aryl eader swhol edt heIsr
aelit
esbat t
les.
3.Upheldcov enantf aith.
4.ActedasGod’ sspokesmen/ womenand.
5.Settl
eddi sput es.
6.TheyruledI srael onbehal fofGod.
7.Somej udgesact edasGod’ sprophets.
8.Theyact edasr eligi
ousl eadersandl edtheIsrael
it
esdur
ingr
eli
giousf
unct
ions.
9.Actedast heconsci enceoft henati
on/ ki
ngs.
10.
Condemnedi dolat r
yandpr eachedt hewor shi
pofYahweh.

 Pr
ophetSamuel
wast
hel
astj
udge.Whenhegr
ewol
d,heappoi
ntedhi
stwo
sonsasjudges,buttheyf
ail
edasl
eaders.
 ThepeopleofIsrael
wenttoSamuelanddemandedf
oraki
ng.

REASONSFORKI NGSHI
PINISRAEL
(1SAM 8:
1–9)
Thepeopl
erequest
edSamuelt
ochoosef
ort
hem aki
ngbecause:

 Samuel
’
ssonswer
ebadandev
ill
eader
s/f
ail
edasj
udges/
per
ver
tedj
ust
iceand
t
her
efor
ethepeopl
erej
ect
edt
hem.
 TheI
srael
i
teswant
edt
obel
i
ket
hei
rnei
ghbour
ingnat
ions/
othernat
ionswhohad
ear
thl
yki
ngs.
 Theyneededal
eader
/war
ri
orki
ngwhowoul
dleadt
hem t
owaragai
nstt
hei
r
enemiese.g.thePhi li
stines.
 Theywant edast ableher edi
tar
yleader
shi
p.
 Theywant edahumanl eaderwhocouldberecognizedbyothernat
ions.
 Aleadertoor ganizethem.
 Wantedapol iti
cal nat
iongov er
nedbylawandor derinst
eadofatheocrat
ic
government.
 Samuel hadgr ownt oool dandneededarepl
acement .
 Theyfail
edt ounder st
andt hatYahwehwastheirunseenKing.Godalone
choosesrulers.

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REASONSAGAI
NSTKINGSHIPI
NISRAEL
1SAMUEL8:10–20
Thefol
l
owi
ngaret
her
easonswhySamuel
wasunwi
l
li
ngt
ochooseaki
ng;

 Choosi
ngaki
ngmeantr
eject
ingofGodast
hei
rrul
er/
king/
chal
l
engedt
he
ki
ngshi
pofGodov
erI
srael
.

 Thekingwouldf orcepeopl ei ntomi lit

aryser vi
ces.
 Thekingwouldi nt
r oducef or cedl abouri nI srael.
 Thekingwouldi nt
r oducesl averyinI srael.
 Thekingwouldgr abt heirlandandpr oper t
y .
 Thekingwouldi mposeheav ytaxationt omai nt ai
nt hearmy
 Thekingwoulddemandf reegoodandser vices.
 ThekingwouldFor cepeopl e’
sdaught er
si ntoi nter-mar r
iage.
 Thekingwouldt aket heirdaught erst obeper f
umer sandcooksi nhispal ace.
 Inbecominglikeothernat i
ons, t
heI sraeliteswoul dl oset hei
ridentityasa
covenantpeople.
 Heredit
aryki
ngshipwoul dbr i
ngoppr essi onanddi ctatorshipinIsrael.
 Itwasawayofnotappr eci ating/notbei ngt hankf ul forGod’ sdeli
v erancefrom
Egypt/Exodus.
 Ifr
uledbythekingt heIsrael i
teswoul dloset heirident i
tyasGod’ schosen
people/
peopleoft hecov enant .
 ThekingwouldnotbeGod’ schoi ceandt huswoul dnotr uleaccor dingt oGod’s
will
/demands.
 Thekingwoulddev iat
e/di ver tpeopl e’sat t
ent i
onf r om Godandt hecov enantway
ofli
fe.
 Theywillcr
youtt oGodandHewi llnotlisten.

KI
NGSAUL’ SSUCCESSESANDFAILURES
1SAM 13:1–14,15:
7–25, 28:
3–19
Backgr
oundtoKingSaul
’
sreign

 Whent
heel
der
sofI
srael
wentt
oPr
ophetSamuel
andaskedhi
mtoappoi
ntf
or
them aking,Samuel prayedt oGodseeki nghi sguidance.
 Godt oldhi
mt oobeyt hev oi
ceoft hepeopl e.
 Hesenthi mt oamancal ledSaul ,sonofKi shf rom t
hetri
beofBenjamin.
 Samuel wast oanoi nthimt obecomet heKi ngov erI
srael.
 Samuel pouredoi lonSaul ’sheadf rom af l
askhehadwi t
hhim.(ISam 10:1)
 ThereforeSaul becamet hef ir
stKi ngofI srael.
 Samuel madei tcleartot heI sraeli
test hattheyst i
llr
emainedGod’speople.
 AnIsraeli
teKingwoul dst i
llremai ntheser v antofGod.Theki ngwastor ule
God’speopleaccor dingt ot hecov enantwayofl if
e.
 Heexpl ai
nedtot hepeopl ether ightsanddut iesoftheking.Hewr ot
ethem i na
bookandl aiditbeforet heLor d,(ISam 12: 14–15.
 Theiniti
alappointmentofSaul asKi ngofI sraelwasinaccordancetoGod’ swil
l
.
Heappr ovedofSaul ’
sleader shipint hef ol
lowi ngways:

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1.SaulwasYahweh’ sownchoi ce.(ISam 9:16;10:24).

2.SaulreceivedGod’ sspirit,whichgav ehim powert oactasGod’s
appointee.(ISam 10:
10)
3.ThroughYahweh’ shelp, soulfoughtagainstallIsrael
’senemi
es
everywher eandwone. g.
 Foughtagai
nstt heAmmoni t
es( I
Sam 11: 1).
 Ledasuccessf ulwaragainstt hePhi li
sti
nes,thussavingI sr
aelfr
om t
heir
enemy(ISam 14:47) .
 Defeat
edtheAmal ekit
es(ISam 15) .

HoweverSaulfai
ledandwasr ej
ect
edasKi
ng.Hehadanumberofweaknessest
hatl
ed
tohisf
ail
ureandf i
nal
rej
ecti
onbyGod.
KingSaul
’sfai
l
ures/weaknesses

1.Hebecamei mpati
entandoff
eredsacr
if
icest
oGodatGi
lgali
nst
eadofwait
ing
forProphetSamuel
,ISamuel13:
1–14.Heassumedpri
estl
yduti
esbyof
feri
ng
sacri
fi
ces.

1.HedisobeyedGod’ scommandandf ai
ledtocarryoutthelawoft ot
aldestr
ucti
on
ofaconqueredenemy /TheLawofher em ort
heban( ISam 15:
1–23)f ail
ingt
o
destr
oyeverythi
ngi.e.duringthemissionagainstt
heAmal eki
tes.
2.Thespir
itofGodl eftSaulandwasr eplacedbyanev ilspi
ri
twhichtormentedhim
and madehi ml i
keamadman.ISam 16: 14.
3.Hewasj eal
ousofDav i
df orhissuccessasawar ri
or(ISam 18:7–8, 19:
1–22)
4.Hemassacr edtheGi beonitescontr
arytoanOat htakenduringtheti
meof
Joshua.
5.Saulcommi t
tedthesi nofnecr omancywhenheconsul t
edamedi um aft
erthe
deathofSamuel.(ISamuel 28:
3–25)

Lessonsl
ear
ntf
rom ki
ngSaul
’
sfai
lur
es.

1.Chri
stiansshoul dbepati
entandwai tforGod’sint
ervent
ioni
ntimesofcrisis.
Saull
ostpat iencewhenPr ophetSamuel delay
edincomi ngontheappoi
nt edday
.
2.Chri
stiansshoul dbeobedientandf ait
hfulinGod/pati
ent.
3.Poli
ti
cal l
eadersshouldbemor eaccommodat ingtopeoplewhoholddif
ferent
vi
ewsandi deasf r
om t
heirown.
4.Chri
stiansshoul dbesi
ncereint hewor shipofGod.Tobesi nceremeanst obe
tr
uthfulorhonestaboutouract ions.

1.Leader
sshoul
dbeGodf
ear
ingsoast
osucceedi
nthei
rleader
shi
p.

KI
NGDAVI D’
SI MPORTANCE
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
HewasthesecondKingofI
srael
.
HewasanointedbySamuelaf
terSaulf
ail
ed.
Heisr
egardedasthemostsuccessf
ulKingi
nIsr
ael
.

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Import
ance:Referst
ohissuccesses,achi
evementandqual
i
ties.
KingDavi
d’sachi
evement
sast hekingofIsr
ael
ISam 16:
1–23, 2Sam 6:1–15

1.HewaschosenbyGodt obet heki ngofI srael/anoi nt edbyGod’ spr ophetSamuel .

2.Dav idwasf i
ll
edwi t
hGod’ sspi ri
tr ightf rom thet i
meofanoi nti
ng/ t
hr oughouthi s
reign.
3.Hehadout standi ngqual itiesofl eader shipe. g.hewaschar i
smat ic,gener ous,
pat i
ent ,honor abl e, wise, br ave, eloquenti nspeech, God- f ear i
ng.
4.Heknewandobey edGod/ Hewasamanaf terGod’ sownhear t/fait
hf ul/trust ed
Godt hr oughouthi sl i
fe.
5.Dav idconsul tedpr ophet sofGodi nal lunder t
aki ngs.
6.Dav idwasaccl aimed/ accept ed/ chosenasKi ngofI sr ael byt hewhol eofI sr ael at
Hebr on, 2Sam 5: 1–5
7.Hecour ageousl yf oughtanddef eat edhi senemi ese. g.thePhi l
isti
nes.
8.Hecapt uredt heci tyofJer usal em f rom t heJebusi tes/ Hemadei tthepol i
tical
admi nistrati
oncapi t
al fort henat ionandar eligiouscent re.
9.HechoseJer usal em aneut r
al cityofhi snat ion.2Sam 5: 6–10, 6:1–19
10.
Her ecapt uredt heAr koft heCov enant .
11.
Heuni tedhi speopl et hroughper sonal effort
s.
12.
Heext endedt heboundar iesofhi skingdom bycapt ur ingsmal lerstat es.
13.
Heest abl i
shedast andi ngar my/hewasagoodmi litar ycommander .Hebr oke
thePhi li
stinescont rol ov erCanaanonceandf oral l andshutt hem upi ncoast al
plain2Sam 5:17–25, 21:15–22.
14.
Heal sowagedsuccessf ul war sagai nstMoab, Ammon, Edon, Amal ekand
Aram/ Sy ri
aandconcl udedat reat ywi tht hePhoeni ci anKi ng,andHi ram ofTy re.
Dav idcamet ober ecogni zedast her ulerofanempi ret hatst r
etchedf rom
LebanonMt .tot heboar der sofEgy pt,from Med.Seat ot hedeser tofAr abia.
15.
Heest abl i
shedal ongl ast ingdy nast y/ Dav i
dicwhi chl ast edf or400y ears.
16.
Hewasashr ewd/goodadmi ni strator/ Hechosewi seel der sandcounsel or st o
adv icehi m.
17.
Heor gani zedr el i
gi ont hrought heTempl emusi c/composedPsal ms.
18.
Hewashumbl e/r epent ant .Hewasr eadyt oacceptt hesi nshehadcommi tted
e.g.whenhecommi ttedadul terywi thBat hsheba, Ur i
ah’ swi feandar rangedf or
thedeat hofherhusband, hewasl aterr emor seful.HeputonSackcl othasasi gn
ofr epent anceaf terPr ophetNat hanr ebukedhi mf ort heof fence( 2Sam 12: 1–
15) .
19.
Dividedhi sKingdom i ntosmal ladmi nist r
ativedi strict s.
20.
Hecameupwi t ht hei deaofbui ldi ngt heTempl ef orGod.
21.
Godmadeacov enantwi thDav i
dt hroughPr ophetNat han.
22.
Dav idr espect edt hePr ophet sofGodandal way sconsul t edt hem whenev erhe
want edt odoany thinge. g.whenhewant edt obui ldt heTempl eheconsul ted
ProphetNat han.( 2Sam 7: 1)
23.
Hewasagr eatdi plomatandest abl ishedgoodpol itical rel ati
onswi tht he
neighbour ingKi ngs.
24.
Dav idr uledov erI srael, admi nist eringLawandj ust icet oal lpeople,(2Sam 8: 15).

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25.
Heinsistedontaki
ngcensusofallIsrael2Sam 24:
1–9.Theinf
ormati
on
col
lectedwasf ort
hepurposeofrecruiti
ngyoungmeni
ntomil
i
taryser
viceand
decidi
ngont hepoli
cyoftaxati
on.
26.
Hemadehi snati
onrichbytaxi
nghisenemi es

Davi
d’sweaknesses
HoweverDavidhadsomeweaknessese.
g.

1.Hecommi tt
edadul t
er ywit
hUr iah’
swife.
2.HeplottedforUriah’smur der
.
3.Hecov etedhisneighbor’swife.
4.Heforcedasol diertomeett hewi f
e.
5.Hebrokemi l
i
tarylawsbyput tingUriahinthefr
ontl
i
neinst
eadoft
heback.
6.Hemar riedmanywi v eswhicht ookalargeport
ionofst
atemoney
.
7.Concl
usi on:Her epentedandGodf orgavehim.

Theimport
anceofDavidasanancest
orofJesusChr
ist
2Samuel7:
1–29, Luke1:
26–3)

 Davi
dint
endedt
obui
l
daspl
endi
dtempl
eforGodaf
terhehadaccompl
i
shed
bui
l
dingapal
acef
orhi
msel
finJer
usal
em,
2Sam 7:
1–29.
 Hef
elti
twasnotf
airf
ort
heAr
koft
heCov
enantt
ocont
inuedwel
l
ingi
nat
ent
whi
lehehi mselfli
vedinamagni fi
centpal
ace.
 Hec onsult
edNat hantheProphettofi
ndoutwhetheri
twasi
nordert
odoso.
 ThePr ophetapprovedtheidea.
 Lat
ert hatni
ght,Nathanreceiv
edar ev
elat
iont
hatstat
edt
hatDavi
dwasnott
o
bui
lda house/t empleforGod; (
2Sam 7:5–6)

Promi
sesGodmadetoDav
idt
hroughPr
ophetNat
han
In2Sam 7:
9–16isasummar
yofthedi
vinepr
omisesmadet
oDav
idbyGod.Thesear
e
asfol
l
ows;

1.Godpromi sedt oKeepDav i

dandhi sdescendantssaf efrom allenemi es.
2.Godwoul dgi veDav i
d’sdescendant sapl acetosettl
e/theirownl and.
3.Godpromi sedt or ai
seupanhei rfr
om thehouseofDav i
dt ositonthet hr
one.
4.Hepromisedt oletDav i
d’ssonbet heonet obuil
dat empl eforhim.God’ s
rel
ati
onshipwi tht hi
skingwoul dbel i
kethatofaf athertohi sson.
5.Godpromi sedt oest abli
shanev erl
asti
ngki ngdom forDav idandhi sdescendant
rul
eforever.
6. Godpromi sedt omakeDav id’
snamegr eaterorfamousamongal lotherleader
s
oftheearth.
7.Godwoul dpr otectDav i
d’sdescendantsf rom oppressi
onandmaket hem l i
vein
peace.
8.Godwoul dbur yDav idwithancestors.
9.Godwoul dpuni shDav i
d’ssonwhenhedi dwr ong.
10.
Godwoul dal way ssuppor tDavi
d’sheir
s.

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11.
TheMessiahwoul
dcomefrom Dav
id’
sli
neage.
12.
Godwouldprot
ectDav
idf
rom hi
senemies.

Thei
mmedi at
efulf
il
lmentoft
hesepr
omi
seswasseeni
nther
eignofKi
ngSol
omon,
Davi
d’ssonandsuccessor
.

 Sol
omondidbui
l
dtheTempleofGod1Ki
ngs6:1.
 Sol
omon’
srei
gnwasmarkedbyaperi
odofpeaceandpr
osper
it
ysi
nceDav
idhad
subduedal
ltheenemi
esofI
srael
.

Davi
dasanancest
orofJesusChr
ist

1.Jesuswasbor
nint
hef
ami
l
yofDav
id.

 JosephwasadescendantofDav
idLuke1:
26

1.Angel Gabr ieli

nhi sannunci ati
onmessaget oMar ysaysthatJesuswi l
lbeli
ke
hisancest orDav idLuke1: 32–33.
2.Zechar iahinhisBenedi ctussayst hatGodhasr aisedupasav iordescendedf rom
thehouseofDav i
dLuke1: 69.
3.Jesuswasbor ni nBet hlehem whichwasal sothebi r
thpl
aceofDav id.Luke2:4.
4.Thebl indmanatJer ichohai l
edJesusast hesonofDav i
dandl ookedtohimt o
restorehi ssightLuke18: 38.
5.Jesuswashai l
edbyt hecr owdast heMessiahdescendedf r
om Dav i
ddur i
nghi s
tri
umphal entryintoJer usalem (Mat h21:
9).
6.Godpr omi sedDav i
dthathewoul dhav eaneverlasti
ngki
ngdom andJesus
establishedt heKi ngdom whi chdoesnothav egeographi
calboundar i
es/an
everlastingkingdom.
7.Theear l
yapost l
esl ikePet erandPaul madeanumberofr eferencest oJesusas
adescendantofDav id.Act s2:
29–35, 13:
23.

Way
sinwhi
chDavi
ddemonst
rat
edhi
sfai
thi
nGod/
promot
edwor
shi
pofYahweh

1.Heaccept edt obeanointedbySamuel asnextKi ng.

2.Hekill
edabearandl i
onbar ehandedasashepher dofhisfat
her’
sf l
ock.
3.HetrustedGodandki ll
edGoli
athusingast one.
4.Heconsul tedGodi nallhi
sundertaki
ngs.
5.Heaccept edGod’ spromisesmadet ohi mt hroughProphetNathan.
6.Hebroughtt heArkoftheCovenanttoJer usal
em makingitareli
giouscapi
tal
7.Thoughf aithinGodheconquer edallIsraeli
tesenemies.
8.Hewant edt obuildGodahouse/ t
empl e.
9.Hedancedbef oreGodandmadesacr i
ficestohim aft
erbri
ngingtheArkto
Jer
usalem.
10.
HecomposedPsal ms.
11.
Herepent edaf t
ersi
nning.
12.
Hestrongl ybeli
evedthatGodhadgi venhi mt hepower.

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13.
HeadvisedhissonSolomontobeconfi
dentandobeyGod’sLawsi
fhewant
ed
tobeasuccessfulKingi
nIsr
ael.
14.
Hewashumbl ebeforeGodandat t
ri
but
edhissuccessest
oGod.
15.
HetaughttheIsr
aeli
test
hatYahwehwastheirKi
ng.
16.
Hefastedandprayed.

