Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
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TRAINING REPORT 2023
SUBMITTED BY: -
ABHISHEK YADAV
B. TECH EN 3rd YEAR
AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEEERING COLLEGE
ROLL. NO. 2000270210006
Acknowledgment
The result of all engineering efforts whatever from they take a direct
outcome of not just an individual’s thinking but represents the organization.
The same view holds good this seminar report. I extended my sincere
gratitude towards Er. MANOJ KUMAR YADAV SIR (EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
EMD-1, DTPS) for giving us invaluable knowledge & Technical guidance.
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NAME OF STUDENT:-
ABHISHEK YADAV
EN DEPARTMENT
AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Certificate
This is certified that ABHISHEK YADAV student of ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS Engineering from Ajay kumar garg engineering college,
Ghaziabad has carried out his summer training work from “13th JULY 2023
tot 9 AUGUST 2023” presented in this report entitled “(THERMAL POWER
PLANT)” under the supervision of Er. MANOJ KUMAR YADAV (EXECUTIVE
ENGINEER EMD-1, DTPS and his entire team.
During training period his behavior and dedication to subject
entitled is very good. We wish for their happy and prosperous carrier in
future.
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Abstract
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is
steam driven. Water is heated in Boiler and turns it into steam. This heated
steam spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it
passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and
recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle.
The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to
the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because
such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity. Some thermal
power plants also deliver heat energy for industrial purposes, for district
heating, or for desalination of water as well as delivering electrical power. A
large part of human CO2 emissions comes from fossil fueled thermal power
plants; efforts to reduce these outputs are various and widespread.
At present 61.45% or 18624.88 MW (Data Source CEA, as on
31/05/2016) of total electricity production in India is from Coal Based Thermal
Power Station.
A coal based thermal power plant converts the chemical energy of the
coal into electrical energy. This is achieved by raising the steam in the boilers,
expanding it through the turbine and coupling the turbines to the generators
which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
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Contents
PROJECT................................................................................................................................ 6
BRIEF HISTORY/INTRODUCTIONOFORGANIZATION… ............................................ 7
ORGANIZATIONALCHART… ........................................................................................... 8
PLANTLAYOUT…----------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
PRODUCTSANDSPECIFICATION…-----------------------------------------------------------12
CHRONOLOGICALTRAININGDIARY… ......................................................................... 13
PRODUCTIONPROCESS .................................................................................................... 14
ELECTRICAL & MAINTAINANCE DIVISION------- -----------------------------------------30
GENERATOR------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32
MOTOR (HT) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
TRANSFORMER---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
MOTOR (LT) -------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------42
SWITCH GEAR--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
ESP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
DG SET------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
SWITCH YARD ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
CONCLUSION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
DECLARATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
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Project
To study the general concepts and working of thermal power plant,
and its components, especially Boiler, turbine Generator and auxiliary plant
like coal handling, water treatment plant and switch yard auxiliary.
Brief history
This is a project run under Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidhyut Utpadan Nigam
Ltd. UPRVUNL is wholly owned state thermal power utility with present
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Plant Location
The Anpara Power Plant is located near village Anpara on the bank of
Rihand reservoir in the district of Sonebhadra (Uttar Pradesh). It is
about 34 km from Rihand Dam on Pipri-Singrauli road and about 200
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The input at boiler is the DM water and pulverized coal with air.
The DM water is prepared in the water treatment plant facility
where it is deionized and detreated. It prepared in the scale of
neutral liquid i.e. 7ph, although, slightly basic nature is used.
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PRODUCTION PROCESS
Principal
Coal based thermal power plant works on the principal of
Modified Rankine Cycle.
The Coal Mills or pulverize pulverizes the coal to 200 mesh size.
The powdered coal from the coal mills is carried to the boiler in coal
pipes by high pressure hot air. The pulverized coal air mixture is
burnt in the boiler in the combustion zone. Generally in modern
boilers tangential firing system is used i.e. the coal nozzles/ guns
formatngent to a circle. The temperature in fire ball is of the order of
1300 deg.C. The boiler is a water tube boiler hanging from the top.
Water is converted to steam in the boiler and steam is separated
from water in the boiler Drum. The saturated steam from the boiler
drum is taken to the Low Temperature Super heater, Platen super
heater and Final super heater respectively for superheating.
The superheated steam from the final super heater is taken to the
High Pressure Steam Turbine. (HPT). In the HPT the steam pressure is
utilized to rotate the turbine and the resultant is rotational energy.
