ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES

INVERTER (U.P.S)

2011
 “Transforming Live, Inventing Future”

A
Project Report
On
INVERTER(UPS)

By

1. Mehta Brijesh K
2. Mavadiya Darshan J

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

DIPLOMA STUDIES, RAJKOT 360001.
[2011 – 2012]
 A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
INVERTER (UPS)
Is partially fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

DIPLOMA OF ENGINEERING
IN
EC ENGINEERING

Submitted by:-

1. Mehta Brijesh K (096030311106)

2. Mavadiya Darshan J (096030311094)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Mayur Patel

DEPARTMENT OF ELCTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION NGINEERING

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR DIPLOMA

STUDIES, RAJKOT-360001
(2011-2012)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)”
has been carried by the team under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the
Diploma Engineering in Electronics and Communication in GTU during the
academic year 2011-2012. (Semestar-5)

Team:

1. MEHTA BRIJESH K (096030311106)

2. MAVADIYA DARSHAN J (096030311094)

DATE:

PLACE:

Guide: Faculty Guide: Industry

(Mr. Mayur Patel) (Mr. Kaushalbhai Vyas)

Head of Department Principal

(Mr. Deepak Jethloja) (Mr. G. C. Joshi)

 CERTIFICATE
Name of Trainee : Brijesh .K. Mehta

Training Scheme : Industrial Training, Phase 1

Name Of Institute : Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science For Diploma studies
Rajkot

Name of Field : Diploma EC , 5th Sem.

Field of Training : Manufacturing of UPS & Power Products

Training Period : 30-7-2011 to 30-10-2011

Performance : Excellent

Job Knowledge : Very Good

Learning Initiative : Excellent

Regularity : Punctual

Conduct : Decent

Reason for Relieving : Completion in Training.

Remarks : Sincere and hard working

For, Span Power Systems Pvt. Ltd.

Kaushal V. Vyas
[Managing Director]
 CERTIFICATE
Name of Trainee : Darshan J. Mavadiya

Training Scheme : Industrial Training, Phase 1

Name Of Institute : Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science For Diploma studies
Rajkot

Name of Field : Diploma EC , 5th Sem.

Field of Training : Manufacturing of UPS & Power Products

Training Period : 30-7-2011 to 30-10-2011

Performance : Excellent

Job Knowledge : Very Good

Learning Initiative : Excellent

Regularity : Punctual

Conduct : Decent

Reason for Relieving : Completion in Training.

Remarks : Sincere and hard working

For, Span Power Systems Pvt. Ltd.

Kaushal V. Vyas
[Managing Director]
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to present this section as a tribute to those who

always stood by us as a strong and acted as torchbearers for us.

Hereby, our first and foremost thanking goes to our guide and our director
Mr. Kaushal Vyas for the knowledge and guidance provided to us on the project
work. we are also thankful of our guide Mr.Mayur patel and our Head of the
Department Mr. Deepak Jethloja .We gratefully thank them for extending to us
there invaluable time and resources.

We thank upon the entire faculty group and administrator of the college for their
ever readiness to help us in any circumstances. We are grateful to our college for
providing a strong platform to bring out our talent and give a concrete form to our
ideas, thoughts and imagination.

1. Mehta Brijesh K
2. Mavadiya Darshan J

I
 COMPANY PROFILE

“Span power system pvt.ltd. has started its manufacturing activities way back in
1987. Now, the capacity of manufacturing various types of product is 100 to 200
as per order as per day.

„Span power system pvt.ltd. manufactures on line u.p.s, Home u.p.s, Digital
inverter, Servo voltage stabilizer, Interactive u.p.s,solar water heater, Solar garden
light,R.O.system, solar street light all in various capicities and sizes. Which
differentiate from application to application.

“Spspl” is an ISO 9001 : 2000 company certified by the TUV-RHEINLAND.

Science inspection quality and customer satisfaction has been our prime motto. It
has been the policy of SPSPL from its establishment to provide its customers
satisfactory products and services.

