Quaternary International, Vol. 29/30, pp. 23--30, 1995.

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LAST INTERGLACIAL STRATIGRAPHY IN THE BURG EL-ARAB REGION OF THE

NORTHWESTERN COAST OF EGYPT

Omar A. Hegab* and H e s h a m M. E1-Asmart

*Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, El-Mansoura University, Egypt
~fDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Damietta, P.O. Box 34517, Egypt

The northwestern coast of Egypt, a stable carbonate platform, is characterized by the presence of successive coastal ridges that extend parallel
to the present shoreline. Study of marine deposits at the bottom of Gebel Maryut ridge from the drain cut of Bahig, together with analyses
of core samples raised from four boreholes drilled in the EI-Dekheilla depression to the depths of 10--15 m, reveal the presence of two phases
of beach boulders. The lower older phase (B.B. 1) wedge eolianites (E. 1) at an elevation of 3-4 m and show an average 5~80 of-0.82%o. The
upper younger phase (B.B.II) wedge eolianites (E.2) at 6-7 m a.s.l., with an average ~ 8 0 of-1.5%o. These beach boulders are overlained by
thick fossiliferous limestones and geosoils. They record the last interglacial high sea level (isotope substage 5e and aminozone E, with an
interpolated age of 125 ka) which was globally 6-8 m higher than present sea level, with characteristic warm wet tropical climatic conditions.
A bed composed of marine molluscs and foraminifera shells with ooids and pellets below the loamy calcareous and evaporites of the E1-
Dekheilla depression was also examined. This bed is located 1-4 m b.s.l., with an average 8~O of -0.25%0. It is related to aminozone C
(isotope substage 5c/5a) with an interpolated age of 110 ka, and related to a transgressive sea with a mean sea level possibly equal to or
slightly lower than the present one with evidence for less warm climatic conditions.

INTRODUCTION Recently, Warne and Stanley (1993) studied the Late

An extensive database for the study of raised beaches and
pre-Recent shorelines has been generated in many parts of
the world. Among these is for the last interglacial
stratigraphy which has attracted the attention of geologists in
different parts of the world, including: New Guinea (Bloom
etal., 1974; Aharon etal., 1980; Aharon and Chappell, 1986;
Hearty and Aharon, 1988); Bermuda (Harmon et al., 1981;
Vacher and Hearty, 1989; Hearty et al., 1992); Bahamas
(Foss and Muhs, 1991; Hearty and Kindler, 1993); Barbados
(Fairbanks and Matthews, 1978); and the Mediterranean
basin (Hearty, 1986; 1987; Hearty and Dai Pra, 1986, 1992;
Hearty et al., 1986; Goy and Zazo, 1986, 1989; Hillaire-
Marcel et al., 1986; Miller et al., 1986).
Despite the large number of publications on the
Mediterranean basin considered in a global scientific
perspective, the Quaternary coastal stratigraphy and sea
level history in Egypt are still poorly defined. There is, for
example, considerable controversy concerning the origin of
the coastal ridges. Some studies considered these ridges as
non-marine coastal dunes (Hume, 1912; Hume and Hughes,
1921; Hume and Little, 1928; Ball, 1939; Sandford and
Arkell, 1939; Hilmy, 1951; Shata, 1955; Hassouba, 1980).
Others, however, interpreted these ridges as shallow marine
bars (Fourtau, 1893; Zeuner, 1952; Shukri et al., 1956; Said
et al., 1956; Butzer, 1960; Ismail and Selim, 1969; Philip,
1976; Cherif et al., 1988). Hassan et al. (1986) studied the
drain cut exposure of Gebel Maryut ridge at Bahig region.
They observed the presence of sedimentary littoral cycles in
which marine deposits alternate with eolianites and geosoils,
reflecting paleoclimatic and sea level changes. EI-Asmar
(1991) dated these cycles providing a new approach for
interpreting the sea level history and the paleoclimatic
changes of this important sector of the Mediterranean.
Quaternary evolution and the geologic history of the
northwest Nile Delta and the adjacent coast in the Alexandria
region during the last 35,000 years.
The present study tries to fill a gap and offers a new
framework pertaining to the last interglacial stratigraphy, sea
level history and stability of the coastal area northwest of
Egypt. A correlation is made with some major published
works dealing with the last interglacial stage to compare with
findings in other areas in the world. The drain cut at Bahig,
west of Alexandria, was selected as a model for the study
area (Fig. 1A, B). Samples recovered from four nearby
boreholes drilled by engineering companies in the EI-
Dekheilla depression were also used (Fig. 1C).
MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUES
The present study was carried out on ten fossil samples of
Glycymeris violacescens and Cerastoderma edule, four of
them from the Bahig area near Burg E1 Arab and the other
six from a fossiliferous bed in the nearby EI-Dekheilla
depression. All these samples were subject to stable oxygen
isotope analysis. For this, the samples were powdered, 5-10
mg of each powder sample were weighed, vacuumed and
then heated at 50°C for 24 hr prior to analysis to remove
organic material and prevent further contamination. The
samples were treated with 100% H3PO4 to obtain isotopically
representative CO2 according to the following reaction:
3 C a C O 3 + 2 H3PO4 = > 3 CO2 + 3 H20 + Ca3(PO4)2
The isotopic composition of CO 2 samples was determined
using a Finnigan MAT Delta-E mass spectrometer. All
values are expressed as % variations relative to PDB
standard. The precision on oxygen data was + 0.04% (10).

