111

I
/
Contents
Contents
Preface
Introduction VIII
viii
Dedication IX
ix
XIll
Xlll
PART ONE
Chapter One
1.1 The Origin of the Alphabet
1.2 The letter A 1
1.3 The Four Vowels 1
1.4 The Letter Head 1
1.5 The Punctuation System 2
.- 1.6 Ending a Sentence 2
1.7 The Order of Strokes 2
?
1.8 The Thirty Consonants 2
1.9 Place of Articulation 4
1.10 Pronunciation 4
1.11 Tibetanized Sanskrit Alphabet 5
.1.12 Combining Consonants with Vowels 7
1.13 Examples 8
,.".
1.16 Reading Exercise 9
1.16.a The letter Ba 10
1.16.b Example 10
Exercise l.a 11
Er;erci~e
Er;erci~e l.b Drill (n
in
,- .
11
/ Chapter Two
f
2.17 Consonantal Denominations 12
-'
/ 2.18 The Root Consonant 12
13
2.19 The 10 Suffixes 13
13
2.29 Reading Exercise 13
16
2.31 Post-Siffixes 16
17
EXlircise
Exercise 2.a 17
17
Exercise 2.b Drill 17
18
2.32 Prfixes 18
18
2.38 Drill 18
22
2.39 Passive Consonants 22
22
2.40 Subjoined Consonant5 22
23
Exercise 2.c
2.e 23
26
Exercise 2.d Drill 26
26
2.46 Surmounted Letters 26
27
Exercise.2.e 27
30
Exercise 2./Drill , 30
30
Exercise 2.g , 30
131
2.53 Irregular Pronunciation 131
31
31
33
2.54 Chart of Prefixed Consonantal Denominations
33
Chapter Three
3.55 Articles
ArticIes
3.59 Noun 34 f'.
f'-
35 i
f.
~_
........~-.
 IV
• 36
3.60 Examples of Simple Nouns 37
3.61 Examples Complex Nouns 39
3.65 Ending in Special Suffixes
39
3.66 Dimunitive Nouns 40
3.67 Dissyllable Nouns
40
3.68 Derived Noun Stems
41
3.69 Nominal Compounds
42
3.70 Synonymous Compound
42
3.71 Abstract Noun Compound
43
3.72 Number
43
3.72 Gender
45
3.77 Adjectives 46
3.80 Degree of Comparison
47
3.81 Adverbial Superlatives
47
3.82 Prenominal Adjectives 47
3.83 Numerals
3.85 Ordinal Numbers 49
3.86 Aggregative Numerals 49
3.87 Fractional Numerals 49
3.88 Multiplicative Numerals 50
3.89 Approximate Numerals 50
3.90 Measurements 50
Chapter Four
52
4.91 Cases
4.92 Nominative 52
4.93 Accusative 52
53
4.94 Instrumental
54
4.95 Dative
54
4.96 Ablative
55
4.97 Genitive
55
4.98 Locative
56
4.99 Duration
56
4.99.a 12 Lunar Months
57
4.100. Vocative
PART TWO
Lesson One
1.1 Consonant Drill 60
63
1.2 Pronouns
63
1.2.a Personal Pronouns
1.2.b Possessive Pronouns 63
1.2.e Demonstartive Pronouns 64
65
~ ... 1.3 Auxiliary Verb
65
1.4 The Infinitive
1.4.a Examples 65
1.5 Word Order 66
1.6 Vocabulary 66
1.7 Examples 67
68
1.8 Exercises ofLesson One
1.8.b Seven days of the Week 68
1.8.c and d Exercises 68
r 1.8.e Cardinal Numbers 69
1.9 Some Useful Expressions 70
\
il
i
 .~
.' v
Lesso n Two
2.1 Vowel Dr;!!
Drill 71
2.2 Nouns 72
2.3 Vocabulary 72
2.4 Auxiliary Verb "la;'
iiia;' yin 73
2.4.a Examp les 74
2.5 Exerc ises a,b, c ofLes
of Lesson
son Two 75
The 12 General Months 76
The 12 Tibetan Months 76
Exercises e and f 77
2.7 Some Useful Expressions 77
Lesso
Less on
n Thre e
I
3.1 The surmo unted and Subjoined Consonants Drill 79
3.2 The Use of Combined Auxiliary Verbs 80
The Examples 80
..... -:
-,,"' 3.4 Tibetan Verb 81
3.4.a Vobaculary Verbs 82
3.5 Vocabulary Nouns 82
3.6 Expressions on the Notion of Time 84
3.7 Exercises ofLes
of Lesson
son Three
/ 87
3.8 Some Useful Expressions 88
~&~
Lesso n Four
4.1 Substitution Drill
;:~
;:" 89
4.2 The Combined Auxiliary Verb "l'\'''''\' yod red
"l"'
- '-' ' 89
Ui,\·rl.5,"
4.3 The Combined Auxiliary Verb "i"'r:>.5,"11 yod 'dug 90
4.4 Negation 91
4.5 Examples of Affirmative and Negative Sentences 91
4.6 Participation Drills 94
4.7 Vocabulary 94
4.8 Interrogative Negatives 95
4.9 Exercises ofLes
of Lesson
son Four 96
4.10 Useful Expressions 98
Lesso
Less on
n Five
,L' . 5.1 Interrogatives 99
5.2 General Interrogative Pronouns 99
5.3 Participation Drills ofInterrogative Sentences 99
5.4 Vocabulary 102
5.5 Adjectives 103
5.6 :Adjec
Adjecttival
ival Interrogatives 103
,,, 5.7 Examples of Adjectival Interrogatives 104
5.8 Exercises ofLes
ofLesson
son Five 105
5,9 Useful Expressions
~
107
i····
.'
 VI
VI
Lesso
Le Six
sso nn Six
ticleses
Particl
don Par 108
108
Seven r1l'~il\' laladon
TheSev
6.1The
6.1 en "l'~i l\'
accusa , loca
tive, tiveeand
locativ ves
datives
anddati 108
108
6.2 Examples
6.2 Exa mp lesofofacc usative
sion
ression
Expres
ificExp 110
110
6.3The
6.3 Useof
TheUse ofHoHonor
norific
110
110
6.4Ho
6.4 Honor ific Nouns
norific No uns 112
Monos yllabic
bic Ho Honor
norific bs
Verbs
ificVer 112
6.5Mo
6.5 nosylla 113
Vobac ulary
ry 113
6.8Vo
6.8 bacula 114
Examp les 114
6.9Exa
6.9 mples 115
115
6.10
6.1 Exerci
0 Exe rcisses
es at atLesLesso
sonnSix Six
ions 116
116
Tibeta
Tib quotat
etannquo tations 117
Usefu
6.11 Use fullExExpre
pre ssi ssion
onss- - 117
6.11
Lesso
Le Seven
sso nn Se ven
118
118
Tense
7.1 Ten
7.1 sess 118
Simpl
The Sim
7.2 The Presen
plee Pre Tense
sentt Ten se 118
7.2 119
119
The Simple Pas
7.3 The
7.3 Sim ple Tense
Pastt Ten se
~~::t Tense se 119
119
7.4 Simpl
The Sim
7.4 The Future
plee Fut ure Ten 120
7.5 The Presen Perfec
sentt Per fectt 120
7.5 The Pre 121
Perfec
Pastt Per
The Pas
7.6 The Tense
fectt Ten se 121
7.6 121
121
Future
7.7 The Fut
7.7 ure PerPerfec Tense
fect Ten se
Perfec se
Tense
fect Ten 121
121
7.8
7.8 The Condi
Con onal Per
dititional 121
Table Tense Termi
se Ter ationss
minnation 121
7.9 Tab
7.9 le of Ten 122
Kinshi
7.11 Kin Terms
shipp Ter ms 122
7.11 123
123
7.12 Exercises
7.12 Exe rcis es at LesLesson Seven
son Sev en
125
125
Useful
7.13 Use
7.13 Expre
ful Exp sions
resssions
Lesso Eig htt
Lesson Eigh
126
126
8.1 ssive
Progressive
8.1 Progre 126
8.2 Presen ssive
Progressive 126
8.2 Present Progre 126
126
8.3 Pastt Progre
8.3 Pas ssive
Progressive 127
8.4 ssive
Progressive 127
Future Progre
8.4 Future 127
127
8.5 Conditi
Future Condi
8.5 Future tional
onal Progre ssive
Progressive
ssive 127
127
8.6 Presen
8.~ Presentt Perfec Progressive
Perfectt Progre 128
8.7 s~ive
Progres~ive
128
8.7 Past Perfectt Progre
Pas t Perfec 128
8.8 Future Perfectt Progre
Future Perfec ssive
Progressive 128
8.8 129
129
8.9 Conditi
8.9 Condi tional PerfecttProgre
onal Perfec ssive
Progressive
129
129
8.100Vocab
8.1 ulary
Vocabulary 130
8.11 Over 100
inggOver 100 130
Countin
8.11 Count 130
130
Exercis
8.122Exerci
8.1 ses ofL
es of Lesson Eight
essonEight
a
Pandita
SakyaPandil 133
133
8.13 Sayingss By
EleganttSaying
8.13Elegan BySakya
Lesso Nine
Le ssonn Nine
134
134
ormati onnof
ormatio
------------- Adver.
ofAdver. 134
9.1 rb of Place
b of Pla ce 134
ADver
9.1ADve 134
134
9.2 Manner r
AdverbbofofManne
9.2Adver 135
9.3 Tim e 135
AdverbbofofTime
9.3Adver 136
136
9.4 ulary
Vocabulary
9.4Vocab 137
9.5 n
Tibetan 137
ClassicalalTibeta
9.5Classic 137
137
9.6 Classic
VerbtotobebeininClassi
9.6Verb n
Tibetan
calalTibeta
ations,
Terminations,
tiveTermin
letive 137
137
9.7 Examples
9.7Examp Comple
lesofofComp 138
9,8 n Readin
Tibetan
calalTibeta Readingg 138
Classic
9.8Classi 139
139
9.11 Exercis
9.11Exerci Lesson
sesesofofL Nine
essonNine
 vii
9.12 Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita 141
Less on Ten
10.1 Conjunction 143
10.7 Disjunctive Conjunctions 144
10.8 Examples of Conjunctions of Contrast & Similarity 145
10.9 Vocabulary 146
10.10 Classical Tibeta n Reading 147
ofLes
10.11 Exercises of Lesson
son Ten 147
10.12 Elegant Sayings By Sakya Pandita 150
Less on Eleve n
11.1 The Continuative Particles 151
11.5 Examples of Continuative Particles 152
11.6 Gerundial Terminations 153
11.8 Instrument of Reason 154
i.L
11.9 The Ablative of Reason 155
11.10
11.1 0 Vocabulary 156
11.11 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life Of Buddha) 157
11.12 Exercises ofLes
ofLesson
son Eleven 158
11.13 Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita 161
Less on Twel ve
12.1 Particle ;;;'. na Emphasizing a Special Point 162
12.2 Express a Condition 162
~t-
12.3 Interrogative Reasoning 162
12.4 Express Contradiction 163
12.5 Making a Wish 163
'-~ ,~,-'
12.6 Expresing a Doubt 163
12.7 Expression of Certainty 164
12.8 Emphatic Expression ~. ni 164
12.9 Vocabulary 165
12.10 Classi cal Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) 165
12.11 Exercises of ofLes
Lesson
son Twelve 166
12.12 Conversation Between the Prince & his Charioteer 167
,l
c::'..
Less on Thirteen
L-·.'
~.-~.:
~.-'
13.1 Abilitative Forms 170
13.3 Expressions of Obligatory Forms 171
13.4 Permissive Expressions 172
','-.-"
13.5 Causative Expressions 173
13.6 Idiomatic Expressions of Genitive Datives 174
13.7 The Use of ,\~l!f
,\~'!f dgos and r::>.~'\.
r.>.~'\. 'dod
~:1.,
~~.
