GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

PALAKKAD

MINIPROJECT REPORT

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING PWM

HEAD OF DEPT PRESENTED BY

BINDHU PRAJITH.K.R(19040309)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

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 2020-2021

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 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE PALAKKAD

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is the bonafied record of the project of "WATER LEVEL ALARM
CIRCIUT" presented by ARUNDAS.K of second year ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING,
Government polytechnic college , Palakkad . In partial fulfillment of the
requirements of the award of DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING under the
directorate of technical Education , Kerala state during the year 2020-2021.

Place:...............

Date:................. Staff-in-charge.

Head of the department

External examiner Int ernal examinar

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 GOVT. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE PALAKKAD

THE VISION
“ To be a centre of excellence in engineering education for providing
valuable resources to industry and society.”

THE MISSION
Providing quality education in Engineering and Technology.
Involving in the development of society through technology transfer
entrepreneurship and industry interaction.
To include social responsibility and ethical values among students through
value of education.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGENEERING

THE VISION
“To be a center of academic excellence imparting necessary knowledge and
skills in the field of Electronics to enable students for higher education,
employment and
entrepreneurship. ”

THE MISSION
Grooming the students with strong foundations of Electronics engineering
and facilitating them to pursue higher education.
Imparting knowledge and training for current and advanced technology in the field
of Electronics.
Providing facilities to students for familiarizing with employment and
entrepreneurship opportunities.

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 Acknowledgement

First of all we thank God almighty with whose blessing ; we did the project
upto this . The project being an integral part of curriculum and we would like
to thank the people who extended a helping hand in this venture.

At first we express our heart felt thanks and deep sense of gratitude to Mrs.Seema
the principal of Govt. Polytechnic college , for granting the permission to do this
project

In this moment we record indebtedness Mrs.C.K.Bindhu (Head of department of

electronics engineering) forall help in providing all facilities to complete the
project in time.With deep respect we express our gratitude to all staff members
of department of electronics engineering for their valuable advise and guidance in
presenting the project . We also express our gratitude to our friends for the
complete help and cooperation in each step . Last but not the least we express
our thankfulness and respect to our parents for their encouragement through out
the project .

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 ABSTRACT

  Nowadays everybody has overhead tank at their homes. But everyone who has a
water tank above knows the kind of problems that they face. Firstly there is no
system to track the water in the tank. Then there come a secondary problem that is
when their water pump is started they have no idea when it gets filled up and
sometimes there are situation where the pump keeps on pumping water to the
tank and the water starts spilling out from the tank. There is wastage of energy as
well as wastage of water.

In this project, we are using a water level alarm using simple

and low cost hardware using a 555 timer circuit. The aim of this project is to make a
water level detecting alarm with simple and low cost hardware without
compromising on the performance of the device.

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 5SObjectives
SORT
SET IN ORDER
SHINE
STANDARDIZE
SUSTAIN

SORT
Sort means that you remove all items from the workplace that are not needed for
current machine shop activities. This essentially involves segregating items of
immediate use from items that are not needed.

SET IN ORDER
Setting in order whatever has been "sorted" . Labeling and marking down required
items of usage creating designated areas of frequently used tools and arranging
them so that they are easy to find .

SHINE
Cleaning up after the work is over . Putting tools and used materials back in their
designated places , the way they were "Set in order" . Cleaning and sweeping the
workplaces, so as to avoid any hazardous materials spills and other accident at
workplace.

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 STANDARDIZE
Standardize whatever has been achieved so far using the first three pillars . Making
it a part of the daily routine and setting aside time to sort , and shine repeatedly.

SUSTAIN
Sustaing is maintaining the clean and organized work environment over a long
period of time to enhance producticity.

Once the first two pillars are implemented during the initial sessions of the
laboratory , third to fifth pillars should be made a regular activity before
commencement of any laboratory work and after concluding any days work and
should be monitored. The same criteria can be adopted for any laboratory ,
irrespective of the programme.

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 INDEX

SL.NO TOPICS

1 INTRODUCTION
2 COMPONENTS REQUIRED
3 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
4 NE 555 TIMER
5 RESISTORS
6 CAPACITOR
7 BUZZER
8 CONNECTING WIRES
9 MINI BREADBOARD
10 BATTERY
11 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
12 WORKING
13 ADVANTAGES
14 DISADVANTAGES
15 APPLICATIONS
16 CONCLUTION
17 REFERENCE

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 INTRODUCTION

We use water pump motors to draw groundwater and fill it in our tanks. There may
be cases in which the user switches ON the motor and forgets it. This leads to
wastage of water. Now to reduce these kinds of water wastage, we are going to
build a water level alarm circuit using 555 timer IC. This is a useful project which
detects the water level and gives a signal (buzzer) to the user indicating that the
water has reached the desired level. To detect the water level we are going to attach
two wires in the tank in a height where the user wants the water level to be
maintained.  The other end of one wire is connected to VCC and the other end of the
other wire is connected to pin 4 of the IC 555 timer. If the water level reaches the
desired level it will short both the wires. Current flows from VCC to pin 4, which
resets the flip flop and triggers the buzzer.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. 555 timer IC
2. Buzzer
3. Resistors (22K Ohm - 1, 570 Ohm - 1, 1K Ohm - 2)
4. Capacitors (1 uF – 1)
5. Breadboard
6. Connecting wires
7. Battery

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 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

NE 555 TIMER

The IC 555 timer is a one type of chip used in different applications like an oscillator,
pulse generation, timer. The designing of IC 555 timers can be done by using various
electrical and electronic components like transistors, resistors, diodes and a flip flop.
The operating range of this IC ranges from 4.5V -15V DC supply. The functional parts
of the 555 timer IC include flip-flop, voltage divider and a comparator. The main
function of this IC is to generate an accurate timing pulse. In the monostable mode,
the delay of this IC is controlled by the external components like a resistor and
capacitor. In the astable mode, both the duty cycle & frequency are controlled by
two external resistors and one capacitor.

