Review of Related Literature

Entrepreneurship
According to Manisha & Singh (2016), entrepreneurship is originated
from the French word “entreprende,” meaning to “undertake.” It aims to
establish new business ventures. While various definitions exist, none are
universally accepted. The prevailing view is that entrepreneurship involves
creating a new business. It entails identifying exploitable economic
opportunities and securing the capital to transform these opportunities into
profitable enterprises. It embarks on a path of inquiry and risk management to
generate profits for the firm and contribute to societal well- being.

Hisrich and Peters (2008) also define entrepreneurship as a

multifaceted endeavor involving four key domains. First and foremost,
entrepreneurship entails the creation of something novel and valuable, not
only for the entrepreneur but also for stakeholders, which can encompass any
individual with an interest in the new product or service. Secondly,
entrepreneurship demands the dedication of significant time and effort.
Transforming a nascent idea into a functional and operational offering and
bringing it to market is a demanding and challenging process for most
entrepreneurs. Thirdly, entrepreneurship inherently involves taking calculated
risks, which can be financial, psychological, or social in nature. Lastly,
entrepreneurs seek monetary rewards, often perceived as the ultimate
measure of success. However, for most entrepreneurs, autonomy and
personal fulfillment are the most crucial personal rewards.

The European Commission (2008), as quoted by the World

Economic Forum (2009), broadly defines entrepreneurship as the ability to
transform ideas into reality. This encompasses creativity, innovation, and
calculated risk-taking, as well as the ability to plan and manage projects to
achieve goals. Entrepreneurship fosters personal growth in daily life,
enhances employee engagement and ability to seize opportunities, and
provides a foundation for establishing social or commercial ventures.
 The term given above implies a greater variety of emphasis, personal
engagement, and kinds of firms with an entrepreneeurial spirit. In this sense,
entrepreneurship refers to more than just making a money, creating
institutions, but also encompasses socially supportive institutions that
uphold’s social life, as well as the collective society’s. Consequently,
entrepreneurship encompasses not just individual seeking to launch a
business, but also workers who possess the ability to look for and take
advantage of chances to enhance their job and surroundings. The social role
of the diversity of entities is a key factor in entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship is widely recognized as a distinct discipline with its

own unique characteristics (Croci, 2016). It is characterized by its
autonomous nature, enabling it to function independently and
interdisciplinarily (Croci, 2016). Barot (2015) defines entrepreneurship as a
practical endeavor that begins with action and the creation of new
organizations. He further emphasizes its significance as a key to success,
asserting that every individual who establishes a new business enters a new
realm of entrepreneurship. This transition from old habits to new ones
requires discipline and independence (Barot, 2015). Chang et al. (2015) view
entrepreneurship as an art form, highlighting its focus on managerial
processes such as creativity, autonomy, adaptability, and the creation of
artistic, economic, and social value. While various definitions exist,
entrepreneurship is generally understood as a process of establishing
successful organizations, fostering a particular mindset and skillset, and
ultimately generating employment opportunities and driving economic growth
(Barot, 2015; Hessels, 2019). In addition to technical expertise and skilled
labor, entrepreneurship requires managerial talents to effectively utilize
human resources (Barot, 2015; Chang et al., 2015).

Entrepreneurial Attitude
Aspiring entrepreneurs must actively nurture a positive mindset to
achieve their goals. Attitudes, not personal demographics, are considered
more influential in shaping career choices. A positive attitude impacts an
individual’s confidence, enthusiasm, inclination, and entrepreneurial drive.
Geissler et al. (2011) highlight the significance of attitude as a strong predictor
of entrepreneurial aspiration. Similarly, while both influence behavior, attitude,
and personality are intrinsically intertwined (Florin et al., 2007). Furthermore,
the theory of planned behavior suggests that an individual’s intentions
influence their action through purpose (Schwarz [Link], 2009).
Kakkonen (2018) also defines entrepreneurial attitude (EA) as an
individual's inclination towards entrepreneurial behavior or self-employment.
EA is characterized by traits such as achievement orientation, innovation,
personal control, self-esteem, and opportunity recognition (Lindsay, 2005).
People generally develop a positive attitude towards something if they
perceive benefits from engaging in it. Similarly, students tend to develop a
favorable attitude towards entrepreneurship if they anticipate positive
outcomes from pursuing it (Kusmintarti et al., 2014).

Need for Achievement

Entrepreneurs are compelled to make decisions and persist in the face
of challenges. They are not easily discouraged in their pursuit of their
ambitions. This unwavering determination is rooted in psychology as the Need
for Achievement (Asmara et al., 2016). According to Asmara et al. (2016), one
of the key personality traits that motivate individuals to embark on an
entrepreneurial journey is the unwavering desire to succeed. An individual
driven by a need for achievement possesses three distinct characters:
accountability for their actions, the willingness to take calculated risks
commensurate with their abilities, and a commitment to continuous learning.
The need for achievement are better equipped to handle activities or tasks
that demand a high level of responsibility, expertise, and effort, involve
manageable risks, and require performance feedback. Therefore, individuals
with a high need for achievement are more likely to pursue entrepreneurial
endeavors.

Calculated Risk- Taking

Calculated risk-taking is an essential trait of innovative individuals who
seek knowledge and expertise to assess the potential of an opportunity while
acknowledging the inherent risks involved (Caird, 2013). Entrepreneurs are
distinguished by their ability to make informed decisions that balance potential
rewards with calculated risks. They recognize that excessive caution often
leads to missed opportunities for growth. An entrepreneur who pursues every
prospects without considering available resources contrasts with a cautious
entrepreneur who takes calculated risks in the early stages to protect initial
profits. Calculated risk-taking involves a thorough assessment of potential
outcomes and the implementation of strategies to minimize the likelihood of
failure. Entrepreneurship has always been intertwined with risk-taking, and the
willingness to embrace calculated risks is a crucial determinant of success. It
is the driving force behind transforming ideas and aspirations into reality
(Allah & Nakhaie, 2011).

