NTPC LIMITED

(A Govt. of India Enterprise)

Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Station
A PROJECT REPORT ON

STUDY OF TRANSFORMERS AND SWITCHYARD

In partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Submitted By:

K.SAICHARAN (B16EE046)
MD.NEHAZ HUSSAIN (B16EE033)
K.ADITHYA (B16EE049)
K.SAIKIRAN (B16EE017)
Under the estimated guidance of
SRI.M.VENUGOPAL REDDY
SR.MANAGER (EMD)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
WARANGAL-506015
2016-2020
 RAMAGUNDAM

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “STUDY OF TRANSFORMERS AND

SWITCHYARD” on it –NTPC Ramagundam has been successfully carried out, in the
partial fulfilment for the award of “Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering” from

K.SAICHARAN (B16EE046)

MD.NEHAZ HUSSAIN (B16EE033)

K.ADITHYA (B16EE049)

K.SAIKIRAN (B16EE017)

KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

WARANGAL-506015

This bona fide work has been carried out by students of KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, WARANGAL carried out, project work under our
guidance and supervision at “NTPC Limited-Ramagundam”, during the academic year
2016-2020.

PROJECT GUIDE PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to SRI.V.RAMAIAH, HOD (EEE) in KAKATIYA INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, WARANGAL for their valuable suggesting, which
helped us during the project.

We acknowledge our sincere gratitude to SRI.M.VENUGOPAL REDDY,

SR.MANAGER (EM) for providing the opportunity to work in NTPC –Limited,
RAMAGUNDAM and giving us a rich experience in completing the project.

We express our thanks to SRI.CH.VENKATESHWARA RAO, DGM (EM) AND

SRI.B.V.SUBRAMANYAM, AGM (EM) I/C for their valuable and timely suggestions
during my project.

We would like to thanks SRI.G.PRAVEEN KUMAR, MANAGER (HR-EDC),

SRI.JYOTHI PRASAD, Engr., SRI.L.HARIDAS, Engr., &SRI.G.BHIMESHWAR
RAO, Sub Engr. for providing their help.

We sincerely express our gratitude and respect to all those who guided, inspired and
helped me in the completion of the project. We are grateful to them who are generous and
cooperative during our project.

K.SAICHARAN

MD.NEHAZ HUSSAIN

K.ADITHYA

K.SAIKIRAN
 CONTENTS

1. NTPC INTRODUCTION

2. INTRODUCTION OF NTPC Limited, RAMAGUNDAM & PROFILE

3. IMPORTANCE OF TRANSFORMERS IN THERMAL POWER PLANT

4. DIFFERENT TRANSFORMERS IN A POWER PLANT

4.1 Generator Transformer (GT)

4.2 Unit Auxiliary Transformer (UAT)

4.3 Station Transformer (ST)

4.4 Tie Transformer

4.5 Auto Transformer

5. EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES OF TRANSFORMER

5.1 Tank

5.2 Transformer core

5.3 Winding

5.4 Winding Insulation

5.5 Bushing

5.6 Conservator

5.7 Radiator

5.8 Air Cell

5.9 The Dehydrating Breather

5.10 Transformer Oil

5.11 Types of oil

5.12 Properties of transformer insulating oil

5.13 Cooling of Transformers

6. PROTECTION DEVICES EMPLOYED FOR TRANSFORMERS

6.1 Buchholz’s Relay

6.2 Temperature Indicators

6.3 Pressure Relief Device/Expansion Vent

6.4 Sudden Relay

7. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

8. SWITCH YARD

8.1 About RSTPS 400KV Switch Yard

8.2 Distribution of Electricity

8.3 Switch Yard operation activities

8.4 Switch Yard Equipment

8.5 Switch Yard Control Room Panel

 1. INTRODUCTION
Vision:
To be the world’s leading Power Company, energizing India’s growth.

Mission:
Provide reliable power and related solutions in an economical, efficient and
environment friendly manner, driven by innovation and agility.

Overview:
NTPC is India’s largest energy conglomerate with roots planted way back in 1975 to
accelerate power development in India. Since then it has established itself as the dominant
power major with presence in the entire value chain of the power generation business. From
fossil fuels it has forayed into generating electricity via hydro, nuclear and renewable energy
sources. This foray will play a major role in lowering its carbon footprint by reducing green
house gas emissions. To strengthen its core business, the corporation has diversified into the
fields of consultancy, power trading, training of power professionals, rural electrification, ash
utilisation and coal mining as well.
NTPC became a Maharatna company in May 2010, one of the only four companies to
be awarded this status. NTPC was ranked 512th in the ‘2018, Forbes Global 2000’ ranking of
the World’s biggest companies.
The total installed capacity of the company is 52,946 MW (including jvs) with 20 coal
based, 7 gas based stations, and 1 Hydro based station and 1 Wind based station. 9 Joint
Venture stations are coal based and 11 Solar PV projects. The capacity will have a diversified
fuel mix and by 2032, non fossil fuel based generation capacity shall make up nearly 30% of
NTPC’s portfolio.
NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the company
has 15.56% of the total national capacity, it contributes 22.74% of total power generation due
to its focus on high efficiency.
 2. INTRODUCTION TO NTPC LTD., RAMAGUNDAM
NTPC Ramagundam, a part of National Thermal Power Corporation, is a 2600 MW
Power station situated at Ramagundam in Peddapalli district in the Indian state of Telangana,
India. It is the current largest power station in South India. It is the first ISO 14001 certified
"Super Thermal Power Station" in India.