From the HPT the out coming steam is taken to the Reheater in the
boiler to increase its temperature as the steam becomes wet at the
HPT outlet. After reheating this steam is taken to the Intermediate
Pressure Turbine (IPT) and then to the Low Pressure Turbine (LPT).
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The outlet of the LPT is sent to the condenser for condensing back to
water by a cooling water system. This condensed water is collected
in the hot well and is again sent to the boiler in a closed cycle. The
rotational energy imparted to the turbine by high pressure steam is
converted to electrical energy in the Generator.
In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed coal from the coal
storage area is first crushed into small pieces and then
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Air path
Superheater
Reheater
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Thus, the salts have to be removed from the water, and that
is done by a water demineralizing treatment plant (DM). A DM
plant generally consists of cation, anion, and mixed bed
exchangers. Any ions in the final water from this process consist
essentially of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, which
recombine to form pure water. Very pure DM water becomes
highly corrosive once it absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere
because of its very high affinity for oxygen. The capacity of the
DM plant is dictated by the type and quantity of salts in the raw
water input. However, some storage is essential as the DM
plant may be down for maintenance. For this purpose, a
storage tank is installed from which DM water is continuously
withdrawn for boiler make-up. The storage tank for DM water
is made from materials not affected by corrosive water, such as
PVC. The piping and valves are generally of stainless steel.
Sometimes, a steam blanketing arrangement or stainless steel
doughnut float is provided on top of the water in the tank to
avoid contact with air. DM water make-up is generally added at
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Barring gear
Condenser
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Deaerator
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Cooling tower
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Auxiliary systems
Oil system
Other systems
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1. COAL HANDELING
2. COAL MILLS
3. BOILER AREA
4. ESP AREA
5. TURBINE AREA
6. CONDENSER
7. WATER TREATMENT PLANT
8. ASH SLURY DISPOSAL SYSTEM
9. GENERATOR & TRANSFORMER
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Ø GENERATOR
Ø MOTOR (HT)
Ø TRANSFORMER
Ø MOTOR(LT)
Ø SWITCH GEAR
Ø ESP
Ø DG SET
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GENERATOR (A.C.)
PHASE 3 ( R, Y, B )
POLES 2
R.P.M 3000
VOLTS 21000
KVA 589000
AMPERES 16194
POWER FACTOR 0.85
FREQUENCY 50 Hz
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PHASE SYNCHRONIZATION:-
Third synchronization is phase, if it is not matched then grid connection is
not established so to make it phase synchronization is required, because
difference in phase cause add or difference in the grid and unit voltage, both
the condition is harmful, so to avoid it phase synchronization is needed.
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FD FANS
Supplies secondary air to the furnace through APH to assist in combustion.
Supply total air flow to the furnace except where an independent atmospheric
P.A fan is used. Provides air for sealing requirement and excess air requirement
in the furnace. Axial fan-reaction type with blade pitch control is use in the
Pulverized fired boiler (210/250/500 MW).
PA FANS
Supply high pressure primary air through APH needed to dry & transport
coal directly from the coal mills to the furnace. Primary air for mills is divided
into cold & hot primary air. Axial fan-double stage-reaction type with blade
pitch control is use in the Pulverized fired boiler (210/250/500 MW).
ID FANS
Suck the gases out of the furnace and throw them into the stack by creating
sufficient negative pressure in the furnace (5-10 mmwc) in the balanced draft
units. Located in between the ESP and Chimney in the flue gas path. Radial
Fans -double suction-backward curved vane with inlet guide vane (IGV) control
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and VFD control is use in all boilers Handles large volume hot dust/ash laden
flue gas (temp up to 150 deg C) from furnace and all leakages occurring in the
system till the inlet of the fan.
Overcome the pressure drop inside the furnace, Super heater, Re -heater,
Economizer, Gas ducting & ESP. Consumes max. Power in all boiler auxiliaries
as it handles the large volume and heavy pressure drop of the flue gas.
MILL CRUSHER
A mill crusher is a machine designed to reduce large coal into smaller particles,
gravel, and coal dust. Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the
form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or
to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in coal), so that pieces of
different composition can be differentiated. Crushing is the process of
transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material
made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist deformation
more, than those in the material being crushed do. Crushing devices hold
material between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient
force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the
material being crushed so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or
change alignment in relation to (deformation), each other. The earliest
crushers were hand-held stones, where the weight of the stone provided a
boost to muscle power, used against a stone anvil. Querns and mortars are
types of these crushing devices.
The coal clinker come from the coal handling plant is 20mm size range, and
the mill crush the 20 mm size into micron level of the coal dust, this dust can
be transferred by high speed fan to the boiler, so this can crush the coal into
powder form.