QUALI
TIESOFAGOODLEADERDRAWNFROM DAVI
D’SLEADERSHI
P
Goodl
eader
sshoul
d:

1.Havefai
thinGod.Al
eadershoul
dbeaGodf
ear
ingman/
seekGod’
sgui
danceas
al
laut
horit
ycomesfr
om hi
m.

1.Hav ecour age/ br aver yandf earlessnessi nspi t

eofmanydanger s:al eader
shoul dbemor ecour ageoust hanhi speopl e.
2.Bej ustandf air.Al lleader smustensur et hatt herei sf airt reatmentf oral li
n
soci ety /wasagoodadmi ni strator/henev erf avour edany one.
3.Dav idl edhi sar mi esi nt obat t l
es.Chr istianl eader sshoul dbei nt hef oref r
ont
whent heirpeopl ehav epr obl emst obesol ved.
4.Humi lity.WhenDav idsi nnedhewasr eadyt oaskf orf or givenessf r
om God.A
leadershoul dacceptmi st akesandbewi ll
ingt oaskf orf orgiveness/r epent ance.
5.Dav idconsul tedt hepr ophet sofGodi nal lhisunder takings.Al eaderneedst o
recogni zeGod’ schosenser vant s,pri
est s;past orsco- oper atewit hthem and
const antlyaskGodsgui dancebef oreindul gi ngi nanyv ent ure.
6.Kindness.Dav idhadaf or gi vinghear tt owar dssomeoft heof fender se. g.spar ed
Saul ’sl i
fe1Sam 24: 10.Ther eforemoder nl eader sshoul dbewi l
lingt o
accommodat et heirr i
v alsev enf orgivet hei rof fender s.
7.Dav idf eltthathewasr ulingf orGod.Hewasj ustaser vantofGodnothi s
mast er .Al eadershoul dl eadasaser vantofGod.
8.Al eadershoul dbepat ri
ot ict ohi scount ryandber eadyt osacr ifi
cehi slifefort he
sakeofuni ty,lov eandpeace.
9.Al eadershoul dbepat i
enti ndeci sionmaki ng.Dav idgav ehi speopl et odeci de
whet hert oaccepthi sr uleornot .
10.
12.Loy alt
y .Dav i
ddr ewsuppor tofhi ssubj ect sandnev eri mposedhi swi llon
them.Moder nl eader sshoul dnev erbet r ayt hei roat hofl oy alt
ytheymaket o
ser vet heirsubj ect sf aithful lyaf tertaki ngof fice.
11.
Gr atitude.Dav idal way st hankedGodf oranysuccessorf av oursher ecei ved
from hi m( Samuel 7:18–29) .Moder nl eader sshoul dnotbeboast ful overt heir
per sonal achi ev ement s.I tisGodwhogi vessuchsuccess.
12.
Obedi entandhumbl e.Hehumbl edhi msel fbef oreGodandhi sPr ophet sand
obey edGod’ scommands/ compassi onat e,lov i
ng, kindandmer ci ful
.Hewas
tolerantwi thKi ngSaul .Heal sohel pedt heneedy .
13.
Shr ewdadmi nist rator .Hechosewi sel eader st ohel pandadv i
sehi m.Moder n
leader sshoul dchoosewi sepeopl etoadv iset hem i nt hei radmi ni st
rat i
vedut ies.

KI
NGSOLOMON’
SACHI
EVEMENTSANDFAI
LURES

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KINGSOLOMON’ SACHI EVEMENTSANDFAI LURES

IKings3-11
Solomoninheri
tedt heKi ngdom fr
om hisf
atherDavid.
Histaskwastomai ntainandcontrolapeacefult
erri
tor
yestabl
i
shedbyhi
sfather
.
Solomonprayedt oGodf ordivi
newisdom i
nt heexecut
ionofhi
sduti
esasaresul
the
mademanyachi evement s.
Ki
ngSol omon’sachi evement s

1.Hebui l
taTempl ef orGodi nJer usalem asaf ulfi
ll
mentofGod’ spr omi sesto
Dav i
d.(IKings5, 6)
2.Hecol l
ectedandcomposedt housandsofpr ov er
bsandsongswhi chwer eused
i
nt eachingandwor shi
p( 3,000Pr overbs1,005songs)( Pr ov
.1:1–5)
3.Heest abli
shedanddev elopedt r
adel i
nkswithot hercount ri
eswhi chledt o
economi cpr osperityinIsrael/Hewasasuccessf ulmer chant.
4.Solomoni nitiat
edi ndustri
al act i
vit
iesandexpl oit
edcopperdeposi tsinthearea
ofEdom whi chhadbeenconquer edbyDav i
d.
5.Hedev elopeddi plomat i
cr elationswi t
hforei
gncount r
iesbymar r
y ingthe
daughtersof t heKi ngsoft hosecount ri
ese. g.Marriedt hedaught ersofthe
KingsofEgy pt,Moab, Edom, Ty reandmanyot hersIKi ngs3:1,1:
1)Her emained
atpeacewi tht hosecount r
ies.
6.Hebui l
tupapr ofessional ar myequi ppedwithhor sedr awnchar i
ot s,Had1,400
chariot
sand12, 000hor semenIKi ngs10:26.
7.Hehadgov er nmentof fi
cialswhoassi stedSol omoni nhi sadministrati
veduties.
(IKings4)
8.Hewasagr eatwi semane. g.

1.Hewasabletojudgedi
ffi
cul
tcasesandsettl
edisput
esfairl
y(inthest
oryoft
wo
women( IKi
ngs3:16–28)
2.Hiswi
sdom i
sseeni nt
hewayheor gani
zedtradewit
hot hercount
ri
es.
3.ThequeenofSheba(Et
hiopi
atrav
ell
edallt
hewayt otestSolomon’swi
sdom.(I
Ki
ngs10:1–9)

1.Solomonbr oughtt heAr koftheCovenanttot heTempleofJer usal

em which
represent
edGod’ spr esenceamonghi speopl e(IKi
ngs8).
2.Hebui l
thimsel fapalacet hatt
ook13y earstobecompl eted(1Kings7).
3.Solomondi videdtheki ngdom i
ntoadmi ni
strati
vedi
stri
ctsinordertoexpl
oitt
he
resourceseffecti
vely.
4.Solomoni nit
iatedanambi ti
ousbui
ldi
ngpr ogrammei nwhi chhefort
if
ied
Jerusalem andot herciti
es.

Ki
ngSolomon’
sfai
l
uresAl
thoughSol
omonwasasuccessf
ulKi
ng,
hehadmanyf
ail
ures.
Thesei
ncl
ude;

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1. Hemar ri
edmanyf or eignwi veswhobr oughtwi t
ht hem t hewor shipoff oreign
godst o I srael.Ex34: 16.
2.Heal lowedhi sforeignwi v estowor shipt heirgodsi nI srael.
3.Hebui lthighpl acesofwor ship/templ esf orthegodsofhi swives.Ex20: 4–5.
4.Solomonwor shi pedt hegodsofhi swi vesal ongsi detheGodofI sraelthusbr oke
thecov enantwi thGod.
5.Hei mposedheav ytaxat iononhi ssubj ect sandhi sdistri
ctsinor dertor ai separt
oft hegov er nmentr ev enue.
6.Solomonov erspendandmi susedt heweal t
hoft heKi ngdom bybui l
dingahuge
palace.
7.Heov er t
axedhi ssubj ect st omai nt ainhi ghst andar dofl i
v i
nginhi sroy al court/
wasext r
av agant .
8.Hei ntroducedf orcedl abourt ocar ryonhi sbuildingpr ogrammes.E. g.pal aceand
templ e, ther eforebr eaki ngt hecov enantr uleofbr ot
her hood.
9.Hegav eKi ngHi ram ofTy reanar eaofI srael’
sl andt opayof fhisdebt st hus
treati
ngt henat ion’slandashi sownper sonal property.
10.
Heki lledhi shal fbrotherAdoni j
ah( 1Ki ngs2)becausehesuspect edthat
Adoni jahcoul dbehi sr i
val tot het hronet huscommi tt
ingmur der.
11.
Hepr acticednepot ism byexempt i
nghi sownpeopl ef rom taxati
onandf or ced
labouri .e.t ri
besofJudahandBenj ami nexempt edf r
om f orcedlabourand
pay mentoft axes.
12.
Hehi redt heski ll
sofpagancr aftsmeni nt heconst r
uctionoft heTempl eandhi s
palace.
13.
Hemadet reatieswi thf or eignNat i
ons/ neighbour ingnat i
onsagai nstthe
cov enantr equi rement s.

LessonsChri
sti
anslear
nfr
om Ki
ngSol
omon’
srei
gn
Chri
sti
ansshould;

1.Besexuall
ypure.
2.BeMonogamous.Sol omon’ssevenhundr
edwi
vesl
edhi
mint
owor
shi
ppi
ngt
hei
r
for
eigngods.
3.Bejustandfai
r.
4.RespectandhonourGod.
5.Notmisusenationalr
esources.
6.PutGodabov eevery
thingelse.

THEDI VISI
ONOFTHEKI NGDOM OFI SRAEL( IKings12. )
ThedeathofSolomonandt heDivisionoft heKi ngdom
Aft
erthedeathofKingSol omon,hissonRehoboam succeededhi m.
Notalltr
ibesofI
sraelacceptedhim ast heirKingandt heref
oreitspliti
ntot
wo.
TheNor t
hern10tri
besf ormedIsraelwhi l
et he2Sout herntr
ibesformedJudah.Judah
ret
ainedJerusal
em asthecapitalcit
y.
Factorst
hatledtothedivisi
on/r
easonsf ortheri
seofschi sm inIsrael

1.Sol
omonpr
act
icedi
dol
atr
ywhi
chmadeGodt
opuni
shhi
m byspl
i
tti
ngt
he

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 MrOr
iosa0743241064

kingdom.
2.Solomonbui l
thighpl acesfori dols.
3.Thei ntr
oductionoff orcedlabourandheav ytaxati
onl edt odiscont entment
amongt heIsraelitesandt hismadet hem rebel
li
ous.
4.Solomonhadmanyf oreignwi veswhobr oughtwi t
ht hem t hewor shipoff orei
gn
godst oIsrael
.
5.Rehoboam’ sfail
ur etoheedt ot heelderswi secounsel tor ul
etheI sraeli
tesless
harshly.
6.Rehoboam’ saccept anceoft hef ooli
shadv icegiv
enbyt heyouthtor ulethe
peopl emor ehar shlythanhisf at herhadanger edthepeopl e.
7.Longst andingf eudsi nDav i
d’shouse.
8.Jeroboam wasr eadyt oleadt her ebell
iousgroupsagai nstRehoboam.
9.Solomon’ sfavorext endedt owar dstheSout herntri
besmaki ngt henor thern
tri
best orebel/Solomonpr acticednepot i
sm andt r
ibalism maki ngnor therntri
bes
rebel.

THEIMPORTANCEOFTHETEMPLEI NISRAEL
TheTempleofJerusal
em pl
ayedi
mpor
tantr
olesi
nrel
i
gious,
soci
alandeconomi
cli
ves
oft
heIsr
aeli
tes.

1.1. I
tsy mbol izedGod’ spr esenceamonghi speopl ethrought heAr koft he
Cov enantwhi chwaskepti nt heTempl e.
2.Itwasadwel l
ingpl acef orGod.IKi ngs8: 12–13.
3.Itwasacent re/ houseofwor shi pandpr ayerf ortheJews/pr i
estsof fered
sacr i
fices,bur nti ncenseandpr ayerstoGodi ntheTempl e.
4.AlltheJewi shRel igiousf estiv als/ f
east ssuchasPassov er ,Pent ecostandNew
Yearwer ecel ebr at edi nt heTempl e.
5.TheTempl ewasasy mbol ofnat ional secur it
ybecauset heJewsbel ievedt hat
theTempl ewoul dnev erbedest r
oy ed.
6.Religiousriteswer eper formedi nt heTempl ee. g.Purifi
cat ionanddedi cat i
on
rit
es,nami ng, circumci sionofbabyboy sandl eper swer ecl eansedi nt het emple.
7.Itwasapl acef orpi l
gr i
magef ort heJewsl ivi
ngi nPal esti
neandt heJewsoft he
Diaspor a
8.Itwasacommer cial cent reandhousedt heJewi sht r
easur ywher ecur rencies
wer eexchangedandani mal sf orsacr i
f i
cessol d.
9.Itwasacent ref orJewi shl ear ningwher et het eachingoft helawwasconduct ed
10.
Itwasusedasal awcour twher esoci al andr eligi
ousi ssuescoul dbesol v edby
theSanhedr in/ counci lofJewi shr eligi
ousl eader .
11.
11.Itwasasy mbol ofJewi shuni ty.Ituni tedt heJewsast hepeopl eofGod,
sincei twas bui l
tandmai ntai nedbyKi ngs.I twasar oyal sanct uar
yt hus
prov i
dingst abi li
tyf ort he monar ch.
12.
Itwast heresi dencef ort her eligiousl eader sandt hepl acewher epriestsand
prophet sLiv ed, e.g.pr ophet essAnna, Luke2: 36–38.
13.
TheJewsbel i
ev edt hatt heMessi ahwoul dappeari ntheTempl e.
14.
TheTempl ewast heonl yplacewher esacr if
icest oGodwer eofferedbyt he
priests.

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iosa0743241064

15.
Godr
eveal
edhi
msel
ftomanyi
ntheTempl
ee.
g.Hannah,
Isai
ahet
c.

LOYALTYTOGODELI JAH
Eli
jahmeans“ Yahwehi smyGod”
Fact orst hatledt ospr eadofi dolatryinIsrael
Intr
oduct ion:
Idolat r
yr eferstowor shipofi dols.
Ani dol isani mager epr esentingagodusual lymadeusi ngmat eri
alssuchasbronze,
stoneorhar dwood.
Thei magesoft hesegodswoul dbekepti nt heplacesofwor shipwher etheworshi
pers
wentt oaskf orwhat ev erneedst heyhad.
The2ndcommandmentEx.20: 4f orbidsmaki ngofi magesofany t
hing“I
ntheheavens
abov eort heear thbel ow…”
TheI sraelit
eswer eforbi ddenf r
om bowi ngdownt o/worshippingtheseimages.(Deut
5:8–10andLev26: 1)
Toguar dagai nstthet empt ationst ot urntothewor shipoftheCanaani t
egods,Yahweh
throughMoseshadf or ewar nedt heI srael
i
t esthatwhent heyenterCanaan,theywere
supposedt odest royal lthewor shi
ppi ngplacese. g.t
empl es/
shrinesandculti
cobject
s
(Ex. 34:13) .
TheI sraelit
eswer enotsupposedt o:

1.Makeanyagr eement/tr
eatieswi t
htheforeigners.
2.Nottointermarr
ywiththef orei
gners.
3.Pract
icepolyt
heism /
wor shipofmanygods.
4.Copythewayot hernati
onswer erul
edandgov erned.
5.Compr omisetheworshipofYahwehwi t
ht hatofCanaani
tes.

Howev er,whent heIsraeli

tessettl
edinCanaantheCanaanit
einf
luenceont
hem was
greatandt heystart
edt ofallawayfrom t
hewor shi
pofYahweh.
Thef ol
lowingcontributedtot hi
s:
A.Thel ocalCanaani t
er el
igi
on
TheCanaani tereli
gionhadt hefoll
owingfeat
ures/qual
i
ties;

1.I
twaspr edominantl
yanaturer
eli
gionr elatedtoforcesofnatur
ee.g.r
ainand
drought
.Theywer eameansofmai ntainingtheorderedharmonyofnatur
eand
theli
feofthecommuni t
y/i
twascyclictheyr epeatedseasons.
2.I
twaspol ythei
sti
c/compri
sedofmanygodsandgoddesses’ e.
g.

 El–Thehi
ghgod,
theki
ngandfather
 Asher
ah–the“
wif
e”ofEl
,agoddessoff
ert
il
it
y.-
Baal
–thest
orm godal
so
ref
erredtoasthegodofrai
nandf er
ti
li
ty.Hewassomet imescalledBaalHadad
whichmeansgodofst orm.Hewasr epresent
edi
nt heform ofabull,
asymbol
ofstrengt
handfert
il
it
y.
 Baalath–femalepart
nerofBaal
.Baalathmeanslady,herpersonalnamewas

 Ast
art
e.

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ori
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iosa0743241064

 Mot–wasthegodofdr ought
,fami
neanddeath.
 Anat–“
sist
er”ofBaal
,agoddessofwarandlove.

1.Sy
mbol
s/i
dol
s/i
mageswer
emadet
orepr
esenteachgod/
goddesse.
g.

 Baalwasrepr
esentedi
nthef
orm ofabul
landst
onepi
l
lar
.
 Asherahbyasacredpol
e.

1.Templ
epr
ost
it
uti
onwaspar
toft
hewor
shi
pofgodsandgoddesses.

 -
Themani
dent
if
iedhi
msel
fwi
thBaal
whi
l
ethewomani
dent
if
iedher
sel
fwi
th
Ast
art
ethewi
feofBaal
.Itwasbel
i
evedt
hati
fabarr
encoupl
eimi
tat
edBaal
and
Ast
art
ewhenhavi
ngsex,t
heywoul
dbeablet
obearchi
l
dren.

1.Human/ani
malsacri
fi
ceswer
emadetogods/goddesses.
2.Fest
ival
sandf
eastswerecel
ebr
atedi
nhonourofthegodsandgoddessese.
g.

 Feastofunl
eav
enedBr
eadwhi
chwascar
ri
edoutatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hebar
ely
har
vest
.--
--
-Feastofweekscel
ebr
ateddur
ingt
hewheathar
vest
.
 Feastofi
n-gat
her
ingcel
ebr
atedatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
heagr
icul
tur
aly
ear
.

1.Rit
ualswereperf
ormedtoensurecont
inuedfer
ti
li
ty/
wel
lbei
ngofthecommuni
ty.
2.Therewereprophet
sandprophetessf
oreachgodandgoddess.
3.Eachgodandgoddessplayedaspecif
icrol
einthecommunit
ye.g.

 Anat-
Femaledeit
yrep.l
ove
 Asherah-
Femaledei
tyrep.mother
hood
 Astar
te-f
emaledeit
yrepresent
edwar.

1.Ther
ewasachi efgod/goddessi.
e.El
2.Ther
eweretemples/shri
nes/hi
ghplacesofwor
shipofthegodandgoddess.
3.Agri
cul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
eswer eli
nkedtoappeasi
ngBaal,
therai
ngod.