The TG Hall or the Turbo-Generator hall or the Turbine-Generator Hall is the hall or
space where the turbine-generator sets are present.
NTPC Ltd., Ramagundam has two TG Halls one for STAGE-I and the other common
for STAGE-II and STAGE-III. These TG halls are equipped with heavy overhead cranes that
assist in transportation of material within the TG hall. These cranes find their use greatly
during overhauls.
PROFILE:
The whole plant is divided into 3 stages, each stage being planned at one time.
STAGE 1 (3×200 MW):
This stage consists of three units (Unit-1, Unit-2, Unit-3) each with a generation
capacity of 200 MW. The turbines for these three units were manufactured by The Ansaldo
Energy Ltd. The construction began in the late 1970s and these units have performed well
over a long period setting many records regarding maintenance and generation over the other
two stages. But stage (1, 2, and 3) cwp motors are manufactured by BHEL. And all motors
are manufactured by Amado. S-I coal mill motors are 240 KW and PA fans are 400 KW. All
equipment is very important in plant.
STAGE 2 (3×500 MW):
This stage again consists of three units (Unit-4, Unit-5, Unit-6) each with a generation
capacity of 500MW. The turbines for these three units were manufactured by Bharat Heavy
Electricals Limited (BHEL).
Stage 3 (1×500 MW):
This stage comprises only one unit (Unit - 7). This is a first of its kind in South India
being a computer operated unit. A wide disparity may be seen between the control rooms of
the other two stages and this computerised unit. To this day, many Power plant engineers
train in this unit to upgrade themselves to this new mode of operation. This unit also has the
tallest chimney in India (height: 275 metres).

Overhauls:
Once in two years, these units are stopped and overhauled, one unit at a time. The
overhauls are usually taken up during the months June to September as the monsoons activate
hydel power generation which substitute the power generation lost due to the overhaul of the
unit. The same practice is followed all through the country. The overhauls usually take 15 to
20 days per unit provided there is no major repair involved. Major repairs include turbine
casing, turbine rotor damage and other damages that require transporting the equipment to
another location (usually the manufacturer). The overhauls are the dissipaters of the annual
PLF of any power plant.
GENERATION DISTRIBUTION STATES:
States:
As NTPC Ltd. Is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), the generation is almost uniformly
distributed to 5–6 states all of them sharing about 20–25 percent of the Generation. The
States include:

 Andhra Pradesh
 Telangana
 Tamil Nadu
 Kerala
 Karnataka
 Maharashtra

INPUTS:
Water:
The power station gets its water periodically released from the SRSP- Sriram Sagar
project. This water is stored in the balance reservoir. The water level in the balance reservoir
is monitored daily.
Coal:
NTPC Ramagundam is a Thermal Power Station and hence uses coal. This coal is
available at a large scale from the Singareni Coal mining company nearby and is transported
using the MGR(Merry-go-round) system wherein, a train comes on one rail route, delivers
coal and returns on another route. The wagons arriving by this route are taken for coal
collection wherein a mechanism provided underneath the wagons opens on application of air
pressure and drops the coal it is carrying. A separate department (MGR Dept.) Handles this
process.
Coal also arrives by the Indian Railways. The wagons are routed via Ramagundam
railway station to the separate plant line and these coaches arrive at the wagon tippler. The
wagons arriving in this manner must be tilted at the wagon tippler to obtain the coal as they
do not have the drop mechanism underneath.
Other petroleum products required:
The station also requires various oils for the following purposes:

 Turbine oil (SP-46)for turbine lubrication

 HFO, Heavy fuel oil for boiler start-up
 Diesel for DG sets (Power backup)
 Other oils for various hydraulic controls and circuits
These are periodically purchased as per requirement from the Indian oil corporation IOCL
establishment nearby.
Total area of plant: 10,000 acres
Land in use:
1. Plant area : 1200
2. Ash dump area : 1650
3. Township area : 700
4. Power Canal area : 4836
5. Mgr& Rly sliding : 680
6. Hearting soil area : 720
7. Others : 455

Height of chimneys:

Stage 1: 210 m

Stage 2: 225 m

Stage 3: 275 m
Electrical Maintenance:
This is the largest department under the Maintenance section. This department takes care
of all the electrical aspects of the plant. It takes care of the following sections.

 Switchyard
 Generator
 Generator Transformer
 Conveyor motors and other motors
 All power transmissions
The Switchyard:
The switchyard is the place where the station last takes care of the power it produces. The
switchyard links the power generated to the southern power grid. The major transmission
points are:

 Nagarjunasagar
 Chandrapur
 Hyderabad
 Khammam
DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY:

Total capacity of RSTPS is 2600 MW. NTPC is distributing the electricity to the following:

STATE MEGAWATT PERCENTAGE

1. AP&TS 610 MW 29%
2. TAMILNADU 470 MW 22%
3. KARNATAKA 345 MW 16%
4. KERALA 245 MW 12%
5. GOA 100 MW 5%
6. PONDICHERRY 50 MW 2%

3. IMPORTANCE OF TRANSFORMERS IN THERMAL POWER PLANT

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between

two or more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying
magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or "voltage" across
a second coil wound around the same core. Electric power can be transferred between the two
coils, without a metallic connection between the two circuits.

The use of Transformers has become inevitable in any thermal power plant rather in
any industry today. In 500 MW generation at RSTPS stage-II, stage-III the electricity is
generated at 21KV and current is approximately 16000A.If we transmit the same electrical
energy to the grid then to transmit a current of 16000A, we need very heavy conductors, very
strong transmission towers. Moreover, the lines loss shall be extremely high because current
is very high and loss is proportional to the square of the current.

4. DIFFERENT TRANSFORMERS IN THERMAL POWERPLANT

In Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants different types of power transformers are
employed:

Types of Transformers:
1. Generator Transformer
2. Unit Auxiliary Transformer
3. Station Transformer
4. Tie Transformer
5. Auto Transformer

4.1. GENERATOR TRANSFORMER:

This is the main power transformer employed in the power plant. It steps the voltage
from 21kv to 230 or 400kv and delivers the power. Stepping up the voltage reduces the
transmission losses which occur during the power transmission to long distances. The rating
of this transformer (MVA rating) will be almost equal to the alternator or generator rating.

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Manufacturer Mitsubishi
2. No. of units 3
3. Rated HV&LV 200MVA for stage 2&3
240 MVA for stage 1
4. Rated Voltage, HV 420/3KV
5. Rated current, LV 9520 A
6. Rated voltage, LV 21KV
7. Rated current, HV 825A
8. Type of cooling OFAF
9. Connection symbol YD 11

4.2. UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS:

These transformers are connected to the Generator Transformer bus. These
transformers steps down the voltage from 230kv or 400kv to 6.6kv (230/6.6kv or
400kv/6.6kv) and supply the power to the electrical auxiliaries present in the plant (motors,
drives, lighting and other plant loads).

