Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

A Comprehensive Overview
of
Distance Protection

Compiled By:
Shahzad Azam Hashmi
Assistant Manager Electrical
Central Power House,
Bahria Town Karachi, Pakistan
Contact: +92-311-7418463
Email: engineer.hashmi99@gmail.com 1
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Table of Contents
1. Basic Concepts .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Resistance of Transmission Line........................................................................................................ 4
1.2. Inductance of Transmission Line ....................................................................................................... 4
1.3. Reactance of Transmission Line ........................................................................................................ 4
1.4. Impedance .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.5. Justification of Impedance for Protection .......................................................................................... 4
1.6. Impedance of Normal Line ................................................................................................................ 5
1.7. Impedance in Case of Fault ................................................................................................................ 5
2. Measuring Principal .................................................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Normal System................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Faulty System..................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3. Comparison of Impedance Angle ....................................................................................................... 7
3. Impedance in 3 – Phase System ................................................................................................................ 7
3.1. 3 – Phase Faults ................................................................................................................................. 7
3.2. Phase – Phase Fault ............................................................................................................................ 8
3.3. Phase – Ground Fault ......................................................................................................................... 9
3.4. Compensating Factor (𝑍𝐿𝑁) ............................................................................................................ 10
4. CT Classification..................................................................................................................................... 13
5. Zone of Protection................................................................................................................................... 13
5.1. Inaccuracies...................................................................................................................................... 14
6. Distance Protection Characteristics ........................................................................................................ 15
6.1. Impedance Relay .............................................................................................................................. 15
6.2. MHO or Admittance Relay .............................................................................................................. 15
6.3. Quadrilateral Characteristics ............................................................................................................ 16
7. Polarization Method ................................................................................................................................ 18
7.1. Types of Polarization ....................................................................................................................... 19
8. Source Impedance Ratio (SIR) ............................................................................................................... 19
8.1. SIR Challenges in Short Lines ......................................................................................................... 20
9. Directional Comparison Schemes ........................................................................................................... 20
9.1. Distance Protection Directional Comparison Schemes.................................................................... 21

2
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Table of Figures
Figure 1: Impedance in Transmission Line ................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Fault Occur on Transmission Line ................................................................................................ 5
Figure 3: Impedance after Fault Occur ......................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4: Impedance Characteristics of Normal System............................................................................... 6
Figure 5: Impedance Characteristics During Fault ....................................................................................... 6
Figure 6: Comparison of Impedance Characteristics .................................................................................... 7
Figure 7: 3 - Phase Fault (All 3 Phases Shorted Together) ........................................................................... 7
Figure 8: Impedance Characteristics of 3 - Phase Fault ................................................................................ 8
Figure 9: Phase - to - Phase Fault Scenario .................................................................................................. 8
Figure 10: Impedance Characteristics of Phase - Phase Fault ...................................................................... 8
Figure 11: Phase – Ground Fault Scenario.................................................................................................... 9
Figure 12: Impedance Characteristics of Phase - Ground Fault ................................................................... 9
Figure 13: Protection Analysis .................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 14: Single Line Diagram to the Fault Point ..................................................................................... 10
Figure 15: Sequence Network Equivalent Circuit ...................................................................................... 11
Figure 16: Trip Option ................................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 17: Distance Relay Zone Development ........................................................................................... 13
Figure 18: Distance Relay Protection Zone – 1 .......................................................................................... 14
Figure 19: Distance Relay Protection Zone – 2 .......................................................................................... 14
Figure 20: Impedance Relay Characteristics............................................................................................... 15
Figure 21: MHO/Admittance Relay Characteristics ................................................................................... 15
Figure 22: Configuration of MHO Characteristics (PowerDB Software)................................................... 16
Figure 23: Three Zone MHO Relay Setup (PowerDB Software) ............................................................... 16
Figure 24: Quadrilateral Characteristics ..................................................................................................... 17
Figure 25: Three Zones Quadrilateral Characteristics MHO Relay (PowerDB Software) ......................... 17
Figure 26: Testing of Relay Across the Quad Points (PowerDB Software) ................................................ 18
Figure 27: Ground Compensation Option (PowerDB Software) ................................................................ 18
Figure 28: Source Impedance Ratio (SIR) .................................................................................................. 19
Figure 29: Directional Comparison Schemes ............................................................................................. 21
Figure 30: Direct-Underreaching Transfer Trip (DUTT) ............................................................................ 22
Figure 31: Permissive-Underreaching Transfer Trip (PUTT) ..................................................................... 22

Table of Tables
Table 1: Classification of Lines as Per SIR................................................................................................. 20
Table 2: Distance Protection Directional Comparison Schemes ................................................................. 21