I
nfl
uenceoft
hel
ocal
Canaani
teRel
i
gion

1.thenewsi tuati
oni nCanaanmadet heIsr
ael compr omi sethewor shipofYahweh
withthatofCanaani tedutiesl
eadingtoSyncr et
ism e.g.onet imet heI sraeli
tes
recognizedYahwehast heirsoleGodinthet imeofneed/ cri
si satot hert imes
wor shi
ppedhi m asaCanaani tedeit
yatCanaani tesanct uariesandmaki ngthei
r
ownatGi l
gal,Bethel
,Dan, Gi
beon,andShiloh
2.TheI sr
aelitesusedtheitemsofCanaani t
es, sanctuariese.g.Al t
ar, t
hest one
pil
larandt hewoodenpol ebel
ongingtotheCanaani t
er eli
gioni nwor ship.
3.Thesacr if
icesandof fer
ingsoftheCanaani t
eswer et akenov erbyt heI sraeli
tes
e.g.

1.Peaceof
fer
ingf
orr
enewedcommuni
onbet
weent
hedei
tyandt
hewor
shi
pper
s.

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iosa0743241064

2.Theburntoffer
ing–gi
venwhol
l
yfort
hedei
ty.
3.Cer
ealoffer
ingofthef
rui
ts.

1.Isr
ael adopt edgreatf esti
v alswhi chbelongedtot hestructureofagr icult
ureli
fein
Canaane. g.
2.Transitionfrom past oralli
fet oagr i
cult
uralli
fe,t
heywer eattract edbyt he
agricult
ur alsuccessesoft heCanaani t
esandt houghtt hiswasduet ot hei
r
rel
igionandt husbegancopy ingt heirwor shi
pactivi
ties.
3.TheI sraelit
eswer eat tr
actedt ot hev i
sibl
egodsoft heCanaani tesasopposedt o
theinvisibleYahweh.
4.TheI sraelit
esf ai
lur
et oef fectGod’ scommandst odest royall thecul ti
cobjects
andt empl eusedi nthewor shi pofCanaani tegods.
5.TheI sraelit
esf ai
ledtounder standt henatureoftheirGod:Theybr okeGod’ s
commandment swhi chpr ev ent edt hem from worshippingt heirgodse. g.made
andwor shippedt hegol denbul l calf.
6.Thechangeofenv i
ronmentf rom nomadi ct osett
ledandagr icult ur
al
environment .Thenat uregodspr ovedmor erel
evantthanYahweh( TheGodof
thedeser t.)

B.Ther el
igi
ousschism betweenJudahandI srael
Schism:r ef
erstoadi v
isionwit
hinorseparationfrom anestabli
shedchurch/Rel
i
gion.
-Theot herfact
orthatledtothespreadofidolatryinI
sraeldatesbacktoaround922
B.C.whenJer oboam becamet heKingofIsrael.Hemadesur ethatthepeopleofhis
ki
ngdom di dnothaveanyl i
nkswiththepeopl eofJudah.
Way sinwhichKingJer oboam cont
ribut
edtor eli
giousschi
sm bet ween
JudahandI sr .1Ki
ael ngs12:25–33

1.Hemadet wogol dencal vesandpl acedoneatBet helandanot heratDant o

representYahwehVs29.
2.Hesetupt worivalplaces/cent ersofwor shipandi gnoredJerusalem.V. s31.
3.Hemadet heIsraeli
testoof fersacr i
ficestothegol dencalves.V.s.32.
4.Hechosepr i
estsfrom ordinaryf amiliestoserveatwor shipcent er
s.Pri
estswere
supposedt ocomef rom thehouseofLev i.Vs.31
5.Hebui ltotherplacesofwor ship/shrinesonhi l
ltopsv s.32.
6.Hebur ntincenseatal t
arsoft hei dols/madesacr ifi
cest oidol
shi mself
,thus
breakingt hefir
stcommandment .
7.Hei nstit
utedreli
giousf esti
valsint hemont hsofhischoi ce.

 Fr
om t
heabov
eweconcl
udet
hatJer
oboam setabadexampl
eforal
ltheKi
ngs
whocameaf
terhi
minI
srael
.

Fact
orswhi
chl
eadpeopl
eawayf
rom t
hewor
shi
pofGodt
oday

1.Materi
ali
sm,love/
crav
ingf
oreart
hlypossessi
ons/weal
thattheexpenseof
spi
ri
tualdev
elopment.
2.Cor
rupti
onwhi chmakespeopl
emi st
rustGod/cometotheconcl
usionthatGod

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ori
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doesnotcar e.
3.Per mi ssi venessi nsoci etywhi chmakespeopl elosev alueespeci all
yr el
igious
values/ soci alinfluencef rom peergr oups.
4.Massmedi a/ por nogr aphywher epeopl espendt imel isteningandwat chingT.V,
videosandf i
lms.Theymayi nfluencepeopl e’
sact i
vi
tieswhi char econtraryto
thet ruewor shi pofGod.
5.Ur banizat i
onl eadspeopl et oloset heiridentit
y/changev alueswhi chmayl eadto
degener ationofmor al
s.
6.Dehumani zat i
onwher et hev al
ueofaper soni snotconsi deredbutt heser vi
ce
theycanpr ov i
de.
7.Thr eat st ohumanl i
fe/ humandi gnity;causedbywar snucl earpower /abor t
ion
whi chmakepeopl el osef ait
hi nGod.
8.Conf usi onar isingf rom r eli
giouspl urali
sm.Somepeopl ewonderwhi chi sthe
truer eligionassomer el
igionsadv ocatewor shipofi dols/ Satan.
9.Oppr essi on.Soci al/ polit
ical/cult
ural/economi cs/ reli
gionsuf feri
ngmi ghtmake
somepeopl el oosef ai
thi nGod.
10.
Sexual immor alit
y /
adul t
ery,fornicati
on, prosti
tution,homosexual it
yt akeaway
somepeopl ef rom t hecommuni tyofwor shippers.
11.
Sci entificdi scov eries.Peopl ecomet oplacet heirfait
hi nsci enceand
technol ogy .Theybel i
evei tcansol veal lt
heirprobl ems.

1.Addict
iont
odrugs.
2.Soci
alprej
udi
ces/di
scr
imi
nat
ionraci
sm/
tri
bal
i
sm dest
roy
stheuni
tyofhumani
ty.
3.Povert
ydehumanizest
heuni
tofhumani
ty.

C.KingAhab’smarri
agewithaPhoenicianpri
ncess
(IKings16:29–34)
Thethir
dfactort
hatl
edtoidol
atr
yinIsraelwasAhab’smar
ri
aget
oQueenJezebel
who
promotedidol
atr
yinthef
oll
owingways:

1.Shei
mpor tedherBaal r
eli
giontoIsr
ael.
2.Sheaskedherhusband, Ahabtobuildhighpl
acesfortheidol
s.
3.Shei
nfluencedthekingtomakeBaal ism t
hestat
ereli
gion.
4.ShepersecutedtheprophetsofYahweh.
5.Shei
nfluencedKingAhabt owor shi
pBaal.

THEEFFECTSOFI
DOLATRYI
NISRAEL

THEEFFECTSOFI
DOLATRYI
NISRAEL

1.I
tledtot
heper
secut
ionofYahweh’
sprophets.Ther
emai
ningl
oyal
fol
l
owersof
Yahwehwer
edri
venint
ohidi
ng.
2.I
tledtot
hedi
vi
sioni
nKingdom asapunishmentbyGod/
Unit
ywasunder
mined.

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3.Religioussy ncr eti

sm dev elopedwher etheywor shi ppedbot hYahwehandBaal
e.g.Isr aeli
test urnedt of er ti
litygodst oensur egoodhar v est sandl ookedt o
Yahwehi nt i
mesofmi litarycr isi
s..
4.Israel i
tesbr oket hei rcov enantr elati
onshi pwi thGod.
5.Israel i
tesfor gott hecov enantofbr otherhoodandpr act i
ce.
6.Godr aiseduppr ophet sl ikePr ophetEl i
jaht ohel pbr i
ngbackt heI srael i
testot he
cov enantwayofl ife.
7.Fami neanddr oughtbef el lIsrael leadingt ot hepeopl e’ssuf feringe. g.3y ear s
drought /suffering.
8.Soci al evil
ssuchasbr iber y ,sexual i
mmor alityandst ealingbecamer ampant .
9.Falsepr ophet semer gedi nI sr ael andr eceiv edst at epr ot ectionandgav ef alse
messages.
10.
TheI sraeli
teswer edef eat edi nbat tl
esl eadingt ot hei rexi leinf oreigncount ri
es.
11.
Theyi ntroducednewr eligi ousf esti
valst hatwer enoti nt heMosai cLaw.
12.
TheCanaani teagr icul tural cal endarwasadopt edbyI sr ael fort het imi ngoft he
pil
gr imagef est i
val.( Ex34: 22–23) .
13.
NamesofCanaani t
egodswer eusedf orYahwehe. g.El thenameoft hefat herof
allgodswasappl iedt oYahweh.ThenameBaal wasal sogi vent oYahweh.
14.
Par ent sbegannami ngt hei rchi l
drenaf terBaal e.g.oneoft hej udges, Gideonwas
alsonamedJer ubaal ,whi chmeans“ LetBaal cont end” .
15.
TheCanaani tesacr ificial sy st em wasi ncorpor atedi nt oI sr aeli
t ewor shipe. g.the
differentt ypesofI sr ael i
tesacr ifi
cessuchaspeaceof fer ings, burntof feri
ng
(Hol ocaust )andcer eal offer ing( Oblation)wher ef or mer lyCanaani t
ei noriginLev
1and2butwer elat ert akenov erbyI sraelites.
16.
Undert hei nfluenceofJezebel ,KingAhabdecl aredBaal ism acompul soryst ate
reli
gi on.Baal waswor shi ppedast heLor dofheav enswhosust ainsandgi ves
li
fe.
17.
QueenJezebel order edt hedest ructionoft heal tar sofYahweh/ Yahweh’ sal tars
wer edest royed/negl ect ed.
18.
Emer genceofweakr uler st hr oughbl oodycoups.
19.
Exilet oAssy riaandBaby lon.
20.
The450pr ophet sofBaal wer emadeof fi
cial soft her oy al cour tinor dert o
promot eandpr otectt heBaal reli
gion.
21.
Ther eligi
onofYahwehwasnowi ndangerofbei ngdest roy ed.I tisi nt his
cont extt hatYahwehr aisedupPr ophetEl i
jah, aTi shbi te, tor eturnI srael tot he
cov enantwayofl ife.

ELIJAH’SFIGHTAGAI NSTFALSERELIGIONANDCORRUPTI ON
I
nt r
oducti
on
60y ear
safterJeroboam Iwasmaderul
eroft
hekingdom ofI
srael
,aprophetnamed
El
ijahappearedintheNorther
nKi
ngdom ofI
srael
.Heprophesieddur
ingtheti
meof
KingAhab,sonofOmr i(
869–850BC) .
ProphetEli
j
ah’smi ssi
on

1.HewasGod’
sspokesman/messengerofGod.
2.Hespokewi
tht
heauthor
it
yofYahwehwi thnofearoft
heconsequencest
o

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hi
mself
3.Hestoodforthecov
enantwayofli
featati
mewhenitwasrej
ect
edbythe
I
srael
it
es.
4.El
ij
ahpronouncedGod’
sjudgmentonIsr
aelt
oget
herwi
thherki
ngfort
hei
rsi
n.

A)FI GHTAGAI NSTFALSERELIGION 1KINGS18:17-

46
GodsentPr ophetEl
ij
ahtofi
ghtagai
nstwi
despr
eadidol
atr
yinIsr
ael
.Hedi
dthi
sthrough
several
waysi ncl
udi
ngcalli
ngforacont
estbet
weenhim andt
heprophet
sofBaal
atMt.Carmel.
The
contestwentasfoll
ows;

 ProphetEl i
j
ahaskedAhabt oassembl eal lthepeopl eatMt .Carmel.
 Theki ngsummonedal lthepeopl ei ncludingt heprophet sofBaal t
oMt .Carmel.
 Eli
jaht oldt hepeopl et ochoosebet weenwor shippingGodandBaal .
 Hesuggest edt othepeopl et hattwobul lsbebr oughtandeachpar t
ytoof fera
sacri
ficet othei rGod.
 Hechal lengedt hem andsai dwhi chev erpar tywi l
lmaket heirGodbur nt he
sacri
ficewi llbet het rueGod.
 Thepr ophet sofBaal weregi v enabul lwhi chtheypr eparedandcal l
edupont he
nameoft heirgod.
 Eli
jahmockedt hem aski ngt hem t oshoutl oudertot hei
rgod.
 Theypr ay ed,cutt hemsel v eswi thkni vesunt i
lthebledbutBaal di
dnotanswer
them.
 Eli
jahaskedt hepeopl et ocomet onearhi m asher epair
edt healt
arofGod.
 Hepl acedt hesacr i
ficeont heal t
arandaskedt hepeopl etopourwat eroni t.
 Fir
econsumedt hesacr i
fice/t hewood/t hest ones/t hewat er
/dustar oundit.
 Thepeopl ethr ewt hemsel v esont hegr oundandwor shippedt heLordast het r
ue
God.
 Eli
jahki lledthepr ophet sofBaal .

Lessonsl
ear
ntaboutt
henat
ureofGodf
rom t
hecont
estatMt
.Car
mel

 Yahwehi
stheonlyt
rueGod.Baali
snotagodatall
.
 Yahwehi
saliv
ingGodwhocontrol
sfor
ceofnat
ure/Hei
stheLor
dofnat
ure/He
haspowerov ernature.
 Yahwehisapower ful God.
 Yahwehisamer ci
fulGodwhowi nsbackwaywar dhearts.IKi
ngs18:37.
 YahwehisajealousGodwhowi l
lhavenoot hergodsbesidehi
m.vs.21
 YahwehisaGodofj usticewhopunishesidolat
ersandothersi
nners/
He
puni
shesevi
l.
 Yahwehanswer spray er/Hei
safait
hfulGod.
 Godshouldbewor shi pped.
 Heworksthroughhumanbei ngse.g.appointmentofJehu.
 Godwantshumanbei ngstoobeyhim.
 Heisomnipresent.

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Condi
ti
onst
hatmadei
tdi
ff
icul
tforpr
ophetEl
ij
aht
ost
opi
dol
atr
yinI
srael

1.Theexistenceoffalseprophetswhogav efalsepromi sestot heIsr

ael
ites.
2.KingAhabhadal l
owedhi sPhoenicianwifetobr i
ngthewor shipoffal
segods
andgoddesses.
3.Jezebelorderedthepersecuti
onoft hetr
uepr ophet
sofGod.
4.KingAhabhadal l
owedthebuildingoft emples/highpl acesfortheworshipof
Baal.
5.TheCanaani t
er el
igi
onhadast r
ongi nfl
uenceont heIsr ael
it
es.
6.Thekingpar t
ici
patedinidolworship.
7.Theidolgodscoul dbeseen/t ouchedsot heyappear edr eal.

Eli
jah’
sfightagai
nstcor
rupt
ion
(IKings21:1–29)
ProphetElij
ahfoughtmoral
corr
upt
ionbycondemni
ngKi
ngAhab’
sbehav
iouri
nvol
vi
ng
Nabot h’
svineyar
d.

 Ahabcov et
edNabot h’sv
ineyard,whichwasadj acentt
othepalace.
 HeofferedtobuyitbutNabot hrefusedbecausei twasafamil
yinheri
tance.
 Thekingwasdepr essedbutJezebel plannedacor r
uptschemetoacquireit
.
 Sheforgedlet
ter
susi ngtheKing’sSeal andaccusedNabothfal
selyfor:

(
i)Showi
ngdi
srespecttoGod/Bl
asphemy
.
(
ii
)Cursi
ngt
heking/treason.

 Thi
sledt
othestoni
ngt odeathofNabot
h.
 Ahabwentandpossessedtheland.

I
nsodoi
ngAhabandJezebelhadbr
okent
hef
oll
owi
ngcommandment
s:1Ki
ngs21:
1-
16

 Theybr
oket
hecommandmentofnott
oki
l
lwhent
heypl
annedf
ort
hest
oni
ngof
Nabot h.
 Whent heyworshippedidol
s, t
heybr okethecommandmentofnotwor shi
pping
othergods.
 Theybr okethecommandmentofnotcov etinganei
ghbor’
spropertywhenthey
want edNaboth’sv i
neyard.
 Thecommandmentofnotst ealingwasbr okenwhentheyplannedtotakeaway
Nabot h’svi
neyard.
 Theyusedt henameofGodi nv ainwhent heysai
dNabothhadbl asphemed
againstGod.
 Thecommandmentofnott ocheat /bearfalsewi
tnesswasbr okenwhenthey
pl
anned/i nsti
tut
ingf al
sewitnessesagainstNaboth.

For
msofpunishmentpr
ophesi
edbyPr
ophetEl
i
jaht
oki
ngAhabandJezebel
1Kings21:
19-24.

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 Deat
hofKi
ngAhabwoul
dbei
nthesamepl
ace/v
all
eyofJezr
eel
li
keNabot
h’s.
Vs.19.
 Evi
lwoul dbeuponAhab.Vs. 21.
 Godwast ot
akeawayt hepost eri
tyofAhab/hisr
ulewouldcomet oanend.
 Dogswoul dli
ckthebloodofAhab.
 All
themal echil
drenf
ree/slaveswoul dbecutoff
.
 ThelineageofAhabwoul dbewi pedout .
 Thedogswoul deatanybodywhobel ongstothefami
lyofAhabwhodi edi
nthe
ci
ty.Vs.24.
 Thebi r
dsoftheairwouldeatal l
member sofAhab’sf
amilywhodieinthefi
eld.
 Dogswoul deatthebodyofJezebel withi
ntheboundsofJezreel
.Vs23.

For
msofcorr
upt
ioninthesoci
ety
Thefol
l
owi
ngaretheformsofcorr
upt
ionf
oundi
nthesoci
etyt
oday
:

 Tri
balism.
 Briber
y .
 Cheatinginbusiness.
 Steali
ng.
 Robber ywit
hviolence.
 Di
shonest y/
tel
li
ngl ies.
 Misuseofpublicpr opert
y/f
unds.
 Grabbingofpersonal orpubl
icl
and.

Anyform ofcor
rupt
ioniswrongasi
tisanunf
airdeal
i
ngandcausessuf
fer
ingt
o
i
ndiv
idual
swhof all
vict
im.

 I
tcanalsoretar
ddev
elopmenti
nsoci
ety
.
 AChri
stianhasadut
ytoplayi
nbui
ldi
ngafai
randj
ustsoci
etybyappl
yi
ngt
hel
i
fe
ski
ll
sofcrit
ical
thi
nki
ng,
creat
ivet
hinki
ngandmaki
ngappr
opr
iat
emor
al
deci
sions.

Way
soff
ight
ingagai
nstcor
rupt
ioni
nthecount
ryt
oday

1.Condemni ngal ltheunj ustpr acticesi nthesoci ety.