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RESISTORS

A resistor is a passive element in a circuit that provides resistance to the flow of

current. Resistance is a measure of the opposition to the flow of current in a resistor.
The larger a resistor’s resistance, the greater the barrier against the flow of current.
There are many different types of resistors, such as a thermistor.
The unit of resistance is ‘Ohm’ and is represented as Ω. As per Ohm’s Law, When a 1
Volt potential difference is applied across a resistor and 1 Amp of current flows
through it, the resistance of the resistor is said to equal 1 Ω. A resistor is one of the
most fundamental circuit elements in electrical and electronics engineering.

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 CAPACITOR

 capacitors special is their ability to store energy; they're like a fully charged electric
battery. Caps, as we usually refer to them, have all sorts of critical applications in
circuits. Common applications include local energy storage, voltage spike
suppression, and complex signal filtering are called contactors.

BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and
beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a
mouse click or keystroke.

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CONNECTING WIRES  
These are used to connect the components in the circuit. 
These are used to allow current through them. 
These are made up of copper, since copper is a good conductor of electricity. 

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MINI BREAD BOARD 

Breadboards are designed to work with through-hole electronic components. These

components have long metal leads that are designed to be inserted through holes in
a printed  circuit board (PCB) that are plated with a thin copper coating, which allows
the components'  leads to be soldered to the board. 
This board is divided into 4 parts, the 1st and 4th part slots are connected horizontally
whereas  2nd and 3rd part slots are connected vertically. 
The mini breadboard has 400 slots. 

BATTERY

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A battery is a source of energy which provides a push - a voltage - of energy to get
the current flowing in a circuit. A bulb uses the electrical energy provided by
the battery, but does not use current. When the energy in the battery is used up
there is no current and the bulb does not light up

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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The circuit for a water level detector is shown below. Pin 1 is connected to the
ground. Pin 2 and Pin 6 are shorted and connected to pin 7 through 570 Ohm
resistor.  An electrolytic capacitor of 1 uF is connected to pin 6 and Ground. Pin 3 is
connected to the buzzer’s positive terminal, and the buzzer’s negative terminal is
connected to the ground. Pin 4 is grounded through a 1K Ohm resistor. VCC (supply
voltage) is connected to pin 7 through a 22K Ohm resistor. Pin 8 is connected to VCC.
A connection is taken from pin 4 and VCC is connected to beaker as shown in the
figure

WORKING

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The circuit uses a 555 timer in astable mode with R1=22k ohms, R2= 570 ohms and
C1=1 uF. The frequency of the given astable circuit is around 62 Hz.

The two probes which are shown in the circuit should be kept at the high level for
the water. The distance between the probes should be less than a few centimetres
to ensure that the conduction between the probes will take place when water is
touched to these probes.

When the water level rises to the height of the probes, then the 555 circuit will get
enabled and the output of the 555 timer produces a square wave output with a
frequency of about 62 Hz. This output is given to the buzzer.The logic Implemented
in this circuit is, 555 timer is enabled when its reset pin is connected to logic high.
But initially it is connected to ground. When the water level is maximum this pin is
enabled and this drives the 555 timer into astable mode.

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 Whenever an object being placed or came in front of the sensor the sensor will activate
because of the radiation emitted by the sensor is interrupted and this signal given to the
arduino board microcontroller. In which the microcontroller give the power to activate the
relay switch which is on condition thus the bulb
Connected to the relay get on. Whenever the objects leave or not placed or removed in front
of the sensor the sensor activated and give the command to off the switch.

ADVANTAGES

 Power Saver. ...

 Money Saver. ...
 Automatic. ...
 Water Maximization. ...
 Reliable Electronic Design. ...
 New Control Minimize Fouling & Deterioration. ...
 Easy Installation with LED Monitoring

DISADVANTAGES

 Water level controls need to be replaced every 3 years.

 The rust, foul and deteriorate
 Electronics are usually built separately
 More difficult installation
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 Most float switches are outdated
 No LED indicator lights
 No Warranty or Guarantee

APPLICATIONS

 Can be used in water tanks to control water levels

 Automatically turn ON/OFF pumps
 Can be used in factories, commercial complexes, apartments, home,
 Fuel tank level gauging
 Oil tank level control
 High & low-level alarms
 Pool water level control
 Life station switches
 Leachate level control
 Cooling tower water level control
 Sewage pump level control
 Remote monitoring liquid
 Water level control
 Pump controller
 Stream level monitoring
 Sump pump
 Tsunami warning and sea level monitoring
 Process batch control & monitoring
 Irrigation control

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 CONCLUTION

In these days, when Earth's reserve of consumable water is decreasing every

moment, every drop has its value. Water level controller is a simple yet effective way
to prevent wastage of water. Its simplicity in design and low cost components make
it an ideal piece of technology for the common man. Thus the automatic water level
controller is a big boon as concerned with the house hold applications as well as
other water saving purposes including agricultural sector and industries. Based on
the survey result, it is found that the automatic water level controller has a rising
demand and it is a good asset from the electronics perspective. Hence we conclude
that this system is very beneficial in rural as well as urban areas. It helps in the
efficient utilization of available water sources. If used on a large scale, it can provide
a major contribution in the conservation of water for us and the future generations

REFERENCE

https://www.electronicshub.org/water-level-alarm-using-555-timer

https://quartzcomponents.com/blogs/electronics-projects/water-level-
indicator-circuit-with-alarm-using-555-timer-ic

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