3
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

1. Basic Concepts
1.1. Resistance of Transmission Line
Resistance of conductor is directly proportional to its length
𝜌
𝑅= ∗ 𝑑=𝑟∗ 𝑑
𝐴
𝜌
𝑟= = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐴
1.2. Inductance of Transmission Line
(𝐺𝑀𝑀)
𝐿 = 2 𝑥 10−7 ∗ 𝑑
(𝐺𝑀𝑅)

1.3. Reactance of Transmission Line

𝑋 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 𝑥 ∗ 𝑑
(𝐺𝑀𝑀)
𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑓 (2 𝑥 10−7 )
(𝐺𝑀𝑅)
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

1.4. Impedance
In short transmission line (less than 50 miles) the effect of shunt capacitance can be neglected,
So,
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
𝑍 = 𝑟 ∗ 𝑑 + 𝑗𝑥 ∗ 𝑑 = 𝑑 (𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥)
𝑧 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥
𝑍 =𝑑∗𝑧
𝑍 = 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

If the capacitance is considered the equation will become more complex

1.5. Justification of Impedance for Protection

• The impedance of remains constant throughout the line so its values change where fault
occur that helps in localization and identification of fault.

4
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

1.6. Impedance of Normal Line

Figure 1: Impedance in Transmission Line

𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑅
𝑍𝐿 =
𝐼𝐿

1.7. Impedance in Case of Fault

Figure 2: Fault Occur on Transmission Line

In case of fault the line divided into two impedances i.e impedance at fault and impedance of
normal line as shown in Fig.3.

Figure 3: Impedance after Fault Occur

𝑉𝑠
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑍𝑓 =
𝐼𝑓

• Using the relation below the location of the fault can be calculated

𝑍𝑓 = 𝑑𝑓 (𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥) = 𝑑𝑓 ∗ 𝑧
𝑉𝑠
𝑑𝑓 =
𝑧 ∗ 𝐼𝑙

5
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

2. Measuring Principal
2.1. Normal System
If we measuring the impedance of the line from some point ‘M’, the RX diagram in Fig.4 shows
the impedance line is close to resistance axis.

Figure 4: Impedance Characteristics of Normal System

2.2. Faulty System

When fault occur the impedance line shifts close to the reactance axis. The reason is that there is
very small portion between the fault and measuring point. As, we know that the characteristics of
the transmission line is reactive due to inductance so the impedance line shifts close to the X as
shown in Fig.5.

Figure 5: Impedance Characteristics During Fault

6
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

2.3. Comparison of Impedance Angle

The impedance characteristics of both the normal and faulty system has been shown in figure.

Figure 6: Comparison of Impedance Characteristics

3. Impedance in 3 – Phase System

The calculation of impedance in 3-phase system is more complex due to different nature of faults.

3.1. 3 – Phase Faults

Figure 7: 3 - Phase Fault (All 3 Phases Shorted Together)

𝑍𝑎𝑓 = 𝑍𝑏𝑓 = 𝑍𝑐𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑍𝐿1𝑓
𝑉𝑎
𝑍𝐿1𝑓 =
𝐼𝑎

7
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Figure 8: Impedance Characteristics of 3 - Phase Fault

3.2. Phase – Phase Fault

Here, if two phases short the current will flow between phase two phases i. e ‘a’ and ‘b’.

Figure 9: Phase - to - Phase Fault Scenario

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝐼𝑎 = − 𝐼𝑏 =
𝑍𝐿1𝑓

𝑉𝑎
𝑍𝐿1𝑓 =
𝐼𝑎

Figure 10: Impedance Characteristics of Phase - Phase Fault

8
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

3.3. Phase – Ground Fault

In this fault one phase let say phase ‘a’ got grounded. Here another impedance that is of neutral
also comes into play.

Figure 11: Phase – Ground Fault Scenario

𝑉𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 + 3𝐼0 𝑍𝐿𝑁

𝐼𝑎 = 3𝐼0
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 (𝑍𝐿1𝑓 + 𝑍𝐿𝑁 )
𝑉𝑎
= 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 + 𝑍𝐿𝑁
𝐼𝑎

Figure 12: Impedance Characteristics of Phase - Ground Fault

From Fig.10, it can be observed that due to phase to ground fault the impedance angle got shifted.

9
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Figure 13: Protection Analysis

It can be observed that the actual protection is at point ‘A’ but in phase – ground fault the value
of impedance is high at point B so, there need a compensation from point A to B for the
protection to be operated. Otherwise, the protection will not operate at point B due to higher
value of impedance.