“SPSPL” has a very good marketing network spread in all over Gujarat and
maharastra.

II
 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. Abstract 1
2. History 2
3. Inverter and its function 3
4. Working of Inverter (UPS) 5
5. Arrangement of UPS 7
6. Types of Inverter (UPS) 9
7. Component used in Inverter (UPS) 11
8. Testing of Inverter (UPS) 12
9. Features 14
10. Faults and solution 17
11. Application 20
12. Conclusion 25
13. Bibliography 26

III
 TABLE INDEX

TABLE PAGE NO.

1. Component used in Inverter (UPS) 11

2. Application 20

IV
 FIGURE INDEX

FIGURE PAGE NO.

1. Block Diagram of Inverter 3

2. Block Diagram of UPS 5
3. Stand by mode of UPS 6
4. Arrangement of UPS 7-8
5. Types of UPS 9-10
6. Battery Capacity 13

V
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1. Abstract

In this project we have studied the main function of Inverter and UPS. Also we
have found out the difference but Inverter and UPS & AC and DC Inverters. It
can be used for many appliances when main power supply is interrupted.

We have found various kinds of faults occur in Inverter (UPS) circuit and also
found the solutions of these faults. These faults are described briefly.

We have worked on this project by working at reputable company, “Span Power

Systems Pvt. Ltd.”

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2. History

From the late nineteenth century through the middle of the twentieth century, DC-
to-AC power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters or motor-
generator sets (M-G sets). In the early twentieth century, vacuum tubes and gas
filled tubes began to be used as switches in inverter circuits. The most widely
used type of tube was the thyratron.

The origins of electromechanical inverters explain the source of the term inverter.
Early AC-to-DC converters used an induction or synchronous AC motor direct-
connected to a generator (dynamo) so that the generator's commutator reversed its
connections at exactly the right moments to produce DC. A later development is
the synchronous converter, in which the motor and generator windings are
combined into one armature, with slip rings at one end and a commutator at the
other and only one field frame. The result with either is AC-in, DC-out. With an
M-G set, the DC can be considered to be separately generated from the AC; with
a synchronous converter, in a certain sense it can be considered to be
"mechanically rectified AC". Given the right auxiliary and control equipment, an
M-G set or rotary converter can be "run backwards", converting DC to AC.
Hence an inverter is an inverted converter.

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3. Inverter and its function.

 Inverter
 The circuit which is used to convert d.c. power in to a.c. power is called
Inverter.

Figure:- Block Diagram of Inverter

 Basic structure of inverter device

 Inverter device consists of mainly two parts; converter and inverter
 Originally the meaning of ―Inverter‖ is changing DC power source into AC
power source.
 In order to make supplied frequency variable, once the AC power source is
changed into DC at Converter part.
 An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to
alternating current (AC)
 The function of an inverter is to change a DC input voltage to a symmetrical
AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. The output voltage
could be fixed or variable at a fixed or variable frequency as desired.

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 Difference between AC and DC inverter

 There are two main types of inverter system:
 One is AC inverter, and the other is DC inverter
 Basically only the difference is the motor is driven by the inverter, not the
inverter device itself.
 The inverter that drives an AC motor is called ―AC inverter‖, and the one
which drives DC motor is called ―DC inverter‖.

 Difference between Inverter and U.P.S.

 Inverter is just a circuit which converts dc supply into ac supply. but ups
is a device which stores electrical power on normal conditions and gives back
power to load when the EB fails to supply power. an ups has an inverter
circuit.

 CHANGE OVER TIME: An off-line ups (the standard) switches to the

batteries in 3 to 8 milliseconds, after the main power has been lost.
The typical Inverter changes over in about 500 milliseconds

 SIZE: Off-line UPS's go up to about 2kVA Inverters go to 16kVA, 3

phase(what i could find browsing)

 VOLTAGE REGULATION: UPS's have automatic voltage regulation

(AVR) set on average at 220v Inverters output voltage is the same as the
mains input voltage (South Africa = 230V)

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4. Working of Inverter (UPS)

 An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS

or battery/backup is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power
to a load when the input power source, typically mains power, fails.