2.Bypract i
cingmor al valuessuchashonest yandi ntegri
ty.
3.Bymaki ngmor al choi cesandi nformeddeci si
onst hroughtheuseoflif
eskil
l
s
li
kecrit
ical t
hi nking, creat i
vet hinkinganddeci sionmaki ng.
4.Bylobby i
ngf orthepuni shmentofal l t
hosewhoabusej usti
ce.
5.Byobey ingt hel awsoft hest ate.
6.Byexposi ngcor ruptpr acti
cesi nt hesoci ety.
7.Byadv ocatingf ort heenact mentofl awst hatwi llf
ightcorrupt
ion.
8.Prayi
ngf ort hecor ruptt ochanget heirbehav i
our .
9.Setti
ngagoodexampl ebyact i
ngasgoodr ol
emodel sforotherstocopy.
10.
Educatingpeopl eont heev il
sofcor ruption.
11.
Preachingt ocor r
uptpeopl etochanget heirway s.

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12.
Provi
dingciv
iceducat
iononcor r
upti
on.
13.
Report
ingthosewhoar eengagedincor
ruptpr
act
icest
other
elev
antaut
hor
it
ies.

REASONSWHYELI JAHFACEDDANGERANDHOSTI LITYASAPROPHETOFGOD

IKINGS18:19-21,
19:1-
21,21:
1-26
ProphetEli
jah’
smissi
onwast ofi
ghtf
alser
eli
gionandmor aldecayi
nIsr
ael
.Thi
sput
hi
mi n
greatdangerandhosti
l
itywi
thAhabandhisfamil
yinthefoll
owingways:

1.Hef oretolda3½y eardroughtthatcausedsufferi

ngtot hepeopl e.IKings17:
1,
18:3-6,17:7-16.
2.Hewasoneoft heprophetsofYahwehwhower ebeingper secutedbyJezebel
.
3.Ther ewer emanyf al
seprophetsofBaal whoenjoyedst ateprotecti
on.They
outnumber edYahweh’ sprophets.Baal’
sprophetssuppor tedtheKingsdecisi
on
tofightEl i
j
ah.
4.Her ebukedKi ngAhab’ sandQueenJezebel ’
sev i
lway s.
5.QueenJezebel soughttokil
lhimforkil
li
ngBaal’sprophet satKishonv al
ley
.
6.Hehi dint hewi l
dernesstoavoidpersecuti
on,wherehef acedthedangerof
starvati
on.
7.Hef oughtf orthetrueworshipofYahweh, whichanger edJezebel .
8.Prophesi eddoom f orAhabandJezebel ’
sfamily.

Pr
oblemsEl
i
jahf
acedi
n
I
srael

1.Hi
sli
fewasthreat
ened.
2.Hewasfear
ful.
3.Hewashungryandthir
styi
nt hewi
lder
ness.
4.Hehadnosupportfr
om hisfell
owJews.
5.Hi
sfel
lowprophet
swer ekil
l
ed.
6.Hi
smessagewasr ej
ected.

THERELEVANCEOFELI
JAH’
SPROPHETI
CMI
SSI
ONTOCHRI
STI
ANSTODAY

 El
ij
ahwascour
ageousandf
acedt
heki
ngwhenev
erhet
urnedawayf
rom t
he
cov enantwayofl i
fe.Li kewi se,churchleaderstodayshoul dremai ncour ageous
andf ir
mi ncondemni nganyf orm ofsocialinj
usticee.g.DesmondTut uofSout h
Africast ruggl
edtoendapar t
heidwhi chwasf inall
yachi evedin1994.
 Eli
jahwasl oy
altoGodandst ruggl
edt oreturnIsraelt
ot hemonot hei
sticworship
ofYahweh.Moder nChr i
stianshoul dremainf ai
thfultoGodt hroughwor dand
deedev eni ft
hiswouldcostt hem theirli
ves.
 JustasGodhel pedElijah, whenhewasi ndiff
iculti
esbypr ovi
dinghi m withfood
anddr ink, modernChr i
st iansshoul dnotdespai rintheirmi ssionarywor kbutlean
onGodf orencouragementandpr ovidence/praytohimf orprov i
sionwhenev er
theylack.
 Eli
jahwasamanofpr ay erandGodal waysanswer edhi spr ayers.Christi
ans

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shouldpr ayt oGodi nf aithandGodwoul dsur el

yanswert hem.Theyshoul dnot
giveup.
 Christi
ansshoul dnotcompr omi set hei rfaithinGodf orfearofthreat s,reject
ion,
oppositi
onorper secut ion/shoul dbel oy al t
oGod.
 Eli
jahli
vedasi mpl el i
feandst oodf ort her i
ghtsofcommonpeopl ei nthesame
wayChr istiansshoul dadv ocatef ort her ightsoft hepoorandspeakagai nstany
for
m ofoppr essi on.
 Christi
ansshoul dacceptt heircal landacceptanyt askGodgi vest hem.
 Christi
ansshoul dnotgi vef alseev idenceagai nstthei rneighbourslikeJezebel in
thecaseofNabot h.
 Bothpol i
ticalandchur chleader sshoul dr eali
zethatal lauthori
tycomesf rom
Godandt heyar eaccount abl etohi mf ort heirdeeds.
 Christi
ansshoul dbeper si
st entlikeEl ij
ahwasi nthei rstruggleagainsti njusti
ce.
 Godcommuni catedwi thEl i
jahina“ sti
llsmal lvoice”i ndicati
nghisi ntimacywi t
h
theprophet .Godi sabl etoest abl i
shani ntimater elationshipwithhi sfaithful.
 Christi
ansshoul dshowst rongf ai thi nGodandav oidal lformsofidol atrysuchas
l
ov eformoney ,devi
l wor shipanddr ugabuse.
 Theyshoul dav oidsinf ulli
fesoast oescapeGod’ spuni shment .
 Christi
ansshoul dpr eachandwi nconv er tstoGod.
 Christi
ansshoul dber eadyt osuf ferandf aceopposi ti
oni nthei
rwor k.
 Christi
ansshoul dwor shiponet rueGodandputt heirt r
ustinhim.Hei st heone
whohasal l t
hepower s.
 Christi
ansshoul dcondemnal lf
or msofsoci al i
njusticessuchascor ruption,
mur derofi nnocentpeopl eandexpl oitationoft heweak.

Qual
i
tiesofPr
ophetEl
i
jaht
hataChr
ist
ianl
eadershoul
dposses

1.Truthfulness.
2.Cour age.
3.Fait
hf ulness/trust.
4.Kindness.
5.Loving/car ing.
6.Honest y .
7.Responsi ble.
8.Loyalty/obedi ence.
9.Respect ful.
10.
Prayer f
ulness

SELECTEDASPECTSI
NAFRI
CANRELI
GIOUSHERI
TAGE

SELECTEDASPECTSI NAFRICANRELIGIOUSHERI
TAGE;
Afr
icanconceptofGod,
Spir
itsandAncestor
s
a)God

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 Al
lAf
ri
cancommuni
ti
esbel
i
evei
nasupr
emebei
ngwhoi
stheor
igi
nand
sust
ainerofal
lthi
ngs.
 Heist
hecr eat
oroft
heuniver
seandall
thati
tcont
ains.
 Al
lAfr
icansagreet
hatnobodyhasev
erseenGod.

At
tri
but
esofGodasunder
stoodbyAf
ri
canpeopl
e

1.Godi st hecr eatoroft heuni v

er seandev eryt
hingini t.
2.Godi sapr ovi
der .Hepr ov i
desandsust ainshiscr eat i
on.
3.Godi smer ci
ful.Her emov essuf f
eringfrom communi ti
es.
4.Godi sal lpower f ul/omni pot ent.Hehaspowerov erallcreationandcontr
ols
nature.
5.Godi shol y/pureseenf r
om t henat ureofsacr if
icesandt hepur it
yofthepeople
involvedi nsacr i
f i
cing.
6.Godi sal l-knowing/ omni scient .Heknowsandseesev erythinge.g.Zul
uofSouth
Africar efertohi m ast he“wi seone” .
7.Godi sev erywher e/omni presenti nt heuni v
ersee. g.whenaper sonisona
journey ,member soft hef ami lyaskGodt obewi tht heper son.
8.Godi si mmanentbecausehei snotl imi
tedt ospaceandt ime.Hei sbothver
yfar
andv er ynear .
9.Godi st ranscendent .Hei sbey ondhumandescr iption/bey ondhuman
compr ehensi onandcannotbel i
mited.
10.
Godi ssel f-
existent.Heexi stsonhi sownandexi st edbefor ecreati
on.He
cont i
nuest oexist .
11.
Godi saspi r
it.Hehasnophy si
calform andi sinv i
si bl
e.

1.Godi
sever
last
ing/
eter
nal
.Heisi
mmor t
al andl
iv
esf
orev
er.
2.Godi
sgood.Heisnotevi
landdi
dnotcreateev
il
.

(
b)Af
ri
canconceptofspi
ri
ts

 Theyar
einvi
siblebei
ngssecondi
nSeniori
tyint
hehier
archyofbeings.
 Somespir
it
sar ebeli
evedt
ohavebeencreatedbyGodasspiri
ts/divi
nit
ies.
 Ot
hersarespi
ritsofpeopl
ewhodiedl
ongagoandar enolongerremember edby
t
hel
i
ving.
 Spi
ri
tsaresubor
dinat
etoGodanddependonhimforsurv
ival
.
 Godusesthem t
operfor
m cer
tai
nthi
ngssuchascausi
ngfloodsandl
i
ght
eni
ng.
 Theycanberebornamongtheli
vi
ng.

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1.SkyandNat ureSpi rit

s
Theyareoft wot ypes
(i
)Spir
it
soft hesky
Theyar eassociatedwi t
ht hesun,moon,st
ars,t
hunderandli
ghtni
ng.
(i
iSpi
) ri
tsofnat ur e
Areassociatedwi thnat uralphenomenasuchashi l
l
s,mountai
ns,rocks,
for
est
s,l
akes,
ri
vers,ani
mal sandi nsects.
Theyarebel i
ev edt ocont r
olthef
orceofnatur
e
Somemaybemani pulatedbyhumanbei ngforgoodorevi
lpurposes.

1.Thehumanspi
ri
ts

Theyareoft wocat egori

es
()Ghostspi
i r
its
Belongi
ngt othosewhodi edlongagoandwhosenamescannotber emembered.
()Ancest
i
i ralspiri
ts/liv
ingdead
Thesearedeadpeopl ewhosei denti
ti
esarestil
lal
i
veinthememoriesofpeople
3.Thedivinit
ies
Communi tiesinAfricae.g.t
heAshant iofGhanabeli
evei
nacategoryofspi
ri
tsbet
ween
Godandt hespi r
it
s.
Theyarebel i
evedtohav ebeencr eat
edbyGod.
4.Theancest ors

 Theyar
efounder
sofAf
ricancl
ansandt
ri
bes.
 Theyar
epeoplewhodi
edandwhosenamesandi
dent
it
iesar
est
il
lremember
ed
bytheirrel
at i
ve
 Ass pi
rit
s,theyar econcer
nedwitht
hepeopl
e’swelfar
eandarecloset
othem.
 Theyspeakt helanguageofhumanbei
ngswhent heyappeart
othem i
ndreams
orvi
sions.
 Theypar ti
cipateintheact
ivi
ti
esoft
heli
vi
ngrelat
ives.

THEAFRICANUNDERSTANDI
NGOFTHEHI
ERARCHYOFBEI
NGS
A.Hi
erar
chyofbei
ngs

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TheAfri
cansunder st
andtheuniver
setoconsi stoft
woparts.
(i
)Thevisi
ble/eart
h.
(i
i
)Theinvisi
ble/skywhichisregar
dedast hehomeofGod.
Theuniver
sehasaspeci fi
corderofcreat
edbei ngs,wi
thGodthecr
eat
oroccupy
ingt
he
hi
ghestrank.
Thisor
deringiswhatisref
erredtoasthehierarchyofbei
ngs.
I
tcanbedi vi
dedintosevencategor
iesasfoll
ows;

1. GOD( Supremebei ngr esponsiblefortheexistenceandsustenanceofhuman

beingsandal lotherbei ngs) .
2.DIVINITIES(Ar espi ri
tscr eatedbyGod) .
3.SPIRITS( Belongingt opeopl ewhodi edal ongt i
meago) .
4.LIVINGDEAD/ANCESTORS( Actasint
er mediari
esbetweenhumanbei ngswho
areal i
veandt hespi r
itwor ld).
5.HUMANBEI NGS( Includet hosewhoar ephy si
call
yaliveandthoseyett
obeborn)
.
6.PLANTS&ANI MALS( Theyar eusedbyhumanbei ngsinthei
rnatur
aland
rel
igiouslif
easf oodandsacr ifi
ce)
.
7.NON- LIVINGTHI NGS( Nat uralandarti
fici
albeingse.g.rai
n,r
iver
s,mountai
ns,
rocksandal l otherlif
el essbodi es)
.

I
nter
-r
elat
ionshi
pofal
lthi
ngs,
li
vi
ngandnon-
li
vi
ng

 Accor
dingt
otheAf
ri
canv
iewoft
heuni
ver
se,
all
creat
edt
hingsdependoneach
ot
herandGod.
 Theuni
ver
sei
svi
ewedi
nt ot
ali
tyofexi
stence.
 I
tisal
sovi
ewedi
narel
i
giouscontext
.

(i
)HumanBeingsandGod
ManyAfr
icanmythsofcr
eat
ionpoi
ntt
othef
actt
hathumanbei
ngsar
edependenton
Gode.
g.

 TheydependonGodf
ort
hemostessent
ial
requi
rement
sofl
i
fee.
g.r
ain,
airand
sunshi
ne.
 Arelesspowerf
ul t
hanGod.
 Mu stobeyGod’
slawsandcommandment s.
 Fai
luretoheedtheseregul
ati
onsmayl
eadtopuni
shment
.Thosewhoobey
pr
osper
.
 Mustof
fersacr
ifi
cestoGodtomai nt
ainagoodr el
ati
onshipwithhi
m.
 Nat
ural
calamit
iese.g.dr
ought
,famine,f
loodsandearthquakesarebel
i
evedt
o
becont
rol
l
edbyGodandar
ebey
ondpeopl
e’
spower
.

(i
i)HumanBei ngsandanimal
s
Afri
cansbel i
eveGodgav ehumanbei
ngsanimal
sforthei
ruseandshoul
dhandl
ethem
responsibl
y.
Thef ol
lowingar et
heusesofani
malstohumanbeings;

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 MrOr
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 Domesticanimal sli
kecat t
le,sheepandgoat sar
eusedf orfood.
 Paymentofdowr yandset t
lementofdi sput
es.
 Possessionofani malsisseenasasi gnofprest
igeandweal th.
 Ski
nsareusedascl othes.
 Usedtomakemusi cinstr
ument se.g.drums.
 Usedassacr ificestoGod.
 Usedaspay mentofaf inefrom anoffendertoGod/ancestorsortheoff
ended.
 Usedtopr edictweat herpatterns.Someoft hem ar
eusedt ocommuni catet
he
soci
alstandar dsexpect edofpeopl ee.g.

Hyena-Usedt odiscour agecowar di

ceandgreed.
Hare -Usedt odi scouragetr
ickery.
Tortoi
se-Il
l
ustratest heimportanceofbeingsl
owbutwise.
Snake -Notkil
ledbysomecommuni ti
es,
iti
sbeli
evedt
obeimmor
tal
andt
hatt
he
ancestorsmayv i
sitt
he l iv
ingfr
om it.

 Someani
mal
sandbi
rdsar
etr
eat
edast
otemsbycommuni
ti
es.Pl
ant
sand
ani
mal
sar
eusedasasy
mbol
ofaf
ami
l
y.

(
ii
i)Humanbeingsandpl
ant
s
Humanbeingsdependonpl
ant
sinv
ari
ousway
se.
g.

 Food.
 Fuel.
 Constructi
onofbui l
dings.
 Medicinalpurposes.
 Totems.
 Pasture.
 Somet reesareusedassacr edpl
acesofwor
shi
p.
 Pasturefortheiranimals.
 Provi
sionofshel ter
.

(
iv)Humanbei
ngsandnon-
li
vi
ngt
hings

 Non-
li
vi
ngt
hingse.
g.r
ain,
rocks,
mount
ains,
hil
l
s,r
iver
s,moonandsunar
egi
ven
rel
i
gioussi
gni
ficancee.g.r ainisagreatblessi
ngfrom Godwhilethunderi
sseen
asGod’smovementorv oice.
 Rocksandmount ai
nsar ev iewedasGod’ smani f
estat
iontohumankindandalso
asdwell
ingpl
acesf orthel i
v i
ngdeadandspi ri
ts.Suchplacesareusedforthe
worshi
pofGodandar etreat edassacred.
 Heavenl
ybodi
eshel phumanbei ngstodetermineti
mesandseasons.
 Humanbeingsdependont hesunf orsunl
ightduri
ngthedayandont hemoon
andstar
sforl
ightatnight.

THEROLESOFGOD,
SPI
RITSANDANCESTORS
a.Rol
esofGod

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ori
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Refer
st othefunct
ions/r
olesofGodwhi
chHepl
aysi
nthewor
ldandpeopl
es’
li
ves.
Theyinclude;

 Godcar
esf
orhiscr
eati
onandcanbei nv
okedinti
mesofneed.
 Heist
hegi
verandsust
ainerofl
i
fe,
provi
desnecessi
ti
esofl
i
fee.g.f
ood,
air
,
wat
erandf
ir
e.
 Hepr
otect
shumanbei
ngsf
rom ev
il
,e.
g.pr
otect
stheweakandhear
sthecr
yof
thoseunj ustl
yt r
eated.
 Hecomf ortsthesor rowful e.g.healsthesick.
 Hei stheguar dianofmor al andethicalorder.Hepunishest hosewhodoev i
l.
 Hecont rolsthespiritsthatar emor epower f
ult
hanhumans.
 Hegi vesor dertotheuni verseandcont rol
sit.Hisacti
vit
ydidn’tendwith
creati
on.
 Givespowert other eli
giousspeci ali
stse.g.medicinepersons,ki
ngs,
pr i
est
sand
prophets.Hecommuni cateswi ththem throughdreams,trancesandvisi
ons.
 Hea nswer spr ayer
s.

B.Ther ol
eofSpiri
ts
Alt
houghspiri
tsareinv
isi
ble,t
heyarebeliev
edt oplayani
mportantrol
eintheli
vesof
theli
vi
ng.Gener al
l
ypeoplefearspi
ri
ts;theyareviewedastot
alstr
angerstotheli
vi
ng.
Whent heyappeartohumans,peopl
ef eeldist
urbed.Ther
olesofspiri
tsi
ncl
ude;

 Somemaybemani
pul
atedbyhumanbei
ngsandcausehar
mtoot
her
se.
g.wi
th
si
cknessanddeat
h.
 Spi
ri
tscanpossesr
eli
giousspeci
ali
stse.
g.medi
um anddi
vi
ner
sandgi
vet
hem
i
mpor
tanti
nfor
mat
iononhowt
ohandl
epeopl
e’
spr
obl
ems.
 Spi
ri
tsr
elayGod’
sresponset
ohumanbei
ngs.I
nret
urnhumanbei
ngsact
accor
dingt
othewi
shesofGodt
hrought
hespi
ri
ts.
 Badspi
rit
ssomet i
mespossespeopl
e.
 Spi
ri
tsguardsacredpl
aces.
 Theyi
ntercedef
orpeoplebef
oreGod.