Creative Tendency
In today's competitive business landscape, creativity and innovation
are essential for survival. Creativity involves generating ideas, alternatives,
and possibilities that can be used to solve problems, communicate effectively,
and create solutions to challenges and exploit new opportunities. Creative
thinkers question the status quo and challenge existing norms, seeking new
and improved ways of doing things. Business as usual is no longer a viable
strategy. Highly creative entrepreneurs are rule breakers who are not afraid to
challenge industry conventions. They are constantly seeking ways to propel
their businesses forward, embracing change and adapting to the ever-
evolving business environment. This constant change requires comfort with
the unknown and the ability to anticipate and respond to market shifts.
Creative thinkers continuously evaluate new possibilities, revise their
expectations of the future, and formulate fresh action plans to achieve their
goals. This cycle of new information, new opportunities, and new action plans
fuels the growth and success of entrepreneurial ventures.
Creativity is not an innate trait; it is a skill that can be acquired through
training and education. Entrepreneurs must actively cultivate and enhance
their creativity. Desai (2006) emphasizes the importance of creativity for
entrepreneurship, highlighting its positive impact on business success.
Entrepreneurs' minds are constantly focused on generating new ideas,
identifying opportunities for innovation, and seeking ways to improve existing
practices. They continuously evaluate and refine processes, striving for
efficiency and effectiveness in both time and cost management. Essentially,
entrepreneurship is driven by the optimization of business operations.
Entrepreneurs optimize resource utilization to create efficient processes. The
entire entrepreneurial journey is rooted in creativity, exploration, and the
pursuit of new ideas. The ability to generate feasible and efficient ideas gives
entrepreneurs a competitive edge. Creativity allows for the improvement of
existing business practices, leading to innovative solutions and practices.
Rentschler (2010) found a strong correlation between creativity and
entrepreneurial success.

Drive and Determination

To succeed as an entrepreneur, it is essential to possess a high level
of motivation and dedication. This drive, as defined by Miami Business Plans
(2018), is an internal quality that compels individuals to challenge and
question the existing order. This inherent desire propels individuals pursue
loftier goals. Driven by this ambition, humans are never satisfied with their
current state and constantly seek more. Drive encourages individuals to
venture beyond their comfort zones and embrace new opportunities that could
lead them to success. In psychological terms, determination is defined as
individual’s unwavering persistence in achieving a goal despite facing
obstacles (Kirby et al., 2014). It is a motivating force that drives individuals to
take action and ultimately achieve their objectives. It also serves as a source
of motivation for individuals to pursue specific activities with significant
consequences. Self-determination, as defined by Self-determination Theory,
is a voluntary action undertaken bu individuals based on their own volition. It
stems from deliberate and conscious choices and decisions (Nota et al.,
2010). However, according to Catalano et al. (2004), in the context of optimal
adolescent development, self-determination extends beyond mere drive; it
encompasses the ability to think independently and act upon those thoughts.
Self-determination is about autonomy, independent though, self-advocacy,
empowerment, and the ability to live according to one’s ideals and principles.
Entrepreneurs exhibit a range of characteristics, and determination is one of
them. It is this quality that sets entrepreneurs apart. It is one of the reasons
why entrepreneurs fail when they lack tenacity and drive.

Entrepreneurial Intention
Bird (1988), defined intention as "a state of mind directing a person's
attention toward a specific object (goal) or path in order to achieve something
(means)". Entrepreneurial intention is considered to be the most critical aspect
for the future formation of entrepreneurial ventures (Nguyen, Do, Vu, Dang, &
Nguyen, 2019). According to Bae et al. (2014), entrepreneurial intentions are
the willingness to own or venture into a business. The concept of intention
and its antecedents have received much attention in entrepreneurship
research for its importance in predicting entrepreneurial behavior.

The desire to start a business, known as entrepreneurial intention, is a

crucial factor in predicting whether someone will actually do so. While
intentions can reflect behavior, there is no consensus among scholars on how
to define entrepreneurial goals (Peng et al., 2012). Entrepreneurial intention is
the aspiration to own a business in the future. Research has shown that
entrepreneurial ambition is key to deciding whether or not to launch a new
venture, but the motivations behind starting a business vary depending on
various circumstances.

Krueger et al. (2011) also state that intention acts as a mediating factor
between entrepreneurial behavior and possible exogenous factors
(characteristics, population, abilities, societal financial and cultural
assistance). They proposed that the intention of an entrepreneur aids in
describing the causes behind why some people want to launch their own
businesses earlier scanning for opportunities or selecting the kind of business
to engage [Link] thought that business owners individuals should gain from
having a greater knowledge of their own incentives; purpose provides giving
them the chance to comprehend the motivations behind their decision to
pursue an entrepreneurial career and how the idea turns into a reality.

Review of development of entrepreneurial models

There are various models developed and used by various scholars to
determine the entrepreneurial intentions of an individual.

I. The entrepreneurial event model (EEM)

The entrepreneurial event model (EEM), introduced by Shapero and
Sokol (1982), is the first model to delve into the realm of entrepreneurial
intention theory. According to this model, the three key determinants
influencing an individual's entrepreneurial intention are perceived desirability,
perceived feasibility, and propensity to act. Perceived desirability refers to the
attractiveness of engaging in entrepreneurial activities, as perceived by the
individual. Perceived feasibility encompasses an individual's belief in their
ability to successfully carry out entrepreneurial endeavors. Propensity to act,
on the other hand, indicates an individual's inclination towards becoming an
entrepreneur. It is also highlighted in the EEM that the "entrepreneurial event"
serves as a catalyst shaping an individual's entrepreneurial behavior, aiding
them in making informed decisions amidst a range of options.