23
24 O.A. Hegaband H.M. E1-Asmar

~Colluvium I Oeosoils~ FossiliferouslS. ~l~ BeachBoulders~ Eolianitesi Calcret¢l ~ . CatdiumL-S"

A -"
I do. )S',, -
] MEDITE~EANSEA~.~,
I Ar.b'. ~ u 1 ~ , f ~ " ~ ,.big d e . i . c . *

G
FIG. 1. (A) Schematiccross-sectionof the exposedcarbonates formingGebel Maryut ridge, Bahig drain cut northwest of the Nile Delta,
Egypt. (B). Lithologiclogs of boreholes drilled in the E1-Dekheilladepression, northwest of the Nile Delta coast, Egypt. (C) Study area
location map.

The amino acid geochronology (AAG) was carried out
following the technique described by Hearty et al. (1986),
and principally based on the interconversion of L-isoleucine
to o-alloisoleucine in a process known as epimerization
which takes place immediately after the death of shell-
bearing organisms (Bradley, 1985). The detected D/L ratio or
Ah ratio (alloisoleucine/isoleucine) is time and temperature
dependent; it increases with an increase of both age and
temperature (Hearty et al., 1986). For regional correlation,
Hearty et al. (1986) defined a number of aminozones which
represent a collection of equal-aged deposits that, due to
dissimilar thermal histories, yield A]I ratios that vary with the
long-term regional thermal gradient. Aminozones of
increasing age used in this study are A (Holocene), C
(80-110 ka), E (125 ka) and G (280-330 ka).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bahig Drain Cut
The cut that exposes the Gebel Maryut ridge strata at
Bahig is more than 1 km long and has a relief of 35 m. We
were able to trace both the vertical and lateral
lithostratigraphic changes which reveal a sequence of marine
beds, geosoils and eolianites (Fig. I A). Two phases of beach
boulders were detected (Fig. 2A): the lower phase wedging
eolianites (E.1) at an elevation of 3-4 m (Fig. 2C), and the
upper phase wedging eolianites (E.2) at an elevation of 6-7
m (Fig. 2B). The boulders range in length from 50 to 57 cm,
and display a well-rounded oblate to discoidal shape. They
are cemented by dwarf shell debris (Fig. 2D) composed of
bivalves, gastropods, echinoids, forams, algae and some
ostracods. Among the identified bivalves are Cerastoderma
edule (Linn6), Glycymeris violacescens (Lamarck),
Calliostoma dubium (Philippi), Loripes lacteus (Linn6),
Arca afra (Gmelin) and Barbattia barbata (Linn6); the last
three are members of the well-known Strombus bubonius
Senegalese group (J. Mico, pers. commun.; E1-Asmar,
1991). Four Glycymeris violacescens shells collected from
the marine deposits between the beach boulders were
subjected to AAG. The results show that these fossils have
an MI ratio of 0.54 _+0.03. According to Hearty et al. (1986)
this ratio is related to aminozone E, which is related to the
last interglacial high sea level (isotope substage 5e), with an
interpolated age of 125 ka (Hearty and Dai Pa, 1986). Two
of these Glycymeris violacescens shells gave a Th/U age of
121 _ 6 ka (E1-Asmar, 1991).
Among the detected foraminifera collected from
fossiliferous limestones overlying the beach boulders are
Marginopora spp., Sorites spp. and Amphisorus spp. (E1-
Asmar, 1991). These fossils were considered by Murray
(1973) to be of warm, tropical, shallow marine affinity and
restricted to areas where the sea surface temperature is 4--7°C
 Stratigraphy in the Burg El-ArabRegion 25