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Manufacturer BHEL
2. Voltage Ratio 21/6.9KV
3. Vector Group Dynl
4. Cooling ONAN/ANAF

4.3. STATION TRANSFORMER:

This transformer provides electrical power to the plant during start up when no supply
is available to the plant (generator is not operating). It also steps down the voltage like unit
auxiliary transformers and supply power the plant auxiliaries.
Station Transformer and Unit Auxiliary Transformers are connected to the grid, so that they
can get power when Turbo-Generator is not in operation and supply power to the plant
auxiliaries.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Manufacturer BHEL
2. No. of units 1
3. Capacity 33/11.5 76.9 KV
4.4. TIE TRANSFORMERS:

 The TIE Transformers are installed to tie between GRID and the station auxiliaries
through station transformers.
 Generally it is used for two purposes one for it takes 400KV voltage from 400KV bus
bar and step down to 33KV and it is used for station supply system having 33KV
switch gear.
 The capacity of TIE Transformer should be at least the sum of connecting station
Transformers plus miscellaneous requirements.
 The no. of TIE Transformers are four that improves reliability.

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Manufacturer BHEL
2. No. 1
3. Capacity Ratio 100MVA
4. Voltage Ratio 400/34.5 KV
5. Cooling ONAN/ONAF

4.5. AUTOTRANSFORMER:

Autotransformers are often used to step up or step down voltages in the 110-115-
120 V range and voltages in the 220-230-240 V range - for example, providing 110 V or 120
V (with taps) from 230 V input, allowing equipment designed for 100 or 120 V to be used
with a 230 V supply. In all cases the supply and the autotransformer must be correctly rated
to supply the required power.

Autotransformers are frequently used in power applications to interconnect systems

operating at different voltage classes, for example 132 kV to 66 kV for transmission. Another
application in industry is to adapt machinery built (for example) for 480 V supplies to operate
on a 600 V supply. They are also often used for providing conversions between the two
common domestic mains voltage bands in the world (100 V–130 V and 200 V–250 V).

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Capacity 315
2. Voltage HV/IV/LV 400/220/33 KV
3. Current HV/IV/LV 454.7/826.3/1837 A
4. Cooling ONAN/ONAF/OFAF
5. Connection symbol YNa0D11
 5. EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES OF TRANSFORMER:

5.1. TANK:
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the transformer
main tank. The main function tank of transformer is to provide adequate space for
expansion of oil inside the transformer.
Function:

When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises, the volume of oil
inside transformer increases. A tank of transformer provides adequate space to this expanded
transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.

5.2. TRANSFORMER CORE:

Closed-core transformers are constructed in 'core form' or 'shell form'. When windings
surround the core, the transformer is core form; when windings are surrounded by the core,
the transformer is shell form. Shell form design may be more prevalent than core form design
for distribution transformer applications due to the relative ease in stacking the core around
winding coils. Core form design tends to, as a general rule, be more economical, and
therefore more prevalent, than shell form design for high voltage power transformer
applications at the lower end of their voltage and power rating ranges (less than or equal to,
nominally, 230 kv or 75 MVA).

Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high
permeability silicon steel. The steel has a permeability many times that of free space and the
core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current and confine the flux to a path
which closely couples the windings. Early transformer developers soon realized that cores
constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy current losses, and their designs
mitigated this effect with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires. Later designs
constructed the core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has remained
in use.
5.3. WINDING:
High-frequency transformers operating in the tens to hundreds of kilohertz often have
windings made of braided Litz wire to minimize the skin-effect and proximity effect losses.
Power-frequency transformers may have taps at intermediate points on the winding,
usually on the higher voltage winding side, for voltage adjustment. Taps may be manually
reconnected, or a manual or automatic switch may be provided for changing taps.

5.4. WINDING INSULATION:

 Cellulose Fibre
 Wood pulp is made

5.5. BUSHING:
Larger transformers are provided with high-voltage insulated bushings made of
polymers or porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure since it must provide
careful control of the electric field gradient without letting the transformer leak oil.

Functions:
 Electrical insulation to the conductor for the working voltage and for various over
voltages, which occur in service.
 Mechanical support against various Mechanical forces & carry full load current.

5.6. CONSERVATOR:
It is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof of the
transformer's main tank.
Function:

When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises, the volume of oil
inside transformer increases. A conservator tank of transformer provides adequate space to
this expanded transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.

5.7. RADIATORS:

Because of flow of electric current through the winding of Transformer and due to
core losses, heat is produced in the windings and core. Because of this heat the temperature of
Transformer oil increases. Thus cooling of Transformer Oil is must as we know that the
rating of any electrical equipment depends upon its allowable temperature rise limit.

Therefore, if the temperature rise of the Transformer insulating oil is controlled, the
rating of Transformer can be extended up to significant limit. The Radiator of Transformer
accelerates the cooling rate of Transformer. Thus, it plays a vital role in increasing loading
capacity of Transformer. Cooling of Transformer Oil is the basic and main purpose of
Radiator.

As we know that increasing the surface area increases the rate of cooling. Therefore
by any mean if we can increase the surface area of Transformer Oil then cooling of
Transformer Oil can be accelerated. Radiator of Transformer serves this purpose of
increasing the surface area of Oil. Cooling in Radiator is due to natural convection in the
Transformer Oil

.
5.8. AIR CELL:

The Air Cell (Flexible Separator) is fitted inside a conservator tank, isolating
insulating oil from the atmosphere, and thus preventing contamination of gas and/or moisture
from coming in to contact with the transformer oil due to oxidation and hydrolysis. The bag
is vented o the transformer through flange type mounting such that it inflates or deflates to
accommodate oil volume displacements due to changes in the transformer temperature.

Advantages:

 Simple design with no expandable parts

 Needs negligible man hours for inspection
 Extended service life
 Economic
 Prevents corrosion.

5.9. THE DEHYDRATING BREATHER:

Dehydrating breathers are used to prevent the normal moisture in the air from coming
in contact with the oil in electrical equipment. They are frequently used on the oil
compartment of a load tap changer or on the air side of a power transformer conservator.