C.Rol
esofancest
ors

 Theyar
ebel
i
evedt
oappeart
othel
i
vingi
nvar
iousf
ormse.
g.v
isi
ons/
dreamst
o
enquir
eaboutt
hefami
l
yaf
fai
rsandt
ofi
ndoutwhati
sgoi
ngonast
hey
’rest
il
l
partofthef
amil
y.

 Maycauseil
lnessesorment
aldi
stur
bances.
 Gi
veinst
ruct
ionstothefami
l
yastowhatshouldbedonei
ncer
tai
nar
eas
af
fect
ingi
t.
 Rebukeandwar
nthel
i
vingoft
hei
mpendi
ngpuni
shmentt
othosewhohav
e
fai
l
edt ohonourt
heirobli
gati
ontothem.
 Requestforsomethingl
ikeani
malstobesl
aught
eredf
ort
hem.
 I
nteractwit
htheli
ving.

emmanuel
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 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 Actasmedi atorsbetweent helivi

ngandGod.
 I
nfli
ctpunishment sonoffender sinsociety.
 Bl
esst heli
vingmember soft hefamil
y .
 Avertconsequencesofcur ses.
 Protecthumanbei ngsagainstev i
l.
 Providenamest onewbor n.
 Presideoverall
religi
ouscer emoniesint hecommunit
y.
 CustodiansofAf r
icantr
aditional,
mor alcult
ureandr
eli
giousv
alues.

RESPONSI
BILI
TYOFTHELI
VINGTOWARDSGOD,
SPI
RITSANDANCESTORS

 Takecar eofGod’ scr eati

on.
 ObeyGod’ sinstructions.
 Setasi despeci f
icplacesf orworshi
pofGod.
 Respectsacr edplacesofwor shi
p.
 Appr eciateGod’sbl essing.
 Maket heirrequestknownt oGod.
 Wor shipGod.
 Givet heirchil
drennamesofGod.
 Hadadut ytoshar eGod’ sgiv
enresour
ceswi
thf
ell
owhumanbei
ngs.

SPI
RITS

 Respectplacesli
keshr ineswhichareassociat
edwi
thspi
ri
tual
mani
fest
ati
on.
 Appeaset hespir
itsbypour i
nglibat
iont
ot hem.
 Respectandhonourt hespir
it
s.
 Prot
ectsacr edplaces.
 Consultspir
itsonspirit
ualmatters.
 Obeythewi l
l oft
hespi r
its.

ANCESTORS

 Showr espectt othem.

 Addr esst hem byt heirpropernamesandt itl
es.
 Pourl i
bat iontothem.
 Offersacr ifi
cestot hem andgi vethem of f
eri
ngstoappeaset
hem.
 Obeyt hei rcommandsandwi shes.
 Namet hei rchi
ldrenaf t
ertheirancestors.
 Buil
dshr i
nesf orthem.
 Prayt oGodt hrought hem.
 I
nv i
tet hem t osocialfunctions.
 Teacht heirchi
ldrenaboutt hei
rancestors.
 Consul tthem throughdi v i
nersandmedi ci
nepeople.
 Praiset hem throughsong.

TRADI
TIONALAFRI
CANWAYSOFWORSHI
PINGGOD

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ori
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 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 Wor
shi
pist
hemeansthr
oughwhichhumanbeingscommunicat
ewithGod.
 Wor
shi
pmaybepubl
icorpr
ivat
e,f
ormalori
nfor
mal,communalori
ndiv
idual
and
di
rectori
ndi
rect
.

Pl
aceswher
ewor
shi
pisconduct
edi
nAf
ri
cant
radi
ti
onalsoci
ety

 Undersacredtreese.g.Mugumot r
ee.
 Onhill
topsandr ocks.
 I
ncav es.
 Atri
verbanksandont heshores.
 I
nthesacr edforests.
 I
ngrav eyar
ds
 Atcrossroads.
 I
nthehomesofsomer el
igi
ousspecial
i
sts.

Godi
swor
shi
ppedt
hrought
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s;

 Thr
oughsacri
fices
 Thr
oughoffer
ings
 Thr
oughsi
nginganddanci
ng
 Thr
oughprayers.

1.Sacr
if
ices

1.AnanimalisslaughteredinhonourofGod.
2.I
tinvol
vesthesheddi ngofbloodofhumanbei ngs,ani
malsorbi
rds.
3.Sacri
fi
cesarecarefullysel
ected,
sincetheyareoff
eredtothecr
eatoroft
he
uni
verse.
4.Animalsoff
eredhav et obeofonecolore.g.

 Bl
ack.
 Whit
e.
 Br
own.

1.Theyar
egiv
enbackt
oGodasasi
gnofappr
eci
ati
onofwhatGodhaspr
ovi
ded
fort
hem.

Whysacr
if
icesar
emadet
oGod,
spi
ri
tsandancest
ors

 ToappreciateGodast hesour ceoflif

e.
 TothankGodf ortheblessingstothepeopl e.
 ToappeaseGodf orthewrongsdone.
 Topeti
tionGodf orhelpduringdif
ficultt
imes.
 Toi
nv i
teGodt opar t
ici
pateinfamilyandcommuni t
yfunct
ions.
 Tomaint ai
nagoodr elati
onship
 Toavertevile.
g.drought,f
ami ne,
floodsorepidemi
cs.

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ori
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 MrOr
iosa0743241064

Occasi
onswhensacr
if
iceswher
eof
fer
ed

1.Dur
ingr
it
esofpassagei
.e.

1.Bi
rthandnami
ng.
2.I
nit
iati
on.
3.Marri
age.
4.Death.

1.Duringdisasters.
2.Aft
eragoodhar vest.
3.Duringi
nst al
lati
onofl eaders.
4.Duringcleansingcer emonies.
5.Duringreconcili
ationceremonies.
6.Beforegoingt owar .

Not
e

 Sacr
if
icesareof
fer
edbyheadsoff amil
ies,pr
iest
s,medi
cineper
sons.
 Pr
ayersaccompanysacri
fi
ces.
 Theyareact
sofhumili
tybefor
etheircr
eator.

2.Of
fer
ings

 I
tisanotherwayofworshi
ppingGod.
 I
tinv
olvesthetaki
ngoffoodstuf
fse.
g.mi
l
k,wat
erorhoneyandgi
vi
ngt
hem t
o
God.
 Off
eri
ngsar
ecar
eful
l
ysel
ect
ed.

3.Si
ngi
nganddanci
ngi
nwor
shi
p

 Songsanddancesar eperfor
meddur i
ngcommunal wor
ship.
 Theyareusedi npr
aisi
ngandt hankingGod.
 Songsanddancesmaket hewor shi
persemotionall
yconnect
edwi
thGod.
 Songsanddancesar eaccompani edbyclappi
ngofhands, dr
ummi
ngandplay
ing
musicali
nst
r ument
s.
 Theyalsopromotesoli
darit
yamongt heworshipper
s.

4.Pr
ayer
s.

 Theyar
ever
bal
communi
cat
ionswi
thGod.

 Pr
ayer
sar
emostl
yshor
tandtot
hepoint.
 Pr
ayer
sar
eof
fer
edduri
ngimpor
tantr
eli
giousoccasi
ons.Theypr
ayi
ndi
ff
erent
way
se.g.
o Kneel
i
ng.

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iosa0743241064

o Standing.
o Prostrat
ing.
o Bowi ng.
o Facingcertai
ndir
ect
ions.
o Raisinghands.

5.I
nvocat i
ons-Shor tformalpray
erse.g.“Hel
pme,OGod! ”or“OGr eatGod”.
6.Blessings -Bl essingsbyanelderconsti
tut
eactsofprayer
.Iti
sbel i
evedthatt
he
personbl essingisdoingsoonbehal fofGod.
7.Salutations-e. g.“DearGod”.
VENERATI NGANDCOMMUNI CATINGWI THSPIRI
TSANDANCESTORS
Venerationr efer
stothewayi nwhichrespectandhonourisaccor
dedt otheancestors
andspirits.
Way sinwhi cht r
aditi
onalAfr
icancommuni ti
esdemonstr
atedthei
rrespecttoancestors
andspirits

 Pouringl
ibati
ons.
 Makingsacrificesandgi vi
ngof fer
ings.
 Nami ngchil
dr enafterthem.
 Prayi
ngtoGodt hr
ought hem.
 Addressi
ngt hem byt heirpropernamesandt i
tles.
 I
nv i
ti
ngthem t osoci alfunctionse.g.bi
rt
h,i
nit
iati
on,andmar
ri
age.
 Teachingchildrenaboutt hem.
 Buil
dingshri
nes.

Communi
cat
ing

 Humanbei
ngscommuni
cat
ewithspi
rit
sf oragoodorbadcause.
 Peopl
ecommunicat
ewi
tht
hespi
ri
tsthroughtherel
i
giousspeci
ali
stse.
g.t
he
di
vi
ner
sandmedi
ums.
 Therel
i
giousspecial
i
stsl
i
nkhumanbeingstotheli
vi
ngworld.
 Medi
umsanddi vi
nersmaybecomespi
ri
tpossessedthr
ough;

 Sitt
ingqui et
lyi
naplace.
 Singing.
 Danci ng.
 Clappi ngofhands.
 Fall
ingi nt
oat r
ance.Thepossessedper
sonl
oosesonessensesandbecomes
thespi ri
t’
sinst
rument
.

 Thespi
ri
tsspeakst
hrought
hemedi
um andr
eveal
sinf
ormat
iononi
ssuesl
i
ke
f
indi
ngl
ostpr
oper
ty.
miesi
nthesoci
ety

 Thespi
ri
tmaymakecer t
aindemandsontheli
vi
ng.
 Theymayadv
iceandgiveawar ni
ngonimpendi
ngdanger
.
 Theymaymakepromisesofblessi
ngt
oagi v
enfamil
yorclan.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
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 MrOr
iosa0743241064

NB:I
tist
hedut
yoft
hel
i
vingt
oabi
debywhatt
hespi
ri
tswant
s.

 Spi
rit
sthatpossessmedi umsar enotharmful
.
 Evi
lspir
it
scausehar mt othosetheyposses.
 Peoplecommuni catewi thspi
ri
tsthroughthefol
l
owingway
s;
o Th roughdi v
inati
on.
o Singi nganddanci ngtothem.
o Re citati
on/chant i
ngandi nvoki
ngthei
rnames.
o Byma kingsacr i
ficestothem.
o Bys ayingpr ayers.
o Byg ivi
ngof feri
ngs.
o Byg ivi
ngsacr ifi
ces.
o Th roughbur ni
ngi ncense.

AFRICANMORALANDCULTURALVALUES
(i
)Themeani
ngofl
i
feandi
tswhol
enessi
nthet
radi
ti
onal
Afr
icansoci
ety

 I
nTAS,Godist
hesour
ceoflife.
 Li
fei
sarhyt
hm whi
chrecycl
esitself
.
 Ther
ear
esever
aldi
mensionsofl i
fei.
e.

 Physicaldi
mensions.
 Socialdi
mension.
 Spi
ritual
dimension.
 Envi
ronment al
dimension.

 Physicaldi
mensionofli
feref
erst
ot hemater
ialst
ateofhumanbeings.
 Socialdi
mensionscomprisesofr
elati
onofli
vi
ngwi t
hother
sinacommuni ty
.
 Spi
ritual
dimensionsl
inkhumanbeingswithspi
rit
ualpowere.
g.God,spi
ri
ts
andAncest
ors.
 Env
ironment
aldi
mensi
onofl
i
fei
sther
elat
ionbet
weent
hephy
sical
env
ironment
andhumans.
 Li
fei
senhancedt
hroughobser
vanceofri
tual
s,t
aboosandregulat
ions.
 Li
fei
spromotedt
hroughtr
ansi
ti
onalst
agese.g.bi
rt
h,i
nit
iat
ion,
mar ri
ageand
deat
h.
 I
tisper
petuat
edthr
oughmarri
ageforthecont
inuat
ionoft
hecommunit
y.
 Deat
htransf
ormsanindi
vi
dualf
rom physi
call
i
fetothespi
ri
tual
one.

(
ii
).TheAfr
icanconceptofcommuni
tyandki
nshi
psy
stem
a)Meani
( ngofacommuni t
y

 Acommuni
tyi
sagr
oupofpeopl
eoccupy
ingonegeogr
aphi
cal
locat
ionand
gui
dedbycommonv
alues.
 AnAf ri
cancommuni
tyconsi
stsoft
heliv
ing,l
i
ving-deadandthey ett
obebor
n.
 Eachcommunityi
sgover
nedbyspecif
icrul
es,regulat
ionsandtradi
ti
ons.
 Surv
ivaloft
hecommunit
ydependsonGodandot herspir
it
ualpowers.

emmanuel
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 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 Acommuni t
ybeli
ev esthatiti
sGodwhocr eatedthef i
rsthumanbei ng.
 Godgav et hem aplacet osettl
einandresponsi bi
l
iti
est oful
fil
l.
 Leadershipisprovidedbyheadsoff amili
es,eldersandr eli
giousspecial
ists.
 Socialstruct
ureoft hecommuni tycomprisesf amil
yuni t
swhi chform aclan,and
severalclansmakeacommuni ty.
 Me mber sareexpect edtoshowconcernf oroneanot herandf osterthecommon
good.
 Thecommuni t
ypromot esasenseofbel ongingandi dentit
yforitsmember sthus
makingi ndivi
dual
sf eelsecure.

b)Af
( ri
canconceptofKi
nshi
p

 Ki
nshi
pref
erst
orel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenpeopl
ethr
oughbl
ood,
mar
ri
ageor
adoption.
 Kinshipti
esarestr
ongbondst hatexi
stamongcommuni t
ymembers.
 Th oserel
atedbybloodhavecommonancest ors.Theyfeelast
rongbond
towardseachotherbecausetheyareti
edbykinshi
pr el
ati
onshi
pstooneanot
her
.

I
mpor
tanceofki
nshi
pti
est
oTAS

1.Theydeterminehowmember srelatetooneanot her.

2.Theybondt ogethertheenti
relif
eofacommuni tyi
.e.theli
ving,t
hel
i
vingdead,
theunborn.
3.Theyassistthepeopl etol
ivetogetherinpeaceandhar mony .
4.Theyprovideasenseofsecur itytoall member satal lt
imes.
5.Theyregulat
emar i
talcust
oms, rul
esandr egul
at i
ons.
6.Theygiveani ndi
vidualadeepsenseofbel ongingi denti
ty.
7.Theyenablepeopl etofacehardshipt ogether.
8.Theysafeguar dt
hecommuni ti
es’traditi
onsandcust oms.
9.Theyenhanceuni tyamongcommuni tymember s.
10.
Theydeterminepuni shmentfortheof fenders.

FACTORSCONTRI
BUTI
NGTOHARMONYANDMUTUAL
RESPONSI
BILI
TYI
NTHEAFRI
CANCOMMUNI
TY

FACTORSCONTRI BUTI
NGTOHARMONYANDMUTUALRESPONSI
BILI
TYI
NTHE
AFRICANCOMMUNI TY
Theyinclude;
(i
)Polit
icalti
es.

 Powerandauthor
it
yisexerci
sedandsharedamongcl
anleader
sandelder
s.
 Thi
senhancesapeacefulco-
exi
stenceamongcommunit
ymember s.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

(
ii
)Communalowner
shi
pofpr
oper
ty.

 Landandot
herr
esour
cesar
eownedbycommuni
ty.

(
ii
i)Di
vi
sionofl
abour
.

 Doneaccordi
ngtoage,
genderandsoci
alst
atus.
 Ensur
esthatall
memberspart
ici
pat
eintheacti
vi
ti
esoft
hecommuni
ty.

(
iv)Communalwor
shi
p.

 Al
lmember
sar
etopr
ayandwor
shi
ptoget
heranddur
ingt
imesofcr
isi
se.
g.
whent her
eisadisaster
,epidemicorseri
oussickness,
peoplegathertooff
er
sacri
fi
cestoGodandancest or
s/spir
it
sinordertoappeasethem.
 Commonbel iefsaboutGodandspi r
it
sarepassedonf rom onegenerati
onto
anotherandarehelddearl
y.
 Me mbersofthecommuni tytrytol
iv
einhar monyandpeacewi t
ht hedepar
ted
andunborn.
 Everyacti
vi
tyinli
fehasareligi
ousdimension.

(
v)Mar
ri
age.

 Str
engthensandfost
erscl
osert
iesamongdi f
ferentf
amil
i
es.
 Exchangeofgif
tsisasi
gnoffri
endshi
p,acceptanceandmut
ual
responsi
bil
i
ty.

(
vi)Lei
sur
eact
ivi
ti
es.

 Peopl
ecomet oget
hertosing,
danceandbeenter
tained.
 I
nTACl ei
sur
eisintegr
atedwit
hotheract
ivi
ti
esal
thoughaft
erwor
k,peopl
erest
andshar ejokes.
 Intheev ening,menareentert
ainedbythey outh.
 Elderscor r
ecttheyout
haccor di
nglyandidentif
ytal
ent
samongperf
ormer
s.
 Beer-dr
inkingparti
esareformsofl ei
sur
eact i
viti
es.
 Duringleisureacti
vi
ti
espeoplediscussfami l
yandcommuni
tyaff
air
s.

(
vii
)Chi
ldr
en.

 Thebi
rt
hofchi
l
drencement
srel
ati
onshi
ps,
becausei
nsomecommuni
ti
es,
mar
ri
agei
snotcompl
etewi
thoutchi
l
dren.

(
vii
i)Ri
tesofpassage.

 Cer
emoni
esmar
kingbi
rt
h,nami
ngandi
nit
iat
ionandbr
ingf
ami
l
iesand
communi t
ymember
stoget
herandcr
eat
easour
ceofuni
tyandcol
l
ect
ive
responsi
bil
i
ty.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

(
ix)Obser
vat
ionoft
aboos.

 Gui
desi
ndi
vi
dual
sinmor
albehav
iourandmai
ntai
nsdi
sci
pli
neandhar
mony
.

(
x)Rul
esandr
egul
ati
ons.

 Rul
esdi
ctat
eandgov
ernt
her
olesanddut
iesofal
lmember
sint
hecommuni
ty
dependi
ngonage,
genderandsoci
alst
atus.
 Br
eaki
ngofr
ulesresul
tst
opunishment.
 El
der
smaint
ainlawandorderbyset
tl
ingdi
sput
esandr
emi
ndi
ngmember
sof
whati
sexpect
edoft
hem.

(
xi)Bel
iefofacommonancest
ry.

 Thi
spr
omot
esasenseofbr
other
hoodamongmember
soft
hecommuni
ty.

(
xii
)Shar
ing.

