Polina Redchenko

2 group

Екзаменаційний білет 9

1. Text structure

The text follows thematic structure, where sentences are logically and thematically
connected in a linear order. It is organized using linguistic elements from different
grammatical levels that make up a coherent whole.
The difference between the total text and its separate constitutive elements - is that
the text fulfills a communicative purpose on its own, while the elements that comprise it
simply assist in the attainment of this function.
The meaning of the text - is derived from the meanings of its constituent parts, arranged
sequentially. Thus, the whole organization of the text on surface level defined its content
and genre determines its composition.
The text can consist of an introduction, main body and conclusion.
Importantly, these parts contain information distributed in sentences, paragraphs, units,
chapters, or sections, depending on the text's length.
While not all texts have an introduction and conclusion, they all include a main body.
The introduction may provide reasons for presenting the information, the text's objective,
and background knowledge.
The main body presents the core information and is the most substantial section in terms of
content.
The conclusion offers inferences, results, and summaries based on the entire information
presented.

2. Grammatical cohesion: ellipsis

Ellipsis and substitution - are quite similar, the difference being that ellipsis omits instead
of replaces. Ellipsis occurs when anything that is structurally essential is omitted. Like
substitution, ellipsis is a link inside the text, and the implied item is typically present in the
text that comes before it.
As with substitution, there are three types of ellipsis: nominal, verbal, and clausal.

The nominal ellipsis occurs when a word that serves as a deictic, numerative, epithet, or
classifier is elevated from the status of a modifier to that of a head. This type of ellipsis often
occurs in conversations where speakers rely on shared knowledge or previous mention of
the noun.
For instance: “Sarah brought her scissors for the project. I forgot mine at home.”

The verbal ellipsis - is ellipsis inside the verbal group. There is only one lexical unit in the
verbal group, which is the verb itself. Besides, verbal ellipses come in two different types:
lexical and operator. Lexical ellipsis represents a case in which the lexical verb is absent.
The lexical verb is never lost in operator ellipsis, just the operators are left out.
For instance: “- Did you eat the whole pie? - No, I didn’t.”
The clausal ellipsis refers to ellipsis that affects other clause structure components and is
not internal to the verb itself.
For instance: “Sarah didn’t get fired. But if she didn’t follow my advice, she would be.”

3. Find examples of DIFFERENT types of reference (2), substitution (1 nominal, 2

clausal), ellipsis (1), conjunction (2), reiteration (1), collocation (1). Indicate their
names, provide referents (in the case of reference); substitutes and substituted items
(substitution); omitted words (ellipsis).

"Sounds like a long shot."

"Very much so," Talbert admitted.
"I read a story a few years ago about some duck hunters who stumbled across a wrecked
airplane, a small one," Ray said casually. The tale had been rehearsed. "There was some
cash on board, seems like it was almost a million bucks. They figured it was drug money, so
they kept it. Turns out they were right, the money was marked, and it soon surfaced in their
small town."
"I think I remember that," Talbert said.
I must be good, thought Ray. "My question is this: could they, or could anyone else who finds
money, simply submit it to the FBI or DEA or Treasury and have it scanned to see if it was
marked, and if so, where it came from?"
Talbert scratched his cheek with a bony finger and contemplated the question, then
shrugged and said, "I don't see why they couldn't. The problem, though, is obvious. They
would run the risk of losing the money

Personal reference:

it - refers to “They figured it was drug money”

Demonstrative reference:

"I think I remember that," - refers to "There was some cash on board, seems like it was
almost a million bucks. They figured it was drug money, so they kept it. Turns out they were
right, the money was marked, and it soon surfaced in their small town."

Nominal substitution:

“a small one” - nominal substitution to “a wrecked airplane”

Clausal substitution:

"Very much so," - clausal substitution for "Sounds like a long shot."
Reiteration:

Talbert / money

Temporal conjunction:

"I read a story a few years ago” - indicates that the story occurred in the past, specifically a
few years before the ongoing conversation.

Causal conjunction:

“They figured it was drug money, so they kept it” -

Ellipsis:

Ellipsis:
"have it scanned" omits "the money".

Collocation:

Drug money - marked money