II. The Expectancy Theory

Expectancy Theory, also known as Motivation Theory or the Rational
Intention Theory, was developed by Vroom (1964). It postulates that an
individual's conscious choice to maximize satisfaction and minimize adversity
dictates their behavior. Motivation, within this theory, is defined as the
outcome of an expectancy that increased effort will lead to enhanced
performance. Instrumentality refers to an individual's anticipation of receiving
a particular outcome in response to their effort. Valence, on the other hand,
signifies the degree to which an individual values the outcome. Expectancy
Theory has been widely employed as a framework in numerous studies
investigating individuals' motivations for pursuing entrepreneurship (Locke
and Baum 2007). The three variables – expectancy, instrumentality, and
valence – have been confirmed to positively influence entrepreneurial
motivation. Moreover, it has been concluded that motivation, alongside ability
and aptitude, can enhance an individual's entrepreneurial intentions (Barba-
Sánchez and Atienza-Sahuquillo 2017, 2018).
III. The Theory of Planned Behavior
 The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991, 2002) is perhaps
one of the most popular models that has caught the attention of researchers
in recent times. Thus, among the many models (e.g., Shapero & Sokol, 1982
and Bird, 1988) used to explain entrepreneurial intentions, none have had as
much impact as Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991; Krueger et
al., 2000; Liñán & Chen, 2009). As of April 2020, the theory of planned
behavior (Ajzen, 2012) has been subjected to empirical analysis in more than
4,200 papers referenced in the Web of Science bibliographical database,
making it one of the most popular theories in the social and behavioral
sciences (Bosnjak, Ajzen & Schmidt, 2020). They further revealed that the
TPB has gained enormous attention in disciplines like health sciences,
environmental science, business and management, and educational research.
The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) "predicts and explains behaviour in
specific contexts" [7], is widely utilized across various disciplines, including
entrepreneurship research [22]. Entrepreneurship, viewed as a conscious
activity, places emphasis on intention as a cognitive state [22]. Recognizing
entrepreneurial decision-making as a complex process requiring intentional
cognitive involvement [18], cognition is deemed more informative about
entrepreneurial behavior compared to personality traits or demographic
studies [6, 23]. Previous findings support the applicability of the theory of
planned behaviour in entrepreneurial research [12], leading to a growing
popularity of intention-oriented studies within entrepreneurship literature. The
model explains how the cultural and social environment affects human
behavior. In this study, the TPB is used as a basic framework to understand
students' entrepreneurial intentions. The TPB model has often been used to
study the intention to start a venture in a couple of research settings (Krueger,
1993; Trivedi, 2016) and it has proven that Ajzen's TPB was an appropriate
research framework for assessing intentions in the choice of employment
(Kolvereid, 1996; akoveva & Kolvereid, 2009). According to the TPB, human
behavior is guided by three kinds of reflections: beliefs about the likely
consequences of the behavior (behavioral beliefs), beliefs about the
normative expectations of others (normative beliefs), and beliefs about the
presence of factors that may ease or impede performance of the behavior
(control beliefs) (Bosnjak, Ajzen & Schmidt, 2020). This theory suggests three
distinct factors influencing intention: attitude towards the behavior, subjective
norm, and perceived behavioral control. This model evolved from the theory of
reasoned action and incorporates both deliberative bases and considerations
of real and perceived difficulties associated with performing a specific
behavior. Thus, the theory of planned behavior encompasses personal
attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control as essential
elements shaping human behavior and influencing the intention to engage in
a particular action.

According also to Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (TPB), there are

three key factors influence a person’s intention to perform a behavior:

A. Attitude Towards Entrepreneurship (ATE)

Ajzen (1991) conceptualized attitude as the extent to which an
individual has a positive or negative evaluation of the behavior in question.
The attitude toward the behavior (entrepreneurship) is an important
component concerning the perception of desirability that affects
entrepreneurial intention (Santos, Roomi, & Liñán, 2016; Liñán et al., 2011).

B. Subjective Norm (SN)

According to Ajzen (1991), the opinion of important reference groups
such as parents, spouses, friends, and relatives may also influence a person's
behavior to perform or not perform certain actions. Social norms refer to the
perceived social pressure from family, friends, or significant others to perform
entrepreneurial behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Social norms tend to contribute more
weakly to intention (Kolvereid & Isaksen, 2006) for individuals with a strong
internal locus of control (Ajzen, 2002) compared to those with a strong action
orientation (Bagozzi, 1992). Some studies did not establish any significant
direct correlation between subjective norms and entrepreneurial intention
(Krueger et al., 2000; Liñán & Chen, 2009; Santos et al., 2016). Most studies
have established that subjective norms favorably affect ATE and the PBC
(Entrialgo & gesias, 2016; Liñán & Chen, 2009; Liñánet al., 2011; Liñán &
Santos, 2007; Trivedi, 2017). Some empirical studies (Scherer, Adams,
Carley & Wiebe, 1989; Mathews & Moser, 1995; Trivedi, 2016, 2017) have
asserted that social norms influence attitude and perceived behavioral control
and thus indirectly entrepreneurial intention.

C. Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)

The third and most important determinant identified by Ajzen (1991) is
the perceived behavioral control. PBC examines the perceived feasibility of
performing behavior and its closely related to the perception of self-efficacy
(Krueger et al., 2000). PBC is the perceived ease or difficulty of becoming an
entrepreneur (Ajzen, 1991). Although some researchers have considered
PBC as similar to self-efficacy, Ajzen (2002) specifies that it is a wider
construct, since it encompasses and perceived controllability of the behavior.
According to Santos et al. (2016) and Liñánet al. (2011), PBC has a positive
impact on entrepreneurial intentions. Generally, the more favorable the
attitude and subjective norm, and the greater the perceived control, the
stronger should be the individual's intention to perform the behavior in
question (Bosnjak, Ajzen & Schmidt, 2020).