175
13.8 Benedictive Expressions
175
13.9 Vocabulary
176
13.10 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha)
176
~,' 13.11 Exercises ofLess
ofLessonon Thirteen 177
13.12 Sayings of the Buddha
179
 viii
Lesso n Four teen
14.1 Various Auxiliaries 180
14.2 Exclamatory Expressions 181
14.4 The Imperative 182
14.5 Examples 182
14.6 Adjectival and Adverbial Clauses 183
14.7 Alphabetical Notation 184
14.8 Vocabulary 184
14.9 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) 185
on Fourteen
ofLesson
14.10 Exercises ofLess 186
isliSayings
14.11 Traditional Buddhist!Say 188
Lesso n Fifte en
15.1 Verbal Compounds 189
15.2 Examples of Verbal Compounds 190
ofS",·tj·r byedp a Verbal Compound
15.3 The Use ofS,,\·t 191
15.4 The Verbs of Becoming 191
-5c.."I. myong ba
15.5 The Auxiliary Verb .@c..tj' 192
"'. ya
15.6ln finitiv e ~. rgyu and "'I' 193
15.7 Beginning a sentence in Classical Tibetan 194
15.8 Completive Dual Syllables 196
15.9 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) 196
son Fifteen
of Lesson
15.10 Exercises ofLes 197
15.11 Elegant sayings by Sakya Pandita 199
Lesso n Sixte en
16.1 Passive Voice 200
16.2 Relatives Clauses 200
16.3 Examples 201
16.4 Prenominal Adjectives 201
16.5 Examples 201
16.6 Derivation Word Classes 203
16.7 Examples 204
PART THREE
205
List of Verbs
 IX
Pref ace
. Subdu e your fear by learning something new every day.
This Tibetan language course handb ook 'A Primer of the Tibetan langua
. who want to acquire a good working knowledge of the language in a short ge' is designed for people
i;!;
probably be working at home without a teache r. It will enable those with time, and who will
Tibetan to reach the point where they can comm no previous knowledge of
unicat e effecti vely and can read, write and converse
on a range of topics. Originally written as a textbook for an intensive
Tibeta
handbook covers the essential elements of Tibetan grammar of both spoken n language course, this
t: and written Tibetan. I
have used it for the various Tibetan langua ge classes I have condu cted over the years and have
proved to be effective as teaching material for both class and individual
t,uition.
/
'A Prime r of the Tibetan Language' begins with the Tibetan alphabet
and the sound system of the
language, as far as this is possible in print. A cassette tape to go with
this book is being prepared for
the benefit of those who cannot find a suitable teacher. In order to maxim
endeavour, it is essential to use this book ise the enjoyment and your
1:~ stage by stage accord ing to the lesson s. In each lesson, a
of gramm ar are explained and illustrated; there are exercises with vocab ulary lists and useful
expressions. A separate lists of verbs is also provided in the three tenses
and imperative so that so
student can examine the pattern of spellin g change caused by consonantal
;..,:- 'I)"'.
gender harmony called ''1''''
(l.~'IJ.
(l.~'lJ'
rtag 'jug.
Learn ing Tibetan language is key to understand the Tibeta n people , their
history. Studying Tibetan will also help to preserve way of life, religion and
the Tibeta n culture which is facing great threat
under the repressive policy of the communist regime in Tibet. People who
Buddhism will find the importance of Tibetan language and appreciate are interested in
the rich Tibetan literature on
Buddhism and related subjects. Grammaticall y there is no great differe
tBi
tB! nce between the spoken and
written language. Understanding the grammatical rules and their applic
ation in the spoken language
will give textual scholars a greater access to the use of langua ge as a spoken language. It is
important to remind ourselves that the scribal.convention was created
to do
0.~,S:
0J,S: language, not a barrier to speak. Even if you know how to read Roma service to the spoken
nized Tibetan and know few
of its grammatical rules, you are not a Tibeta n langua ge schola r if you do not know how to speak the
language as spoke n among Tibetans. Numerous course s on 'Class ical Tibeta n' are taught at
:;;;)
:;;;:~;
academic institutions around the world by people who do not speak or unders tand the spoken
language. Graduates of such courses are left frustra ted and confus ed as they cannot speak and
/
understand a language they supposed to have studied several years at
University level. Unlike
Sanskrit, Tibetan language is a living and progressive language which
;,,}
1;}
is spoken in many countries in
the Himalayan region.
Students who successfully complete this course will not put through such
written this manual because Tibetan is my mothe difficulties. I have
r tongue and I am well versed on the subject. I have
had a thorough traditional training in both school and monastery under
leading Tibetan linguists, poets and grammarians alive today. the tutelage of some of the
My teache
};',l
~,,:~
Trichen Rinpoche was on the board of writers who designed the Tibeta r, His Eminence Chogay
n school text book under the
auspices of the Council of Tibetan Education in Dharamsala. I have been
Tibetans some years now and this book is an outcome of my own interes teaching Tibetan to non-
t in teaching the language.
b,~'
r.v· This manual strictly follows the unique grammatical rules which makes this langua ge so different
from any other language. There is nothing in this book that the so-cal led classic al Tibeta n courses
would not have covered. The only difference is that you will know how to speak, read, write and
most important of all, you will be able to feel and think in the langua ge. Comp leting this course will
bring you closer to the Tibetan people whene ver they are around and you will become part of their
unique culture. This will provide you with an eye into a new cultur e. When you are not with the
Tibetan people you will find before you a mine of Buddhist knOWledge
and wisdom preserved in the
scriptures. While many learn Asian languages for financi al reason s, learnin
special reason which only a keen student will be able to feel within themse g Tibetan will have a
lves.
f
:.:-,;1
'_',;1
 A
i<'
Introduction
/
Tibetan is spoken by approximately
the Asian sub-continent including Tib ten million people in mo re than a hal f a dozen of countries in
understood by Mongolians who hav et, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, India and South We st China. It is
e had traditional monastic education
Tibeto-Burman group of lan gua ges , . Tibetan is a me mb
coi n the term 'Sino-Tibe but has no gre at ass ociation with Chinese, so it is a miser of the
tan lan gua ge fam ily' . Tib etan lan gua ge wit take to
pow erf ul exp res sio n of Tib et's ind h its sep ara te alp hab et is a
ependence. Its written lan gua ge was
Gu pta script of India and its log ical gra mm based on the 7th cen tury
San skr it. ar is eas y to fol low in spi te of its close ass oci atio n wit
h
Aft er studying Indian linguistics inc
em ine luding Panini, Kalapa and Candra
nt ling uist s, the Bra hm in Lip ika ra and Devavidyasinha, Thonmi Sanskrit gra mm ars under
min iste r of the famous Tib eta n kin Sambota, the intelligent
Tib eta n in early 7th century g Son gts en Gam po (sro ng blsan sgam po) invented the written
~:g
~J
. He was
pur pos e of mastering Indian langua first sent to India with fifteen oth er Tibetan youths for the sole
ges
ent ire Buddhist teachings into Tibetan so that a suitable written language is invented to translate the
Son gts en Gampo went into retr eat in . Aft er returning from India, Thonmi together with the king
the temple of Maru Pal ace in Lha
'~"~ he had alre ady beg an in Ind ia. He decided to have four vow els i, sa to finalise his wo rks which
/
vow els which existed in San skr it. u, e and 0 instead of six
the Sanskrit alphabet while Q! the thir ty con son ant s, twenty four consonants we re bas teen
six con son ant s we re crea ted acc ed on
ton gue whi ch did not exi st eve nm llle
ording to the nee aor Ti1
TiO5et
e'taan
n speaking
tile Sanskrit alphalphaoa1JeCS
et--Six
ixrerev
vetetse
sedtl'"c
'"coorrs
facilitate the standard translit era tion rrsoona
nannts
ts were later added
of San skr it into Tib etan . Of his eight great grammatical treatiseto
onl y two, namely sum eu pa and rtag s
the eight fold case system and the uses kyi 'jug pa are extant today. Sum eu pa primarily deals with
i'}
a of the various dependent and indepe
'jug pa disc uss es the uni que con son ant nde
;morph olo gica l rela tion ship bet wee n
al gen der system wh ich determine nt particles. Rlags kyi
phOnolnologi
ogical and
to the thre
con sonants in orderito systematize the rult;s the pho
e tens es and imp era tive mo od. S of spelling in relation
' .
Within several decades, many Bud
Ka wa PaI tse k, Chokro Lui Gyalts dhist scriptures were translated into Tibetan from Sanskrit by
tran en and Sha ng Na-namde, wh o all
slat ion sch ool . Tho se wh o hav
t see these three nam es in the e the opportunity to read any Tibetabelonged to the old Tibetan
col oph n translation will frequetnly
bts an) , ons . Du rin g the reig n
Tib eta n lan gua ge rec eiv an extensive revisio
of Tri son g Deutsen (khri sro ng lde
'u
prosecution of Buddhism by Lan ed n. In spi te of the dar k era cau sed by the
g Dar
Danma, na, it gave a much needed motivation
sen d more Tib etan s to stu dy Bud dha dha rma am ong
Tib eta n tran in India. As a result, in 10th century st the Tibetans to
slat ors em erg ed inc lud ing Loc hre n Rinchen Sangpo, Drogmi Lotsaw gal axi es of eminent
Ng ok Lotsawa Lodhen She rab and
others. The y were res a Sha kykyaa Yeshi,
Tib et and standardisation of the com pon sib le for the
plex Tibetan Buddhist terminology. The revival of Bu ddh ism in
can on wer e com pile d und er the sup ent
xylographs. erv ision of Buton Rin poc he and wer ire Tibetan Buddhist
e prin ted in wooden
Th e firm re-establishment of Dharm
a in Tibet through the dedication of
instrument al in sub dui ng the ruth less Mo counne
ntiess
ngo ls and the nation building of Tibet. scholars became
Sin ce Tib et came
 Xl.
Xl.
o allo weddall alltradtraditiitioonsns totopro spe r rinin
prospe
under the one united Dharm Dh arma arule ruleofofthe thegre at Sak
great Sakyayappasas wh who allowe stu
und er the one uni ted rld
world attr acti
attract ng
ing hunhundrdre ds
eds of of den tsts
studen
harmony, Tibet hadsom some e ofofthe thebig bigges
gest tmo nasteri
monas es ininthe
teries thewo it gra
har mo ny, Tib et had turyyTib Tibetaeta nsns cou ld
could lea rn
learn San
Sansk skr rit mm arar
gramm
from many neighbouring our ing cou countr
ntries.ies. Fro From
m mid mid1111ththcen centur eta n wa s so
from ma ny nei ghb skr itrit alp hab
alphab etet asas the the wri
writtetten n Tib
Tibeta n was so
throug Tibeta withohouut t havhaviningg toto use use the San
the Sansk n.
thr oug hh Tib eta nn wit betran translislitera ted into
terated intoTib Tibetaeta n. Mo Modeder nrn
meticu lously inventedthaent ed that every
t eve ry San Sansk skrit lablelecan
syllab
ritsyl canbe era l Bu ddh ist
me ticu lou sly inv stu dy
study onon the
the tran
translaslat ion
tions s in in sevsevera l Buddh ist
Buddh ist schola rs who rs wh o hav have e dondone e com compapar rative
ativ e ura ten ess of
Bu ddh ist sch ola matchtch the
thecon sist
consis enc
tency y and andacc accura teness of
langua gesall allagragree
ee tha that there
t ther e isisno notrantransla tionwh
slation ich can
which canma
lan guages ist canon.
on. Sin ce
Since momostst San
Sansk skr it
rit Bud
Buddh dhi st literature are not extant, ,
ist literat ure are not extant
Tibeta eta nntrantranslations ofthe
slat ion s of theBu Buddh
ddhist can dy and e of
Tib among the besbest slat ion
transla
t tran tions s toto fur therr the
furthe the stu study and pra practicticce of
Tibeta
Tib eta nn Bu Buddh
ddh ist ist cancanonon isis am ong stst the
BuBuddhism
ddh ism. .