 Genui
neconcer
nforeachi
ndi
vi
dual
wit
hint
henucl
earandext
endedf
ami
l
yis
common.
 Cookingandeat ingisdoneathousehol
dlevelandallsharei
nfeasti
ngand
rej
oicinginsomecommuni t
ies.
 Marriagegi ft
ssuchasani malsandfoodstuf
fsaresharedamongr el
ati
vesofthe
bri
de’sf amily.
 Landi nT. A.
Ci scommunal l
yownedandi susedcoll
ectiv
elybymember sofa
giv
encl anorfami l
y.
 Peoplewor ktogetheronsuchlandandsharetheproceeds.
 Thiscr eatesastrongbondofuni t
yamongt hepeople.

(
xii
i)Soci
alnor
ms.

 PeoplegrowinT.A.C.knowingwhati sri
ghtandwrong.
 Rulesandregul
ationsareestabli
shedtogovernandregul
atepeople’
sbehav
ior
.
 Everyoneunder
standsthevirtuestheyshoul
dupholdi.
e.Fr
iendshi
p,l
ove,
honest
y,cour
age,
brav
ery
,compassi
onamongot
her
s.
 Peopl
ear
edi
scour
agedf
rom dev
elopi
ngv
icesi
.e.cheat
ing,
thef
t,sel
fi
shness,
gr
eedanddi
shonest
y.
 -Soci
alnor
mskeept
hecommuni
tyf
rom di
sint
egr
ati
ngandt
heypr
ovi
depeacet
o
t
hei
ndi
vi
dual
andsoci
ety
.

RI
TESOFPASSAGE

 Ar
eimpor
tantev
ent
sinaper
son’
sli
febegi
nni
ngf
rom concept
ionunt
ilaf
ter
death.
 Theyaremarkedbycel
ebr
ati
ons.
 Mo stoft
heceremoni
esar
ereli
giousandhav
ethef
oll
owi
ngcommon

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

char
act
eri
sti
cs;

1.Allofthem involvedsepar
ation/seclusi
on.I ndeathoneisf or
ev ersepar
ated
from thecommuni ty
.
2.Transiti
ons.Ani ndivi
dualundergoessomephy si
cal,soci
alandemot i
onal
changes.
3.Incorporat
ion.Onei sbroughtbackt othecommuni tyaf
terseclusionandisgiv
en
fullr
ightsi
nhis/ hernewstatus.Ani ndi
vidualbecomesanact ivepar t
ici
panti
n
thecommuni t
y .Indeathhe/sheisincorporatedi
nt hespir
itwor l
d.

Ri
tesofpassagear
e:

 Bi
rthandnami
ng
 I
nit
iat
ion
 Marri
age
 Death

BI
RTH
I
ntr
oduct
ion

 I
tisthe1ststageofli
fe;
thewholecommunityi
sinv
olvedi
ncl
udi
ngt
heancestor
s.
 Ha v
ingchil
drenisconsi
deredsoimpor
tantt
hatabarr
enwomanisdespi
sedand
madeanout cast .
 Fr
om thet imeofpr egnancy ,thereisr ejoicingint hecommuni t
y.Theexpect ant
motherisaccor dedal otofr espectandi sgi venspeci al t
reatmenti ncludi
ng;
1.Eat i
ngspeci alfoodandav oidingsomei .e.eggsandf attymeatwhi chmay
maket hebabyt oobighencecr eatingcompl i
cationsdur i
ngdel i
ver
y.
2.Ref rai
ni ngf rom heav ytaskse. g.spl i
tti
ngf i
rewood, carryi
ngheav yloads.
3.Ref rai
ni ngf rom sexual intercour sebecausepr egnancyi sbel i
evedtomake
thewomanr it
ual l
yunclean.
4.Av oidinghandl ingiront oolsint hehousef orf earthatsucht oolsmay
causei njury.
5.Notspeaki ngt oherhusbanddi r ectl
ybutcanonl ydosot hr
oughan
intermedi ary.
6.Ret urningt oherhomet ogiv ebir t
ht hereandcomi ngbackaf t
erweani ng
herbaby .
7.Themot hercar ri
espr otecti
v echar mst opr ot
ectherf rom peoplewithevil
eyesandbadomensuchassor cerer s.
8.Themi dwi vesassi stthewomani ndel i
veryandt hesexoft hebabyi s
announcedi .
e.4ul ulati
onsf oraboyand3f oragi r
l.

Ri
tualsobser
vedaf
terchi
l
dbi
rt
h
I
ntroduct
ion

 Thechil
dbel
ongedt
ot hecommuni t
y.
 Thebir
thoft
hebabyiswitnessedbytheel
der
lywomenwhoactasmi
dwi
ves.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
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.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 Menar
enotal
lowedt ogoneart
hedeli
verypl
ace.
 Whent
hebabyarr
ives,i
tssexi
sannouncedbyshout
s/ul
ulat
ions.

Theri
tual
sobserveddur
ingchil
dbir
thar
e:
i
.Theplacent
aandtheumbil
icalcor
daredi
sposedof
fcer
emoni
ousl
y.i
.e.

1.Thrownintoarunningstream/ri
ver
2.Dri
edupandkeptf orrit
ualsperfor
medlater
3.Caref
ull
yburiednearthehomest eadori
nuncult
ivatedf
iel
d/shambawi
th
bananas/cer
eals.
4.Hunginthehouset osymbol i
zethecont
inui
tyofl
ife.

I
tshoul
dbenotedt
hatthesecer
emoni
esar
eobser
vedsot
hatt
hewombmayr
emai
n
f
ert
il
e/toensur
econt
inuit
yofli
fe.

1.Apur if
icati
on/ cleansingr i
tualisdoneont hemot herandt hechi ldbyamedi cine
man/ divi
nert opr eparethemot herforthebi rt
hoft henextchi l
di ncl
uding
ri
tuali
sticwashi ng.
2.Protectiveri
tes, performedbyt helocalmedi cineper son.Theyar emeantt o
protectthechi ldf r
om ev i
lsi.e.magic,mal i
ciousspi ri
ts,sorcery ,
witchcraf
tand
evileyes.
3.Thebabyi scommi t
tedtoGodf orpr
otectionandt obr i
nggoodf ortune.Anobj ect
i
st i
edr oundt heneck, waist,orwr i
stasaphy sicalsignoft hecer emony .
4.Thanksgi vi
ngcer emonyper formedtoshowgr ati
tudet oGodf orthesaf earr
ival
ofthebaby .
5.Prayersof f
eredf orcontinuedbl essi
ngsf orbot hthemot herandchi ld
6.Thebaby ’
shai risshav edaf tersomet i
measasi gnofpur i
fi
cat i
onandnewness.
Whennewhai rgr owsi twillsignif
yanewphaseofl i
fef orthebaby .
7.Mot her’
shai rwasal soshav edt oshowt hatshehascastof fthatpregnancy.New
hairsymbol i
zesnewl if
e.
8.Insomecommuni ti
esthemot herandt hebabyar esecl udedf rom therestofthe
communi ty,
soast ogivet hemot herti
met orest.
9.Thewhol ecommuni tycelebratesthisri
teofpassagebyr ej
oicing,singi
ng,
dancingandbr inginggi f
tst othemot herandt hechi ld.

Thei
mpor
tanceofr
it
ual
sper
for
meddur
inganami
ngcer
emonyi
nTr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
ca
Communi
ti
es

1.Bathingoft hechildsetsinthebeginni
ngofanewl if
e.
2.Shav i
ngoft hemot herandbaby ’shai
rsy mboli
zesanewst atus.
3.Choosi ngofanappr opri
atenamet ogiv
et othebabyisforident
if
icati
on/
incorporati
oni nt
ot hewidercommuni t
y.
4. Feedingoft hebabysy molizesanewl i
fe/growth.
5.Holdingoft hebabybymember softhecommuni t
yshowsconcer nforit/shared
responsibil
ity.
6.Say i
ngpr ayers/wor dsofblessi
ngsforthemot herandbabysigni
fieslonglif
e.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

7.Slaughteri
ngofananimalsigni
fi
est hanksgiv
ing.
8.Feasti
ngi sasignofofj
oy/sociali
sm/wel comingthebaby.
9.Givi
ngpr esent
stothebabyandmot herisasignofgoodwil
l
.
10.
Wear i
ngofchar mssi
gnif
iesprotect
iontot hebabyandthemot
her
.

NAMING
Thesi
gni
fi
canceofnami
ngi
ncl
udes:

1.Givesthenewbor nbabyani denti

ty.
2.Indi
catesthatt hechi ldisanaccept edsocietymember .
3.Throughnami ng, theyshowgr ati
tudet oGod.
4.Reflect
spar toft heper sonali
tyofthechild.
5.Nami ngchildrenaf t
erthedepar t
edr el
ati
vesappeasest hespiri
ts.
6.Thenamecanr efl
ectar emembr anceofacer t
aineventthatwasmemorabl
eat
thetimeofbi rth.
7.Nami ngcust omsdi ff
erfrom onecommuni tytoanother.Somenamesare
chosenbef orebi rthothersaregiveni mmediatelyt
heyar eborn,ot
her
sar
e
namedaf teraf ewday s.
8.Somet i
meschi ldrenar egiv
enmor enamesast heygrow.

Hownamesar
egi
vent
ochi
l
dreni
nT.
A.S

1.Chi
l
drenar
enamedaf
terr
elat
ives,
e.g.

 Gr
andparent
s
 Uncl
es
 Aunt
ies

1.Accordingt othetimeofday ,season, andpl

ace.
2.Namedaf tergreatleader sandher oes.
3.Aft
erimpor t
anthistoricalevents.
4.Animal names.
5.Namest hatrevealphy sicalf
eatures.
6.Reli
giousnamesi .e.namesofGod.
7.Refl
ectt hediffi
cultti
met hemot herexperi
encedinl
abor
.
8.Namest hatrevealinternalquali
tiesofachil
d.
9.Genderoft hechi l
d.
10.
Parent’
schoi ce.
11.
Twinshadspeci alnames.
12.
1stbornchi l
doft hef ami l
ycouldhav easpecial
.

CHANGI
NGATTI
TUDETOBI
RTHANDNAMI
NG

 I
tisnolongeracommunal af
fai
r.
 Thesexofthechil
disno-
longerannouncedbyul
ulat
ions.
 Therol
eofami dwif
eisno-l
ongerimportant
.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
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.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 Thepregnantmot herisno- l
ongersecluded.
 Somer i
tualsareno-longerperformede. g.pur
if
yingri
tual
s.
 Shav
ingr i
tualsarenol ongerpracti
ced.
 Weari
ngpr otecti
vechar msisnol ongeracommonpr acti
ce.
 Somenami ngpatter
s/model sarenol ongeradheredto.
 Theatti
tudetowar dsthesexoft hechildisnolongerthesame/
discr
imi
nat
ive.

Met
odsusedt
osol
vet
hepr
obl
em ofchi
ldl
essnessi
nT.
A.C

1.Offeringsacri
ficestoancestorst oappeaset hem.
2.Seekingt heservicesofadivinertofindoutt hecausesandoffersol
uti
ons.
3.Mar ryinganotherwife.
4.Pray i
ngf orGodt orever
sethesi tuat
ion.
5.All
owi ngt hewomant ogetchildr
enwi thar el
ati
veofthehusbandiftheprobl
em
i
swi t
hhi m.
6.Thecoupl emayadoptchi l
dren.
7.Childrenmaybegi venasagi fttoachi l
dlesscouplebyrel
ati
ves.

Roleofbi rt
hinnami ngandi nculcat i
ngmor alval
ues(virt
ues)
Respect : Themot herisrespect ed.Thet r
adi t
ionsarerespectedt hr
oughperfor
mi ng
ri
tuals.
Love:Thr oughtheaccept anceoft hebaby .Thepar entsrespecteachot her.
Car eandmut ualresponsi bil
it
y:Themot herandt hebabyar ecar edfor.Theparent
s
hav ear esponsibil
itytotakingcar eoft henewbor n.
Obedi ence:Tot hecommuni t
y’straditi
ons.
Har mony :I
srestoredbet weencommuni tymember si.
e.joi
ningt heli
vingandthenon-
l
ivingthr oughnami ng.
Unity:Thepeopl ecomet ogethert ocelebratethebirt
hofanewchi l
d.
Pat r
ioti
sm:Thepeopl enamet heirchil
drenaf tercommuni tyheroes.
I
NI TIATION

 I
tmainlymar ksthet
ransit
ionfr
om chil
dhood–adul
thood.
 I
tpreparessomeonet ofaceadult
hoodandgainski
l
ls.
 Thedif
ferentfor
msofi ni
ti
ati
on are:

 Circumcisi
on.
 Remov alofteeth.
 Tattooi
ng.
 Pierci
ngthechinandear
s.
 Cli
tori
dectomy .

COMMONRI
TUALSPERFORMEDDURI
NG I
NITI
ATI
ON

1.Offer
ingsacr
ifi
cest
oancestor
stoappeaset
hem andbl
esst
hei
nit
iat
es.
2.Bloodwaslefttodr
ainont
hegroundasaconnecti
onbet
weent
heini
ti
atesand
ancestor
s.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

3.Secl
usi
oni
sdonedur
ingi
nit
iat
ionf
orsev
eral
reasonst
hati
ncl
ude;

1.Tor
ecei
veeducat
ionon;

 Humansexual
it
y .
 Thecommunit
y’ssecret
s.
 Ski
ll
sandknowledge.

1.Forheali
ng.
2.Togi v
etimeforbondi
ngtoget
her.
3.Tobewel lf
ed.
4.Givetimetoal
lowprepar
ati
onforcel
ebr
ati
onst
owel
comet
hem backt
othe
societ
y.

1.Si
ngi
nganddanci
ngi
sdonedur
ingi
nit
iat
ionf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngpur
poses:

 Celebratet
heoccasion.
 Encouragethem.
 Asanactofwor shi
p.
 Expresssoli
darit
y.
 Praisetheheroes.
 Mockt hecowar ds.

1.Gi
ft
sandpresent
sweregivenasasi
gnofappr
eci
ati
onandcongr
atul
ati
on.
2.Washi
ngandshavingwasdonesoasto:

 Shedof
fthefor
merstat
us.
 Cl
eansethei
nit
iat
es.

1.Gi
vi
ngnamesandwear
ingnewcl
othes.

SI
GNI
FICANCEOFI
NITI
ATI
ONRI
TES

1.Tomaket hem ful

lmember sofacommuni t
y .
2.I
ntroduceindi
vi
dualstothecommuni t
ysecretsandtradi
tions.
3.Forthem t
oacquirenewl i
festat
usi.
e.adul
ts.
4.Togivethem anopportuni
tytoaccesshi
ghr esponsi
bil
it
iesinl
ifee.
g.

 Becomeclanwar
ri
ors.
 Beall
owedtomarry.
 All
owedtoownproperty
.
 Assumesomeleadershi
ppost
s.

1.Trai
ntheinit
iat
estoacqui
reimport
antvi
rtuesofcour
ageandendur
ance.
2.Tobel i
nkedwitht
heancestorst
hroughsheddi
ngofblood.
3.Fortheunit
yofcommuni t
ymember s.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

4.Pr
ayersandsacr
if
icesoffer
edareactsofworshi
p.
5.I
tisagate-
waytomar r
iage.
6.Cr
eatesabondofunityandfri
endshi
pbetweenagemat
eswhi
chi
sli
fel
ong.

-
Thet
hreest
agest
heyunder
goar
e:

 Separat
ion
 Secl
usion
 I
ncorporat
ion

Ther
easonsforsi
ngi
nganddanci
ngdur
ingi
nit
iat
ioncer
emoni
esi
nTr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
can
Communit
ies

1.Thesongsi nformt hepar t

ici
pant softhehi stor yoft hecommuni ty
/pr eser
v i
ng
culture/impor t
anceofi nit
iati
on.
2.Theypr ov
ideanoppor t
unityf orthemember st osoci ali
se/wel comeancest ors.
3.Itdivertsthei ni
tiates’mi ndsf rom theimpendi ngpai n.
4.Thesongst eacht hei nit
iatesi mportantmor al values.
5.Thesongseducat et hepar ti
cipantsofgenderr ol
es/r el
ationships.
6.Throughsi nginganddanci ngmember sexerciset heirbodies.
7.Thesongsencour aget hei ni
tiatestofacet hechal lenge/r ebukecowar di
ce.
8.Itexposest hosewi t
hl eadershi pquali
ties/skills/t al
ent s/singers.
9.Theyar eusedt omar kthev ariousstagesoft hei niti
ationcer emoni es.
10.
Iti
saf orm ofpr ayerf orthei niti
ates/driveawayev i
lspiri
ts/invokingspiri
ts.
11.
Singinganddanci ngi saf orm ofent ert
ainment .

ROLEOFI NITI
ATI
ONI
NINCULCATI
NGMORALVALUES
(i
)Respect.

 Thei
nit
iat
esgai
nrespectandt
heyar
eal
soexpect
edt
oshowr
espectt
othe
communi
tymember
s.

(
ii
)Loy
alt
y.

 Devel
opedthr
oughtheinit
iat
eskeepi
ngthecommuni
tysecr
ets.
 Thr
oughtheini
ti
atesbecomingclanwar
ri
ors.

(
ii
i)Endur
anceandcour
age.

 Devel
opeddur
ingpai
nbear
ing,
tol
eranceandper
sev
erance.

(
iv)Shar
ing.

 Thr
oughshar
ingi
deas,
foodandr
esour
cesdur
ingsecl
usi
on.

(
v)Chast
it
y.

emmanuel
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 MrOr
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 Thr
ought
hesexeducati
ontheyget.
 Femal
ecutt
oreducesexualdesi
rei
nwomen.

(
vi)Sel
fcont
rol
.

 Thr
oughbei
ngtaughtagai
nstunheal
thysexualr
elat
ions.
 Thr
oughpai
nbeari
ng,endurance,
tol
eranceandpersever
ance.

(
vii
)Sol
i
dar
it
y/uni
ty.

 Thecommuni
tycomet ogethert
osi
nganddance.
 Theycomet
ogethert
opr eparet
hecel
ebrati
on.
 Theycomet
ogethert
owel comebacktheini
tiat
est
othecommuni
ty.

Way
sinwhi
chi
nit
iat
ionr
it
eshav
echangedt
oday

1.Someiniti
ationr i
teshav ebeenabandoned, e.g.remov alofteethand
2.Theri
tesarel essel aborate.
3.Somecommuni ti
eshav eadopt edini
ti
ati
onr it
esf r
om others.
4.Theti
mesf ori nti
ationhav ebeenshi ptedduet oformal education.
5.Manyprefert ogof orcircumci sioninhospital
s.
6.Theageofi niti
ati
onhasshi ft
edf r
om adolescenttoy oungchildren.
7.I
tiscarr
iedoutatf amilylev elandnotcommunal l
evelinmostcases.
8.Femalegenital mutilat
ion( F.G.M)hasbeenout lawed.

