The Plant

Tissues
Maria Elisa B. Gerona

Suzanne Gerttula et al. Plant

Cell 2015;27:2800-2813 1
Meristematic Tissues

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Meristematic tissues

➝ Region of actively dividing cells

➝ Permanent regions of growth
⇾ Apical (shoot and root)
⇾ Lateral (Vascular and cork
cambia)
➝ Intercalary meristems

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An overview of primary and secondary growth

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Cell differentiation
➝ Cell expansion (elongation)
➝ Cell maturation / specialization

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The plane and symmetry of cell division
influence development of form

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The plane and symmetry of cell division
influence development of form

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Apical meristems

➝ Region of actively dividing cells

➝ Permanent regions of growth
⇾ Apical (shoot and root)
⇾ Lateral (Vascular and cork
cambia)

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Apical meristems

➝ Primary growth
➝ Increase in length as the apical
meristems produce new cells

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Apical meristems

➝ Three primary meristems

⇾ Protoderm
⇾ Ground meristem
⇾ Procambium

➝ Produce primary tissues

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Tissue System:

Each plant organ has:

* dermal
* ground and
* vascular tissues

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Primary Growth - Lengthens
Roots and Shoots

➝ Root tip is covered by a root cap,

which protects the apical meristem
as the root pushes through soil
➝ Growth occurs just behind the root
tip
⇾ Zone of cell division
⇾ Zone of elongation
⇾ Zone of maturation -
differentiation
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Primary
growth of a
root

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Primary growth of a root

➝ The primary growth of roots

produces the epidermis, ground
tissue, and vascular tissue.
➝ In most roots, the stele is a vascular
cylinder.
➝ The ground tissue - fills the cortex,
➝ Endodermis - the innermost layer of
the cortex
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Organization
of primary
tissues
in young
roots

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Lateral roots arise from within the pericycle, the
outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder

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Primary growth of a shoot

➝ Shoot apical meristem

➝ Axillary buds develop from meristematic
cells left at the bases of leaf primordia.
➝ Lateral shoots develop from axillary
buds
➝ In most eudicots, the vascular tissue
consists of vascular bundles that are
arranged in a ring.
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Organization of primary tissues in a sporophytic
shoot

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Organization of primary tissues in young stems

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Tissue Organization of
Leaves

➝ Epidermis - interrupted by stomata

➝ Ground tissue in a leaf - mesophyll
⇾ sandwiched between the upper
and lower epidermis.

➝ Vascular tissue of each leaf is

continuous with the vascular tissue
of the stem
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Leaf anatomy

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Lateral meristems

➝ Increase the girth of roots and stems

➝ Secondary growth
⇾ Vascular cambium
⇾ Cork cambium

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Vascular cambium

➝ “Cambium”
➝ Produces secondary tissues
➝ Function in support and conduction
➝ Thin cylinder of mostly brick-shaped
cells
➝ Initials vs derivatives

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Secondary growth produced by the vascular
cambium

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Vascular
cambium - a
lateral
meristem

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Secondary growth in stems

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Stems and wood

➝ Dendrochronology is the analysis of

tree ring growth patterns, and can be
used to study past climate change.
➝ heartwood vs sapwood

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Using dendrochronology to study climate

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Anatomy
of a tree
trunk

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Conifer wood

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Conifers:
non-porous

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Wood ray anatomy

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Cork cambium

➝ gives rise to the secondary plant

body’s protective covering, or
periderm
➝ Periderm = cork cambium + layers of
cork cells

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Cork cambium

➝ Bark - all the tissues external to the

vascular cambium, including
secondary phloem and periderm
➝ Lenticels in the periderm - gas
exchange between living stem or
root cells and the outside air

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Intercalary meristems

➝ at internodes, or stem regions

between the places at which leaves
attach, and leaf bases, especially of
certain monocotyledons—e.g.,
grasses

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Progression of
secondary growth

➢ determinate growth
➢ indeterminate
growth

➢ annual plant
➢ perennial plant

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Permanent Tissues
Tissues produced by meristems

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 Plant Tissues & Cell Types

➝ Tissue
⇾ group of cells with common function or
structure
➝ Three broad tissue types
⇾ Dermal - outside layer(s)
⇾ Vascular - conduction
⇾ Ground - between dermal and vascular
➝ Simple vs. Complex Tissue
⇾ 1 versus 2 or more cell types
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The Dermal Tissue System

➝ In nonwoody plants, the dermal

tissue system consists of the
epidermis.

➝ In woody plants, protective tissues

called periderm replace the epidermis
in older regions of stems and roots.

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 Ground Tissue

Parenchyma: Gen. metabol. Collenchyma: support

➢ Isodiametric to elongate ➢ Elongate
➢ Primary cell wall ➢ Primary cell wall thick, uneven, rich in
➢ Living pectins; living 41
 Ground Tissue

➢ Sclerenchyma Fibers
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary) Elongate,
2) Dead at maturity (usually)
sharply tapering
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Ground Tissue
➝ Sclerenchyma ➝ Sclereids
⇾ Secondary cell wall (+ primary) ⇾ Isodiametric to
⇾ Dead at maturity (usually) irregular

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Vascular Tissues

➝ Xylem
⇾ Water & mineral conduction
⇾ Tracheary elements +
parenchyma + sclerenchyma
➝ Phloem
⇾ Sugar conduction
⇾ Sieve members + parenchyma +
sclerenchyma
➝ Both complex tissues
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Tracheary Elements
➝ Tracheids - Imperforate ➝ Vessels -Perforate
⇾ Angiosperms (most)
⇾ Gnetales
⇾ Monilophytes (few)

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Tracheary Elements
➝ Sieve cells - ➝ Sieve tube members -
⇾ No sieve plates ⇾ Sieve plates
⇾ Apomorphy of angiosperms

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Dermal, Secretory tissues, and cells
Epidermis Glands

Stomates
Laticifers
Nectaries 47
Dermal tissues: Trichome anatomy

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Summary

➝ A group of cells performing a

common function is called a tissue
➝ Tissues produced by meristems
consist of one to several kinds of
cells.
➝ Complex tissues have more than one
kind of cell.

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“ “When trees burn, they
leave the smell of
heartbreak in the air.”

― Jodi Thomas

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