Tibet can nevneverer be befor given
forgiv en and and isis aa gre at thre
great threat at toto the thesur viv alal of
surviv of
ThThe comm
e com nis t inv
muunist invasi
asioon n of ofTib et can et's cul l and ion
nation alal
anarch istsfromfrom ChiChina na hashastrietriedd totodes destrotroyyTib Tibet's turaal
cultur andour ournat
traditi
trad nal cul
itioonal culture. Maoistana
ture . Ma oist rchists ited 0 mo nas teri
terieses and
and
the uniunique
que Tib Tibeta
etann lan guage
langua ge wa was s pro
prohib hib ited and and 600 6000 monas
herita
her itagge.e. The The study of the
stu dy of all the cat astr oph
ophic ic des
destrutruc tion
ction of the
of the
institu tions Tibet
in Tib et we were re destro
des troy ed.
yed. In
In spi
spitete of
of all the catastr
educa
edu ional ins
cattional titution s in servve e thetheirir lan guage
langua geand and cul turee
cultur
Tibetan culture, religionn and and langua
lan guage, ge, Tibeta
Tib etan have
s hav
ns e mamanag naged ed to to prepreser s we re
Tib eta n cul ture , reli gio a. In exile le ma
many ny Tib
Tibeta eta ns
ns sch
schoo ool ls were
in exile under the leader ershship
ip of ofHisHis Ho Holine
liness'ss'the Dalai
the Dal ai Lam
Lama.. In exi h
in exi le und er the lead geees s are
are concontin tinu ing
uing to
to esc
escape ape fro
fromm Tib et wit
Tibet with
opened and monasteri nas teries
es werwere rebuil
e reb uiltt Hu Hundr
ndredseds of refuge
ofrefu ia and Ne
ope ned and mo per Tib Tibetaeta n langua
n lan gua ge
ge trai nin
trainin gg in
in Ind
India and pal .. II
Nepal
their young children chi ldre n inin hophope e ofof givgiving
ing the themm pro proper in Pok
the ir you ng etann undunder er aa treetree in in a
a refu
refuge gee e tam
tamp p in Pokha hara, Nepal..
ra, Nepal
can recall learningg how
lea rnin how to read and
to read and wri write Tibeta
te Tib to pro nou nce the
can rec all ether
togeth under
er und er a tree
a tree lear nin
learnin gg how
how to prono unce the ..
There were re no no claclasse
sses, s, all the
all the childr
chi ldreen n sat tog
sat Aft er fini ng my
The re we were Sum cu
re Sum cu papa by by ThoThonm nmii Sam Sambh bhoota. ta. After finish shiing my
alphab et The firstt thin
et Th e firs thing g wewe me memo morizerized d we the two gra mm atic al
alp hab thorou
roughlghly y stu
studydy am among ong st oth
other er thin
things gs, , the two gramm atical
high schoo
h sch wass fort
ooll,, II wa fortununaate enoug
te eno ughh to tho ddh a.
hig Triche Rinpo pocche he in Lum Lumb bin ini,i, the birt h-place
birth-p lace of of thethe Bu Buddh His
a. His
works under His Emine
und er His Em inence Cho Choga gayy Tri chen Rin ser ved as his sec reta ry
wo rks Tibetaetann poepoets ts aliv
alive e tod
today. ay. Hav
Havin ing g served as his secret ary
Eminence is one of
nce is one of the mo most remar
st rem able Tib
arkkable s fulf ille d
Em ine years,rs, my Tib Tibeta eta n edu
educa cat ion
tion wa
was fulfill ed bey ondd my
beyon my
and person al assista
per son al ass ista nt for som somee six yea fine r ele me nts of Tib eta nn
and fortununa ate
te to disc
discus uss s som
some e of the mo
more re finer eleme nts of Tibeta
expec
exp ation. Sub
ecttation. Subse uentlyy I was fort
seqquentl unu Lamaa
u Lam
Sansk skrrit
it and Pra
Prakrikrit t wit
with h the emine linguisstt late
emine nt lingui late Kh Khun
gramm ar and poetry
gra mm ar and poetry in relatio relationn to San year before before he died died ..
Tenzin when he came carne and stayed stayed at my monas monastery a year
..Te Gyaltshen
nzin Gyalts hen when
perhapss motiva motivated ted by Christian
by Christ ian
study of TibetaTibetan n langua
language in the West West was perhap som e
Th e first
.. The interestt of the study
first interes ed Bib le wit
with h the
the hel
help p of
of some
missio coursess in Tibeta
crash course Tibetan translatted
n and transla the Bible the
missionaries naries.. Some Som e took took crash giv ing most most of the exa mples
the examp les fro m the
from
Tibeta n scholars and and wrote Tib etan gramm
wrote Tibeta grammar in Englis English h giving and ow ned
Tib eta n sch ola rs pre ss in
in Kal
Kalim imp pongong was prim
primar aril
ily y run
run and owned
transla Bible. The
the Bible. Tibetan
first Tibeta
The first n printin
prin tingg press com pile
translattion ion of of the from Spiti
an from Spiti in Jammu
in Jamm u.. Some Som e hastily hastily compi ledd
by Tharch hin, Tibetan
in, aa Tibeta n speaki
speaking ng Christ
Christiian rea din pam phl ets
Khunu Tharc
by Khunu as early as
as early as mid nineteen
mid ninete century
en centur recall readin
y.·.' II recall gg pamph lets
Tibeta n English diction
eta n Eng lish dictionaries appeared
aries appear ed w the y we re talk ing abo ut
Tib my school
sch ool day
days s but
but II did
did not
not kno
know they were talkin g about
entitle
entitledd "God "God Will Will Save Save You" You" duringduring my some foreig
by some foreign ers who
ners wh odi didd not not
they werewer badly written
e badly religious
written religio ideas by
us ideas
Christianity.
Chr isti ani used to
ty. II used think they
to think
know
know the Tibetann langua
theTibeta language properly.
ge proper ly.
studied in
ly studied many countries and
in many countr ies and
as the languag
written langua
thewritten enthusiastica
gee isis enthus iasticallly of
Times haveechange
Tim es hav changeddsince sinceas n stu die s pro gra mm
mmes Hu ndr
es.. Hund es of
res
r of universitiessities have introdu
have introd ced
uced Tib
Tibeta eta n studie s progra
more recently
mo re rec ent num ber
ly numbe of univer mu ch nee ded inte
intere res st t in the Tib etann
in the Tibeta
s around
around the wo
the world rld have
hav e gen
genera era ted
ted much needed
Tibeta
Tib etann Buddh Bu ddhist centres
istcentre Asian Repub Republ have been
ics have
lics bee n sentsen t toto
studies. Only some fifty youngboys
fifty young boys from from the central
thecentra l Asian eto log ists
stu die s. On recently
ly recent ly some thre e yea rs som
some e two
two hun
hundre dre d d Tib
Tibeto logists
India Tibetannmonas mo nas teries.
teri es. Eve
Every ry three years semina rs.
Ind iatotostudy studyTibetaTibetannininTibeta wellasasmany manyregion regionalalconfer confere ncesand
ences andsemin ars.
attend interna confere
tionalconfer
rnational ence on Tibeta
nce on Tibetan n studies
studiesasaswell die s hav e rea lize d the
atte nd inte literature, re, stu
studen den tsts inin Bud
Buddh dhiistst stu
studie s have realize d the
Due to its imporits importa placeininthe
tantntplace Buddhist
theBuddh istliteratu -Ti bet an sch ola rs wh are
Du e to Thereare are alre
alread adyy a a han
handfu dfu l lofof non
non-T ibetan schola rs who oare
signifi
significance canceof ofthe Tibetannlarigua
theTibeta language. ge. There wo rks Eng lish oth er
and other
translat
andtransla ting importa
ingimpor Tib etannworks
tantntTibeta intoEnglis
into h and
teaching
tea chi ngthe language
thelangua geininthe theWestWe stand ly eas y language in less tha n six
in less than six
scholarsrshave
ofschola hav e stu
studie die d d this
this rela
relativ tiveely easy langua ge
impor
importa languages.
tantntlangua ges. Numb Numbererof putaasteady steadyeffort effortover overaaperiod periodof ofof ofaa
month edhowhoweasy easyititisisififone one isis pre
prepar pared edtotoput
monthssand andhavehaveremarkremarked
year compete Tibetan
tentntTibeta n langua
languag teacher
geeteache r. .
yearororless withaacompe
lesswith
decades,s,texts textstranslatranslatedfaithfu
ted faithfully lly
written n on duringthe
Tibetduring
onTibet thelast threedecade
lastthree and
spi teofofmany
InInspite manybooks bookswritte formore moreforeign foreigners learninggTibeta
erslearnin Tib etannand
from the Tibeta miserab bly few.
ly few. ThereThereisisaagreat greatneed needfor ors are
fro m the Tibetannisismisera pre stig eofof anc
ancien ien t t Tib
Tibeta eta n n tran
transla slat
tors are
engaging orationof translat
oftransla tion
ion wo
works rks. . TheThe prestig e ist
eng agi ngininthe collaboration
thecollab maintaininthis importa
thisimpor tantntaspect aspectofofBuddh Bu ddhist
forgot ver ylittle attentio
littleattenti onnhas hasbeenbeengiven giventotomainta
forgotten tenand andvery
 scholarship. Tibetan Buddhist centres bring out young Tibeta n monks
or no payment, thus disregarding the important role of the translators. to work as translators for little
Very
stay on the job due to lack of incentive and prospect for their future. few translators are able to
qualified Lotsawa (frans lator) and Pandita (lo-pa In the old days a pair of a
(la-pan) received equal respect and honour. Lotsawa
:t..
:t .. should not be regarded as someo ne who can merely speak two langua
~, equally qualified as a teacher on his /her own right with special expert ne,wh
ges, but someo ne. whoo is
Traini ng of translators should be high on the agenda before opening ise in an anothe r language.
centres and sendin g resident
teachers.
,:;
As more material progress is made without obtaining any lasting happin
relatio
r«lationships, the interest of Dharma in the West will continue to grow. ess from wealth, fame and
not master the language in which the Dharma is prcserved and dedica Howe ver if Westerners do
',- te time to work seriously on the
translation of impor tant texts into English, they will be unable to help
their future generation with
Dharm.a. Tibetan, written by Thoom
Thonmi Sambhota, who is indisputedly regarded as an emanation of
Manjushri, is one of the easiest language in the world. The energy a person
t
t' Tibetan can be extremely beneficial for one's spiritual progress and devote s for the study of
may help to speed the flourish of
Dharm a in all corners of the world if done with the right motivation.
of gocxl use to many students of Buddhism and the Tibetan language. I hope that this manual will be
,.
;;--~;
;;--~;
"
I~'l/' (I'
'I' ~c:.''1.:(:p.5;
'J.:(:p.5;' Ujt;.•
Ujt:, ,'l Ill'll
p."" ""
I~' p. '" ''If'l~' 'I'"l'
'I' "l'§"
§'"'~c:. 'I'1
@'<:r~'''
@'q-~'''ll''''l~rl ''l'UiI
'''''l~njj''l'UiI I~"'rlj'
""nj' "c:.
",c:. ,~"iil<l'j
·~"iil<Jj·' '1·P.:if
~ 'J'p. ~I
t:
Even if one is to die tomor row, one shoul d stUdy
study know ledge;
;:
For it is like claim ing one's own entru sted posse ssions in future rebirt hs.
------b y Sakya Pand ita
I In paying my tribute to Thonmi Sambhota -and and all the Tibeta n Lotsaw as who unselfishly gave
~;~~ their lives for the benefit of others, may the fortunate people of this genera tion do not forget their
compassionate deeds and try to emulate their examples by studying and
practising with diligence and
patience.
Lama Choedak T, Yuthok
Tibetan Language Group
Canbe
canbe rra, 1994
;j;~
j<:.,
l ~
~.
l'
j,
j"
t;
j
of
;'~
:'-
i'_:'
~-:'
 Dedic ation
_ ~
~
c...
c... _,. ~
eo.... ~
l~i>J9 ~'~l11
I~ i>J9~' '~"i'
~l1l'~ "i' ~~'~ .q~l1l'
9'.q~l
~~ '~9' 'f<\~ 'I
11'i>J' tl~ 'f<\~'\
~
~
1~7!jt:l. 'l;r~~~'.t.I'
1~1Ijr:l. 'l;r~~~' .t.I""Ol~
.t.I' i>J~' .t.I""Oi~'1'I
..-
...-
1\lJ'l;j~
Illf '\lJ9'
l;j~'2j 'l:ll;j' "i ~l
9' .t.I~'~~'l:ll;j' ~I
,..,., .
..,., ...."
-
1~'~9'
1~'~9'~~~'~~~' ~~'tl ""l:lq'49
~~' tl""l:l.
~
.q'49
,
Although this manual is the result of many months' hard
work, it was much easier than attending classes under ~
«:?
trees while missing my little sister who died on our way
in Mustang when we were escaping from Tibet in 1959.