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TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit
to another without changing frequency. This is a very basic definition of
transformer. Since there is no rotating or moving part so transformer is a static
device. Transformer operates on ac supply. Transformer works on the principle
of mutual induction.
Generation of electrical power in low voltage level is very much cost effective.
Theoretically, this low voltage level power can be transmitted to the receiving
end. This low voltage power if transmitted results in greater line current which
indeed causes more line lossesBut if the voltage level of a power is increased,
the current of the power is reduced which causes reduction in ohmic or I2R
losses in the system, reduction in cross sectional area of the conductor i.e.
reduction in capital cost of the system and it also improves the voltage
regulation of the system. Because of these, low level power must be stepped
up for efficient electrical power transmission. This is done by step up
transformer at the sending side of the power system network. As this high
voltage power may not be distributed to the consumers directly, this must be
stepped down to the desired level at the receiving end with the help of step
down transformer. Electrical power transformer thus plays a vital role in power
transmission.
Types of Transformer
system network.
Three Phase Transformer & Single Phase Transformer - Former is generally
used in three phase power system as it is cost effective than later. But when
size matters, it is preferable to use a bank of three single phase transformer as
it is easier to transport than one single three phase transformer unit.
Electrical transformer
Electrical Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer & Instrument
Transformer - Power transformers are generally used in transmission network
for stepping up or down the voltage level. It operates mainly during high or
peak loads and has maximum efficiency at or near full load. Distribution
transformer steps down the voltage for distribution purpose to domestic or
commercial users. It has good voltage regulation and operates 24 hrs. a day
with maximum efficiency at 50% of full load. Instrument transformers include
C.T & P.T which are used to reduce high voltages and current to lesser values
which can be measured by conventional instruments.
Two Winding Transformer & Auto Transformer –
Former is generally used where ratio between high voltage and low voltage is
greater than 2. It is cost effective to use later where the ratio between high
voltage and low voltage is less than 2.
Outdoor Transformer & Indoor Transformer–
Transformers that are designed for installing at outdoor are outdoor
transformers and transformers designed for installing at indoor are indoor
transformers.
Oil Cooled & Dry Type Transformer –
In oil cooled transformer the cooling medium is transformer oil whereas the
dry type transformer is air cooled.
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MOTOR (LT)
These are designed to work at lower voltage level 0.4 kV. They are taking
power through the UAT (unit auxiliary transformer). These transformers are
directly connected to the main 6.6 kV line and auxiliary 6.6 kV line with a circuit
breaker for protection.
Main component in power plant that uses LT MOTER are-
Ø Inching Motor( Mill)
Ø LP PUMP
Ø HP PUMP
Ø Water Circulation Pump
Ø DM Water Make Up Pump
INCHING MOTOR:
Inching is technique for slowly moving machinery for setup or maintenance
purposes. In practice the distinction between the to may not be so clear, they
are sometimes used interchangeably. It seems that generally; Jogging It is
moving the primary motor a small amount by applying short pulses of power.
Inching may use a separate geared motor and a clutch to drive the machine
slower than normal operation speed.For a standard motor it is the application
of voltage for a short period of time. If the motor is a variable speed such as
one utilized with a drive it involves running the system at a low speed.
LP PUMP:
Low Pressure pump is used to feed the water or steam at the low pressure
rate. It uses the motor that is run on .4 kV or 415 V because to creating the low
pressure the low voltage motor are suitable for the operation of thermal
power plant.
HP PUMP:
High pressure pump is used to feed the water or steam at the high pressure
rate. It uses the motor that is run on the low voltage rating for term of
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efficiency.
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SWITCH GEAR
The earliest central power stations used simple open knife switches, mounted
on insulating panels of marble or asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly
escalated, making opening manually operated switches too dangerous for
anything other than isolation of a de-energized circuit. Oil-filled equipment
allowed arc energy to be contained and safely controlled. By the early 20th
century, a switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with
electrically operated switching elements, using oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-
filled equipment has largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum, or SF6
equipment, allowing large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by
automatic equipment.