MARRI
AGE

 I
tT.
A.C,
mar
ri
agei
slookeduponassacr
edandor
dai
nedbyGod.
-I
tisa
requi
rementandanobl
i
gat
ionf
orev
erynor
mal
per
sont
ogetmar
ri
edandhav
e
chil
dren

I
mpor
tanceofmar
ri
age:

 Cr
eat
esnewr
elat
ionshi
pbondswhent
wof
ami
l
iescomet
oget
herandsoex
pand
kinshipt i
es.
 Promot essocial statusofthosei nvolved.
 Sour ceofweal thduet odowr ypay mentmadebyt hewi fe’
sfami ly.
 Meet i
ngpoi ntoft hedepar t
ed,thel i
vingandt heyett obebor n.
 Religiousobl i
gationt hroughwhi chhumanl i
feispreser ved,
pr opagatedand
per petuatedsincei tissacred.
 Promot esimmor tali
tybecausepar ent sareremember edbythei rchi
ldr
enwhen
theydi e.Theyper petuatethenameoft hefami l
y.
 Givesi denti
ty,asenseofbel ongi ngandcompl et
eness.
 Allowst heindividualst ohavesex.
 Givesmenandwomennewr ol
esandr esponsibi
li
ties.
 Itisinmar r
iagethatchi ldr
enarebor nintothecommuni ty.

emmanuel
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 MrOr
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 Communalaff
airt
hatbr
ingspeopletowor
kandfeastt
oget
her.
 Pr
ovi
dessecuri
tyt
oparentsespeci
all
yint
hei
rol
dagewhent hei
rchi
l
drent
ake
car
eoft
hem andi
nher
itt
hei
rweal
th.

MORALVALUESI
NCULCATEDBYMARRI
AGE

 Cr
eat
esr
espectandconf
idencesi
ncei
tpr
omot
est
hesoci
alst
atusoft
hose
i
nvol
ved.
 Pr
omot
esco-
oper
ati
onwhent
wof
ami
l
iescomet
oget
hert
ohel
psust
aini
t.
-
Promot eshospi t
alit
yandshar ingwhent hefami l
i
esv i
siteachot her,sharef ood,
servi
ces andbr ideweal t
h.
 Bri
ngst ogetherthel ivi
ng, t
hedepar t
edandt heunbor nencour agingunity.
 Whenchi ldrenarenamedaf t
erancest or
sandt hedepar ted,loyal
tyand
obediencei spr omot ed.
 Iti
scompul sor
yf oral lwhichcr eatesobedience.
 Promot eschast i
tysincesexi sonl yal
lowedi nmar riage.
 Encour agessel fcont rolbecauseadul teryi
sf orbi
ddenandcoupl eshav etof ol
low
allt
her ulesofmar riage.
 Mar r
iagecomeswi t
hnewr ol
esanddut i
est huspromot i
ngr esponsibil
it
y .
 Thosedi shonestinmar ri
agear epuni shed;thishelpst oinsti
llhonesty,integr i
ty
andf ait
hf ul
ness.
 Thef ir
stdut yispr ocreationwhi chcallsforloveint heupbr i
ngingoft hechi l
dr en.
 Allhaver olestopl ay .Thiscallsf orhandwor ksothathar monyi smai nt
ained.

DEATH
-Thel
astr
it
eofpassage.
-I
nmanyAfri
cancommuniti
es,
iti
ssai
dtobecausedby
:

 Wi
tchcr
aft -Sor
cer
y

 Cur ses -Evi

lmagi c
 Diseases -Evi
lspirit
s
 Oldage -Br
eakingoft aboos/bi
ndingoaths
 Deat hisfearedandr esented.Thedeadcont i
nuetobepar toft hefamil
yand
theyar eremember edt hroughnami ngofchil
drenaftert
hem.
 Th eimpor tanceofthef uneralr
it
eisdeterminedbythest at
us, sexandtheageof
theper sonbei ngburi
ede. g.
 Yo ungchildrenandunmar ri
edpeopl ear
esimpl eandattendedbyf ewpeople
 Forl eaders,theri
chandher oesi
nt hecommuni tyi
twill
beel aborateand
attendedbymanypeopl e.

 Nor
mal
dut
iesar
edi
srupt
edont
hebur
ial
daysoast
oal
l
owmanypeopl
eto
at
tendsuchf
uner
als.

DEATHRI
TESI
NAFRI
CANTRADI
TIONALSOCI
ETY(
A.T.
S)

emmanuel
ori
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 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 I
nsomecommuni
ti
es,
thecor
psei
swashedusi
ngwat
erandher
bal
medi
cinei
n
or
dert
opr
eser
veandsendi
tcl
eant
othespi
ri
twor
ld.
 I
nsomecommuni
ti
es,
thedeadar
ebur
iedwi
tht
hei
rbel
ongi
nge.
g.f
ood,
ani
mal
s,
bows, arrows.Theybel iev et hatt hedeadwi l
lneedt hoset hingsi nthespi ri
t
wor l
d.
 Pregnantwomenandchi ldrenar enotal l
owedt ot ouchorcomei nclosecont act
witht hecor psesot hatmi sfor t
unesdonotbef all t
hem.
 -Thedeadar ebur iedi nacar ef ull
ysel ectedpl acei nt heancest rallandsot hatt he
spiri
t scont inuet obecl oset ot hef ami ly.
 Thebodyi scar efullypl acedi nt hegr av ef acinganappr opriatedi r
ection
accor di ngt ot hecust omsoft hepeopl e.
 Insomecommuni ti
est hebodi esar epr oper lydr essedbef oredisposal whi l
e
other se. g.amongt heAbagusi i t
hedeadar ebur iednakedi nthebel ieft hatthey
willber ebor ni nt hespi ri
twor l
d.
 -Thegr av ei srespect edbybei ngpr ot ectedandmadeaf ami l
yshr inepar t
icularl
y
i
ncaseswher et hedeadwer et heheadoft hef ami l
y.Peopl eav oi
dwal kingov er
thegr av e.
 -Bef or eanddur i
ngbur i
al, t
hemember soft hef ami lyandal lrelativ
esent era
per i
odofmour ning.Nor mal act ivi
ti
esar et empor ari
lyhal t
edi nsome
communi t
iest hisper i
odi smar kedbypeopl esmear ingt heirbodi eswi thwhi te
clay; ot hersst opwashi ngt hei rbodi es, stopeat i
ngorr efrainfrom sexual
i
nt ercour se.
 Dur i
ngt hisper iodt her ei ssingi nganddanci ngofmour ningsongsasawayof
expr essi ngsor rowandsendi ngof ft hedepar tedt othenextwor l
d.
 Insomecommuni ti
est her eisf easti
ngandbeerdr i
nki ng.
 Afterbur i
al,closer elat i
vesshav etheirhai rasasi gnt hatoneoft heirmember s
hasbeensepar atedf rom t hem andf orcl eansi ngi mpur i
ti
es.Thenewhai rgrown
showst hatlifecont inuesaf terdeat h.
 Sacr ifi
cesar eof feredt oint r
oducet hedeceasedt othespi ri
twor l
d.
 Mostcommuni ti
espourl ibat iont othei rdeadancest or s.
 Insomecommuni ti
esasy mbol icfir
ei slitneart hegr av eandt hegr av eyardis
guar dedbyt hemour ner s.
 Awi dow’ sinher itancei sdi videdbyt hehusband’ ski nsman.

ROLEOFDEATHI
NCREATI
NGMORALVALUES

1.Creat esco-operationsi ncethewhol ecommuni tyisinv olved.

2.Allmour ner
sar egiv enf oodsuppl iedbythef amilyoft hedeceasedorout siders
alsohel pinprov i
dingandpr omot inghospitalit
yandshar i
ng.
3.Africansar ecareful tof ol
lowal lthefuneralritessoast opromot eobedience.
4.Insomecommuni ties, theaffectedarenotsupposedt oi ndulgei
nsexual
i
nt ercourseencour agi ngchast it
yandsel fcont r
ol.
5.Member softhedeceasedmour nandhav et ocomet ot ermswi t
ht hei
rgrief
promot i
ngper severance.
6.Byf ollowingallthewi shesoft hedeadper son, deathencour agesrespect.
7.Thedeadbodyi scar efull
ydisposedoft oav oidanyhaunt i
ngandt hegravei s

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respectedpromotingrespect
.
8.Whent hesocietytakescareoft
hewi dowsandorphans,
theyshowlov
e.
9.Childr
en,pregnantwomenandwi tchesarenotal
l
owedneart hecor
pseandt
his
showsr esponsibi
l
ity.

Reasonswhydeat
hisf
ear
edi
nTr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
canCommuni
ti
es

1.Itdi
sruptsther hy thm ofhumanact ivi
ty/lif
e.
2.Iti
sirrevocable/i nescababl e.
3.Itbri
ngsi mpurityt othef ami ly.
4.Itdepriv
est hecommuni t
yofmember s.
5.Iti
nvolvestoomanyr i
tuals.
6.Itcomesunannounced.
7.Seperatesonef r om thel ovedones/endofl i
feonear
th.
8.Nobodyknowsaboutt heaft erli
fe.
9.Itmaycausemi sunder standi nginthecommuni ty.
10.
Deathr i
tesreveal people’schar act
eri
stics.
11.
Itmaybr ingpov er tyt
ot hefami l
y.

Practicesi nT. A.Ct hatshowt heirbeliefinlifeafterdeath

i
.Nami ngchi l
drenaf terthedead.
i
i.Invoki ngthenamesoft hedeaddur ingpr oblems./invi
ti
ngthem toimportant
occasi ons.
i
ii
.Bur ryingt hedeadwi t
hsomepr operty.
i
v.Of feringsacr if
icest othedead.
v.Pour inglibationt othel i
v i
ng-dead.
vi
.Taki ngcar eoft heirgrav eyards.
vi
i.Fulfill
ingt hewi shes/wi llofthedead/car ry i
ngoutthedemandsoft hedead.
vi
ii.Talkingoft hedeadashav i
nggonef orawal k.
i
x.Washi ngthedeadbody /oili
ng/gi vingadescentbur i
altothedead.
x.Holdi ngcommemor ati
oncer emoni es.
xi.Bur ryingthedeadi napar ticularposition/di r
ecti
on/inancestr
alland.
THEROLEOFRELI GIOUSSPECI ALISTSI NAFRI CANCOMMUNI TIESANDTHEI R
RELEVANCETODAY
Ther eligiousspeci ali
st sinclude:

1.Medi cinepeopl
e.
2.Medi ums.
3.Diviners.
4.Priests.
5.Rainmaker s.
6.Prophet s.
7.Seer s.
8.Blacksmi t
hs.
9.El
der s.

emmanuel
ori
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 MrOr
iosa0743241064

Howt heReligiousspeci
ali
stsacqui
ret
heirski
ll
s
Thereli
giousspecial
ist
sacquir
ethei
rski
ll
sthrought
hef
oll
owi
ngway
sdependi
ngon
thei
rspecial
izati
on:

1.I
nherit
ance.
2.Apprenti
ceshi
p.
3.Dreamsandv isi
ons.
4.Beingpossessedbyt hespi
ri
ts.
5.Receivi
ngacal l
from God/ancestor
s.
6.Observati
onofthewor kofotherspeci
ali
sts.

(a)Medi
cinepeopl
e
Theyarealsoknownasheal
ers,
herbali
sts,
tradi
ti
onal
doct
ors.
Theyper
formthefol
lowi
ngfunct
ions;

 I
dent i
fyil
l
nessandt hei rcauses.
 I
dent i
fyappr opri
atetreat mentandpr ev
ent i
onmeasuresfortheil
lnesses.
 Theyav erttheeffectsofacur se.
 Offersacrif
icesandpr ay er
stoGodandancest or
s.
 Preparechar msf orprot ecti
onagainstwitchcr
aftandevi
lspiri
ts.
 Givemedi ci
net oincreasef er
ti
li
tyi
nbot hpeopleandanimals.
 Actascounsel or
s,guidi ngpeopleonallissuesofli
fe.

Rel
evancei
nmoder
nsoci
ety

1.Medical doctor
sandsci entif
icresearcher
st odaywor ksidebysidewi t
h
tr
adit
ional heal
erstoall
ev i
atehumansuf fer
ing.Her bsareusedt omakemoder n
medicine.
2.Somepeopl estil
lbel
i
evet hattherearesomei l
lnessesthatcannotbet r
eatedi
n
hospi
talshencet urntoherbalists.
3.Somepeopl ealsobeli
evet hatmedicinepeopl ewhopr acti
cemagi chavethe
powert ochanget hei
rfatee.g.theyar econsultedtoinfl
uencepolit
icalf
ort
unes,
l
egalmat t
ersandenhanceacademi cperfor
mance.

b)Medi
( ums

 Arepeoplethoughwhospi ri
tsandancestor
scommuni catedwi t
htheli
vi
ng.
 Theygiv
et hecause,natureandtr
eatmentofadiseaseormi sfort
une.
 Theyrevealmessagesf r
om thespi
ri
twor l
donbehalfoftheliv
ing.
 Theygiv
ei nf
ormationconcerni
nglostart
icl
esorthef
t.Theyonl yactedwhen
theywerespiri
tpossessed.

Rel
evancet
oday

1.ArenotcommoninKeny
at odaybutt
heyar
eintheWestAfr
icancount
ri
es.
2.Ther
earepeopl
ewhosti
llbeli
evei
nthemessagesr
eveal
edthroughmediums.

emmanuel
ori
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 MrOr
iosa0743241064

Howev
er,
thei
rrol
ehasbeener
odedbyt
hei
nfl
uenceofChr
ist
iani
ty.

c)Di
( vi
ner
s

 Arepeopl ewhor evealsecreti nfor mationfrom thepastort hefuture.

 -Gettheirpowert hr
oughi nher i
tanceordi v
inecal ling.
 Theusedi v
inati
onobjects, commonsenseandi nsight.
 Unveilmy ster
iesbyinterpretingt heinformat i
onr eceivedfrom thespi ri
ts.
 Helpthesoci etytosolveissuest hatar edif
ficultf orthem tounder stand.
 Thedot hewor kofcounsel ors,judges, advisers,comf ort
ers,assurersduring
cri
ses.
 Theyal soplaytheroleofpr iests, seersandf ortunet eller
s.
 Divi
nersar estil
lconsult
edi nKeny atodaypar t
icul arl
ydur i
ngmoment sofcri
ses.
 -They,howev er,f
acemanychal l
enges:

 Di
vinat
ioni
scondemnedintheBible(Deuteronomy18:10–11)
 Sci
enceandtechnol
ogyhav
ef ur
therdiminishedthei
rimpor
tancesi
ncemany
my
ster
iescanbeexpl
ainedt
hroughsci
enceandt
echnol
ogy
.

d)Rai
( nmaker
s

 Ar
ehi ghlyrespect
ed.
 Gettheirpowerthroughsuper
natur
alendowmentandappr
enti
ceship.
 Theyobser vethebehavi
orofpl
ants,i
nsect
sandanimal
s.Theystudythesky
,
st
ars,moon,clouds,windmov ementandtheirbodysensestopredictweat
her
.
 Theyusesacredobj ectsinrai
nmaking.
 TheyactasintermediariesbetweenGod,thespiri
tsandhumanbei ngs.
 TheybeseechGodei t
hertobringrainwhenthereisadroughtortostoprai
n
whentherearef l
oods.
 Somer ai
nmaker spracti
ceasdi vi
ners,
medicinepeople,
medium andpr i
est
s.
 Theygiveoff
eringsandsacr if
icestoGodandpr ayonbehalfofthepeople.

Funct
ionsofRai
nmaker
s

1.Theyperformr it
ualstocauser ai
n.
2.Havetheabi li
tytostopdestructi
verain.
3.Theypredictweat hercondit
ionsbystudy i
ngtheski
esandbehaviourofpl
ant
s
andanimal s.
4.Theypresideov errel
igi
ousf unct
ions.
5.Theyadviset hecommuni t
yonbot hreli
giousandsoci
ali
ssues.
6.Theygivebl essi
ngst othemember soft hecommunity
.
7.Theymedi atebetweenpeopl eandGod.

Rel
evancet
oday
:

1.Rai
nmaker
sar
eof
tenengageddur
ingpubl
i
cgat
her
ingsandot
herbi
gev
ent
sto

emmanuel
ori
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iosa0743241064

del
aytherai
nuntilt
heev enti
sover.
2.Chri
sti
ani
tyhaserodedpeople’
sbeli
eveinrai
nmaker
s.
3.Chri
sti
ansbel
ievethatonlyGodisabl
etoresolv
eadif
ficul
tsi
tuat
ion.
4.Meteorol
ogi
caldepart
ment snowgivei
nfor
mat i
onontheweatherandseasonal
changes.

e)Pr
( iest
s

 Perfor
mr el
igiousdut ies.Theyei theri
nheritt heposi ti
onorr eceiveadi vi
necall.
 Offersacrif
icesandof f
er i
ngsandpr esi
deov erritualsandpr ayers.
 Takecar eofr eligi
ouspl acesi .
e.shri
nes.
 Theyactasj udges, adviser sandexper tsint radit
ionalrit
ualsandr ul
es.
 Theypourl i
bat ion,offerpr ay er
sofpet i
ti
on, repent anceandt hanksgi vi
ngt oGod.
 Theyintercedef orhumanbei ngsbeforeGod, t
hespi ri
tsandt heancest ors.
 Theyaremadet obei nchar geofroyalgrav es.
 Theyinstallkingsandchi efs.
 Theysy mbol izeGod’ spr esencei ntheAf ri
cansoci ety.
 Theyactasguar diansofcommuni t
yknowl edge, taboos, r
eli
gionandor alhist
ory.
 Somet i
mest heyper formr ainmakingcer emoni esandconductf erti
li
tyfesti
val
s.
 Theydr i
veawaywi tches, appeasespi ri
ts,reversecur sesandpr otectpeoplefrom
dangerandhar m.

Rel
evancet
oday
:

1.Theirroleshasbeendi mini
shedbysev eral i
nfl
uencese.g.Chri
sti
anit
yandformal
education.
2.Afri
canpr iest
snol ongerpl
aymaj orr
eligi
ousr olesinthecommuni t
y.Their
duti
eshav ebeenr epl
acedbythoseofr el
igiousleadersi
.e.bi
shops,past
orsand
pri
estsinChr isti
an chur ches.
3.Tradit
ional pr
iestsaresometi
mesi nv
itedf ornational
publi
cfuncti
onstooffer
prayers.