FIG. 2. Last interglacial beach boulders in the Bahigdrain cut west of Alexandria (A). General view for the lower 'L' and the upper 'U'
phases. (B) Upperphase B.B.II. (C) Lowerphase B.B.I. (D) Beachboulders, highlycementedwith fossiliferous marine deposits 'F'.

higher than at present (i.e. about 25°C). They also occur in
modern sediments of the South China sea (J. Lin, pers.
commun., 1991). Philip (1976) described these fossils as
tropical and Indo-Pacific in origin. The presence of this
group of forams, in addition to the Senegalese group which
migrated to the Mediterranean during the last interglacial,
were interpreted by Shackleton and Opdyke (1973) as being
related to warmer conditions and lighter oxygen isotopes
than those in the Holocene. The ~51sOfor these forams and
bivalves show negative values of about -1.6% and -1.05%,
respectively. These values, supported with AAG, indicate
that the two phases of beach boulder deposition are related to
the last interglacial high sea level believed to have been
globally 6--8 m higher than the present one (Aharon et al.,
1980; Hollin, 1980; Chappell and Shackleton, 1986). The
presence of such beach boulders at elevations of 3--4 m and
6-7 m indicates that this study area of the northwestern coast
of Egypt, unlike the Nile Delta east of Alexandria (Stanley
and Warne, 1993) is stable and does not need any tectonic
correction. Similar phases of beach boulder accumulation
26 O.A. Hegaband H.M. EI-Asmar
have been detected in many parts of the world, and similarly
dated as the last interglacial high. Examples include
Bermuda (Land et al., 1967; Vacher and Hearty, 1989),
Mallorca (Hearty, 1987), Sardinia (Ulzega and Hearty,
1986) and Tunisia (Miller et al., 1986). These phases can be
related to isotope substage 5e which globally consists of
composite peaks (bipatite) of high sea level (Bloom et al.,
1974; Aharon et al., 1980; Aharon and Chappell, 1986;
Hearty, 1986, 1987).
El-Dekheilla Depression
The study of 50 core samples recovered from four
boreholes (10-15 m deep) drilled in the E1-Dekheilla
depression west of the Bahig cut (Fig. 1A) revealed the
presence of a stratum of shallow marine to lagoonal origin
composed mainly of shell debris of bivalves, echinoids,
algae and forams, in addition to calcareous ooids and pellets
with few clay and quartz grains. This stratum underlies thick
Holocene sabkha and marsh deposits composed of 1-2 m
brownish-yellow calcareous muddy loams and (5-8 m) grey
gypsiferous deposits (cf. Ali and West, 1983; Stanley and
Hamza, 1992).
Six Glycymeris violacescens and Cerastoderma edule
fossils from this stratum were subjected to AAG, and gave
an A/I ratio of 0.37 -+ 0.02. This ratio is related to the
aminozone C, i.e. isotope substage 5c/5a with interpolated
age of 90 _+ 15 ka (Hearty, 1986). The oolitic limestone
deposits of Abu Sir ridge, which represent the coastal dune
related to the same event, was dated using Th/U and gave an
age of 110 _+ 6 ka (E1-Asmar, 1991). The collected fossils
from the EI-Dekheilla depression were subjected to stable
oxygen isotope analysis, and gave ~180 ranges from
-0.85-0.16%o (with an average of -0.22%0) which indicates
accumulation in a shallow sea with a frequent influx of fresh
water. It is of note that these shells have slightly higher
isotope values compared with those of the Bahig area which
is interpreted as related to relatively lower temperature and
humidity. This interpretation is supported by the absence of
thermophilous fauna (Senegalese group, Marginopora and
Sorites) which were observed in the Bahig area. Among the
identified fossils were those of Mediterranean affinity and
described by French Quaternary specialists as faunes
banales (Fleisch et al., 1973), including: Conus
mediterraneus (Brugui~re), Cardita calyculata (Linnr),