The breather contains silica gel which has the ability to scrub the moisture from the air as it
passes through the breather. Some breathers are designed for sealed tank transformers and
breathe only at preset pressure levels. The dehydrating breathers are filled with Silicage1 that
can absorb 20 percent of its own weight in moisture. The breathers are also provided with an
oil trap preventing continuous contact between the moist air and the Silicage1.

Dehydrating breathers are rated by the amount of oil that the breather can protect - the
smallest breather can protect an oil volume of 300 gallons - the largest breather can protect an
oil volume of 9600 gallons. Multiple breathers can be applied to the same tank or
conservator to protect larger volumes. The smallest breather contains about one-half pound
of silica gel and the largest breather contains about 18 pounds of silica gel.
 DEHYDRATING BREATHER

5.10. TRANSFORMER OIL:

Insulating oil in an electrical power transformer is commonly known as transformer
oil. It is normally obtained by fractional distillation and subsequent treatment of crude
petroleum. That is why this oil is also known as mineral insulating oil. Transformer oil
serves mainly two purposes one it is liquid insulation in electrical power transformer and two
it dissipates heat of the transformer i.e., Acts as a coolant. In addition to these, this oil serves
other two purposes, it helps to preserve the core and winding as these are fully immersed
inside oil, and another important purpose of this oil is, it prevents direct contact of
atmospheric oxygen with cellulose made paper insulation of windings, which is susceptible to
oxidation.

5.11. TYPES OF TRANSFORMER OIL:

Generally there are two types of transformer Oil used in transformer,

 Paraffin based transformer oil

 Naphtha based transformer oil
Naphtha oil gets more easily oxidized than Paraffin oil. But oxidation product, i.e., sludge
in the naphtha oil is more soluble than Paraffin oil. Thus sludge of naphtha-based oil is not
precipitated in the bottom of the transformer. Hence it does not obstruct convection
circulation of the oil, means it does not disturb the transformer cooling system. But in the
case of Paraffin oil although oxidation rate is lower than that of Naphtha oil the oxidation
product or sludge is insoluble and precipitated at the bottom of the tank and obstruct the
transformer cooling system. Although Paraffin-based oil has the disadvantage as mentioned
earlier but still in our country, we use it because of its easy availability. Another problem
with paraffin-based oil is its high pour point due to the wax content, but this does not affect
its use due to warm climate condition of India.

5.12. PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMER INSULATING OIL:

The parameters of transformer oil are categorized as,
1. Electrical parameters: Dielectric strength, specific resistance, dielectric dissipation
factor.
2. Chemical parameter: Water content, acidity, sludge content.
3. Physical parameters: Inter facial tension, viscosity, flash point, pour point.

5.13. COOLING OF TRANSFORMERS:

For oil immersed transformers. Different cooling methods of transformers are:

 Oil natural air natural (ONAN)
 Oil natural air forced (ONAF)
 Oil forced air forced (OFAF)
 Oil forced water forced (OFWF)
Oil natural air natural (ONAN):

This method is used for oil immersed transformers. In this method, the heat generated
in the core and winding is transferred to the oil. According to the principle of convection, the
heated oil flows in the upward direction and then in the radiator. The vacant place is filled up
by cooled oil from the radiator. The heat from the oil will dissipate in the atmosphere due to
the natural air flow around the transformer. In this way, the oil in transformer keeps
circulating due to natural convection and dissipating heat in atmosphere due to natural
conduction. This method can be used for transformers up to about 30 MVA.
Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF):

The heat dissipation can be improved further by applying forced air on the dissipating
surface. Forced air provides faster heat dissipation than natural air flow. In this method, fans
are mounted near the radiator and may be provided with an automatic starting arrangement,
which turns on when temperature increases beyond certain value. This transformer cooling
method is generally used for large transformers up to about 60 MVA.

Oil forced air forced (OFAF):

In this method, oil is circulated with the help of a pump. The oil circulation is forced through
the heat exchangers. Then compressed air is forced to flow on the heat exchanger with the
help of fans. The heat exchangers may be mounted separately from the transformer tank and
connected through pipes at top and bottom as shown in the figure. This type of cooling is
provided for higher rating transformers at substations or power stations.

Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF):

This method is similar to OFAF method, but here forced water flow is used to dissipate hear
from the heat exchangers. The oil is forced to flow through the heat exchanger with the help
of a pump, where the heat is dissipated in the water which is also forced to flow. The heated
water is taken away to cool in separate coolers. This type of cooling is used in very large
transformers having rating of several hundreds MVA.

6. PROTECTION DEVICES EMPLOYED FOR TRANSFORMERS:

6.1. BUCHHOLZ’S RELAY:
Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed the connecting pipe from
main tank to conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a
float. The float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending
upon the oil level in the Buchholz relay Container. One mercury switch is fixed on the float.
The alignment of the mercury switch hence depends upon the position of the float. The lower
element consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge just in
front of the inlet (main tank side) of Buchholz relay in transformer in such a way that when
oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along
with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.

PRINCIPLE:
The Buchholz relay working principle of is very simple. Buchholz relay function
is based on very simple mechanical phenomenon. It is mechanically actuated. Whenever
there will be a minor internal fault in the transformer such as an insulation faults between
turns, break down of core of transformer, core heating, the transformer insulating oil will be
decomposed in different hydrocarbon gases, CO2 and CO. The gases produced due to
decomposition of transformer insulating oil will accumulate in the upper part the Buchholz
container which causes fall of oil level in it.

BUCHHOLZ RELAY OPERATION:

The Buchholz relay operation may be actuated without any fault in the transformer.
For instance, when oil is added to a transformer, air may get in together with oil, accumulated
under the relay cover and thus cause a false Buchholz relay operation.
 That is why the mechanical lock is provided in that relay so that one can lock the
movement of mercury switches when oil is topping up in the transformer. This mechanical
locking also helps to prevent unnecessary movement of breakable glass bulb of mercury
switches during transportation of the Buchholz relays.
The lower float may also falsely operate if the oil velocity in the connection pipe
through, not due to an internal fault, is sufficient to trip over the float. This can occur in the
event of the external short circuit when over currents flowing through the winding cause
overheated the copper and the oil and cause the oil to expand.