(
f)Pr
ophet
s/seer
s

 Pr
ophetsareal
soref
err
edtoasseers.
 Apropheti
sapersonwhocanfor
etell
thef
utur
ebyr
eveal
i
ngv
isi
ons,
dreamsor
messagesf
rom God.
 Theyfor
etel
li
nvasi
onsi.
e.war,
droughtorepidemics.
 TheycommunicateGod’
smessaget othecommuni tyandpredictt
hewi l
lofGod.
 Pr
ophetsoft
enplayther
oleofpoli
ti
calleader
s,di
viner
s,r
it
ualleaders,
medi ums
andl
egal
andmor
aladv
iser
stot
hecommuni
ty.
 Theyperformr
eli
giousduti
eswhi
chwerebeyondpri
est
sandmedi ci
nepeopl
e.
 Theyreceiv
emessagesfrom t
heancest
orsandthespi
ri
tst
hroughdreamsand
spi
ri
tpossessi
on.
 Theycar
ryoutcl
eansi
ngrit
uals.
 Theyadvi
sepeopl
eonr el
i
giousmat
ter
s.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 Theyprayt
oGodonbehal fofthepeople.
 Theyactasjudgesandpresi
deoverdisput
es.
 Theyareguardi
ansofthecommunity’
scustomsandt
radi
ti
ons.
 Theyactasthespokesmenofthei
rcommuni t
ies.

Rel
evancet
oday

1.Peoplestil
lconsultprophetsbeforemakingimport
antdecisi
ons.
2.Todaypeopl eprophesyi nchurchesorChri
sti
anfel
lowshipst
hroughthe
i
nspirati
onoftheHol ySpir
it
.
3.Manypeopl etaket heirr
eli
giousleader
sasprophetsbecausetheyactast
he
conscienceofthesoci etytotel
lthepeopl
ewhatGodexpect sfrom t
hem.

g)El
( der
s

 Areseni ormember softhecommuni ty.

 Inchar geoff amili
es,v
ill
agesandcl ans.
 Arepeopl ewhoar emor al
lyupri
ght.
 Theyset t
ledisputesi
nt hecommuni t
y.
 Theyar ecust odiansofthecommuni t
ypr opertyanddeci dehowi twoul dbe
shared.
 Theyar ecust odiansofthetradi
ti
onal values,customsandhi st
oryoft hepeople.
 Theyof f
erguidanceandcounsel ingtot hemember softhecommuni t
y .
 Eldersconsol ethecommuni t
yint i
mesofdi str
essi.e.war,famineandot her
calami t
ies.
 Theyar econsul tedbytheindivi
dualsbef oremaki ngfamili
esdecisions.
 Theyst ipulat
et herul
esandr egulati
onst obef oll
owedf orthemai ntenanceof
l
awandor der.
 Theyl eadt hecommuni t
yduringimportantf uncti
onssuchast herit
esofpassage
andr eli
giouscer emonies.

Rel
evancet
oday
:

1.Elder
stodayhel pinsettl
ingdi sput
eswhi char etoocult
ural
lydefi
nedf orthe
court
se.g.fami l
yrowsandl anddisputes.
2.Elder
shav ebeencal l
edbyt heKeny angov ernmentt ohelpsolv
elanddi sputes
andethnicclashes.
3.Elder
sstil
lcarryoutrit
esofpassagei .
e.initi
ation.
4.Elder
sareusef uli
nmai ntainingtheAfricanculturethr
oughoralnarrati
ves,songs,
poetr
y,proverbsandr i
ddles.
5.Elder
sprovideusef ul
informat iont
oresear chersinHist
oryandAnt hropology.
6.Theygivegener algui
dancet oi ndi
vi
duals,familyandthecommuni tyasawhol e.

Fact
orst
hathaveunder
minedt
hest
atusofel
der
sinAf
ri
canCommuni
ti
est
oday

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
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 MrOr
iosa0743241064

1.Newgov ernmentst ruct ureswher eadmi nistrativeof fi

cialshav etakenov erthe
rolesofel der sinlawmai ntenance.
2.Mostoft hej udicial dut i
eshav ebeent akenov erbyt helawcour ts.
3.Educat ionhasbr oughtnewv alues/ideasandt heaut horit
yoft heeldersisno
longerr egar dedwi t
hhi ghest eem ori sev enquest ioned.
4.Peopl ehav emi gratedt onewar easwher et heydonotr espectlocal l
eaders.
5.Thei nfluencef rom ot herr eli
gions(Chr i
stiani t
yandI slam)wi t
ht hei
rleadership
structures;wi ththei radher entsr especti
ngt heirreli
gi ousleader smor ethant he
communi t
yl eader s.
6.Urbani zati
onhasunder mi nedt her ol
eofoft heel der sasi tbecomesdi ff
icultfor
elderst ooper ateast hepeopl ecomef rom di f
ferentbackgr ounds.
7.Sternnor ms/v alueswhi chpr omot eindivi
dual ism.
8.School ingwher echi ldrenspendmostoft hei rtimewi thteacher sdeprivi
ngt hem
thet i
met obewi thel der s
9.Per missivenessi nt hesoci etyhaser odedt her espectofel ders.
10.
Economi cf actorswher et hewor thofaper soni sjudgedbyt heweal t
h/pr operty
onepossesses.
11.
Pol i
ti
cal power /deci sionmaki nghasshi ftedf rom t heel derstopol i
ti
cians/
polit
ical l
eader stowhom peopl el ookuponf orleader ship.

Fact
orst
hathavenegat
ivel
yinf
luencedt
her
oleoft
her
eli
giousspeci
ali
st

1.Thei nfluenceofChr i
stianity
;itassoci at
est hepr acti
cesoftheseleaderswith
magi candwi tchcraft.Christi
anl eadersareal sogi v
enpromi nenceoverthe
tradi t
ional l
eader s.
2.Thenewgov ernmentst ructuresandpol i
ti
cal systemshav etakenoverther ol
es
oft raditional l
eaders.
3.For mal educat i
onisusedasat oolinchoosi ngleadersasopposedt oage,
wi sdom andexper i
enceusedi ntraditi
onal Afri
cancommuni ti
es.
4.Thr oughmi grati
on,peopl efrom differentculturesmi xupandmaynotr ecognize
l
ocal leader s.
5.Sci enceandt echnologypr ovidessol uti
onst opr obl
emsr el
atedtoweat her
condi tionsandmedi cal t
reatment s.Thisdisregar dstheworkofr ai
nmaker sand
her balists.
6.Incr easedpov ertymakessomepeopl eengagei nwor kofspeciali
stswithoutthe
necessar yskill
sintheirefforttoear nal i
ving.

AFRICANMORALVALUES
Moralval
uesar
eact
s/deedst
hatar
eaccept
abl
eorgoodi
nthesoci
etyandt
heyar
e;
Hospit
ali
ty

 Thi
sref
erst
ogener
osit
yandkindnesst
oguestsandstr
anger
sinhomes.
 Af
ri
canswel
comedvisi
tor
satanytime.Theyweret
reat
edtoplent
yoff
ood,
dr
inkandent
ert
ainment
.
 Todayt
her
eisat
endencyt
owar
dsi
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm especi
all
yint
hecaseoft
hose
l
i
vingi
nur
bancent
ers.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

Honesty
-Meansbei ngtr
uthf
ul.
-I
twast aughttochi
ldr
enast
heygr
owupt
oensur
etheybecomedependabl
epeopl
e
whoalway stel
lthet
ruth.
Court
esy

 Ref
erst
opoli
tenessandgoodmanners.
 -I
nA.T.
Sther
ewer erul
esthatgui
dedt
hebehav
iorofi
ndi
vi
dual
stowar
dsot
her
s
basedonage,
genderandst
atusofaper
son.

Tol
eranceandper
sever
ance

 Tol
erancemeanstoenduresomebody/somethi
ngwit
houtcomplaini
ng.
 Per
severancei
sasteadyeff
ortt
oachieveagoalwi
thoutgi
vingup.
 PeopleinA.T.
Sval
uedthesequal
it
iesastheyai
dedonetogot hr
oughhardshi
ps
courageousl
y.
 Thesev al
ueswer
erei
nfor
ceddur
ingi
nit
iat
ion.

Loy
alt
y

 Bei
ngtrueandfai
thf
ulinsuppor
ti
ngsomebodyorapar
ti
cul
arcause.
 Chi
ldr
enaretaughtval
uesofthecommuni
tywhicht
heyar
eexpectedtokeepand
pr
otect
.
 Theyar
etaughtnott
obet
rayt
hef
ami
l
yandf
ri
endsandal
way
sst
ickt
oget
her
.

Chast
it
y

 Thi
sishavi
nggoodsexualmoral
s.
 Unmarr
iedpeopl
ewereexpect
edtokeept
hei
rchast
it
yorv
irgi
nit
yunt
ilmar
ri
age
whi
l
eadul
ter
ywasf
orbi
ddenf
ort
hemar
ri
ed.

Respect

 Pol
it
ebehav
iort
oonesel
fandot
her
swher
eoner
ecogni
zesot
her
’sr
ight
sand
st
atus.
 Chi
ldrenar
etaughtt
orecogni
zet
hest
atusoft
hei
rpar
ent
s,el
der
sandl
eader
s.

Responsi
bil
it
y

 Car
ingat
ti
tudetowar
dsother
sthatl
eadsonet
ohel
pthem.
 Af
ri
canshelpedoneanot
her.

Love

 Ast
rongf
eel
i
ngofaf
fect
iont
owar
dssomebodyorsomet
hingwhi
chwas
expr
essedi
nact
ionsi
nA.
T.S.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 Lov
eisequat
edwi
thpr
otect
ion,
loy
alt
y,co-
oper
ati
on,
gener
osi
tyandhospi
tal
i
ty
whi
chwer
eimpor
tanti
nT.
A.S.

Co-
oper
ati
on

 Thi
sisworki
ngtoget
herforacommonpurpose.
 I
nT.A.Speopl
eworkedtoget
heri
nal
lci
rcumstanceswhi
chmadewor
kandl
i
fe
easi
erf
ort
hem.
 I
nT.
A.S,
peopl
eco-
oper
atedt
oaccompl
i
sht
asksf
ort
hegoodofal
l
.

I
ntegr
it
y

 I
tisthequal
ityofhavi
ngstr
ongmoralvalues.
 Peopleofi
ntegri
tydonotgi
veupontheirbeli
efsandv
aluesev
eni
nthef
aceof
i
ntensepr
essur
e.
 Peopl
eofi
ntegr
it
yar
erespect
edandwi
l
lof
tenbegi
venposi
ti
onsofl
eader
shi
p.

Uni
tysol
idar
it
y

 Thi
sist
ojoi
ntoget
her.
 Af
ri
cansuni
tedi
nallaspect
s

CONTI
NUI
TYANDCHANGEI
NTHEAFRI
CANUNDERSTANDI
NGOFVARI
OUSI
SSUES

Communi
ty

 AnAfri
cancommuni
tyconsi
stedofthel
ivi
ng,deadandt
heunbor
n.
 Eachcommunit
yhadcommonchar act
eri
sti
cssuchascommonancest
ors,
uniquelanguage, apar t
iculargeographicalar
ea,acultureanddisti
nctsoci al
,
economi candpol iti
calstructure.
 Today, t
heunder standingofcommuni t
yhaschangedduet osuchf actorsas;
education,ur
baniz ati
on,mi grati
on,natural
consciousnessandreligi
on.
 Urbanizati
onhasbr oughtt ogetherpeopleofdif
ferentbackgr
ound.
 Formal educati
onhaspr omot ednewloy al
ti
esbasedonnewsoci alstatusand
academi candpr ofessional quali
fi
cati
ons.
 Newpol i
ti
calsystemsandf ormsofGov ernmenthav echangedthet radi
tional
Afri
cancommuni ty .

Ol
dageandt
heaged

 I
nA.T.C,oldpeopl
ewerewel l
takencareofandhighlyrespected.
 Theydidli
ghtduti
ese.
g.looki
ngafteryoungchi
l
dr enwhileothersworked.
 Theyweremember softhecouncilofel
derswhoset t
leddisputesandwere
consul
tedforadvice.
 Theelder
swer ecust odi
ansofcommunityval
ues,
customsandrel
igi
ousbel
ief
s.
 Todayduetour banizati
on,
manyelder
lypeopl
earelef
talonei
ntherur
alar
eas

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

wit
hno-onet otakecareofthem.
 Sometimestheyendupi nhomesf ort
heagedorbeggi
ngont
hestr
eet
s.
 -Oldpeopl
eareimportantbecausetheyhav
ewealt
hofknowl
edget
oshare.We
shoul
dtakecareofthem.

Land

 Wasspeci alandhi ghlyv alued.

 Itwasasour ceoff oodf ort hepeopleandt heiranimalsandher bsf ormedicine.
 Landwasbel i
ev edtobeGodgi ven.
 Landwascommunal .
 -Ther ewer elandal locationst oeachf amil
yf orfarming.Themenwer et he
guar di
ansoft hel and.
 Landwasnotsol dandt her ewer enol andl
esspeopl e.
 Todayl andi sonl ycommunal lyownedi nnomadi ccommuni ti
essi ncemostofi t
i
si ndividuallyowned.
 Ani ndiv i
dual canbuyl andandset tl
eany whereandi snotboundt otheancest r
al
l
and.
 Landowner shi pisev i
dencedbyal i
tt
ledeedorl andal l
otmentletterissuedbyt he
Gov ernment .
 Today ,somel andissetapar tbythegov er
nmentf orpublicuselike
establishmentofgamepar ks,roads,schools,catt
ledipsandmar ketplaces.

Pr
oper
ty

 i
sanyt
hingownedorpossessedbyaper son.
 I
nA.T.
S.,pr
oper
tycoul
dbei ndiv
idualorcommunal.
 Womenandchil
drencont
ributedtotheaccumulat
ionsofweal
thbywor
kingon
far
msandgr azingcatt
le.
 Womenandchi l
drenwerenotall
owedt oownpr operty.
 Today,propertycanbeownedbyaman/woman/chi l
d.
 Therearev ar
iousway sofacquir
ingwealthothert
hanagr i
cult
ureandkeepi
ng
ani
mals.
 Afri
caneconomi eshavebeeninf
luencedgreatl
ybyt hewest er
nmoney -
based
economieswher emoneyisseent osati
sfyorful
fi
llallneeds.

Wi
dowsandor
phans

 Awi
dowi sawomanwhosehusbandi sdead.
 Anorphani
sachil
dwhosebothparentsar
edead.
 I
nA.T.S.
,awidowwasi
nher
it
edeitherbyherhusband’
sbr
otherorcousi
nto
ensur
ethatthelatebrother’
sfamil
ywouldnotsuffer
.
 Awomannotonl ybelongedtoherhusbandbutalsotohiski
n.
 Anyofhisbrotherst
akesov erthehouseholdi
nhisabsence.
 Thechil
drenbornafterhisdeathweresti
llr
efer
redtoashischi
ldr
en.
 Amanwhoi nheri
tsthewi f
etakesoverall
theduti
esofthedeadmane.g.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

protecti
ngandpr ovidi
ngf orthefamil
y .
 Todayt hespr eadofHI V/ AIDShasr aisedal otofdebat eoverthepracticeof
widowi nherit
ance.
 Duet oindivi
dualism andl osefamilyti
es, i
thasbecomehar dt ocarefor
member soft heextendedf amily.
 Achi l
dwhol ostoneorbot hofparentsinT. A.C.waseasi lyadoptedintot he
family.
 Orphansdi dn’tfi
ndi thar dsurvivi
ngbecauseoft hestrongkinshipsystem.
 -Widowhoodorbei ngor phanedi sver
ypai nfulexper i
encesf orthepeoplet oday
.
 Manywi dowshav efoundt hemselvesandt heirchildrengoingwi t
houtf ood
especiall
yifthehusbandwast heonlypr ovi
der .
 Somechi l
drenhav edr oppedoutofschool totakecar eoft heirsi
bli
ngs.
 Manyor phanshav eendedupi nthestreetsf orlackofacar etaker.
 Anumberofor ganizationshav estart
edt obui ldchildrenhomesoror phanagesto
caterfortheor phansespeci all
ywithHIV/ AI
DS.

Dr
ess

 I
nTACclot
hesweremadefr
om animalski
n,bark,feat
hers,r
eeds/andsisal
.
 Ever
ycommuni
tyhadawayofdressi
ng,dependingont hecl
imateintheirr
egi
on
andt heirwayofl if
e.
 Age, gender ,statuswouldalwaysdeterminethetypeofclot
hingonewor e.
 Or nament si.e.bangles,
necklaces,
ankletsandearplugs/ri
ngswer epartofthe
tradit
ional dr
ess.
 TheMaasai ,
Tur kanaandGi r
iamahav etorai
dforliv
estocktomai ntai
nt hei
r
tradit
ional dr
ess.
 Todaydr essunder goesalotofchangebecausef ashionchangeswi thpeoples
tastes.
 Todaywehav eanat i
onalcostumewhosedesi gnisbaseont radi
tionalcostumes.

Dowr
yorbr
idepr
ice

 Thi
sisagiftofpr
oper t
ythatagroom givest
othebr i
de’sfamily
.
 Bri
depri
cewasgi veninter
msofcat t
le,goat
s,sheep,andhoneyandf oodst
uff
.
 Today,
theconceptofbridepri
cehasbeencommer cial
ized.
 Someti
mesconf l
i
ct sari
sebetweenparentsandthoseintendingtomarry
.
 Dowryshouldbeusedappr opr
iat
elyt
ocementr el
ationship.

Medi
cine

 Medi
cinewaspr
ovi
dedbymedi
cinepeopl
ewhodi
agnosedandt
reat
ed
si
cknesses.
 Thei
rmedi
cinewasi
nthef
orm ofher
bs,
miner
als,
powderandseedsandal
so
spi
ri
tual
.
 Today
,peopl
etaket
hesi
ckt
ohospi
tal
sforpr
operdi
agnosi
sandt
reat
mentby
qual
i
fiedmedi
cal
doct
ors.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064
 MrOr
iosa0743241064

 Chr
ist
iansal
soof
ferpr
ayer
sfort
hequi
ckr
ecov
eryoft
hesi
ck.

Lei
sur
e

 Thisisf r
eet imef oronet oenj oy /spend.
 I
nT. A.C.leisurewasi ntegrat edi nthedai l
yl i
feoft hecommuni t
y.
 Peoplewoul dwor kandhav el eisureatt hesamet imee. g.si
ngingwhiledi
gging.
 Theyhadl eisureinf orm off est i
v al
sandr iteswhi chinvolvedsingi
ng,eati
ng,
dri
nking anddanci ng.
 Somel eisureact ivi
tieswer ef reeofchar geandmost lycommunal .
 Somel eisureact ivi
tieswer especi f
ictocer taingenderagegr oup.
 Todayl ei
sur eissepar atedfrom wor k.
 Peopl eengagei nv ariousact i
v i
tiese.g.li
steningt otheradio,watchi
ngtelev
isi
on,
readi
ng magazi nesorv isi
tingf riends.
 Somel eisureact stodayar ev eryexpensi ve.
 Somepeopl emi suset heirleisur etimeabusi ngdrugsorengagi nginsexual
i
mmor ali
ty.
 Somepeopl ehelpt heneedyv isitthesick,dov ol
untarycommuni t
yandchurch
workdur ingt heirl
eisur etime.

emmanuel
ori
osa@gmai
l
.com 0743241064