 A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby

generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous
protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more
attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry for low power users,
and or by means of diesel generators and flywheels for high power users.

Figure: - Block Diagram of UPS

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 The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively
short—5–15 minutes being typical for smaller units—but sufficient to allow
time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the
protected equipment.

Figure:- Stand by mode of UPS

 UPS is typically used to protect computers, data centers, telecommunication
equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power
disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data
loss.

 UPS units range in size from units designed to protect a single computer
without a video monitor (around 200 VA rating) to large units powering
entire data centers, buildings, or even cities.

 UPS have five type of mode as below:

Standby
Line interactive
Standby-ferro
Double conversion on-line

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5. Arrangement of UPS

 Delta conversion on-line Mains inverter operated by battery is used in UPS

.Storage battery is charged when the a.c. supply is available. There are two
types of arrangements of UPS.

1. Critical load is normally connected to the a.c. mains.

2. Critical load is connected to the inverter.

 The first arrangement, Critical load is normally connected to the a.c. mains.
This arrangement is shown in figure 1. Battery charges when the a.c.
supply is available. When a.c. supply fails, the relay operates and inverter
switches on and the load gets power through inverter. The features of this
type of arrangements are as follows.

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1. Power remains off for 4 to 5 ms, when static switch is used and it remains
off for 30 to 50 ms, when electro mechanical switch is used.
2. Inverter works only during the period of a.c. power failure.
3. Load is normally connected to the a.c. mains so the switching transients
affect the load.
 In another type of arrangement of UPS, the load is connected permanently
to the inverter (figure 2) A.C. mains supply is connected in to d.c. with the
help of rectifier after stepping down the voltage to the required value.
Battery is charged by the d.c. voltage and the inverter also works on the
d.c. supply. This inverter feeds the critical load.
 When a.c. mains supply fails, charging of the battery stops but the inverter
continues to work on the battery supply. Thus the critical load gets
continuous power both the healthy and faulty conditions. Features of this
arrangement are as follows.

1. Inverter always feed the critical load both in the healthy and a.c. power
failure conditions.
2. Inverter remains continuously on.
3. There is no break in the supply to the critical load.
4. Critical load is isolated from the a.c. mains, so the transients in a.c. supply
do not affect the load.

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6. Types of Inverter (UPS)

 ON LINE UPS

 Pure sine wave output.

 High frequency inverter.
 Crystal controlled output frequency.
 Compact and well engineered architecture.
 Ultimate protection against all power
disturbances.
 Suitable for all battery types and capacities.
 True online double conversion technology.
 Smooth and silent operation.

 DIGITAL INVERTER(UPS)

 CCCV charger.
 Two stage charging.
 Automatic trickle.
 Low battery protection.
 Overload protection.
 Buzzer audio protection.

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 HOME UPS

 Pure sine wave output.

 Overload protection.

 CCCV Charger.

 Computer compatible.

 Low battery protection.

 Battery reverse protection.

 Battery trolley.

 Two stage charging.

 Automatic trickle.

 Buzzer audio alarm.

 MCB protection.

 Brownout protection.

 INTERACTIVE UPS

 True line interactive.

 Brownout protection.
 Built in AVR, spike protection.
 SMPS Charger.
 Stable & clean output.
 No load trip facility.
 High backup available up to 8 Hours.

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7. Component used in Inverter (UPS)

 Inverter (UPS) contains general purpose components like resistors and

capacitors of different values, connecting probes etc., also special purpose
components as below:

Table:- Component used in Inverter (UPS)

MOSFET
TRANSFORMER
ICs
HEATSINK
PRESET
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
RELAY
BATTERY

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8. Testing Inverter (UPS)

 First of all make sure that all the connections are done properly.
 After then check the wiring is done properly.
 We connect the normal load to the Inverter or UPS and then connect it with
battery for backup
 If relay switching then the circuit is o.k., if the relay is not switching then
there is a fault in the circuit.