Entrepreneurial Attitude and Intentions

Fitzsimmons and Douglas (2010) looked into the objectives and
attitudes of students pursuing master's degrees in business administration in
Australia, China, India, and [Link] study's findings were as follows: a)
an individual's assessment of their career's attractiveness is influenced by
their entrepreneurial attitudes; b) an individual's entrepreneurial intentions are
associated with their entrepreneurial attitudes and, to some extent, their
human abilities; c) there are cross-cultural differences in both entrepreneurial
attitudes and intentions; d) the relative importance of entrepreneurial attitudes
in influencing career decisions is generally consistent across the four study
countries, with ownership, income, independence, and risk playing a
significant role in explaining variation in career [Link] study's findings
indicated that entrepreneurial views about risk, work effort, independence,
income, and ownership are probably going to play a big role in explaining
intentions.
 Stangler and Spulber (2013) as well as Oriarewo and Owocho (2013)
and Sahinidis et al. (2012) discovered that demographic factors play a
significant role in influencing entrepreneurial intentions. In contrast, Karimi et
al. (2013) reported no noteworthy relationship between demographic
characteristics and entrepreneurial intentions. Basu and Virick (2010)
examined the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among 123 students
at San Jose State University, finding that exposure to entrepreneurship
education positively influenced attitudes toward a career in entrepreneurship
and perceived behavioral control. Similarly, Teixeira's (2010) study indicated
that a small percentage of Portuguese higher education students had initiated
new ventures, with around 35% considering entrepreneurship as a plausible
future career. According to Lüthje and Franke (2003), cited in Rashid et al.
(2012), attitude toward entrepreneurship, influenced by personality traits such
as risk-taking propensity and internal locus of control, is a crucial determinant
of the intention to become self-employed. A positive personal attitude toward
start-ups, irrespective of educational background, is highlighted as a key
factor in stimulating entrepreneurial behavior (Wu & Wu, 2008). Henderson
and Robertson (2000) noted that the primary motivations for young
respondents to consider starting their own businesses are "being one's own
boss" and "making money."

Related studies on entrepreneurial attitude and intention

Entrepreneurship is a crucial factor in job creation and economic
development. Researchers have been exploring the connection between
entrepreneurial attitude and intention among students. These studies aim to
determine if students possess an entrepreneurial mindset and if that
translates into entrepreneurial intentions in the future. This study seeks to
investigate whether accounting, business, and management students exhibit
entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions.

Bakotic and Kruzic (2010, cited by Sondari, 2014) emphasize the role
of students as future economic drivers, suggesting that their entrepreneurial
attitudes and behaviors shape future business activities and economic
sustainability. This view is echoed by the Global Report (2014) of the Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), which advocates for consistent
improvement in entrepreneurship education to foster entrepreneurial
intentions (Singer, Amoros, Arreola, 2015).

Literature on entrepreneurial intentions consistently highlights the

effectiveness of entrepreneurship education programs in preparing students
for entrepreneurial ventures. Kritskaya (2015) conducted a literature review
and concluded that entrepreneurship education programs effectively enhance
entrepreneurial intentions. Similarly, Tshikovhi and Shambare (2015)
maintained that entrepreneurship education influences entrepreneurial
knowledge and attitudes, consequently affecting entrepreneurial intentions.

Sataniewski's (2015) study on Polish students' readiness to start their

own businesses confirmed substantial interest in entrepreneurship and a
positive association between academic programs and entrepreneurial
readiness. Dogan (2015) also found a significant positive correlation between
the students' success in entrepreneurship classes and their entrepreneurial
intentions.

Cross-cultural studies have examined the influence of personality traits

on entrepreneurial intentions. Karabulut (2016) identified several personality
traits, such as internal locus of control, need for achievement, risk tolerance,
and entrepreneurial alertness, as positively correlated with entrepreneurial
intention. Asmara, Djatmika, and Indrawati (2016) found that needs for
achievement and risk propensity positively influence entrepreneurial intention,
with the need for achievement having a stronger effect. Phuong and Hieu
(2015) concluded that individual differences like risk-taking propensity,
creativity, and personality traits like locus of control and need for achievement
significantly impact entrepreneurial intentions. However, Zhao, Scott, and
Lumpkin (2009) clarified that risk-taking propensity and need for achievement
are related to business intentions but not business performance.

Yurtkoru, Acar, and Teraman (2014) measured the impact of risk

propensity on entrepreneurial intention, finding that risk propensity plays a
distinguishing role in entrepreneurship and influences business intentions.
Venesaar (2006) pointed out a positive correlation between entrepreneurial
personality traits and the intention to start a new venture. Ozaralli and
Rivenburgh (2016) also found a statistically significant relationship between
optimism, innovativeness, risk-taking propensity, and entrepreneurial
intention.

Family background can also influence entrepreneurial intentions.

Busige (2015) studied the effect of personality traits and socio-demographic
background on entrepreneurial intentions among University of Colombo
students. The study found a significant relationship between personality traits
and entrepreneurial intention. However, the effect of socio-demographic
factors like parents' occupation, gender, and previous self-employment
experience on entrepreneurial intention was relatively low in the Sri Lankan
context. This aligns with Ramos' (2014) finding that entrepreneurial intention
is not affected by socio-demographic profiles in the Philippines. However,
Venesaar (2006) suggests that students' status and background can influence
their entrepreneurial intentions, and Yildirim, Cakir, and Askun (2016) agree
that personal history, background, social context, attitudes toward
entrepreneurship, planned behavior, and personality traits impact the
propensity to engage in entrepreneurship. Dogan (2015) also found that social
background, such as self-employed parents, influenced students'
entrepreneurial intentions.
 References

Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and

Human Decision Processes in Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., and Al-laham, A.
(2007). Do entrepreneurship programs raiseentrepreneurial intentions of
science and engineering studnets? The effect of learning, inspiration, and
Journal of Business Venturing. vol. 22(4); also in Uddin and Bose(2012).

Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the
Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4). In
Uddin and Bose(2012). Krueger, N., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000).
Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business
Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432. [Link]
0

Ajzen, I. (2012). The theory of planned behavior. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W.

Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology
(pp. 438–459). Sage Publications Ltd.
[Link]

Allah, M. A., & Nakhaie, H (2011). Entrepreneurship and risk [Link]

Conference on E-Busi ness, Management and Economics, 25, 77-79.
http//[Link]/vol25/15-ICEME2011- [Link]

Approaches. DOI: 10.1108/146260121125

Asmara, H W., Djatmika, E. T., & Indrawati, A. (2016) The effect of need for
achievement and risk-taking pro pensity on entepreunerial intention through
en tepreunerial [Link] Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-
JBM),18(6), 117–126. [Link] pers/Vol18-
issue6/Version 1/[Link]
Bae,T.J., Qian, S., Miao,C.,& Fiet, J.O.(2014).The Relationship Between
Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta-Analytic
Review Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice, 38(2),217–254
[Link]

Bakotić D., & Kružić, D., (2010). Students' Perceptions and Intentions towards
Entrepreneurship: The Empirical Findings from Croatia.