I .dedicate this book for her and many other young
of comm
Tibetan children who died as the result ofcom unistt
munis
occupation of Tibet. My very existence and this book
could not have appeared witho ut the loving care,
protection and guidance which I have received from my
parents and His Eminence Chogay Trichen Rinpoche, I
hope that this is. the first drop of the fluidity of my
repaying of their kindness. Speci al thanks are also due
to my wife Mirabelle for her understanding, patience
and constant support in my work. I also express my
gratitude to Merrill Cook and Ken Gardiner for their
help and to my studen ts for their suppo rt and
encouragement.
j:j~'r:l.S""I1
~~'''i~'' cil~'t:
1~' ~~'''i~ ("i'~~·\1
l.S""\l("i·~~'
..-
...-
"i'?9'
~r1lj"i'
p~r7!j
P 7'~~"i
1) 9'1)' r:l. ~'.t.I' ~~ 'I
"i' .t.I'~~'1
" ,,~
~ ~..-
~...-
IE.'lf! ""l;j~i>J'
1E.'lf! ""l;j~i> J' .t.Ir:l.' j"il
~i>J~'1Ij"i1
.t.I~. ~"i' ~i>J~'7!
~
'I,!;'~'l;j~ q' .t.I""
'r:l. ~.q'
~ 'l;j~ "i"i'~~. ~
~ S9
.t.I "" c>J e:~' ~
,\'9 ~1111
~11l1
,../'
PART ONE
CIBIAnJElR <!J)NlE
CIBIAnlElR <!J)NJE
'lI'IHIJE
'lI'IHIlE ''lI'ITIB3lE'lI'
lI'ITIB3JE'lI'AN AJl,JFlIBIAIB3lE'lI'
AN AJl,JFlIBIAIB3JE'lI'
1.1 THE ORIGIN OF THE TIBETAN ALPHABET
Thon-mi Sam-blw-ta was one of the most celebrated ministers of the famous Tibetan king
Srong-btsan-sgam-po (617 AD.----).
AD.--_·). Recognised as an emanation of Maiijushri, the Bodhisattva of
wisdom he was the son of Anu ofThonmi clan from central Tibet. 'The king sent Thonmi to India
together with carefully selected fifteen other young intelligent Tibetans to study Sanskrit. As he
proved himself to be the most brightest of all, his Indian teachers named him "Sambhota" which
means 'best' or 'perfect Tibetan'. Thon-mi Sam-bho-{a first studied Sanskrit with PlllJ4ita
Pll1J4ita
Devavidyasiizha and Brahmin Lipikara of Kashmir and then invented the Tibetan alphabet with
W:;-:·,;
~:--:.., thirty consonants and four vowels, He wrote eight important works on Tibetan grammer
gram mer but only
two, sum-bcu-pa and rtags-kyi-Jug-pa are extant today.
The Tibetan alphabet is based upon the Devanagari script. Designed to conform with the
tS;~:·-
t:o:. -
existing Tibetan language, Thonmi's Tibetan alphabet is one of the few scripts in the world which
,../' was solely created fOr
for the purpose of translating Buddhist scriptures. Scholars and students of
Buddhist Studies in modern times have recognized that the Tibetan language is one of the most
it important languages which has preserved few of the most accurate translations of the complete
Buddhist Canon.
~~,
tE~,
1.2 THE LETTER A
The last letter of the Tibetan alphabet a is considered to be a consonant in Tibetan and not a
vowel. According to Tibetan grammarians, a is an inherent sound of all the Tibetan consonants - it
~::}-.
~::}--
is the life-force of every sound - and is therefore called the "mother letter". Without the inner a no
Tibetan consonants have sounds of their own. It also represents the wisdom of unborn
Dharmakiiya .Thonmi specifically placed the letter a as the last letter of the consonants to stress its
special role. The remaining twenty nine consonants from k£l kn to ha are called "father letters", which
play the active role in their pronunciation while the inherent a passively gives real life to the other
consonants. Under different circumstances a is either sounded or silent. This will be explained
".-
below. Treating a as an ordinary vowel does not do it any justice. If a is regarded as a vowel
8'i0~£:.o i khung = hole Or
there is no way of explaining Tibetan words like 8'l'~E:.' or 1iIi"l'JJ'og =chino No
1iIi"l0JJoog ma =chin.
two vowels occur together without a medial consonant.
1.3 THE FOUR VOWELS
~
'1::;.;'
'L;' When either of the four Tibetan vowels known as "9E:.~·Uj"l"Q«f
"9£:.~·Uj"l".Q«f dbyangs yig bzhi are marked
;'
J' with a consonant, they modify the inherent sound 'a' of the consonant into the relevant vowel
sounds. For example, the normal pronunciation of the letter 'ka' is modified into 'ki' when the
.i-;, vowel sound 'i' is added. Presumably to emphasize this, in writing a vowel is always placed either
at the top or at the bottom of the root letter of a syllable. The three vowel signs that are placed on
top of the letter are said to 'soar like hats' and the one vowel sign that is placed at the bottom of the
~'-
~"-
letter and subjoined "l ya and'" ra are said to be 'beautiful like bolsters'. All these characters
are called "children letters" since they can only function by depending upon any of the parent letters
discussed above. Strictly speaking there is no long and short vowels in Tibetan except in the
Tibetanized Sanskrit words. Where there are lenthening sounds they are usually caused by certain
suffixes with or without vowel marked root letters:
letters;
"
 L.
Vowel signs Name Vowel sound Positio n in Writin g
,
~':3 glgu
gl gu On top of the letter
~ fiQ~'~
fiQ~'~ zhabs
zhabs kyu u On the bottom
~
r.l.~r;::q.
t:\~r;::q. 'greng
'greng po e On top of the letter
~'~' nara
naro ao On top of the letter
~ -
1.4 Ultlj'J,j
Ultlj'J,jl:lj
tlj THE LETT ER HEAD
The side a of every pair of pages (folios) begins with a "universal letter-h
ead" called 'yig mgo'
Ul"l'.;jilj in the form of~'1
of~'" 1 followed by a rsheg
tsheg and a double stroke in the upper left hand corner.,
It is similar to the rule in Englis h where the rust
fIrSt letter of the senten ce alway
Yig mgo is also always used at the beginning of a chapter or an import s begins in upper case,
case.
ant sub-se
chapter. r, Some scholars and Tibetan publishers in recent times have excluded ction of the same
completely from the side A of a folio or page, thus making their publication the yig mgo
untraditional. Communist China's deliberate attempt to destroy the Tibeta very unTibetan and
have forced captive Tibetan schola n language and culture
rs in Tibet to ignore traditional Tibetan scribal characters such as
yig mgo and have thus diluted the Tibetan language. ge, However Tibetan
in the free world should preserve and protect important characters like scholars and linguists living
yig mgo, It is also
considered inauspicious to have a nice books published without the yig mgo.
mgo, When learning the
written language in traditional Tibet these scribal conven tions were treated
To ignore them is to demean the language itself and, thus, Tibetan culture as extremely important.
.,
1.5 THE PUNCTUAT ION SYST EM
Each syllable is followed by a dot' called 'rsheg'
'tsheg' (~9 ) as there are no hyphens and other forms
of punctuation.
ation, Each clause is divided from the next by a single vertical stroke (
I ) called ' gcig
shad' (11ji5"1
(llji5llj'.,,,'
'4'" ), each sentence by double vertical lines ( "II ) called 'nyis shad' (~~4"
(~~.,"'),
'), and
each paragr aph or chapter by four vertical lines (II (" ")
II) called 'bzhi.s had', (Q~'4"
(Q~'''''').
'). Inverted
commaS,as, colons, senii-colons, question marks and brackets are not used in chissi
schola rs concerned to preserve the traditional form of the Tibetan langua calTibetan. All
traditional Tibetan puntuation system. The meaning of a Tibetan senten ge should not dilute the
and with patience one wiII ce comes through context,
will discover why Thonmi Sambh
SambhoFaofa was cautious of introducing too many
punctuation signs. There is no special mark to denote the end of a word
in English. The information conveyed by punctuation marks in English nor are words spaced like
is conveyed through context
in Tibetan - thus punctuation marks are redundant in Tibetan,
1.6 ENDI NG A SENT ENCE
In "S'~~'
"S'~~' dbu can script, the letter which ends a senten
ce is not followed by the dot but only a
stroke. Howe ver there are two exceptions to this rule: when a sentence
ends with ga "I it is neither
followed by a dot nor a stroke; when a sentence ends with nga t::. it is
followed by both a dot and
a stroke.
1. 7 THE ORDE R OF STROKES
Just as in English Tibetan is wrille
written in several ways. By in large there
writte n Tibetan, the printed form and cursive writing. In are two main styles of
this book we will dwell on the printed
style known as dbu can or 'headed' lellers
letters., It is named after the horizontal
ntai line which each of the
 3
dhu can fmm
fOlm has as the top line of the letters. The cursiv e style is known
as they lack the Horizo as dhu med or 'head Ie
norizo ntal line as their top line which in itself has severa l degre es of I. I
cursiv eness. Some schola rs assert that the headless script derive d from
writin g the heade d script "
a faster speed than a calligr apher would write. In writin g Tibeta
n alphab et in the dhu can ("i~r"" i)
("i~ri5"i)
script, the horizontal line is drawn first from left to right then the
distinc tive portio n of the letter and
/ lastly the perpen dicula r line is drawn from top to bottom . Howe ver
there are some excep tions for
looped letters such as ca, cha etc. which do not have the perpen dicula
are no horizontal line. r Iine
I ine or in some cases there
.
7!Jka
7fJka - r -"'i /fj -
flf! kb.a
k.l1.a T. ~ f\
9 ga -rz
-rz:::- ,
:- zr 1Ti r:::. nga -rJ -.J:..
r :..,
'5
\Sea
ca -'--
'--3 6
3---<> a; cha GO
- 0'~7:7 ro
".
E. ja - r (1':,-)
E.,. (f:,"J
~ E--. '? nya r Q ~ C,.!
, .
'? C":
l) ta e" ,.
- \ "77 (Ii; {i '/ ~ tha -c: y~E
C:y t
~Et
(Jv,;,_
~ (JV';' J )
- rr '.J
, .• )
ili na - -
" da
"\ ~
.q pa - T ~ ~ r z:...-.~Z4
/
l.l
t.l pha
q ba -r~t:t
a.J
d-J Ina - ~ ~.
~_ "" &.i
&.l (1'!=f!
(1'i=f!A\.e;;
A_e;;
;r tsa -T~..t - (5O
oObbib
ib
a:; tsha (SC/-
(S<ut..rj
-r)
E::dza
e::dza - r ~.~ {'
r fl...
n... IJ-.l i{--I
IJ-.I i(-.\ '2::\
2j va
11 zha
- r,, ~~ ~ za
- -~ -~ "3
~
r~ ~~
t:l. 'a ()
- ('(" () a... ~ {.l.J
C1-J ya z.Z. U'U.: .CJ..l
U"U.:.CJ..\
-"ra - ,. .J::., {?(2. "p-'\
{?<2 ,.P-.\
[l.j fa
la r
j
,~, '
"9 sha - C - rJ::..~~
~-Ej ~ sa
". , ha r:c:;z<;
- r:C:; "7 GIla - r cr \3\ t3\\.
<'..
<'-.
~ ~
"<: ~
~ u , "'-9 e "\
"'\ - ..,
" ....----
0 -v-
-v- ........-
 4
~
1.8 "'I~[).j'9""~J.l'~'
"'I~[lj'9""~J.l'~' THE THIRTY CONSONANTS
The thirty consonants of the Tibetan alphabet known as "I'w'.r§"i'~.>l·qil·
"I'w'.r§"i·~..rqil· gsal byed sum bcu are
classified into seven and half groups of four. The order in which the four letters are arranged in
each group are very significant in terms of the Tibetan phonology. Thus Tibetan alphabet is
traditionally written sequentially in four columns in seven and half horizontal rows as given below.
Grammatically these groups are named after the first letters of each group ~'<J'sde pa and hence the
"l.~. ka sde or ka group etc.
fIrSt gtroup is called "l'~'
Columu 1
Column Column 2 Column 3
Colnmn Column 4
Rowl lTJka
1ka f kha "'I ga ~ nga
Row 2 \'5 ca a:, cha e:. ja '? nya
Row 3 7. ta .l:l tha
Il "i na
'" da
Row 4 .q pa
.'J I<l pha z;:J ba J.l rna
Row 5 I ';t tsa
;f; if, tsha e: dza.'
dza' 2:j va
2:l
I
j
Row 6 C<\ zha ~ za
=1 Q.