6.2. TEMPARATURE INDICATORS:

Temperature indicators available are:

1. Oil Temperature Indicator (OTI)

2. Winding Temperature Indicator (WTI)

OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR (OTI):

The (OTI) oil temperature indicator consists of a sensor bulb, capacity tube, and a dial
thermometer, the sensor bulb is fitted at the location of hottest oil. The sensor bulb and
capacity tube are fitted with evaporation liquid. The vapour pressure varies with temperature
and is transmitted to a bourdon tube inside the dial thermometer, which moves in accordance
with the changes in pressure, which is proportional to the temperature. In OTI, there are 2
(two) nos. Of mercury switch i.e. (S1 and S2). S1 is used for Alarm and the S2 switch is used
for Trip.

OTI ALARM OTI TRIP

80°C 90°C

WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR (WTI):

Winding temperature indicator (WTI) consists of a sensor bulb placed in the oil filled
pocket in the transformer tank top cover. The bulb is connected to the instrument housing by
means of two flexible capillary tubes. One capillary is connected to the measuring bellow of
the instrument and the other to a compensation bellow.

The measuring system is filled with a liquid, which changes its volume with rising
temperature. Inside the instrument is fitted with a heating resistance which is fed by a current
proportionate to the current flowing through the transformer winding.
The instrument is provided with a maximum temperature indicator. The heating resistance is
fed by a current transformer associated with the loaded winding of the transformer. (The
heating resistance is made out of the same materials as that of the winding) The increase in
the temperature of the resistance is proportionate to that of the winding. The sensor bulb of
the instrument is located in the hottest oil of the transformer; therefore, the winding
temperature indicates (WTI) a temperature of hottest oil plus the winding temperature above
hot oil i.e. the hot spot temperature. In the WTI, there are four nos. Of the mercury switch.
Two of them is used for Fan and motor pump control and another two nos. The switch is used
for high-temperature warning alarm and trip circuit contact.

Fan control Pump Control WTI Alarm WTI Trip

Fan on: 64°C Pump on: 72°C 85°C 95°C
Fan off: 58°C Pump off: 68°C

6.3. PRESSURE RELEIF DEVICE/EXPANSION VENT:

Many power transformers with an on-tank-type tap changer have a pressure
protection for the separate tap changer oil compartment. This protection detects a sudden
rate-of-increase of pressure inside the tap changer oil enclosure.

When the pressure in front of the piston exceeds the counter force of the spring, the
piston will move operating the switching contacts. The micro switch inside the switching
unit is hermetically sealed and pressurized with nitrogen gas.

The simplest form of pressure relief device is the widely used frangible disk. The
surge of oil caused by a heavy internal fault bursts the disk and allows the oil to discharge
rapidly. Relieving and limiting the pressure rise prevent explosive rupture of the tank and
consequent fire.

Also, if used, the separate tap changer oil enclosure can be fitted with a pressure
relief device.

7. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
The electrical equipment and circuits in a substation must be protected in order to
limit the damages due to abnormal currents and over voltages.
All equipment installed in a power electrical system have standardized ratings for
short-time withstand current and short duration power frequency voltage. The role of the
protections is to ensure that these withstand limits can never be exceeded, therefore clearing
the faults as fast as possible.
In addition to this first requirement a system of protection must be selective.
Selectivity means that any fault must be cleared by the device of current interruption (circuit
breaker or fuses) being the nearest to the fault, even if the fault is detected by other
protections associated with other interruption devices.
As an example for a short circuit occurring on the secondary side of a power
transformer, only the circuit breaker installed on the secondary must trip. The circuit breaker
installed on the primary side must remain closed. For a transformer protected with MV fuses,
the fuses must not blow.
They are typically two main devices able to interrupt fault currents, circuit breakers
and fuses:

 The circuit breakers must be associated with a protection relay having three main
functions:
 Measurement of the currents
 Detection of the faults
 Emission of a tripping order to the breaker
 The fuses blow under certain fault conditions.
Stresses generated by the supply
Two types of over voltages may stress and even destroy a transformer:

 The lightning over voltages due to lightning stroke falling on or near an overhead line
supplying the installation where the transformer is installed
 The switching over voltages generated by the opening of a circuit breaker or a load
break switch for instance.
Depending of the application, protection against these two types of voltage surges may
be necessary and are often ensured by means of zno surge arrestors preferably connected on
the MV bushing of the transformer.
Stresses due to the load
A transformer overload is always due to an increase of the apparent power demand
(kva) of the installation. This increase of the demand can be the consequence of either a
progressive adjunction of loads or an extension of the installation itself. The effect of any
overload is an increase of the temperature of oil and windings of the transformer with a
reduction of its life time.
The protection of a transformer against the overloads is performed by a dedicated
protection usually called thermal overload relay. This type of protection simulates the
temperature of the transformer’s windings. The simulation is based on the measure of the
current and on the thermal time constant of the transformer. Some relays are able to take into
account the effect of harmonics of the current due to non-linear loads such as rectifiers,
computers, variable speed drives etc. This type of relay is also able to evaluate the remaining
time before the emission of the tripping order and the time delay before re-energizing the
transformer.
In addition, oil-filled transformers are equipped with thermostats controlling the
temperature of the oil.
Dry-type transformers use heat sensors embedded in the hottest part of the windings
insulation.
Each of these devices (thermal relay, thermostat, heat sensors) generally provides two
levels of detection:

 A low level used to generate an alarm to advise the maintenance staff,

 A high level to de-energize the transformer.
Internal faults in oil filled transformers
In oil filled transformers, internal faults may be classified as follow:

 Faults generating production of gases, mainly:

 Micro arcs resulting from incipient faults in the winding insulation
 Slow degradation of insulation materials
 Inter turns short circuit
 Faults generating internal over pressures with simultaneously high level of line over
currents:
 Phase to earth short circuit
 Phase to Phase short circuit.
These faults may be the consequence of external lightning or switching over voltage.

Earth fault protection

An earth fault usually involves a partial breakdown of winding insulation to earth

under this circumstance it is profitable to employ an earth fault relay
one method of protection is core balance protection.