Barba-Sánchez V, Atienza-Sahuquillo C (2017) Entrepreneurial motivation and self-

employment: evi dence from expectancy theory. Int Entrep Manag J.
[Link]

Barba-Sánchez V, Atienza-Sahuquillo C (2018) Entrepreneurial intention among

engineering students: the role of entrepreneurship education. Eur Res Manag
Bus Econ. [Link] 201704001

Barot, H,.(2015). Entrepreneurship -A Key to Success. The International Journal of

Business and Management,Vol.3, No.1, January 2015; 163-165.

Basu, A., & Virick, M., (2010). Assessing Entrepreneurial Intentions Amongst
Students: A Comparative Study. National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators
Alliance. Available at: [Link]

Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Idea: The Case for Intention. Academy
of Management Review, 13(3) in Moi, Tung and Ling Adeline Yin (2011).
Young Adult Responses to Entrepreneurial Intent. World Journal of Arts,
Science and Commerce, vol. 11, issue 3, July 2013

Bošnjak, M., Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020). The theory of planned behavior: Selected
recent advances and applications. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 16(3),
352–356. [Link]
Busige, N., (2015). Influence of Personality Traits and Socio demographic Background
of Undergraduate Students on Motivation for Entrepreneurial Career: The
Case of Sri [Link], AM., (2014). Entrepreneurial intention among
Business Students in Batangas State University. Asia Pacific Journal of
Management Research. Vol.2, No.4.

Caird, S (2013, January). General measure of enterprising [Link].

[Link] [Link]/publication/301347695_Gen
eral_measure_of_Enterprising_Tendency_test wwwget2testnet?chan
nel=doi&linkId=5713fc6508ae39beb87ced6a&sho wFulltext=true

Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004).
Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on
evaluations of positive youth development programs. Prevention &
Treatment, 5(1), Article 15. [Link]

Chang, W.J., Wyszomirski, M., (2015). What is Arts Entrepreneurship? Tracking the
Development of its Definition in Scholarly Journals. Journal of
Entrepreneurship in the Arts,Vol.4, No.2, 2015; 11-31.

Desai, V. (2006). Dynamics of entrepreneurial development and

[Link] Publishing House.
[Link] [Link]

Djatmika et al., (2016). The Effect of Need for Achievement and Risk Taking
Propensity on Entrepreneurial Intention through Entrepreneurial Attitude.
Volume 18, Issue 6 .Ver. I (Jun. 2016), PP 117126 [Link] . DOI:
10.9790/487X-180601117126

Dogan, E. (2015). The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial

Education on the Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students in Turkey.
Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sayı; Vol.23,7993
Entrepreneurial Intention Among Technical Students, American Journal of
Economics, June 2012, Special Issue: 7376 DOI:
10.5923/[Link].20120001.17

Fitzsimmons, J. R., & Douglas, E. J. (2011). Interaction between feasibility and

desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business
Venturing, 26(4), 431–440. [Link]

Florin, J., Karri, R., & Rossiter, N. (2007). Fostering Entrepreneurial Drive in Business
Education: An Attitudinal Approach. Journal of Management Education,
31(1), 17–42. doi:10.1177/1052562905282023

Geissler, M., Loebel, H, Kaminski, S., & Zanger, C(2011). Take ’em in: Embedded
business support to overcome critical junctures in academic spinoff teams
[Link]. [Link]
view/9ccc356b1c85904e3457e3156404b728/1?p q-
origsite=gscholar&cbl=39996

Geissler, M., Loebel, H, Kaminski, S., & Zanger, C(2011). Take ’em in: Embedded
business support to overcome critical junctures in academic spinoff teams
[Link]. [Link]
view/9ccc356b1c85904e3457e3156404b728/1?p q-
origsite=gscholar&cbl=39996

Henderson, R., & Robertson, M. (2000). Who Wants to Be an Entrepreneur? Young

Adult Attitudes to Entrepreneurship as a Career. Career Development
International, 5(6):279-287. DOI: 10.1108/13620430010373755

Hessels, J., & Naudé, W. (2019). The Intersection of the Fields of Entrepreneurship
and Development Economics: A Review Towards a New View. Journal of
Economic Surveys, 33(2), 389-403. [Link]
Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P., & Shepherd, D. A. (2008) cited in Ferreira, Rodriguez,
Raposa &Dinis ( 2012). A Model of Entrepreneurial Intention : An Application
of the Psychological and Behavioral Approaches .
[Link]
urialIntentionAn

Kakkonen, M. (2018). First-year business students’ entrepreneurial attitudes. First-

year Business Students’ Entrepreneurial Attitudes June 2018 DOI:
10.4995/HEAD18.2018.7973 Marja-Liisa Kakkonen.
[Link]

Karabulut, AT. (2016). Personality Traits on Entrepreneurial [Link] -

Social and Behavioral Sciences;229:1221.

Karimi et al., (2013). Understanding role models and gender influences on

entrepreneurial intentions among college students. Procedia Social and
Behavioral Sciences 93 ( 2013 ) 204 214. doi: 101016/[Link].2013.09.179

Kirby LD, Morrow J, Yih J. The challenge of challenge: Pursuing determination as an

emotion. In MM Tugade MN, Shiota, LD. Kirby (Eds.), Handbook of Positive
Emotions. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc, 2014.

Kritskaya, L. (2015). Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Students’

Entrepreneurial Intentions. Master Thesis, University of Agder, Russia.

Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of

new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, 18(1), 5–21. [Link]

Kusmintarti, A., Asdani, A., & Riwajanti, N. İ. (2017). The relationship between
creativity, entrepreneurial attitude and entrepreneurial intention (case study
 on the students of State Polytechnic Malang). International Journal of Trade
and Global Markets, 10(1), 28. [Link]

Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross–Cultural application of a

specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. [Link]
6520.2009.00318.x

Locke E, Baum R (2007) Entrepreneurial motivation In: Baum JR, Frese M, Baron RA
(eds) The psy chology of entrepreneurship. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Publishers, pp 93–112

Luthje and Frankl (2003).” The making of an entrepreneur: testing a model of

entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT”. Research and
Development Management, vol. 33 (2) in Rashid et al., (2012).