3.4. Compensating Factor (𝑍𝐿𝑁 )

Figure 14: Single Line Diagram to the Fault Point

10
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Figure 15: Sequence Network Equivalent Circuit

Voltage at the fault 𝑉𝑓 is ‘0’, so we connect the three networks in series. We know from figure 15
that positive sequence impedance and negative sequence impedance is same.
𝑍𝐿1𝑓 = 𝑍𝐿2𝑓

Also, it is clear that all three currents are the same,

𝐼𝑎
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼0 =
3
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼0 = 3𝐼𝑜 = 3𝐼1 = 3𝐼2
𝐼𝑎
𝑉1 = 𝐼1 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 = ( ) ∗ 𝑍𝐿1𝑓
3
𝐼𝑎
𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑍𝐿2𝑓 = ( ) ∗ 𝑍𝐿2𝑓
3
𝐼𝑎
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑓 = ( ) ∗ 𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑓
3
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
𝐼𝑎
𝑉𝑎 = ( ) ∗ (2𝑍𝐿1𝑓 + 𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑓 )
3
𝑉𝑎 2 1
= ( 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 + 𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑓 )
𝐼𝑎 3 3
1
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑍
3 𝐿1𝑓
𝑉𝑎 1
= 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 + (𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑓 − 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 )
𝐼𝑎 3

11
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

So,
1
𝑍𝐿𝑁 = (𝑍 − 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 )
3 𝐿𝑜𝑓
𝑍𝐿𝑁 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 "𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

Doing some complex mathematics using that base equation we have compensation factor
𝑍𝐿𝑜 − 𝑍𝐿1
𝐾𝑁 = ( )
3𝑍𝐿1
𝐾𝑁 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑍𝐿𝑜 = 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑍𝐿1 = 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑍𝑔 = 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 (1 + 𝐾𝑁 )
𝑉𝑎
= 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 (1 + 𝐾𝑁 )
𝐼𝑎

𝑍𝐿1𝑓 = 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡

Hence, we have two types of compensation factors

𝑍𝐿𝑜 − 𝑍𝐿1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐾𝑁 = ( )
3𝑍𝐿1
𝑉𝑎
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐾𝑁 = 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 = ( )
𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑁 𝐾𝑁

𝑍𝐿𝑜 − 𝑍𝐿1
𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐾𝑜 = ( )
𝑍𝐿1

𝑉𝑎
𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐾𝑜 = 𝑍𝐿1𝑓 = ( )
𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑜 𝐾𝑁

12
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

4. CT Classification
• The most common relaying accuracy class for the CTs is C designation, which reflects if
value of current is 20 times the nominal value, the CT will give the error not more than
10 % when nominal burden is connected to CT.
• The C designation is followed by a number, which is a secondary terminal voltage that
the CT will support while meeting the error limit (≤ 10 %) at 20 times rated primary
current.

Figure 16: Trip Option

• It is not very simple to say that if 𝑍𝑓 < 𝑍𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 the trip will be initiated. Instead there
needed to have consider various factors otherwise will not have secure protection.
• So, to overcome this we use safety factors.

5. Zone of Protection
The zones of protections needed to be developed to compensate the error (10 % to 20 %)

Figure 17: Distance Relay Zone Development

• There does not require the instantaneous trip if the fault occur beyond 80 – 90 % of the
total distance of the line because those 10 – 20 % are the errors and inaccuracies that go
into the calculations of those impedances. There are errors in measurements and the
assumptions we taken about the line.
13
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

• Line impedance is erroneous that changes with the time so also contribute to error so 10 –
20 % safety factor is good
• Zone – 2 covers complete line including some part of other line. For zone – 2 tripping
there use to give intentional delay.
• Zone -1 must not reach beyond the remote bus
• Use 10 – 20 % safety factors

5.1. Inaccuracies
• Relay measurement accuracies (relays have typically 3% of error)
• CT and PT errors and transients
• Line impedance values are approximation
• CVT transients

Figure 18: Distance Relay Protection Zone – 1

Figure 19: Distance Relay Protection Zone – 2

• Zone – 2 must not trip instantaneously

• There should be given enough time for the operation of zone – 1 protection and breaker B
• Zone – 2 must not reach beyond D

14
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

6. Distance Protection Characteristics

6.1. Impedance Relay

Figure 20: Impedance Relay Characteristics

• If the impedance value lies with in the circle or range the relay will trip the line
• The reach on the resistance axis is uniform along the edge of circle
• The problem is that it is non – directional so need to supervise it after making it
directional somehow

6.2. MHO or Admittance Relay

Figure 21: MHO/Admittance Relay Characteristics

• It is directional
• Admittance circle passes through the origin which use to be compensated with offset
• The reach along the resistance axis is not uniform as can be assessed from the edge of
circle
• Line ‘S’ is the load line and it is clear that sometimes the load become so high that it
drops the impedance which can operate the relay false.
• To overcome this issue the load blinders are used