Differential protection

Merz price circulating current principle or differential protection is commonly employed for
power transformer protection from internal fault.

1.the different of current in primary and secondary must be equalized in diff relay by using
appropriate turns on ct’s connected with both primary and secondary

2. The phase difference of current still generates a relay current. To neutralize it is case of
healthy condition it is required to connect the cts in phase opposition with respect to ad joint.
Gas Analysis:
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is the study of dissolved gases in transformer oil.
Insulating materials within transformers and electrical equipment break down to
liberate gases within the unit. The distribution of these gases can be related to the type of
electrical fault, and the rate of gas generation can indicate the severity of the fault. The
identity of the gases being generated by a particular unit can be very useful information in
any preventative maintenance program.
The collection and analysis of gases in an oil-insulated transformer was discussed. As
of 2018, many years of empirical and theoretical study have gone into the analysis of
transformer fault gases.
DGA usually consists of sampling the oil and sending the sample to a laboratory for
analysis. Mobile DGA units can be transported and used on site as well; some units can be
directly connected to a transformer. Online monitoring of electrical equipment is an integral
part of the smart grid.
When gassing occurs in transformers there are several gases that are created. Enough useful
information can be derived from nine gases so the additional gases are usually not examined.
The nine gases examined are:

 Atmospheric gases: nitrogen and oxygen

 Oxides of carbon: carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
 Hydrocarbons: acetylene, ethylene, methane and ethane
 Hydrogen
The gases extracted from the sample oil are injected into a gas chromatograph where
the columns separate gases. The gases are injected into the chromatograph and transported
through a column. The column selectively retards the sample gases and they are identified as
they travel past a detector at different times. A plot of detector signal versus time is called the
chromatogram.
The separated gases are detected by thermal conductivity detector for atmospheric
gases, by flame ionization detector for hydrocarbons and oxides of carbon. A methanator is
used to detect oxides of carbon by reducing them to methane, when they are in very low
concentration.
Types of faults
Thermal faults are detected by the presence of by-products of solid insulation
decomposition. The solid insulation is commonly constructed of cellulose material. The solid
insulation breaks down naturally but the rate increases as the temperature of the insulation
increases. When an electrical fault occurs it releases energy which breaks the chemical bonds
of the insulating fluid. Once the bonds are broken these elements quickly reform the fault
gases. The energies and rates at which the gases are formed are different for each of the gases
which allow the gas data to be examined to determine the kind of faulting activity taking
place within the electrical equipment.
  Overheating windings typically lead to thermal decomposition of the cellulose
insulation. In this case DGA results show high concentrations of carbon oxides
(monoxide and dioxide). In extreme cases methane and ethylene are detected at higher
levels.
 Oil overheating results in breakdown of liquid by heat and formation of methane,
ethane and ethylene.
 Corona is a partial discharge and detected in a DGA by elevated hydrogen.
 Arcing is the most severe condition in a transformer and indicated by even low levels
of acetylene.

8. SWITCH YARD
It is a switching station which has the following credits:
 Main link between generating plant and transmission system, which has a large
influence on the security of the supply.
 Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels depending upon the Network Node.
 Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control devices, which has effect on Quality of
power.

8.1. About RSTPS 400KV Switchyard:

400 KV Switchyard of Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Station is the most vital
switching station in the southern Grid 2600 MW of Bulk Power generated by three 200 MW
Units and four 500 MW Units of NTPC Ramagundam is evacuated for supplying to the
southern states.
Switchyard consists of two 400 KV bus bar systems fed by 7 Nos. Of
generator feeders, 9 No’s of 400 KV feeders, 3 No’s of 220 KV feeders and two
nos. Of 132 Kv feeders as shown in the single line diagram of 400 Kv switch yard.
In addition to above four no. Of TIE Transformers, five no. Of Auto Transformers
and two shunt reactors are provided in switchyard diagram.
400KV TRANSMISSION LINES:

1. Ramagundam Nagarjunasagar Circuit -1 Double circuit lines (267Km)

2. Ramagundam Nagarjunasagar Circuit -2
3. Ramagundam Hyderabad Circuit -1 Independent Circuit lines
(189 Km)
4. Ramagundam Hyderabad Circuit -2
5. Ramagundam Hyderabad Circuit -3
6. Ramagundam Hyderabad Circuit -4
7. Ramagundam Khammam Circuit -1 Single line (202 Km)
8. Ramagundam Chandrapur Circuit -1 HVDC back to back inter
grid connecting double
circuit lines (180 Km)
9. Ramagundam Chandrapur Circuit -2

220 KV TRANSMISSION LINES:

NTPC AP TRANSCO Line-1 Through 400/220 KV 250

MVA At #3 & 4
NTPC AP TRANSCO Line-2
NTPC AP TRANSCO Line-3 Through 400/220 KV 315
MVA At #5

132 KV TRANSMISSION LINES:

NTPC AP TRANSCO Line-1 Through 400KV/132 KV

200MVA At #1
NTPC AP TRANSCO Line-2

AUTO TRANSFORMERS:
Five Auto Transformers with no load Tap Changers are provided to interconnect the 400KV
system of NTPC and 220/132KV system of AP TRANSCO, situated at 1.8km away from
RSTPS switch yard.

400/132 KV 200 MVA (TELK make) 1

400/220 KV 250 MVA (TELK make) 2
400/220 KV 315 MVA (Crompton Greevs 2
Ltd. Make)

TIE TRANSFORMER:
 Four nos. Of Tie Transformers are provided for feeding power to station auxiliaries
like Cooling water & Raw water pumps, Coal Handling & water treatment Plants, Ash &
Fuel Handling pumps, Cooling towers and lighting requirements of station & colony.

SHUNT REACTORS
Long lines when lightly loaded, the receiving end voltage raises, due toferranti effect.
Shunt Reactors produce lagging MVAR there by control the receiving end voltages during
lightly loaded conditions. Shunt reactors also limit the short circuit fault levels. Therefore,
Shunt reactors are provided on both the ends of Nagarjuna Sagar lines 1 & 2, the length of
these lines being about 267 km.