Manisha, & Singh, R. K. (2016). Students attitude toward entrepreneurship.4th

International Conference on Recent Innovations in Science Engineering and
Man agement,1145–1151. [Link] [Link]/ICRISEM4/P1145-
[Link]

Matthews, C. & Moser, S. (1995). Family Background and Gender: Implications for
Interest in Small Firm Ownership. Entrepreneurship and Regional
Development, 7, 365–377.

Miami Business Plans. (2018, August 13). Drive, determination, and passion three
keys to success in business and in [Link].
[Link]
38334219545drivedeterminationandpassion three-keys-to-success-in-
business-and-in-life
N. J. Lindsay, “Toward a Cultural Model of Indigenous Entrepreneurial Attitude,”
Academy of Marketing Science Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005, pp. 1-18.

Nguyen, A. T., Ha, T. H., Vu, T. B. T., Dang, K. A., & Nguyễn, H. L. (2019). Factors
affecting entrepreneurial intentions among youths in Vietnam. Children and
Youth Services Review, 99, 186–193.
[Link]

Nota, L., Soresi, S., Ferrari, L., & Wehmeyer, M. L. (2010). A Multivariate Analysis of
the Self-Determination of Adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(2),
245–266. doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9191-0

Ozaralli, N., & Rivenburgh, NK., (2016). Entrepreneurial intention: antecedents to

entrepreneurial behavior in the USAand [Link] of Global
Entrepreneurship Research. [Link]/10.1186/s404970160047x

Peng et al., (2012). Entrepreneurial Intentions and its influencing Factors: A survey of
the university students in Xi’an China. Creative Education, 03(08), 95–100.
[Link]

Phuong, T., & Hieu, T., (2015). "Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intentions of

Undergraduate Students in Vietnam: An Empirical Study," International
Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Human
Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of
Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 5(, pages 46-55,
August.

Rashid et al., (2012). Entrepreneurial Intentions among Technical Students. American

Journal of Economics, 2(4), 73–76.
[Link] .economics.20120001.17 Wu, S., & Wu, L. (2008).
The impact of higher education on entrepreneurial intentions of university
 students in China. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,
15(4), 752–774. doi:10.1108/14626000810917843

Rentschler R. The Role of Creativity in Entrepreneurship. Journal of Enterprising

Culture. 2010;Volume 18, Issue 01, March.

Sahinidis et al. (2012). The Role of Gender on Entrepreneurial Intention Among

Students: An Empirical Test of the Theory of Planned Behavior in a Greek
University. [Link]

Sataniewski, MW., (2015). Student readiness to start their own business. Economic
Research Ekonomoska Istrazivanja, an open access journal.; Vol.31.

Scherer, R. F., Adams, J. S., Carley, S., & Wiebe, F. A. (1989). Role model performance
effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 53–72.
[Link]

Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Almer‐Jarz, D. A., & Breitenecker, R. J. (2009). The
effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students’
entrepreneurial intent. Education + Training, 51(4), 272–291.
doi:10.1108/00400910910964566

Shapero, A. & Sokol, L. (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In C.A.

Kent, D.L. Sexton, & K.H. Vesper (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 72-90.

Singer et al., (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2014 Global Report. Babson
College, Babson Park, MA, United States, Universidad del Desarrollo,
Santiago, Chile, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2015.
Sondari (2014). Is Entrepreneurship Education Really Needed? Examining the
Antecedence of Entrepreneurial career Intentions. Procedia- Social and
behavioral Sciences.2014; 115:44-53.

Stangler & Spulber (2013). The Age of the Entrepreneur: Demographic sand
Entrepreneurship. IIIJ Innovation and Communication, Menlo Park, USA.

Teixeira, A.A.C. (2010). Attitudes of Higher Education students to new venture

creation: a preliminary approach to the Portuguese case, INESC Porto,
CEMPRE, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade doPorto, Portugal

Trivedi, D. K., Hollywood, K. A., & Goodacre, R. (2017). Metabolomics for the masses:
The future of metabolomics in a personalized world. New horizons in
translational medicine, 3(6), 294–305.
[Link]

Trivedi, R. H. (2016). Does university play significant role in shaping entrepreneurial

intention? A cross-country comparative analysis. Journal of Small Business
and Enterprise Development, 23(3), 790–811. [Link]
10-2015-0149

Tshikovhi, N., & Shambare R. (2015) Entrepreneurial knowledge, entrepreneurial

attitudes, and entrepreneurship intentions among South African Enactus
students.

Vroom V (1964) Work and motivation. Wiley, New York

World Economic Forum 2009 in European Commission (2008) Croci, C. L. (2016). Is

entrepreneurship a discipline? University of New Hampshire Scholars'
Repository. [Link]
Yildirim et al., (2016). Ready to Dare? A Case Study on Entrepreneurial Intentions of
Business and Engineering Students in Turkey. Procedia- Social and Behavioral
Sciences 229:277-288.

Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2009). The Relationship of Personality to
entrepreneurial Intentions and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review.
Journal of Management, 36(2), 381–404.
[Link] et al., (2014).
Willingness to take risk and entrepreneurial intention of university students:
An empirical study comparing private and state universities. Procedia -Social
and Behavioral [Link], U., (2006). Students’ Attitude and
Intentions toward Entrepreneurship at Tallinn University of Technology.
https//[Link]/publcation/24137730

References

Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and

Human Decision Processes in Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., and Al-laham, A.
(2007). Do entrepreneurship programs raiseentrepreneurial intentions of
science and engineering studnets? The effect of learning, inspiration, and
Journal of Business Venturing. vol. 22(4); also in Uddin and Bose(2012).

Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control,

and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,
32(4). In Uddin and Bose(2012). Krueger, N., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L.
(2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business
Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432. [Link]
0

Ajzen, I. (2012). The theory of planned behavior. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W.

Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology
(pp. 438–459). Sage Publications Ltd.
[Link]

Allah, M. A., & Nakhaie, H (2011). Entrepreneurship and risk

[Link] Conference on E-Busi ness, Management and Economics,
25, 77-79. http//[Link]/vol25/15-ICEME2011- [Link]

Approaches. DOI: 10.1108/146260121125

Asmara, H W., Djatmika, E. T., & Indrawati, A. (2016) The effect of need for
achievement and risk-taking pro pensity on entepreunerial intention through
en tepreunerial [Link] Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-
JBM),18(6), 117–126. [Link] pers/Vol18-
issue6/Version 1/[Link]

Bae,T.J., Qian, S., Miao,C.,& Fiet, J.O.(2014).The Relationship Between

Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta-Analytic
Review Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice, 38(2),217–254
[Link]

Bakotić D., & Kružić, D., (2010). Students' Perceptions and Intentions towards
Entrepreneurship: The Empirical Findings from Croatia.

Barba-Sánchez V, Atienza-Sahuquillo C (2017) Entrepreneurial motivation and

self-employment: evi dence from expectancy theory. Int Entrep Manag J.
[Link]

Barba-Sánchez V, Atienza-Sahuquillo C (2018) Entrepreneurial intention

among engineering students: the role of entrepreneurship education. Eur Res
Manag Bus Econ. [Link] 201704001

Barot, H,.(2015). Entrepreneurship -A Key to Success. The International

Journal of Business and Management,Vol.3, No.1, January 2015; 163-165.
Basu, A., & Virick, M., (2010). Assessing Entrepreneurial Intentions Amongst
Students: A Comparative Study. National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators
Alliance. Available at: [Link]

Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Idea: The Case for Intention.

Academy of Management Review, 13(3) in Moi, Tung and Ling Adeline Yin
(2011). Young Adult Responses to Entrepreneurial Intent. World Journal of
Arts, Science and Commerce, vol. 11, issue 3, July 2013

Bošnjak, M., Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020). The theory of planned behavior:
Selected recent advances and applications. Europe’s Journal of Psychology,
16(3), 352–356. [Link]

Busige, N., (2015). Influence of Personality Traits and Socio demographic

Background of Undergraduate Students on Motivation for Entrepreneurial
Career: The Case of Sri [Link], AM., (2014). Entrepreneurial intention
among Business Students in Batangas State University. Asia Pacific Journal of
Management Research. Vol.2, No.4.

Caird, S (2013, January). General measure of enterprising

[Link]. [Link]
[Link]/publication/301347695_Gen
eral_measure_of_Enterprising_Tendency_test wwwget2testnet?chan
nel=doi&linkId=5713fc6508ae39beb87ced6a&sho wFulltext=true

Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D.
(2004). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings
on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Prevention &
Treatment, 5(1), Article 15. [Link]
Chang, W.J., Wyszomirski, M., (2015). What is Arts Entrepreneurship?
Tracking the Development of its Definition in Scholarly Journals. Journal of
Entrepreneurship in the Arts,Vol.4, No.2, 2015; 11-31.

Desai, V. (2006). Dynamics of entrepreneurial development and

[Link] Publishing House.
[Link] [Link]

Djatmika et al., (2016). The Effect of Need for Achievement and Risk Taking
Propensity on Entrepreneurial Intention through Entrepreneurial Attitude.
Volume 18, Issue 6 .Ver. I (Jun. 2016), PP 117126 [Link] . DOI:
10.9790/487X-180601117126

Dogan, E. (2015). The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on

Entrepreneurial Education on the Entrepreneurial Intention of University
Students in Turkey. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sayı; Vol.23,7993

Entrepreneurial Intention Among Technical Students, American Journal of

Economics, June 2012, Special Issue: 7376 DOI:
10.5923/[Link].20120001.17

Fitzsimmons, J. R., & Douglas, E. J. (2011). Interaction between feasibility and

desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business
Venturing, 26(4), 431–440. [Link]

Florin, J., Karri, R., & Rossiter, N. (2007). Fostering Entrepreneurial Drive in
Business Education: An Attitudinal Approach. Journal of Management
Education, 31(1), 17–42. doi:10.1177/1052562905282023

Geissler, M., Loebel, H, Kaminski, S., & Zanger, C(2011). Take ’em in:
Embedded business support to overcome critical junctures in academic
spinoff teams [Link]. [Link]
view/9ccc356b1c85904e3457e3156404b728/1?p q-
origsite=gscholar&cbl=39996

Geissler, M., Loebel, H, Kaminski, S., & Zanger, C(2011). Take ’em in:
Embedded business support to overcome critical junctures in academic
spinoff teams [Link]. [Link]
view/9ccc356b1c85904e3457e3156404b728/1?p q-
origsite=gscholar&cbl=39996

Henderson, R., & Robertson, M. (2000). Who Wants to Be an Entrepreneur?

Young Adult Attitudes to Entrepreneurship as a Career. Career Development
International, 5(6):279-287. DOI: 10.1108/13620430010373755

Hessels, J., & Naudé, W. (2019). The Intersection of the Fields of

Entrepreneurship and Development Economics: A Review Towards a New
View. Journal of Economic Surveys, 33(2), 389-403.
[Link]

Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P., & Shepherd, D. A. (2008) cited in Ferreira,

Rodriguez, Raposa &Dinis ( 2012). A Model of Entrepreneurial Intention : An
Application of the Psychological and Behavioral Approaches .
[Link]
urialIntentionAn

Kakkonen, M. (2018). First-year business students’ entrepreneurial attitudes.

First-year Business Students’ Entrepreneurial Attitudes June 2018 DOI:
10.4995/HEAD18.2018.7973 Marja-Liisa Kakkonen.
[Link]

Karabulut, AT. (2016). Personality Traits on Entrepreneurial

[Link] -Social and Behavioral Sciences;229:1221.
Karimi et al., (2013). Understanding role models and gender influences on
entrepreneurial intentions among college students. Procedia Social and
Behavioral Sciences 93 ( 2013 ) 204 214. doi: 101016/[Link].2013.09.179

Kirby LD, Morrow J, Yih J. The challenge of challenge: Pursuing determination

as an emotion. In MM Tugade MN, Shiota, LD. Kirby (Eds.), Handbook of
Positive Emotions. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc, 2014.