 To test your UPS, throw the circuit breaker with the UPS on it to simulate
and outage and see how the transition goes. Note that in general testing an
UPS by pulling the plug from the wall is not a good idea.
 Electronics like to always have a good ground reference. If you unplug a
UPS, it's still powered but now has what electricians call a "floating
ground". Not only can this be bad for electronics, but it can be quite
dangerous as well.
 It is likely that unplugging just about any UPS for a short amount of time
isn't likely to result in disaster (don't take our word for it, though!), but in
all cases, throwing a circuit breaker would be a better thing to do.
 It might be useful to install a GFI (Ground Fault Interrupter) on your UPS-
covered outlets to facilitate this testing without having to throw a breaker,
especially if you don't have your UPS protected machines on an isolated
circuit (which you probably should).
 These are the sockets found in most modern kitchens and bathrooms with a
red and a black button. You push the latter to cut power and the former to
restore power.

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 Common battery characteristics and load testing

 When a lead–acid battery is charged or discharged, this initially affects

only the reacting chemicals, which are at the interface between the
electrodes and the electrolyte.
 With time, the charge stored in the chemicals at the interface, often called
"interface charge", spreads by diffusion of these chemicals throughout the
volume of the active material.
 If a battery has been completely discharged and next is given a fast charge
for only a few minutes, then during the short charging time it develops only
a charge near the interface.
 The battery voltage may rise to be close to the charger voltage so that the
charging current decreases significantly.
 After a few hours this interface charge will spread to the volume of the
electrode and electrolyte, leading to an interface charge.
 As much as we use the battery, it’s power storage capacity decreases.
 We can see it in figure below:

Fig:-1 capacity is maximum Fig:-2 capacity is decreased

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9. Features

 Volt Ampere (VA) capacity of the UPS

 VA, the apparent capacity is the first figure to define UPS size, and should

be above the total VA of all consumers protected by the UPS.

 Watt Capacity of the UPS

 UPS Efficiency value

 UPS efficiency is the ratio between UPS full load output watts to AC Input

watts from the utility. The efficiency enables to calculate the wasted
electricity running costs, which may form a significant share of total UPS
cost, particularly for low efficiency types.

 Eco mode operation and Efficiency value

 Some UPS systems feature Eco Mode operation ability to decrease running

costs. Economic (Eco) mode, also called High Efficiency mode, enables
the UPS to work continuously from the utility transferring to online mode
in case the utility voltage deviates.

 Rack Height:
 UPS Height in Rack units (U) including internal batteries

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 Battery Backup Time at full load

 Battery backup minutes at full load provided by internal UPS batteries

 Battery Backup Time at 0.7 PF (Power Factor) Load.

 Backup time depends strongly on size of load. Same load should therefore

be used for comparison purpose. UPS Power Factor ( PF) is the ratio
between UPS Watt to Volt Ampere. Using 0.7PF (the most common UPS
PF) enables comparing backup time of all 3kVA systems (whatever their
Wattage rating) when protecting the same 2100Watt (3000x0.7) load.

 Emergency Power OFF (EPO) ability

 EPO enables Emergency turn OFF the UPS and its output, by means of

external command (or contact). A feature required by authorities in certain

applications.

 Load Shedding ability

 Load shedding helps Increasing UPS Backup Time by turning off

consumers which require UPS protection from mains disturbances,

but are not required to operate at utility outage.

 Maintenance By - Pass (MBP) Feature

 MBP enables to isolate the load from the UPS, by connecting it to the

mains for UPS maintenance purposes. Statistics show that 30% of UPS
Power failures result from errors of maintenance personal, due to lack of
MBP feature.