Venericardia antiquata (Linnr), Chamelea gallina (Linnr),
Diodora gibberula (Lamarck), Gourmya rupestris (Risso)
and Neverita josphina (Risso) (EI-Asmar, 1991).
SEA L E V E L CHANGES DURING T H E LAST
INTERGLACIAL
Several minor and some major sea level changes have
occurred during the last interglacial stage, and these are
recorded by the chrono-lithostratigraphic records from
several parts of the world. Globally, the most reliable
chronostratigraphic foundation for determining relative sea
level changes is from the tectonically raised reef tracts on the
Huon Peninsula of New Guinea (Fig. 3B) where major reef
building episodes (numbered VIIa, VIIb, VI and V) record
high sea level dated at 133, 120, 105 and 85 ka (Bloom et al.,
1974; Aharon et al., 1980; Aharon and Chappell, 1986). The
regional analyses of Hearty and others on the Mediterranean
basin also present sea level curves for the last interglacial
from the chrono-lithostratigraphy of several Mediterranean
sections (Fig. 3E, F).
An attempt is made here to plot a preliminary sea level
curve for the northwestern coast of Egypt based on data
available for the chrono-lithostratigraphy of the last
interglacial high sea level along with the ~180 curve for the
samples we examined. These data can be correlated with the
published sea level curves in several areas of the world (Fig.
3A-F).
Substage 5e (Aminozone E), Phase B.B.I
Substage 5e is subdivided into two phases, with a lower
older one (B.B.I) recorded by deposition of the lower unit of
beach boulders at the Bahig cut. During this phase the sea
began to advance, rise to 4 m a.s.l., and then continued for
some time as a still stand. This was accompanied by
reworking of older sediments and formation of well-rounded
beach boulders. This phase is related mostly to phase 5e-I of
Hearty (1986) in Italy, Campo de Tiro-Catnege (CTC-I) of
marine calcarenites in MaUorca, Spain (Hearty, 1987), and
the basal, intraformational conglomerate which clasts the
underlying formations (cf. Devonshire Fm: Land et al.,
1967; Vacher and Hearty, 1989; Hearty et al., 1992) (Fig. 4).
During this phase the climate was warm and wet as indicated
by the negative 5180 (Fig. 3A), with an average of -0.82%0.
Negative isotope values are usually associated with
interglacial stages, due to the increase in concentration of the
light 160 with ice melt.
A slight regression then occurred as recorded by
eolianites (E.2) which accumulated between the two phases
of beach boulders (Fig. 2A). A similar regression was also
detected by Hearty (1986) in Bovetta, and by Ulzega and
Hearty (1986) in Calamosca, Italy. Hearty (1986) indicated
that this regression may be indicated by the erosional
unconformity between reef tracts VIIa and VIIb in New
Guinea. Herein, eolianites in the study area are
chronologically correlated with the Pembroke eolianites of
Bermuda (Fig. 4) as studied by Land et al. (1967). There is
evidence of climatic aridity during this regression as
revealed by the positive 8180 value (Fig. 3A) which was
detected from the studied eolianites E.2 (average ~ 8 0 is
0.2%o).
Substage 5e (Aminozone E), Phase B.B.H
This phase, recorded by the upper beach boulder unit,
represents a subsequent phase of sea level rise that followed
the previous regression. During this transgressive phase the
sea level was about 6 m higher than the present level (Fig.
3A). This phase (Fig. 4) is most probably related to the 5e-II
phase of Hearty (1986), CTC-II of Hearty (1987) and
Spencer marine conglomerate (Land et al., 1967; Vacher and
(A) (Bloom et al., 1974)
P r e s e n t Study (B) (C) ( F a i r b a n k s a n d M a t t h e w s , 1978)
vii i . i vl v iv .i ult It I
ili,ll . i!O , I0 10 k~
'~" Ii
,,.t,,.,,..., ,,t,, ,,,,
%% % %%J~
'"' : tD',, ]'''
I !
! I Aminozol~s
i~i ~i~ !,! "i,,t , I,',
I: 'ci' o~
.,, , ,
i
i