Kritskaya, L. (2015). Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Students’

Entrepreneurial Intentions. Master Thesis, University of Agder, Russia.

Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on

perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5–21.
[Link]

Kusmintarti, A., Asdani, A., & Riwajanti, N. İ. (2017). The relationship between
creativity, entrepreneurial attitude and entrepreneurial intention (case study
on the students of State Polytechnic Malang). International Journal of Trade
and Global Markets, 10(1), 28. [Link]

Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross–Cultural application

of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617.
[Link]

Locke E, Baum R (2007) Entrepreneurial motivation In: Baum JR, Frese M,

Baron RA (eds) The psy chology of entrepreneurship. Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates Publishers, pp 93–112
Luthje and Frankl (2003).” The making of an entrepreneur: testing a model of
entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT”. Research and
Development Management, vol. 33 (2) in Rashid et al., (2012).

Manisha, & Singh, R. K. (2016). Students attitude toward

entrepreneurship.4th International Conference on Recent Innovations in
Science Engineering and Man agement,1145–1151. [Link]
[Link]/ICRISEM4/[Link]

Matthews, C. & Moser, S. (1995). Family Background and Gender:

Implications for Interest in Small Firm Ownership. Entrepreneurship and
Regional Development, 7, 365–377.

Miami Business Plans. (2018, August 13). Drive, determination, and passion
three keys to success in business and in [Link].
[Link]
38334219545drivedeterminationandpassion three-keys-to-success-in-
business-and-in-life

N. J. Lindsay, “Toward a Cultural Model of Indigenous Entrepreneurial

Attitude,” Academy of Marketing Science Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005, pp. 1-
18.

Nguyen, A. T., Ha, T. H., Vu, T. B. T., Dang, K. A., & Nguyễn, H. L. (2019).
Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions among youths in Vietnam.
Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 186–193.
[Link]

Nota, L., Soresi, S., Ferrari, L., & Wehmeyer, M. L. (2010). A Multivariate
Analysis of the Self-Determination of Adolescents. Journal of Happiness
Studies, 12(2), 245–266. doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9191-0
Ozaralli, N., & Rivenburgh, NK., (2016). Entrepreneurial intention:
antecedents to entrepreneurial behavior in the USAand [Link] of
Global Entrepreneurship Research. [Link]/10.1186/s404970160047x

Peng et al., (2012). Entrepreneurial Intentions and its influencing Factors: A

survey of the university students in Xi’an China. Creative Education, 03(08),
95–100. [Link]

Phuong, T., & Hieu, T., (2015). "Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intentions of

Undergraduate Students in Vietnam: An Empirical Study," International
Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Human
Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of
Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 5(, pages 46-55,
August.

Rashid et al., (2012). Entrepreneurial Intentions among Technical Students.

American Journal of Economics, 2(4), 73–76.
[Link] .economics.20120001.17 Wu, S., & Wu, L. (2008).
The impact of higher education on entrepreneurial intentions of university
students in China. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,
15(4), 752–774. doi:10.1108/14626000810917843

Rentschler R. The Role of Creativity in Entrepreneurship. Journal of

Enterprising Culture. 2010;Volume 18, Issue 01, March.

Sahinidis et al. (2012). The Role of Gender on Entrepreneurial Intention

Among Students: An Empirical Test of the Theory of Planned Behavior in a
Greek University. [Link]

Sataniewski, MW., (2015). Student readiness to start their own business.

Economic Research Ekonomoska Istrazivanja, an open access journal.; Vol.31.
Scherer, R. F., Adams, J. S., Carley, S., & Wiebe, F. A. (1989). Role model
performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 53–72.
[Link]

Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Almer‐Jarz, D. A., & Breitenecker, R. J. (2009).

The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students’
entrepreneurial intent. Education + Training, 51(4), 272–291.
doi:10.1108/00400910910964566

Shapero, A. & Sokol, L. (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In

C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, & K.H. Vesper (Eds.). Encyclopedia of
Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 72-90.

Singer et al., (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2014 Global Report.

Babson College, Babson Park, MA, United States, Universidad del Desarrollo,
Santiago, Chile, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2015.

Sondari (2014). Is Entrepreneurship Education Really Needed? Examining the

Antecedence of Entrepreneurial career Intentions. Procedia- Social and
behavioral Sciences.2014; 115:44-53.

Stangler & Spulber (2013). The Age of the Entrepreneur: Demographic sand
Entrepreneurship. IIIJ Innovation and Communication, Menlo Park, USA.

Teixeira, A.A.C. (2010). Attitudes of Higher Education students to new

venture creation: a preliminary approach to the Portuguese case, INESC
Porto, CEMPRE, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade doPorto, Portugal

Trivedi, D. K., Hollywood, K. A., & Goodacre, R. (2017). Metabolomics for the
masses: The future of metabolomics in a personalized world. New horizons in
translational medicine, 3(6), 294–305.
[Link]

Trivedi, R. H. (2016). Does university play significant role in shaping

entrepreneurial intention? A cross-country comparative analysis. Journal of
Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(3), 790–811.
[Link]

Tshikovhi, N., & Shambare R. (2015) Entrepreneurial knowledge,

entrepreneurial attitudes, and entrepreneurship intentions among South
African Enactus students.

Vroom V (1964) Work and motivation. Wiley, New York

World Economic Forum 2009 in European Commission (2008) Croci, C. L.

(2016). Is entrepreneurship a discipline? University of New Hampshire
Scholars' Repository. [Link]

Yildirim et al., (2016). Ready to Dare? A Case Study on Entrepreneurial

Intentions of Business and Engineering Students in Turkey. Procedia- Social
and Behavioral Sciences 229:277-288.

Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2009). The Relationship of

Personality to entrepreneurial Intentions and Performance: A Meta-Analytic
Review. Journal of Management, 36(2), 381–404.
[Link] et al., (2014).
Willingness to take risk and entrepreneurial intention of university students:
An empirical study comparing private and state universities. Procedia -Social
and Behavioral [Link], U., (2006). Students’ Attitude and
Intentions toward Entrepreneurship at Tallinn University of Technology.
https//[Link]/publcation/24137730