Cl. 'a Uj
Ul ya
'.
Row 7 ~ ra [).j
[lj la "9
-9 sha ~ sa
,
Row 8 '? ha {l'j
tl'l a
-"
."
e-... c-,. _
eo... ...... e-..
~~"
'~'~".". f'>.} /
.,1 : ~~"
- / " 1.9 Ul·"'IQ.'~·"'I"i~1
Uj''''ICl.'~''''I''i~1 PLACE OF ARTICULATION
< r'\' \'-",
;'(~'/
;\s'l Vowels Origin Articulation
Method of Articnlation
F/ 1 Palatal Partial bending from the head in narrowness
U Palatal and Labial Nearly closed lips in narrowness
'->(~.. e Palatal Slight contact with head, rising in broad space
"''1 v
o Platal and Labial Uplifting of lower lip
'*/
'*f Practise hoy.' to pronounce the consonants clearly. No phonetic system can teach the correct
pronunciation unless one listens and learn it from a native speaker. Written characters are designed
to help to express the unalterable sound and meaning of the spoken language (this is what the
Sanskrit word for letter aksara means). Try to recognize the characters of the Tibetan alphabet so
that the appropriate pronunciation of the letters can be learnt with minimum help of the Romanized
forms. Even if the Romanized forms prove helpful in the preliminary stages, do not develop a
habit of not writing and reading in the language one is supposedly learning. Even if we know the
grammar of the language, we will never be able to speak or write it properly if we do not use the
script. Historically, until Tibet's recent colonization there had been no attempt to enforce a foreign
• script and leave Tibetan redundant.
1.9.a In most Tibetan grammmaticalliterature, the place of origin of a letter Uj·~iS.·~·"Ii!i,>r
clj·~iS.·~·"Ii!i»r (yi ge'i
skye gnas) is discussed in great length under four important topics: The three narrow places of
articulation ~"I·<JiS.·"I"I~·(dog
~"I'<J():"I~~r(dog pa'i gnas) are throat, nose and inside of the head. The five broad
"lc.»r<:liS.·"Ii!il>l· (yangs pa'i gnas) of articulation are chest, palate, tongue, teeth and lips.
places Ult:.'>r<JiS.·"Ii!i»l·
These eight organs are also called "the fundamental cause" "I~iS.'~' (gzhi'i rgyu).
 )
I.9 .b Tbe ma in acti vity is car ried out by one
acti vat ing tho se org ans by "int ern al
's tongue and pal ate in var iou s
ma nne rs of
r touching" <l)<:
a:;,<:"~"=l
"~'=l,'i"!J
\'!J'" (nang du phr ad po)
.1l'i'=
.1l,\'=l,\'!
l'i"!JJ'" (cung zad pa) ; "slight touching" §c."
§c,'
phr ad pay ; "clo sin g" qi£
qi£~ "!J"
~V (btsum po) pa); and by "op eni ng" ~"q"
~'q' (phye bay
either in a "narrow" '\"l"! ,\"i'!J"J' (do gpa ) or in a "br oad " UK~f
"lc'~ !J"
f!J' (yangs pay
pa) space. The se are called "the
cause of arti culation" n.S~ QS~'·!J" !J":
>::S r::;
S'i' !Jq'
"!Jq~'('
"~"(byin
'byin par bye dpa d pa''ii rgyu).
1.9.c The results of the var iou s acti viti es are eith er voiced 'is''l~fi'q"
i'q' (dbugs che baY
'\S"l~j" ~:Fq ' (db ugs ba), unvoiced
chu ng bay, har d ~"ll~
~·li~ ':i;'
·:i;·q·
q" (sgra than che bay or ~"Il
sof t sou nd. ~rlia:;,
<l)"'~Fq
~Fq'' (sgra than chung bay
ba)
;<"
I'"
1.9 .d Thr oug h the mo vem ent of app rop riat ec vital energies from
fro m wit hin the body, it co-
ordinates the pla ce and acti vato
vat rs
ors to pro duc e the sound which is called "the cau
!J"·9
!J"'9'\'
'i"!J!J~'
f.l"~~'" (skyod par bye dpa se of movement" §'\"
d pa''ii rgyu).
" 1.9 .e The lett er is con cei ved in the min d wh en the
con cep tion pro duc es the mo tiva tion niz
mind itse lf cog es the letter.
Thi s
mo tiva tion to pro duc e the sou nd
to ver bal ize the sound of the lett
er - in oth er wo rds , the
(!,'
E,- derives from
fro m the recognition of the cha rac
cha racter and the pla ce of articul atio n can ter in the min d. The
not pro duc e the sound by themselves. Motivation
the inn er vila
vita l ene rgie s to mo ve and causes
this is called "th e root cause of the motiva
tion" ~nrq-":§
"":§'\'!
,\"!Jq'$
Jq"$'"
ii);
ilj, (skul/ bar bye d pa' i rgy u) to pro duc e the sound of a letter. For instance, eve
in the street, one will not call the per n if one sees a friend
remember. son unl ess we hav e a reason to call the nam e, wh ich
we
tf~
I Har d I Sor t I V. Sor
Soft "II Ext rem e!v
ely Sor
Sof t
§"'W
§"W:Sj" J I Place of articulation I ,\~" ~'i'<J<J
,\~'!J I ~r::;" 143j'
143j'~"Qir
~'Qi'::;"!
i'!JJ I:i;~
:i;~4~"'
4~''l"Qi
l'Qi'i"!
'\'!JJ
~~J)
~~J)'!J
'!J I Guttural
t;~s
~,~-;,
I "I ka flkha "l ga I <:. nga r.>.'a "j
<j ha ~-
~. a i
;<"
;' >fJ~ I Palatal I" ca ~cha E' ja "I zha
g,-.
I '? nya "l~ ya
~.
~"
I Dental I '5 ta tha .\j '\ da I <la:;), na 11J'l
I1J-Ia
k_,', o<Iol'
o<!oli; I Labial I!J pa t.j pha Q ba ~ rna '21 va
-
", J)'
~''i.<:'''''J)" Africates
" I "" tsa ~ tsha ece: dza ~ za ~ sa
~"<i
~'<i IHe
IHead
ad.
~-
--------
)~
--- --- ---- -
JI """" ra -- -
1.1
1.100 ;j.tlj
;j·9t;;t:: ~
"r::. .~ PR ON UN CIA
CIATIO N
.;;
In order to help the student pronou
sou nd, som e com mo n nam es
nce the Tib eta n alphabet as near as
pos sib le to

•
and Eng lish wo rds have bee n cho sen to sho w the original
pronunciations. Gen era lly it is said the ir cor rec t
tha t the re are three lell
letters with wh ich the arti cul atio n
consonant is based. The y are: of a
I?<
\?1 (a), '5 (ha ) and CaJ. The actu
,n.Q ('a) act ual
al me diu m of any sou nd of a
~'
/
 1.1 O.f The first one of the following group ( C'\.~")
f\.~") is pronounced very softly through a soft co-
ordination of the tongue tip with the palate and with a semi-hissing sound. Za is pronounced very
softly through the joint function of teeth, palate and loose co-ordination of the tongue tip. 'A (D.") is
pronounced very softly from the throat by the slight co-ordination by the root of the tongue and ya (
Uf)
Ill")
is produced very softly from palate and middle of the tongue.
~ ZHA As in Leiillre, Pleaillre ~ ZA As in ~al, Zambia
i'~ _.
f.l.
0. 'A As in Ho~ Tho!!. tl.l
tl.j YA As in Yellow, Yeast
1.10.g The first one of this group, ra ( .... ~)
~") is produced from the tongue tip slightly touching
the palate and is extremely soft. Its place of articulation is head. La (01") is dental and is produced
directly from the action of the tip of the tongue and is extremely soft. Sha is palatal (fricative)
en
and it is produced rather tightly by the inner part of the tip of the tongue. Sa fl")('!l") is pronounced
exactly as's' is in English, that is, from joint articulation of teeth and palate.
'" RA As in lli!.te, Rl!.lIy
R.l!.lly f1.I
fl.I LA As in l&ndon, Ll!.st
Li!.st
'9 SHA As in £harp, £hame ~ SA As in £un, £antiago
,
, 1.10.h This group ( '5.~. ) generally is called a half of a group (~·'r§~·) as it has only two letters.
~~--:
Ha ('5") is guttural and glottal and is produced extremely softly from the vocal cords with an out
" coming breath. A (II;. ) is slighly shorter and harder than Ha.
,'? HA As in Hall, Hamburg G'l A As in .APple, Ashoka
_ C".-
C'-.- _ "-
1.11 f1.It1J~·~-,,·~·t1J~f1.I·S~·~~·~S~~·tl.ll:lj
fl.I"I~·~-"'!l1·"I~fl.I·S~·~~·~S~~·tl.jl:lj TIBETANIZED SANSKRIT ALPHABET
~g-
Before introducing how to combine and spell (sbyor klog) ~"'·ili"l the consonants with vowels,
prefixes, suffixes, surmounted and subjoined consonants, it is important and auspicious to have a
t
"''',;';- basiC
basic knowledge of the Sanskrit alphabet on which the Tibetan alphabet was based. Sanskrit (legs
sbyar) r'ii"l~r~ ...·, which means 'well created"
iil"l~I"~"'·, created', is the highly respected language of the Devas.
Tibetans have extraordinary faith in the special power attached to this language from which all the
Buddhist scriptures in the Tibetan Buddhist canon were translated. Tibetanized Sanskrit syllables,
names, Mantras and Dharanis are commonly found in Tibetan literature and one should know the
Sanskrit pronunciation of them - it is very different from the Tibetan pronunciation. In Sanskrit
every letter is always pronounced in the same way no matter what letter preceeds or follows. In
Tibetan a prefiX,
prefix, a suffix and vowel of a syllable can either remain mute or modify the sound of the
root consonant as we shall see later. Do not try to read the Tibetanized Sanskrit syllable or Mantras
in the way you pronounce Tibetan as many Tibetans do, but try to pronounce every sound of the
letter. When transliterating Sanskrit in Tibetan Le. Mantras, tsheg should not be used between
" syllables. This is common mistake commited by most Tibetan calligraphers.
t('
\L
t~
I
HAun ::'VJ<l v U W J<;L::> (Soft)
Voiceless Voiceless Short Long Diphthongs
ka kha ga
Iga gha iIa ha laa ii e ai
..... ~
'T!JJ fl ~ c:.t:- .:;
.'5 • Ill'l t3'l
ll'l t3'l
ll'l
19 • IlfJ I
ca cha Ija jha iia yaa sha I i I i I k~a
"'-
~ .;t;
.:r; ~ ~ OJ "9
-9 ~ 11
I~g: I ~ I~ I
ta tha Qa.
IQa. <}ha I)a ra ~a
~a I r I r I
/7
(! ~ 1(' ~ P .:l\
.:1\ f'Y
f'Y1~ I -'.\.
.:.\. I
ta tha da
Ida dha na la sa I1 I I I
"'-
1) l:j
l:l n.j ~
~1r1j
I~ ~ "i IOj~
" I
Ipa pha ba
Iba bha rna va lu I ii 100 au
..- ~
..-
q I.:l J.j
J.l t3'l
ll'l
-
I4 LI~ ~
~ '.l:ll:! ~ I~ll'l
_. ----
I t!i
L~ I
-....
..... ,-
1.12 9~nr S~"I1l't:-" -""r::<~
-"'r:<~ 9'
S,,·n.j·c:.· ~n.jl
9" ~11l1 COMBINING CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS
Most of the thirty Tibetan consonants 'gsal-byed' ("l~'"r§"i')
("l~"r§"i·) can be followed by any of the four
("i9t;.~). When there is a vowel it follows the root letter of the syllable and
vowels 'dbyangs' ("i9t:.~).
sometimes suffix letters 'a can be followed by a vowel. No vowel follow vowel. A vowel can not
be added to prefixes.
When a vowel sign is combined with a consonant, the inherent sound of the preceding root
consonant's "a" is dropped. This also implies that no two vowels can ever be joined without a
medial consonant. A vowel cannot be pronounced by itself without depending upon a consonant.
When the four vowel signs, namely gi gUo gu, zhabs kyu, 'greng po, and na ro are compounded with
the consonants, their inherent sound 'a' is modified by the relevant the vowel sounds i.e.