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 User Replaceable (or hot swap batteries) ability.

 User's ability to replace failed batteries, increases power availability and

reduces costs. Hot swap batteries, enable to replace battery packs without
turning the UPS off.

 Paralleling ability
 Paralleling of UPS systems is used for increasing UPS capacity when

requirements grow, and for increasing power availability by means of UPS

redundancy, achieved by adding at least one surplus UPS unit, beyond the
required capacity.

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10. Faults and solution

 What are the common faults of the inverter and how to deal with?

 For security and reliability, the inverter has strong protection function. When
it detected any abnormal
 from external system or internal components, the protection will activate and
display fault message on the LCD to notify the user.
 In our experience, there are six troubles that possibly occurred at end user.

1. Isolation Fault
Q. This fault is defined earth fault of PV modules or failure of surge
protection device by lightning striking. It may be caused by incorrect
installation of PV modules or cable insulation aging or humid weather at
that day.
A. When this fault happened, observe for 30 minutes to see if it will clear
automatically. If don’t, power
off the inverter and reboot it again and then if the fault reappeared, contact your
installer.

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2. Ground I Fault
Q. Due to the different condition in practical application, including character
of solar modules, installation condition and laying area, weather condition
and character of public grid, and so on, the parasitic capacitance may exist
between solar modules and Earth, and it may lead to leakage current.
A. When this fault happened, observe for 30 minutes to see if it will clear
automatically. If don’t, power off the inverter and reboot it again and then if the
fault reappeared, contact your installer.

3. Grid Fault
Q. This fault means the public grid is abnormal at that moment, such as
abnormal voltage or frequency if There are high-power equipments startups
nearby. But this fault always happened instantaneously
And will be resumed soon.
A. When this fault happened, check and confirm the connection of AC cable is
credible and observe for 30 minutes to see if it will clear automatically. If don’t,
power off the inverter and reboot it again and then if the fault reappeared, contact
your installer.

4. No Utility
Q. This fault happens usually, it means the inverter cannot detect the public
grid.
A. It caused by the public grid power-off or the AC breaker switches off, and
unstable connection Between AC cable and inverter may result in the fault.

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5. PV over voltage
Q. This fault happens scarcely unless improper design for PV system or
under the rough weather with Lightning.
A. When the fault happened, check and confirm the connection terminal of DC
cable is credible and observe for 30 minutes to see if it will clear automatically. If
don’t, power off the inverter and reboot it again and then if the fault reappeared,
contact your installer.

6. over temperature
Q. This fault designed for the model with CPS SC10KTL, it means the
internal detection temperature is high than 55℃. It cause by high ambient
temperature or heat dissipation abnormal or internal temperature detector
failure.
A. Make sure the location a
Set temperature low than 55℃
Checking the cooling fan is working normal and make sure there are not
any obstacles on the cooling channel or nearby.
Observe for 10 minutes to see if the temperature will decline and eliminate
the fault automatically. If it still happened, contact your installer.

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11.Application

Table: - Applications

Applications Power ratings (kVA)

Home Office 0.6-0.8
Point of Sale (EPoS) 0.4-1.6
PCs / Terminals / Workstations 0.4-3.0
Small Workgroups 0.4-2.0
Small Networks (LANs) 0.8-3.0
Large Networks (WANs) 1-10
Servers 0.8-10
Telecom Key phones 0.4-2.0
Telecom PBXs 0.7-10
Telecom PoE / VoIP 0.4-3.0
Medical (i) 1-10
Server Rooms 3.3-80
Data Centers 10-800
Industrial Processes 30-80
400Hz Frequency Converters 30-120
Emergency Lighting 1.6-30^

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 Home office
 For home-based workers and small offices, the plug UPS offers a range of
benefits. The UPS is compact in size and offers six standard sockets (five
with backup power and surge protection, and three with surge protection
only). Energy efficient, compact and versatile, the plug UPS offers cost
effective protection for the domestic environment.