~e
: ii
~ ! i
~ /
! •
,,+,,)
!
Isotope Stot,es I 1 I I !
lio/Elm i I I !
~0 "1 1
i { i ! I
%
\ & -- 4I
%
i
Isotope Stales
I"OOkm ~ I I I
I
ii - lil. li, ~h N k,,

(F) ( H e a r t y , 1987)
(E) ( Hearty, 1986)
ill. I
(D)
I0 t~iNzu~ 11.
o
(Harmon et ai., 1981) It
..... F. c MSL
5e MSL ...... ~ I
f~
- 7 - " ~ . "7.. . . . .
t ..... \ " ' "-- t'~ -"
MSL All ' '-" ~ /'x /~
I e : Ill [
I ~, , i I I -11~ I I
! I
Isotope Stages I I i I
-II 5e x i 5e ~ I 51 x 1 Isotope Stages

Isotope StaLes n0 m I~ k.
' 100 ab k .
I -ll'
-I lio

-ll -/-M-A
r .,,,
130 lio 7o k -

FIG. 3. Correlation between sea level and the oxygen isotope records for the last interglacial among (A) northwest Nile Delta coast, (B) New Guinea, (C) Barbados, (D) Bermuda, (E) Italy and (F) Mallorca. t,J
 tO
O0

Present Study Bermuda Bahamas italy Stala Ttmisia

fl~i~ozolle Isotope S t a g e s Lithic Vacher & Hearty, 1989 Hearty & Hearty, 1986
Hearty et al., 1986 IShackleton & Opdyke, 1973 Units El-Asmar, 1991 Hearty, 1991 Kindler, Hearty & Dai Pr~ Heany, 1987 Miller et al., 1986
19993 1986, 1992

_<
Eollsnites

SUBSTAGE 5 c / 5 a CHEBBAFm.

C Unconformity ~!~-~.:.~r.!:'~.~.:~:'.%- ~ ~, t-; ©

g
if+
0~
SUBSTAGE 5 d I~GRF~$. REGRESS. ~r
° t:u
m

7"
5¢.ll CTC II RAJICHE II Fm >
• ~ , , ,~ B.B-II Conglomerate

SUBSTAGE 5 e Eoliamites ~ Pembroke

E tt REGRESS.
+
~dl"lll|l~] ~..-t ~,~.I= Oe+o..,,,,~ m . CTC I R AJICHE 1 Fro.

~D'~ Beach Boulders • Geosofls ~ Eollanltes ~ FossiIfferous L.S. ~ Marine-Lagoonal deposits