~
I'\Q~.~.
I'\Q~'~' - A~t;.·S·
A~t:.·S· - ~.~.
~"~-
Vowels ~·5
~'5
~"kai=ki
~·kai=ki kau=ku kae=ke ;.
;" kao = ko
"f
-:l - 1·l'
I" F'F· kha i = khi ~. kha u = khu fl·fl" kha e = khe fi'fi· kha 0 = kho
"I.
J'r ~. gai=gi ~"
::I. = gu
ga u =gu ~. gae=ge iif·
iif' ga 0 =' go
~
t;..
t:.. t:..
t;.. nga i = ngi s·S" nga u = ngu c:.c:- nga e = nge ~. ngao = ngo
,,'". ~. ca i = ci 11·
11' cau=cu ~. cae=ce
~" ?j'
?j. ca 0 = CO
",.
"'. .t. cha i = chi ~. cha u = chu .3;"
a;. cha e = che g;. cha 0 = cho
 "
1;.'
r;.' ~'
~. ja i = ji 5' ja u = ju ??' jae=j e if'
;r. ja 0 = jo
.,'". ~'
~. ~ya i = nyi l nya u = nyu ~'
~. nyae =nye ~'
~. nya 0 =nyo
/
'j'
5' ~'
~. tai= ti l'~r ~'
~. ta e = te
ta u = tu =10
'<5'5' tao =to
'£
LL ij' tha i = thi ,g' tha u = thu :ii'
:iI' tha e = the ii'
.ii' tha 00 = tho
~'
~. da i = di S' da u =du ~'
~. dae =de ~'
~. da 0 = do
~. '"."\'"'i'" ~'
~. na i = ni ~.
5' na u =nu ~'
~. na e=ne
. ~

"'.
"\' na 0 = no
-
'J'
'f ~'
~. pa i = pi l.-
S'
~:r pau= pu <j'
lj' pae= pe <j'
lj' pa 0 = po
rq,
rq. l.j'
i.j' pha i = phi !'j'
!"j' pha u =phu i4' pha e = phe "".
-
l,f' pha 0 = pho
q- ~J'
~r ba i = bi S' bau= bu <:r bae=
q. be
bae = be q' ba 0 =' bo
0'1' ~
.;r rna i = mi J(
Of
~
mau = mu J(
Of mae= me .;j'
.;;. mao =mo
~.
~'
~tsai =tsi
~tsai=tsi ~.
~' tsa u = tsu i\"
i\"' tsa e = tse ~'
~. tsa 0
0 = tso
j;
j,' £.
'?to. £' tsha i = tshi ~'
~. tsha u = tshu . a:' tsha e = tshe
a:. g.
g, tsha 0 = tsho
, -
",.
; E(' ~'
~. dza i = dzi !f
g' dza u=dz u ~'
~. dzae =dze ir' dza 0 = dzo
Ill'
2l' 2f va i = vi '?j'
'?}. va u =VU ill' va e = ve Ill'
2 l' va 0 = vo
~'
,",' ~'
~. zha i = zhi ~.
~' zha u =zhu ~'
~. zhae =zhe ,",'
~' zha 0 =zho
-- = zho
.ll' ~'zai=zi ~.
~' za u=zu ~'
~. zae= ze %'
%. zao= zo
~
r:>: a·
a: 'a i = 'i So 'a u-= '0 ~. Ie
'a e = 'e (5:
n: 'a 0:;::: '0
I
i'
"/'
"I' ~'
~. ya i = yi '!! ya u =yu I
ill'
til· ya e = ye 01' yao = yo
:<" ~:rai = ri
~. ra i =ri
~;~. :;.'
:;" rau=r u :.:.
;<:, ra e = re .<:'
..:. ra 0 = ro
~
nj'
t'./' 11J'la
nfIaii=1i
=li Qi'
f2!' Ia u = Iu 0)' Ia e = Ie n;.
n;' la
Ia 0 = 10
....,.
...,' 4' sha i = shi "1
"'1 sha u = shu 4' sha e = she .i'f sha 0 = sho
.if
~.
~'
~'
~. sa i = si "/'
"I' sa u = su
~ iil' sa e = se ~'
~. sao= so
~
.y
<y ~'ha
~'haii=hi
=hi . ~'
~. ha UI':
u\So hu " hae= he
ha e = he 5'5"' hao= ho
Ill' ~-......:
~-......: .' '/
ii"ai =i • III au=u !R'
tR· ae=e
~~ !l'i'
&i' ao=o
ao =0
1)13
1>13 EXAM PLES
~~J;
Tibet an '. Spell ing Engli sh
t,;
t.; ~ ma-gi-gu (i) = Mi Man
~
:<,
ra-gi-gu (i)= Ri Mountain
S ba-zhabs-kyu (u)= Bu Boy (son)
~ sa-zhabs-kyu(u)= Su Who
.il ma-'greng-po (e) = Me Fire
iii kha-'greng-po (e)= Khe
KM Profit
~ sa-na-TO (0)= So Tooth
~:Jl
~'Jl
rno
ra-gi-gu-ri-ma-na-ro-mo= Ri rna Painti ng
.ij~
ma-gi-gu-mi-'a-gi-gu-'i= Mi'i Man's
~Q. sa-zh abs-kyu-su- ,a-gl-g S ,.
S"
",. ....lU
., u-I=
~~
...JU "''hos e
a<R.
a<r:t ma-'greng-po-me-a'-gi-gu-'i= Me'iMe'j Fire's
"
 .iJil:. me'i is the media l letter betwe en the vowel e and i.
As seen above r.>: 'a, the suffix of .ilil:'
only when there is a media l
There is no real diptho ng in Tibetan in the strict sense of vowel s but
suffix 'a.
•
~tered
have~ter
once you have ed
Practi ce comb ining the vowel s with the conso nants shown above
thems elves how to read and
prono uncin g the conso nants clearly . Someo ne who has taught
and spell Tibeta n the way it is
unders tand Tibeta n manus cripts may feel that learni ng how to read
s to learn to speak the langua ge
traditi onally taught is a very tiring process. Howe ver, if one wishe
in the spoke n langua ge other than
proper ly there is no short cut that will help you comm unicat e
learning it in the traditional sequence.
noticed the simila rities
1.14 We have alread y seen the Tibeta nized Sansk rit alphab et and have
It is very important for any studen t
and disimilarities betwe en the Sanskrit and the Tibeta n alphabet.
nship betwe en the two langua ges
who wishe s to learn the Tibeta n language to see the uniqu e relatio
do not exist in the Sansk rit
and remem ber the additio nal charac ters in the Tibeta n alphab et which
and spoken Tibeta n langua ge are:
alphabet. The six charac ters that were added solely for the classical
" (ca), a; (cha), e. (ja), l"I1"1 (zha), >l and r:>.
r.>. ('a ).
"':§"l ) which are chiefl y used for
~'!l.t'ii"I"':§"l
1.15 There are also six reversed letters logscyig-drug ( ~'ll'Ul"I
d as legitim ate memb ers of the
transli teratin g Sansk rit into Tibeta n but they are not usuall y counte
used. In Tibetan, the sound s of
Tibeta n alphab et - there are almost no Tibeta n words where these are
will see shortly.
these reversed letters are create d by subjoined conson ants which we
1.16 READING EXER CISE
I Englis h
Tibeta n Spelli ng Pronu nciatio n
"I·tj·Ol·
1. "I·z: u=li=
la-gi-gu=Zi=
Iw-pa-la-gi-g
nij· lw-pa- ka-pa-li skull
2. fl·ar- ho
kho-tssho
kha-na-ro=kho-tsha-na-ro=tsho = ·kho-t they
3. "l·'ll·"l·o
"l"~r"l'nrr ga-sa-ga-la= ga-sa-ga-Ia everyw here
4. c:i'
c..ar- nga-ts ha-na-ro=tsho= nga-ts ho we
5. a:;·Zi·
a:;'Zi' tsha-pa-na-ro-po= tsha-p o hot
ai' da-la-n a-ro=la=
da-la-na-ro=Z da-lo
da-Io this year
6 "i'
''''OJ'
~·Zi·
7. t;;·Zi· da-na-ro=do-pa-na-ro=po= do-po bagga ge
8. S·.ij· ba-zhabs-kyu=bu-ma-na-ro=mo= bu-mo girl
~:.ij'
9. ~:.ij. ra-gigu=ri-ma1-naro=
ra-gigu=ri-1rU rrw
-naro=rrw ri-mo painting
1.16.a THE LETT ER BA
r ) appears as the second syllab le of a two syllab le or three syllab le word,
When the letter "ba" ( .t:z:r)
it is generally pronou nced "va" instead of "ba".
 11
1.16.b EXAMPLE
Tibetan Spelling Pronun. English
1. "l'Q'
"I"':r ka-ba= Ka-wa pillar
,i 2. I'l'Q'
fl'.c:r kha-ba= Kha-wa snow
/ 3,
3. E'Q'
E'.c:j' kha-zhabs-kyu=khu-ba= Khu-wa juice
4. I".c:j'~'
I"Q'~' kha-ba-zha-zhab-kyu-zhu = Kha-wa-zhu snow melts
~
5. a;'Q"
as'.c:r cha-'greng-po=che-ba = che-wa big
~ v
6.~'Q'
6.~'.c:j' nya-'greng -po=nye-ba -na-ro-bo.= nye-wo near
t v
.ll'.c:j'
7. .ll'Q' tha-na-ro=tho-ba= tho-wa hammer
8, ~'.c:r
8. ~'Q" da-zhabs-kyu=du-ba = du-wa smoke
~'.c:j'
9. ~'Q' ra-'greng-pa=re-ba = ,re-wa.
·re-wa. hope
Exercise La
Transcribe the following words into the Tibetan script:
!.... i
ka-kha, kha-ba, ga-ba, nga-tsho, ja-ma, nyi-ma, do-bo, naoma,
na-ma, pa-pha, pha-bu, ba-ra, rna-Ie,
tsha-po, va-ma, zhi-m~ d-bo,
ri-bo, I~
li, sha-ba, sa-cha, ka-ba, khu-ba, ga-sha, ngo-tsha, nya-ba,
~~] du-ba, nu-ma, mi-tshe,
Exercise 1.b Drill
\
~.l:r
~.I:r tl]•.q'
El]'.q' 7Tj'fl' 7Tj'.q' ~'~r ~' ~' ~r ar or
'7'
~'a;' E,r
El' :1:: e;:' ().'~'
(:l.' ~' ~'~ a;'
'> '3'4'
-- - .I:j' fl'
a;' .I:j' ~' 'j'
fl' ~' "
~. "9'
~'-9' '7'.q ~'a;' ~'~' ~'~' ~w ~'",' f'll'a;'
"'Ww
~
~'l:r ~'.q' ~'.q ~'Ch'
~'.t' f'll' ~' ~'.q' tl]'
El]' .q ~'~'
.. _·,
t .._" '>
-- '>
- '>
"'"'w
W
~
/ ~,g, - -.<
fl' Ch'
.t' a;' c;,1"
c;,1' ~w ~'.q'
~'.q'
-- - - ~'~'
~'~' .q'a.J' '7'a.J'
'>
t<- "'>
-
*'
~W
,~,~
-d
'-'0' !