 Point of sale (EPoS)

 Electronic Point of Sale environments need a front-office solution that is
small, compact and easy to install within a retail desk. Both the plug
and dialog UPS fit this profile. With their surge protection and back-up
potential they are ideal low-cost solutions that can keep tills running during
a power failure.

 PCs / Terminals / Workstation

 Most computer networks now share resources as well as a central server.
Protecting desktop terminals and workstations is of paramount importance
during even a short mains power failure. Plug and dialog and Vision are
ideal solutions thanks to their compact size and power protection features.

 Small workgroups
 Workgroups are common within a small office environment. For this more
sophisticated computing set up the dialog, Net Dialog, Vision and Sentinel
Pro UPS offer the right level of robust protection and monitoring features.

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 Small networks (LANs)

 As a network becomes more sophisticated so does the need for the level of
power protection required. Net Dialog, Vision and Dialog Vision offer the
next level in power protection, providing superior electrical performance
and remote monitoring; while the Dialog Vision and Sentinel Dual LP also
offer flexible configurations.

 Large networks (WANs)

 The more reliant an organization is on its network, the more critical the
choice of uninterruptible power supply technology installed. Sentinel Dual
LP and Sentinel Dual HP provide on-line double-conversion protection and
extended runtime options.

 Servers
 The most critical device to protect within any network and data processing
function is the server - whether installed within a rack or as as standalone
device, the UPS must be capable of meeting a number of performance
levels. Dialog Vision, Sentinel Dual LP and Sentinel Dual HP are designed
for these types of critical application.

 Telecom key phones

 Small telephone systems require a budget solution to protect them when
mains power is present and help them ride through short duration power
failures. Dialog and Net Dialog are an ideal solution.

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 Telecom PBXs
 PBX systems today have converged with computing technology to become
very sophisticated devices at the heart of an organization’s telephony and
communications. Critical to any capacity to operate they require zero
downtime and the ultimate power protection afforded by on-line UPS
solutions like the Sentinel Pro and Sentinel Dual HP.

 Telecom PoE/VoIP
 Within most communications and server environments there are small
peripherals that can act as single points-of-failure. dialog and Net Dialog
meet this need.

 Medical
 Within a medical environment the best possible power protection is
required with ultimate reliability and electrical performance. Our standard
models - Sentinel Pro, Sentinel Dual HP and Sentinel Power can be
installed with isolation transformers to help meet the exacting standards
required.

 Server rooms
 Compact server rooms require on-line UPS that run cool, with a higher
operating efficiency and compact footprint. Sentinel Dual HP, Multi Sentry
and Sentinel Power are used within such environments every day, across
the world, powering the most sophisticated servers on a guaranteed 24/7
basis.

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 Data centers
 Using Riello UPS such as the Multi Sentry and Master MPS in high-
resilience formats can ensure a data centre achieve five-nines levels of
performance and uptime. For modular flexibility, the Multi Guard is an
ideal choice for data centers.

 Industrial process

 Master Industrial is a more ruggedized version of the Master MPS UPS,

installed in some of the world's most demanding industrial environments.

 Frequency converters
 Master FC400 is a 400Hz frequency converter suitable for aviation
applications and testing facilities.

 Emergency lighting
 Using our expertise in power protection, the Dialog CSS range delivers
standby power to the most exacting CSS standards for emergency lighting,
safety and security applications.

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12. Conclusion

In this project we have studied the main function of Inverter and UPS. Also we
have found out the difference between Inverter and UPS & AC and DC Inverters.
It can be used for many appliances when main power supply is interrupted.

We have found various kinds of faults occur in Inverter (UPS) circuit and also
found the solutions of these faults.

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13. Bibliography

1. K.C.Agrawal, MOSFET Inverter service manual, Micro publication

2. R.P.Ajwalia, Industrial Electronics.
3. www.riello-ups.com
4. www.hubpages.com
5. www.wikipedia.com

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