Gene expression and proteins

 Any pathology or medical intervention is casually linked with changes in gene expression.
 Definition of gene informal and technical use.
 Coding and non-coding proteins- nearly half of our genome is actively used (transcribed) in
the form of non-protein coding RNA.
 Gene expression- protein synthesis (transcription, splicing and translation).
 Genes are transcribed by RNA Polymerase.
 Transcription factors.
 DNA acts as a template to initiate RNA synthesis.
 The role of RNA is converted DNA to RNA.
 Maturation of pre-mRNA from introns and exons to form mature mRNA- splicing out intron
sequences.
 Capping and polyadenylation.
 Small non-coding RNAs destabilise mRNAs.
 Genetic code- degenerate code, only 20 amino acids and three stop codons. Most amino
acids are coded for by more than one codon.
 mRNA translation in ribosomes.
 Structure of ribosomes.
 RNA is the catalyst of translation.
 Role of tRNA.
 Initiation, elongation and termination.
 A mutation may bring about a premature stop codon.
 The role of antibiotics in inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.
 Modification and packaging of proteins.
 Protein localisation.
 The role of the RER and Golgi body in protein localisation.
 Protein localisation in disease.
 ANG2.