;,_ ~ I
;\i.t-
;ii.t"
 CCIHlAJPl'Il'IEl
JP'II'IElR!. ' 'II'W
'Il'W <OJ
2.17 CONS ONAN TAL DENO MINA TION S
Each Tibetan syllable consist from one to seven letters includ ing a vowel
do not necessarily have to have though Tibetan words
have a vowel. Students should be aware of the importance of the various
sets of compound letters which are so essential for the formation of a
syllable or a word. There are
seven important denominations:
;"
t'tL
1. ming- gzhi jjC;''lj~'
.11c;'''I~' .,. :,)t
<)t conso nant
natii of a syllab le,
':,
2. rjes-Ju g
rjes-'j ug ~~'r<€"
~~'r<€'lj1 " , [fix
!.fix letter of the root consonant
3. yang- jug
yang-'Jug "lc;'o.€ 'lj
"lC;'r<€ "I Post-s uffix
;' 4. sngon -Jug ~",'o.€"
~""r<€'l1j Prefix before the root consonant
1£":,,
5 . mi-'ju g-ming-gzhi .11'o.€"I jjc;''lj~'
jj'r<€'lj' jjc;'''I~' Passive consonants
6. rkyan g-pa
g -pa ~c;'<r
:ljc;'<r Independent
!>:.e<
!,,;'" 7. mgo-can o>l~'i5a:,'
o>l~'i5"" Surmounted consonants
The following example show a Tibetan syllable with seven characters
i;L
~L above consonantal denominations, belonging to all of the
s. When all of the seven denomination occur in a syllable, they are
spelled according to the order of in which they are written. The follow
ing sample
sampl e of the syllable
.q~"I~f
.q~'lj~' bskyugs (vomited) has thus: 1. the prefix b, 2.
surmo unted s, 3. the root letter k, 4. the
b-:'
rj:;J:J subjoi ned y, 5. the vowel u, 6. the suffix g and 7. the post suffix s. Exclud ing the prefix, suffix
and post suffix all the rest of the four characters namely the surmounted,
vowel root letter, subjoined and
are stacke d from top to bottom : The vowel is spelled before the suffix whether it is written on
tiJ the top or the bottom of the stacked eonson
consonants. The numbe ring here only
of
spellin g and writing but it does not correspond to the order the explan refer to the sequence of
ation of the consonantal
denomination
inatio nss we have listed above and will discuss hereafter,
ter.
0.'<'_-)
0.'<'_-_'
2,)
qJ::J ~ ~ ~r
~"",:i
"
~""''';' '"""
"'"
\:;::"
\::?
b IS g s
k
1/~ 6 7
Y
II l~
.;~:,
.'.;.~:,
~,-.;
;;,.,-.;
~;;:;
~ ..
 ~ ~
2.18 CJC.:"1W
CJc"'9 ro1"f ROOT CONS ONA NT
I
consonant but the vo~els
What is a root consonant? All the thirty consonants can becom e a root e of other conso nantal
absencce
can never become the root of a syllable. In spite of the presence or absen
inationns,
denominatio ~t::tlj~ ming-gzhi. Ming gzhi thus means the basis of the
s, a syllab le must have a ~t:..tlj~
a syllabl
name which is to say the core letter of asylla e. There are many single consonants which make a
ble.
consonants. Other
word in tbe
the Tibetan language witho ut a vowel marker or any other compounded their usage. By
design ate
conso nantal denominatio n have to link up to the root conso nant to
recogn izing the thirty Tibetan consonants one would have alread
y learnt a dozen of Tibetan words
les:
which is not indeed that common in other languages. Here are few examp
fl kha
1. f1 mouth 2.t:. nga I
3. cr, cha a pair 4. E. ja tea
~ nya fish 6.Il
6." ba cow
5.
7. ~ ra goat l"ll
8. I'll fa mountain pass
meat 10. j, tsha salt
9. "1
"'1 sha'
~
l.~9·q~'
E.~·P.~9·q
2.19 E.~·r: ~· THE TEN SUFF IXES
There are ten consonants which can be used as suffixe s. Known as rjes-Jug, suffix
suffix es.
consonants succeed the root letter of a syllable - becoming often its
last letter when it is not followed
r.>. 'a, ~ ra,
iii na, Il.. ba, .>l rna, t:l.
by a post-suffix. These ten letters: tlj ga, t:. ga, "i da, ili
I'll and':'
l"ll la and
final"n since they are positio ned after
JJ.\Ir.r~iIili 'mtha'-rten', "the final
-:, sa, are also known as JJJilr.t·~i
root consonant and a suffix,
the root consonant. When a syllab le is formed by the combination of a its own sound when
then the latter loses its inherent a and often remains sil~t. Suffix add
pronounced but it always drops its naturally held vowel sound 'a'. 'a', Thus JJ~ is pronounced mar
instead of mara. Practice the following examples:
2.20 ~~·o. ~9·9 THE SUFF IX GA
~~·P.~9'9
Spelli ng Pronu nciatio n English
Tibeta n
l"llZlj'IJ'
I'llZlj'<r la-ga-lag-pa = lag-pa hand
t:.Zlj nga-g a= ngag speech
>lZlj'IJ'
>lZlj'<r =
tha-ga=thag-pa = thag-pa
thag-pa rope
na-ga=nag-pa-na-ro=po= nag-po black
ili"l"iJ'
ilioriJ'
'lZlj'IJ'
'lZlj'<r pha-ga=phag-pa = phag-pa pig
.lIZlj·IJ·
olIZlj"l.j" ma-ga=lnag-pa = mag-pa groom
"IZlj.zr-
"lZlj'Q- ya-ga=yag-pa-na-ro-po = yag-po good
2.21 ~~·r:l .~9·~: THE SUFF IX NGA
~~·P.~9·~·
jIlt:.·IJ·
jIlt:.'l.j" =
kha-ng a=kha ngpa = khang pa house
 ~
~
L~t) 14
14
A-~A-~ ~-~-
"II:.'
"II:.' ga- nga
ga-ng a== gang
gan g what
wh at
1:.1:.'<r
1:.1:.'<r nga-
nga-nga =ngang
nga=ngan -pa
g-pa ngang
nga ngp
paa swan
swa n
ilil:.'Q'
"il:.'tj' na-nga =nangp
na-nga=nang paa== nangp
nan g paa buddh
J.lI:.'<J' buddhi istst
J.lI:.'<J' ma-ng a=m ang
ma -nga=ma ng pa-na-
pa-na-ro=poro=po== mang
ma ngpo po many
many
"II:.'
"II:.' ya-
ya-ng ngaa== yang
yan g agam
again
InIn the abo
the aboveve exa
exampmp les
les of
of usin g ga
using "I"I ga and
and I:.I:. nga
ngaas
assuffix
suf fixe
esswewehave hav enotice
noticedd that
are pro nou nce d, Ho we ver tha tboth
both of
ofthem
them
/' are prono unced , Howe ver oth
otherer suf
suffixe fixess i,e,
i,e,,)') da,
da, "i
ili na
na and
/' but the y and "I{"I{ sa saare
arenot
not to to be
bepronou
pro nounced
but they mo dify
modif y the
the pre
precedced ing
ing roo
root t con son nce d
effe ct or wit conson ant's
ant's inhere
inh erent
nt aa into
into ee either
eith er with
with aa vowel lengthening
effect or withh aa glo ttal
glottal sto
stop p or
or both,
both, Syl lab
Syllab vow el len gth eni ng
les
lesending
end ing ininda da suffix
suf fix isis pronou
pronounced
nced withwit h aa glottal
regard
regardless lessof
ofwhich
wh ich vowel
vow el ititprecee
preceeds,ds, glottalstop
sto p
i{_~
i{_~
2.22 ~~rr:l.~
2.2 2 e.~·r:l.
- ~r;/'~'
r;/'~' THE
TH E SUFF
SU FFIX
IX DA
DA
"I')' 1"
"1')'<tj' ga-d<J.= ged-po
,:.
ga-d{J.=ged-po == gepa
gep a cleane
J,')' Q'
cleanerr
J,,)'tj' cha-da
cha-da=che-p =
=che-paa = chepa
che pa punish
punislument
nent
')')'Q
')')' tj'' da-da=
da-da= de-pa
de-pa = depa
dep a
~~ faith
5,
"i"i"tj'
~"Q' na-da=
na-da=ned-pa
ned-pa = ne pa patien
pat ientt
ib') 'q
cb')'q tsha-da
tsha-d =tshed
a=tshe d-pa
-pa = 15M
15he pa fever
fever
~')' Q'
~')'tj' la-zhab
la-zha -kyu-lu- lu-da=l
b-kyu- lu-Iu-d a=lud-
ud-pa = Iud pa sputum
spu tum
2.23 ~l~f
2.23 e.~fr:l
-r:l..~ll~'
~'l~· TH
THE SUFF
E SU FF IX NA
ili"i Na
Na is
is pro nou nce
pronou ncedd mo
more re wit
withh a pos
post-n
t-naasalize
salizedd effe
effect
ct and also mo modif
difiies sound
es the sou ofthe
nd oft
pre ced
preced ing
ing roo t
root con son
conson ant 's inh ere nt he
ant's inhere nt aa into
into ee as
as in
in 'hen with
'hen'' wit slight
h aa slig length
ht len ening
gtheni effect.
ng effe ct.
I
I:.ili'
I:."i'qq nga "na=ng
nga-na pa =
=ngen
en--pa = nge
ngem-
m-ppa
a
~'( evi
evill
~ili'Q'
~"i'tj' nya -na =n yen -pa
nya-na =nyen -pa == nye
nyem-
m-ppaa to listen
to list en
?ili '?~' ta-n
'J"i''J''i' ta-na=
a=tten-ta-
en-ta-nna=ten
a=ten ==
lie
ten-
ten-ten
ten defini
def initte
l.c ~~'? ~' na- na=nen e
"iil)'% na-na= nen-ta
-ta--na=te
na=tenn== nen
nen-te
-tenn eagern
eag ess
ern ess
OJ~' la- nal en
ClJil)' la-nal en == len
len answe
ans we rr
Q"'Q '
Q,\'tj' ba-na-rO
ba-na- robo=
bo=da bodpo=
da--bod po= bod
bod-pa
-pa Tibeta
Qilj'!J' Tib eta nn
Qil)'lJ' ba- na-ro-b
ba-na- ro-bo-
o-nna-bon
a-bon--pa-na
pa-na--ro-po
ro-po== bor
born-p
n-poo Bonpo
Bo npo
II
2.2
2.24
-- ~fr:l.~
4 ~.e.,~'r: l.~~~',cr
TH
"" ' ,cr THE SUFF
E SU FF IX BA
IX BA
Th e suffix
The suffixq'1 ba
bais pro nou nce d as
is pronou nced aspp inin'cup ' wit
'cup' with
h aasho
shorte
rtenning effect
ing effe ct totothe syllabl
thesyll able:e:
f'l'l'
f'I'l" kha
kha-ba
-ba == kha b
khab needle
lI'l'' 'I' needle
"",;'_", "'1'''1'
"""I tha -ba=th
tha-ba ab-ka
=thab -ka== thab
thab-k
-kaa oven
ove
"l'l' n
"1'1' pha
pha-b =
-baa= pha b
phab yeast
yea st
ibq'
,:r;'1'
:.;>:-, tsha
tsha-b
-ba a== 15hab
tshab repres
rep entativ
resenta tive e
<;;
'>:
!
15
1l<f1l<f
1l"I'1l"!' za-ba=zab-za-ba=zab = zab-zab carefulness
Gl<f
Gl"1' ya-ba = yab father (Honorific)
2.25 ~~rO-~llj·J.l·
~~r(.l.~llj'J.l' THE SUFFIX MA
I
The suffix.>J
suffix <>J nul
ma is pronounced so clearly that it does not cause any major modification in the
sound of the root syllable. ,
j'la:(
j'la:r ~r kha-ma=kham-ba-zhabs-kyu=bu = kham-bu apricot
(S<>J''J
(S.>J'''l cha-nul=cham-pa
cha-ma=cham-pa = cham-pa cough
"Ia:('J
"ia:r"l da-ma=dam-pa = dam-pa holy
is"<>J' 'J
is".>J' "l tsa-nul=tsam-pa
tsa-ma=tsam-pa = tsam-pa roasted barley flour
~
rlla:( ...;;J
r>la:r~<;J la-nul
la-ma =lam-ra-gi-gu-ri-ma=rim lam-rim stages of Path
1l<>l''J
1l"I'''l za-ma=zam-pa = zam-pa bridge
~
~ ~r(.l.~ llj'(.l.' THE SUFFIX 'A
2.26 ~~'O-~llj'O-'
In theory the suffix r>: 'a occurs to every syllable where none of the first nine suffixes occur.
However its practice was abolished during a language revision conference in mid-10th century, This
means all the syllables which do not end in either of the first nine suffixes and those that have vowel
endings phonologically take the suffix P: A' 'a.
'a, It lengthens the inherent a of the preceding root
A' is retained regardles of
consonant as if ending in 'a. In some old Tibetan manuscripts the suffix P:
the changes that were adopted i.e. iJo.· (horse). However
iJ(>.' for iJ' (horse), A' is not
HOwever in most Tibetan scriptures 0.'
suffix. A
written in practice unless the syllable is preceded by a prefix in which case it is a legitimate suffix,
syllable that take 'a suffix must necessarily have to be prefixed by either of the five prefixes which
we will discuss below.