FIG. 4. Correlation chart of the lithostratigraphy and stable isotope record for the last interglacial rock units of the northwestern coast of Egypt and other areas of the world.
 Stratigraphy in the Burg El-Arab Region
Hearty, 1989). This phase was accompanied by tropical to
subtropical conditions where sea water was warmer than that
of phase B.B.I. Hearty (1986) reported relatively warmer
tropical temperatures related to phase 5e-II in Italy compared
to that of phase 5e-I. This is also indicated by the relatively
lighter 5~80 (average of-1.5%o) compared to that of B.B.I
(5180 average of-0.82%0). The rise in temperature by I°C
may imply a lowering in 5180 by about 0.24%0 (Shackleton
and Opdyke, 1973). The isotopic differences between the
two phases suggest a temperature difference of 2-2.5°C.
A long-lasting regressive phase followed the deposition
of B.B.II. During this phase, Maryut depression was formed
and eolianites (E.3, 4) accumulated on top of Gebel Maryut
ridge. The AAG for these eolianites give an A/I ratio of 0.33
_+ 0.02 which is related to aminozone C (E1-Asmar, in
preparation). This regressive phase is most probably related
to isotope substage 5d during which the climate was arid,
with an average 8180 of 1.83%o.
Substage 5c/5a (Aminozone C)
This substage was described by Hearty (1986) as related
to aminozone C/D. The rise in sea level during this substage
was not exceeded by the present one, and no marine deposits
related to this substage were detected above the present sea
level in the study area. A similar observation was reached by
Hearty (1986) who reported an accumulation of supralittoral
eolianites instead of the marine deposits. Hollin (1980)
indicated that high sea level related to substage 5c rose to
about 2 m b.s.1.
In the study area, deposits related to this transgressive
phase were detected at depths of 1-4 m b.s.1, in the E1-
Dekheilla depression. These provide evidence of deposition
under shallow marine to lagoonal conditions, indicating that
sea level was not higher than present and that the sector was
occasionally emerged and subjected to subaerial conditions.
The eolianites which form the Abu Sir ridge in the study area
and related to substage 5c/5a (E1-Asmar, 1991) are
correlated with the supralittoral deposits of Hearty (1986).
This stage (Fig. 4) is chronologically correlated with
Southampton eolianites in Bermuda (Land et al., 1967;
Vacher and Hearty, 1989; Hearty et al., 1992), Chebba Fm.
in Tunisia (Miller et al., 1986), CTC III in Spain (Hearty,
1987), and T. Castelluccia in Italy (Hearty, 1993). Stable
oxygen isotope analysis of shell samples from this bed shows
that 8180 values range from -0.91%o to 0.26%0, with an
average of-0.25%o, reflecting less warm conditions than that
of the isotope substage 5e (Fig. 3A).
CONCLUSIONS
In an attempt to integrate the last interglacial stratigraphy
and sea level history along the northwestern coast of Egypt,
the littoral sequence of Gebel Maryut ridge exposed at the
Bahig cut west of Alexandria along with four boreholes
drilled in the E1-Dekheilla depression were examined. The
study reveals the presence of two phases of beach boulders.
The lower older B.B.1 phase is one of wedging older
eolianites (E.1) at an elevation of 3-4 m, and shows an
average ~51soof-0.82%o. The upper younger B.B.II phase is
29
wedging eolianites (E.2) at 6-7 m a.s.l., with an average 8180
of-1.5%c. These beach boulders are overlain by thick
fossiliferous limestones and geosoils. They record the last
interglacial high sea level (isotope substage 5e and
aminozone E with interpolated age of 125 ka) which was
globally 6-8 m higher than at present, with accumulation
under warm-wet tropical climatic conditions. The study also
reveals a bed composed of marine molluscs and foraminifera
shells with ooids and pellets underlying the loamy calcareous
and evaporites in the EI-Dekheilla depression. This bed is
located 1-4 m b.s.l., with an average 5180 of-0.25%0. It is
related to aminozone C (isotope substage 5c/5a), with an
interpolated age of 110 ka and records a transgressive sea
with mean sea level possibly equal to, or slightly lower than,
the present sea level and with an indication of less warm
climatic conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Dr. P. Hearty,
College of Bahamas, Nassau, and Prof. Dr R. Paepe, Chairman of IFAQ-
UNESCO, VUB, Belgium for their scientific cooperation and valuable
suggestions. Deep thanks are expressed to Prof. Dr D.J. Stanley,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington for assistance with several reviews of
this article.
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