8.3. SWITCH YARD OPERATION ACTIVITIES:

As mentioned elsewhere, RSTPS switchyard is handling bulk power and its operation
and Maintenance has become critical. Any ambiguity in the operation of the switchyard may
lead to such disasters like grid failure, station outages crippling not only the normal life of
people but also the very economy of the country. Even in less serious situations such as
cascade tripping of Auto Transformers due to unplanned over loading has caused under
utilization of our generating capacity many times. The operation of switchyard calls for a
very alert staff that shall have to sense the abnormalities in time and prompt to concern timely
to enable normalcy of the system. The following are some of the identified activities of 400
KV switchyard operations.

1.Identifying of faulty equipment, safe isolation of equipment without disturbing other

system as much as possible, raising job cards, arranging shutdowns, trial charging and
normalization of 400 KV SWYD. And 132KVSwyd, associated equipment like CBs,
Isolators, Ats, TTS, Shunt Reactors, ACDBs, DCDBs, Battery Plant, Charges PLCC
equipment, Swyd. Compressors and lighting.

2. Daily inspection of indoor/outdoor swyd equipment, checking of oil leakages, temperatures

and any other abnormalities like sparks etc. SF6 gas pressures, compressed air pressures,
running period of compressors, availability status of emulsifier system, swyd. And station
P.A. system and PLCC communication system etc. monitoring of physical conditions of
swyd equipment.

3. Analyzing and locating of fault leading to feeder/Transformer trip, reporting emergencies

to the higher authorities, coordinating with other agencies like AP Transco/ Genco, PGCIL in
clearing faults and normalization of system.

4. Close monitoring of grid parameters, coordinating with IOCC, SRLDC, OS (SR), OS

(ED), LDC (APSEB), and Shift charge Engineer & Desk Engineers for smooth operation of
grid system, timely action to ensure continuity of power supply.

5. Quick arrangement of startup power supply in case of grid failures, station outages.
6. Continuous monitoring of system parameters like voltage, frequency, line and
Transformer, loading unit generations, MVAR and MW net exported. recording and
corrective action where the abnormality found.

7. Preparing of daily power generation / export/import energy reports, exchanging data with
IOCC, OS (ED), OS (SR), collection of generation details from other power projects and
storing.

8. Assisting the shift in-charge in transmitting the flash report, availability report, unit
trip/synchronization messages, shutdown messages, generation back down messages,
modification of availability declarations, feed back to shift in charge, the deviation if any in
total generation with respect to the declaration.

8.4. SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENT

To perform switchyard operation activities perfectly, operation staff should have good
knowledge about the equipment provided in switchyard as well as in control room. They
should be familiar with the control system adopted here and a good understanding about the
procedures to be followed during the emergencies, outage requirements and charging. Brief
description about switchyard equipment is given below.

CIRCUIT BREAKER
It is an automatic device capable of making and breaking Electrical Circuitunder normal and
abnormal conditions such as short circuits. SF6 is the arc quenching media for all the 400 KV
and 220 KV breakers installed in the switchyard. Pneumatic operating system is provided in
AEG, ABB and NGEF make breakers and Hydraulic operating system is provided in BHEL
make breakers. 132KV breakers provided in 132 KV lines are of Minimum oil type operating
on spring charge mechanism.

ISOLATORS
Isolator is an off load device provided in conjunction with circuit breaker to disconnect the
equipment or the section, which is to be isolated from all other live parts. The isolators
provided in the switchyard are of central break type. The operation of Isolators can be done
from control room (remote) or local. Motorized operation for opening & closing of Isolator is
provided, however Isolators can also be opened & closed manually in the event of non-
availability of motorized operation.

EARTH SWITCH
Earth switch is mounted on the isolator base on the line side or breaker side depending upon
the position of the isolator. The earth switch usually comprises of a vertical break switch arm
with the contact, which engages with the isolator contact on the line side. Earth switch is
required to discharge the trapped charges on the line or equipment (under shut down) to earth
for maintaining safety. Earth switch can be operated only from local either by electrical
operation or manually.
BUSBAR
Bus bar is an Aluminium tube of 4” IPS having wall thickness of 0.4”, where all incoming
and outgoing feeders are connected in a schematic way to enable smooth operation and
Maintenance of equipment without any interruption to the system. At RSTPS one and half
breaker scheme is provided for 200 MW generator feeders and 400 KV outgoing lines, Two-
breaker scheme is provided for 500 MW generator feeders

SURGE / LIGHTING ARRESTERS

Surge Arresters are provided to ground the over voltage surges caused by switching and
lighting surges. Surge Arresters provide leakage path to the ground whenever the system
voltage rises above the specified value. They are equipped with surge monitors, which
measure the leakage currents and a counter to record the number of surges taken place.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

Current Transformers are provided to step down the current to low values suitable
for measuring protection and control instruments. Current Transformers also isolate
measuring and protective devices from high system Voltage. CTs in the switchyard consist of
five secondary cores. Core 1&2 are used for bus bar protection, 4 & 5 are for main 1&2
protection and core 3 is for measuring instruments.

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT)

CVTs step-down the system voltage to sufficiently low value (110 V) for measuring,
protection and synchronizing circuits. CVT has a H.F. terminal point for receiving &
transmitting the high frequency signals for carrier protection and communication.

WAVE TRAP
Wave Trap is a parallel resonant circuit tuned to the carrier frequency
connected in series with the line conductor at each end of the protected transmission line
section. Wave trap offers high impedance path for high frequency signals and low impedance
path for power frequency current. This keeps carrier signal confined to the protected line
section and does not allow the carrier signals to flow into the neighboring sections.

8.5. SWITCH YARD CONTROL ROOM EQUIPMENT

The control room is the place where the conditions of the system are monitored,
controls initiated and operations are integrated. Control room consists of the following
equipment.

CONTROL PANELS
Corridor type flat control panels are provided in U shape with doors at both the end
panels. Between the front and rear panels, there is adequate space for inspection of interior
wiring. The controlling knobs are provided on front panel for opening & closing of breakers
and isolators. The close/open position of the breakers / isolators / earth switches is indicated
through lamps or semaphore indicators. The relative position of each equipment is shown in
the mimic single line diagram that is painted on front side of the control panels. The
indicating instruments (MW, MVAR, voltage, current etc.) and annunciation windows are
provided on the top of front panel for monitoring of the equipment. Breaker monitoring and
protective relays such as LBB, Auto enclosure, check synchronization, Trip circuit
monitoring, Annunciation relays and energy meters are mounted on the rear side of the panel.