15
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Figure 22: Configuration of MHO Characteristics (PowerDB Software)

Figure 23: Three Zone MHO Relay Setup (PowerDB Software)

• All zones at the same angle

• The angle called the “Maximum Torque Angle (MTA)”

6.3. Quadrilateral Characteristics

• Here Quad shape is used instead of circle
• It will trip for any higher reactance corresponding to line – 1
• Quadrilateral characteristics are popular in modern digital relays

16
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Figure 24: Quadrilateral Characteristics

Figure 25: Three Zones Quadrilateral Characteristics MHO Relay (PowerDB Software)

17
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Figure 26: Testing of Relay Across the Quad Points (PowerDB Software)

Figure 27: Ground Compensation Option (PowerDB Software)

7. Polarization Method
• Comparator-based distance elements require a polarization quantity to provide a reliable
angle reference for directional discrimination
• In previous methods we have voltage that compare with the current to asses the
directionality
• It means if we do not have proper voltage, we will have the trouble in determining the
direction of fault
• Polarization means which voltage to be used to determine the direction of the fault

18
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

7.1. Types of Polarization

The selection of polarization method effects the protection
7.1.1. Self-Polarization
• In this the voltage at the fault location is used to compare the angle with current.
• The problem is that at fault location voltage drops instantaneously so possibly the voltage
might not be available to compare current angle
7.1.2. Cross Polarization
• Use voltage of healthy phase
7.1.3. Memory Polarization
• Used the memory saved values of voltage (Self or Cross Polarization) when the fault
occurs
7.1.4. Combined Polarization
• It uses the positive sequence voltage and provides the combination of both Self or Cross
Polarization

8. Source Impedance Ratio (SIR)

Figure 28: Source Impedance Ratio (SIR)

𝑍𝑠
𝑆𝐼𝑅 =
𝑍𝐿

• Ratio of the source impedance to the line impedance

• SIR to the relay is the ratio of source impedance to the zone impedance setting
• SIR is effectively a measure for the magnitude of the faulted-loop voltage seen by the
relay
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎𝑠 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆

𝐼𝑎 depends upon the distance of fault from measuring point (Green Box) because less impedance
of the line between the fault point and 𝑍𝐿

19
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Higher the 𝐼𝑎 reduces 𝑉𝑎

Table 1: Classification of Lines as Per SIR

SIR Classification
>4 Short Lines
> 0.5 and < 4 Medium Lines
<0.5 Long Lines

• The length of line cannot be used as the criterion for the classification of lines
• It might be possible that a line in length is short but through SIR calculation it is long due
to line impedance

8.1. SIR Challenges in Short Lines

• The higher the SIR the more complex the line protection with zone 1 because voltage
collapse very fast
• Makes it difficult for the relay to differentiate between an in-zone fault and an out-of-
zone fault
• The higher the SIR, the lower the restraining voltage at the relay for an out-of-zone fault
• Measurement errors are pronounced
• CT and VT error
• CVT transients
• In case of short line other types of protection like differential protection may be
preferable

9. Directional Comparison Schemes

Distance protections are used as the part of protection schemes to improve the behavior of the
system and prevent the bad tripping

20
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Figure 29: Directional Comparison Schemes

In this both relays looking, at the same fault and take permission from each other through
communication to trip.

9.1. Distance Protection Directional Comparison Schemes

Followings are the Directional Comparison Schemes
Table 2: Distance Protection Directional Comparison Schemes

DUTT Direct-Underreaching transfer trip

POTT Permissive-Overreaching transfer trip
PUTT Permissive-Underreaching transfer trip
DCB Directional Comparison Blocking
DCUB Directional Comparison Unblocking

9.1.1. Direct-Underreaching Transfer Trip (DUTT)

• In this scheme when any of the relay reads the fault it will trip and send the same
command to other one to do the same. Underreaching because it looks the fault only in
the first zone. Transfer means it tells another relay or communicate it the signal to initiate
the trip.
• If fault occur CB1 will trip instantaneously because its zone – 1 and for CB 2 its zone – 2.
• Zone – 2 breaker takes delay about 20 cycles to trip so first CB1 will trip and then CB2
after delay time

21
Shahzad Azam Hashmi Protection Central Power House

Figure 30: Direct-Underreaching Transfer Trip (DUTT)

9.1.2. Permissive-Underreaching Transfer Trip (PUTT)

• In this scheme there is some supervision on tripping
• Underreaching means they need to see the fault inside the line
• Transfer means one sees the fault and communicate the fault with other to trip
• Here CB2 needs permission from own supervision to trip

Figure 31: Permissive-Underreaching Transfer Trip (PUTT)

22