Oil
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Oil circuit breakers rely upon vaporization of some of the oil to blast a jet of oil
along the path of the arc. The vapor released by the arcing consists of
hydrogen gas. Mineral oil has better insulating property than air. Whenever
there is a separation of current carrying contacts in the oil, the arc in circuit
breaker is initialized at the moment of separation of contacts, and due to this
arc the oil is vaporized and decomposed in mostly hydrogen gas and ultimately
creates a hydrogen bubble around the electric arc. This highly compressed gas
bubble around the arc prevents re-striking of the arc after current reaches zero
crossing of the cycle. The oil circuit breaker is the one of the oldest type of
circuit breakers’
Air
Air circuit breakers may use compressed air (puff) or the magnetic force of the
arc itself to elongate the arc. As the length of the sustainable arc is dependent
on the available voltage, the elongated arc will eventually exhaust itself.
Alternatively, the contacts are rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber, the
escaping of the displaced air thus blowing out the arc.
Circuit breakers are usually able to terminate all current flow very quickly:
typically between 30 MS and 150 MS depending upon the age and construction
of the device.
Gas
Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakerGas (SF6) circuit breakers sometimes stretch
the arc using a magnetic field, and then rely upon the dielectric strength of the
SF6 gas to quench the stretched arc.
Hybrid
Vacuum
Circuit breakers with vacuum interrupters have minimal arcing characteristics
(as there is nothing to ionize other than the contact material), so the arc
quenches when it is stretched by a small amount (<2–8 mm). Near zero current
the arc is not hot enough to maintain a plasma, and current ceases; the gap
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can then withstand the rise of voltage. Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently
used in modern medium-voltage switchgear to 40,500 volts. Unlike the other
types, they are inherently unsuitable for interrupting DC faults.[citation
needed] The reason vacuum circuit breakers are unsuitable for breaking high
DC voltages is that with DC there is no "current zero" period. The plasma arc
can feed itself by continuing to gasify the contact material.
Distance relays
A short circuit at the end of a long transmission line appears similar to a
normal load, because of the impedance of the transmission line limits the fault
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current. A distance relay detects a fault by comparing the voltage and current
on the transmission line. A large current along with a voltage drop indicates
fault.
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particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced
electrostatic charge minimally impeding the flow of gases through the unit.
In contrast to wet scrubbers which apply energy directly to the flowing fluid
medium, an ESP applies energy only to the particulate matter being collected
and therefore is very efficient in its consumption of energy (in the form of
electricity
Plate precipitator
The most basic precipitator contains a row of thin vertical wires, and
followed by a stack of large flat metal plates oriented vertically, with the plates
typically spaced about 1 cm to 18 cm apart, depending on the application. The
air stream flows horizontally through the spaces between the wires, and then
passes through the stack of plates.
A negative voltage of several thousand volts is applied between wire and plate.
If the applied voltage is high enough, an electric corona discharge ionizes the
air around the electrodes, which then ionizes the particles in the air stream.
The ionized particles, due to the electrostatic force, are diverted towards the
grounded plates. Particles build up on the collection plates and are removed
from the air stream.
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The rating of generator in BTPS is 2x2100 kW for both unit 4 & 5 , it has 16
cylinder engine & it consume about 40 liter of Diesel oil as fuel for running it
about 50 min. on NO LOAD.
For schedule, starting the generator, every Saturday at 10 A.M. the DG SET is
running for 10 minutes.
SWITCH YARD
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The supply is fed to the switchyard by the voltage level of 400 kV. Then it is
fed to the sub stations by thee transmission line. The equipment are required
to transmit the power are
Ø ISOLATORS
Ø CIRCUITBREAKER
Ø INSULATORS
Ø CONDUCTORS
Ø SURGE PROTECTOR
Ø LIGHTING ARRESTER
Ø CUTTENT TRANSFORMERS
Ø POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
ISOLATORS:
In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is
used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service
or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and
industrial applications, where machinery must have its source of driving power
removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in
electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers,
transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. The disconnector is
usually not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only for safety
isolation. Disconnector can be operated either manually or automatically
(motorized disconnector).
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CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent or overload or
short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after protective
relays detect a fault. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to
resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from
small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large
switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. The
generic function of a circuit breaker, RCD or a fuse, as an automatic means of
removing power from a faulty system is often abbreviated to ADS (Automatic
Disconnection of Supply).
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INSULATORS
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CONDUCTORS
SURGE PROTECTOR
A surge protector (or surge suppressor or surge diverter) is an appliance or
device designed to protect electrical devices from voltage spikes. A surge
protector attempts to limit the voltage supplied to an electric device by either
blocking or shorting to ground any unwanted voltages above a safe threshold.
This article primarily discusses specifications and components relevant to the
type of protector that diverts (shorts) a voltage spike to ground; however,
there is some coverage of other methods.
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LIGHTING ARRESTER
CUTTENT TRANSFORMERS
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
CONCLUSION
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DECLARATION
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