RELAY PANELS
Relay panels are of cubicle type, flat independent boxes with a door at backside. All
the protective relay units related to one bay are divided into two groups viz. Main 1
protection, stub protection, O/V protection and their auxiliary & trip relays as group 1 and
Main 2 protection, U/v protection and their auxiliary & trip relays as group 2 relays. Group 1
& group 2 relays are mounted on front side of two separate panels side by side. Fault locator
and disturbance recorder of the corresponding bay mounted on front side of the third panel. A
separate glass door is provided front side of all the panels to cover the relays from dust.

EVENT LOGGER
Even Logger recognizes the changes in signal-input states, plus time data allocation
for sequential recording of events. It displays the events in a time sequential of 1/ sec, such
as opening/closing of breaker poles, Isolator poles, E/S etc. pressure high/low of air, SF6, N2
Oil etc. Alarm Appeared/reset of all protection / trip relays, it also displays the status of
equipment, in service/ out of service in a regular period say 8 hrs. This is one of the
important diagnostic equipment available to operation staff to understand the type of
emergency in a flick of a second.

MASTER CLOCK
One maser clock (make Keltron) is provide in switchyard control room to synchronize
the timings of all the Event loggers, DAS (Data Acquisition system of units), Disturbance
Recorders, clocks provided in control rooms, etc., to maintain a uniform time, so that the
sequence of events can be recorded and analyzed to know the cause of disturbance.

GENERATION DATA ACQUISITION AND MONITORING SYSTEM (GDAMS)

At large switchyard control rooms like RSTPS it is essential to record and
continuously monitor the parameters of the Generation & transmission system. NTPC is the
largest power utility of the country generating power from 20 thermal/ gas power stations at
various places of the country. Many more power stations are yet to come. To manage all
these power stations efficiently and effectively NTPC has established an operational services
control room at corporate office in New Delhi, where generation data from all the stations is
to be monitored continuously. To facilitate the above function, Generation Data acquisition
and Monitoring system is provide at all NTPC switchyard control rooms. CMC Ltd. has
supplied the necessary software on Micro Soft Windows NT environment and installed the
PC based GDAMS network in Server Client configuration. GDAMS scans automatically the
real time measurements like load on units, load flows on feeders. Bus voltage, grid
frequency, MVR loads, etc. for every second through RTUs and record it. The Acquired data
is linked up to OS control room though satellite communication channel. The types of data
displays available in GDAMS are given below.

TYPE OF DISPLAYS
Alpha Numeric Display Displays direct of measured parameter along
with name of parameter in tabular form
Mimic Diagram Display In this Display the single line diagram of the
circuit with position of the breakers along
with real time power flow is indicated.
Graphical display This displays the graph of quantities
Threshold display In Threshold blackout display the threshold
values of quantity are displayed
Alarm display Alarms are displayed to draw the attention of
operator
Trend display In this display the trend of the quantity real
values in a specified time blocks are shown.

The data Acquisition by GDAMS is more vital in analyzing the faults, forecasting the local
trends, impact of the line and unit outages, estimation of variations in frequency and voltages
in different seasons, generating reports.

DISTURBANCE RECORDER
All 400 KV lines connected to this switchyard are provide by the Disturbance
Recorders (D/R), D/R is a PC based or Microprocessor based on line monitoring equipment
D/R is the most vital diagnostic equipment in analysis of post fault trappings.

FAULT LOCATOR
When a line tripped on fault, the Fault Locator provided in the Relay panel indicates the
approximate distance of the fault location so that Maintenance group easily tract the fault and
clear it. When F.L. indicates zero or very less distance, operation staff should assume that the
fault is in the switchyard equipment, and check for all equipment connected to the concerned
bay, which was tripped on fault.

INDICATING & RECORDING INSTRUMENT

The following measuring instruments were providing on control panels of all bays.
a) At the top of the control panel.
1. Ammeters in three phases.
2. Volt (KV) meters in three phase
3. Reactive power (MVAR) meter
4. Watt (MW) meter
5. Winding Temperature indicating meter (for only Transformer bays)
6. Tap position indicating meter (do)
b) Rear side of the each bay control panel
1. Main energy meter (export)
2. Check Energy meter (do)
 3. Main energy meter (import)
4. Check Energy meter (do)

PLCC (power line carrier communication)

In order to achieve fast clearance and correct discrimination for faults in 400 KV
transmission network, it is necessary to signal between the points at which protection relays
are connected. PLCC is high frequency signal transmission along with actual overhead
power line. IT is robust and therefore reliable, constituting a low loss transmission path that
is fully controlled by the power authority. PLCC is required for the following cases.

Inter tripping
In inter trip (direct or indirect trip) applications; if the command is
unmonitored by a protective relay at the receiving end, reception of the command causes
circuit breaker operation.

Permissive tripping
Permissive trip commands are always monitored by a protection relay. The circuit
breaker can be operated only when reception of the command coincides with operation of
protective relay responding to a system fault.

Blocking
Blocking commands are always monitored by a protection relay. The circuit breaker
can be operated only if the command is absent when the protection relay is operated by a
fault.

Telemetry
Telemetry refers to science of measurement from remote location. The
various measurements obtained from transducers converts into signals and these signals
transmit to remote control rooms through PLCC ex. All lines and generators of RSTPS
parameters like MW, MVAR, etc linked up to IOCC through PLCC.

Telephone
PLCC can be used as a speech channel. All substations connected to RSTPS are
providing by one direct telephone (hot line) for speedy communication. Communication is
also available for all PGCIL S/S through PLCC telephone exchanges.

220 V DCDB & BATTERY PLANT

220 VDC supply is required mainly for the following applications.
a) Control supply for 400, 220, 132, 33 KV breakers, and associated equipment.
b) Control supply for relaying and protection circuits.
c) Annunciation & indication circuits.
d) Emergency lighting.