Following examples which indicate 'a suffix in association with prefixes will not be transcribed
o.· rust, "i"lo.'J:l'
as we have not yet discussed the prefixes: "I Glo.' "1"10.'''1' = to be happy, "',,]0.'
J:l"]p" = command,
il\J.I'J.ll'lo.'
il\<>l'<>lj'lA' = sky and 0."10.'
0."1(>.' = some.
2.26.a Furthermore 'a is a very special suffix as it is also used in transliterating the long form
of Sanskrit vowels in Tibetan scriptures by adding a small 0. A'~c:.
A 'a or o.'<lic:. chung. A 'a chung is .
fixed at the foot of a letter to lengthen the vowel of a syllable,
syllable. For instance the word Acarya is
written in Tibetan as ~~~
Il,i~~ Il'l and is".
is",
~
2.27 g,~'O-~llj'''''
~~'(.l.~l:!J''''' THE SUFFIX RA
"I....
"I'" ga-ra= gar dance
'j"
'j'" ga-zhabs-kyu gu - gu ra = gur tent
a; .... 'J
a;,,'Q cha-ra=char-pa = char-pa rainfall
1l ...·'J
.l'l"'Q tha-ra=thar-pa
tha-ra=lhar-pa = thar-pa liberation
\
16
J<'"
"'''' mo-ra'T
ra"fmar= mar butter
'J"" ,J
Q""ll.l
pa-ra=par-pa = par-pa photographer
oQ",'l,J
'l""l .l ba-ra=bar-pa = bar-pa middle
"9""
-9""Q sha-ra=shar=pa=
<~
., shar pa Easterner (Sherpa)
~
2.2 8 ~~'
~'~fr: ~9'
r:((~9 '(1
(1rr TH E SU FF IX LA
Th e suf fix nr la is not alw ays pro nou nce d but occ asio
modifi es the sou nd of the pre ced ing
nally it is pronounced softly, It how
ever
con Sonant'siliherent a into e as in 'day
if a syllable end s with ClJ
','. In spoken Tibetan,
a OJ la
la suf fix and is suc ded ed by a single (" ) ba, then the
substituted by the la sou nd wh ile the ba syllable is
suf fix la rem ains mu te,
te. 0
(1 (1 ;0,
tV\.
b. C:Cl oQ'
C:OJ'J''l' nga-la=ngal-ba = ngal-ba
l·ba (wa) difficulty
,/i
llCl
ljClj'oj''l'
Q' tha
tha--la=
la=tha
thall-ba
-ba = thaI
thal-Ia dust
'\ '
,\Clj
,\Clj'o''l'
Q' da-la= dal-ha
ba = la
dal-Ia leisure
a;ClJ
a;OJ' 1MM>>
tsha-la= tSha
IShal veget{!
etabble
le
'lClj'
oQClj'
~~.
'':
ba-la=be- be wool
~
Fl~
2.2 9 E.~'r:(~9
(~9·~··~' TH E SU FF IX SA
The suf fix ~ sa is not pro nou nce d but it mo difi es the preceding consonant's inherent
wit h a len gth eni ng effe ct to the syl a into e
,,~,}
lable as in 'pay'. In som e Himala
Tibeta n dia lec ts e.g. Lad hak hi lan yan fro ntie r towns, cer tain
gua ge, they pro nou nce
Tibetan Tibetan scholar
olarss thin k that is
the suffix sa and som e so-called non
-
not wh eth er it is classical or moder how classical Tibetan should be pronounced. The difference is
n
written lan gua ge which we can find but the simple variation of pro nunciation in the spoken and
' "'- in most languages.
c:"'. nga -sa = ngay byr ne
s;-;~.
a:,~'
na- sa= nay
,,~'l,J'
from, barley
ra-sa =ras=pa= re-pa cotton clad
r,~: OJ~'
la-s a = lay
fr
action (Karma)
~f
~~
2.3 0 Re adi ng Ex erc ise
e-..
c-.. _ _ -....
-.. -~ -..
~'Fr
~'Fr:(
:( ''OJ9
nJ9'' J;f
,Z;f "':;;1 ..,.., ....... c
C\..- .
\ , . - ...
c:.r:<
I::.r:<' ~l:lj' q ~ "".{J'"'
J' "':;;1
'\1 I,;f'lj'.{J' ~9'
l;;f'lj' .{J' ~ q:;;'t::
. de kho 'i lag pa red 9' .l;J'' R "''
\' c:. .R "':;;1' t
nga'i thag pa ser po red
Tha t is his hand, pha gpa g pa nag po de nga 'i red
My rope is yellow.,
That black pig is mine.
I::
c:.WOJ'Fc: -~ - -.. _e-...
_c-...-....
FI::..''.{J' ~l:lj' .{J' ~ l:IJ'
l:!J'UUj:;;1
j'\1 c:.c:.
I::. I::. '.{J
'.{JS
S a,jr:(' "''\1 ~ ~
"':;;1 ~:;;
~ " ..{J
..{J':''''a -
;;' a)')'l::IJc: "':;;1
!J1::... .c3)~' "''\1
i nga la kha
>~~
ng pa yag po zhi g yod nga ng pa de mo 'i red rwd pa de tsh o gan g nas red
se,
I have a good house. That is her swan,
n. Where are those pati patien entS
ts from?
'~,;'
i<j;,,,
i<j;c..
 _ c... _ -...
~~ ~
[Ilt:. 'Il]' it~'
flt:.'Il]' ~t:;l
it~· ~rIl]' it~· .l;.t:;l ",r t:;. c:.. 0;.!·r a.f
J,JSc:..o;·!oJ· ~t:;l
a.r .l;. t:; I c:.. .·[1.rfl.Q·~c:..·l4.Q'
or [IlQ' ~ c:.. '14 L::r ~~l
~~I
khong gi tshad pa ga tshod red mi de ngan pa rna red lti khab
nga la kJulb dang phab med
What is his /her temperature? That man is not evil. I do not have (a) needle & yeast.
2.31 UJc:..·r:l.~Il]
Ulc:..·r.l.~Il] POST-SUFFIXES
POST -SUFFIXES
There are two suffixes which can also be used as post-suffixes after selected number of the
suffixes. Like prefixes and suffixes whose pronunciation is modulated, the post-suffix is seldom
pronounced but it has a lengthening effect to the syllable and the inherent sound a of the preceding
suffix is not reinstated in consequence of their union. The ''It:.·~s''I"''i·
Ujt;,'~s"I"''i' yang-Jug da is no longer used
in modem writtenTibetan although it is introduced inTibetan grammer as "i'~"1 da drag. Some pre-
tenth century manuscripts and even recent calligraphers use da drag in their work to show their
loyalty to the Tibetan grammar but in practice it is not used. The three suffixes after which da
technically occur as post suffixes are: <Ii' na, ;r..' la.
;r,,' ra and or lao
2.31.a The post-suffix ~ sa can occur after syllables ending in "I ga, C nga, ':Jl;J ba and ~ 6l
.
,•,
rna suffixes. It remains silent and does not modify as it does as a suffix. It denotes the imperative or
perfect mood if it occurs as a post suffix to verb stems which we shall see in a following chapter.
However it also occurs with nouns.
;r,,"I~'
;r.."I~' ra-ga-sa = rug brass
-'lC~·
-'!I:.~' za-nga-sa= zung copper
.!lq~'
.llq~' tha-ba-sa = thab method
fl~~
I'l~~ kha-ma-sa=
kJul-ma-sa = kham realm
Exercise 2.a
Transliterate the following words into Tibetan script:
1. lagpa hand
2. lug gu lamb
3. khang pa house
4. zhing pa farmer
5. chung ba smaller
6. dad pa faith
. 7. yin na'ng i but
8. 'on pa deaf
9. yabyum father and mother
10. TUS pa
rus bone
11. khab needle
12.
12.. lam rim stage sof the path
13. yam shing twig
14. shubs sheath
15. gar ba dancer
16. yol ba curtain
17. thaI
thai rna clasped palm
18. mospa intention
19. thos pa to hear
20. sang nyin tomorrow
f·
 Exercise 2.b Drill
~ ~ ~
Iz:qt::. 'rll'CAl~
'rll'tAl~ '?~ '~.e;; '.e;;e:.'i
e;;c:: i1IJ.e;;1
J.e;;\ liIJ'4~'4~'l.J..l;.' iIJ' ~~' ~I
1i1J'4~'4~'l.l~'i1J'~~'~1
....... .." c... e-..
c-.. ~ '" ~
ICAl~'?~' .!l~'l,Jr~: .!l.q~'
ltAl~'?~'ll~'l.Jrl: i5'z:qe:.'I
ll.q~' .3'z:qt:. 'I I~'tl)~'.!lQ~'Ci1tl)'2~f
I~ 'tlj~'llQ~'C1tlj' 2~f ~ ~'Ci11
~'C11
'"
~ ~
_ _ .....
-... ........... -...
-... C'\".-...
C'\".._
iIJ~'l.Jrl. '~' a;' ~I
I.e;;'.q' i1J~'l.lrJ:~' 1iliIJ' i1J"'
J' .e;;'~,,' iIJ"'z:qt::.
1_e..._
.......
'" ..... ¥ e... C'..
(\...
__z:qt::. 'z:q~' ""-'9 ~I
Ia;~'.e;;t::. 'a; ~' C>J ~' .Ej.q'i1J'.Ej.ql
,El.q' iIJ',El.ql ''''CAl'''~ '''' '9~' ~i1J'
1"'tAl'''~ ',,' i51
~iIJ'.31
...... __ e... .....
r,
1a;~N
Ia; ~'rll' C>J~'l,J(;l.'
C>J~'l.Jrl.' S'i 1J'.e;;z:q
Sw.e;;z:q ,,,i1J'l.la,
l"iIJ'l.Ja' £z:q'~'~~
£z:q'~'~~ '.ij~'~i1J1
'.ij~'~ilJl
_ -.. -.. c....
~ ~ ~
1i1J'
liIJ' a;~' C>Jt:.'
C>Jt:. '.e;;z:q' '9~' ~·~t::.'1
~ '~t:. '\ l"iIJ' ~.q'.e;;'
a;~''9~' ..l;..q'
l"i1J' a;~''9~' a.r'~~1
.e;;' a.f'~~l
'" _ -.. e-.. ~ ~ ~
-.. '"
ItIl'i1JO,'S'
ItIl'ilJrl.' ~z:q·l.l0'1
'" S' i1J~'
iIJ~' iIJ'
i1J' ..l;.z:q'
- l.Jrl.1 ltIl'a.fr:l:
ItIl' ~'iIJ'~"'" a.f''
a.rrl.' ~'i1J'~"'" 51
a.r'-<51
_ '"" eo...-..
II ~.
~' .q'tIl' i1Je:.'iJ'iJ'.e;;tl)
,q'tIl' C<F ilJt:.' e;; tlj ICJ.j"'l.Jrl.'SW~a.r~'l.J'
1 ~F I
CJ.l "'l.lo" SW ~ a.f~' ':,j' i1t:.'f
,.
li1J ~'.e;;t::.
liIJ..l;.'.e;;t:. 'fl' .q'l,Jtl)~'l.l'~e:.
'F' .q'l.Jtlj ~'l.J' ~t:. ~I 1"1' .q'~' iIJ'
i1J'~' ~t:. '? I
~ t:.'''?l
i1'
~ ~
~ -
IrllIlj'l.l' ~~'iIJ' ~~' i1J'f!1 1t:.'~'~~N~"'l.l~''9~1
'~'~~'rll'~"'l.J..l;.' '9~1
IrllIlf'l.J' ~~'i1J' - -
~..l;.' iIJ'f!1 It:.
2.32 ~~'O,~tl)
-
~~'rl.~tlj PREFIXES
-9"i'~'i'''I~''l'<.JiS.'Uj'iij'I'!' (shin tu gees pa'i yi ge lnga) which
There are five extremely important letters -9"i'~'i'''I~<Il'<.Ji5.'Uj'iij'I'!'
are prefixed to most of the consonantal denominations, A prefix is a letter which precedes the root
letter of a syllable,
syllable. The five prefixes "I ga, "i da, Q ba, JJ rna and r:l. r:\ 'a are not pronounced as
in the olden days but they generally, affectthe pronunciation of the root cons0!!e.Il!. ,-Therefore
consonant. ,-Therefore"
iprefixeBfiouldflottJe
iprefixeBfiouldnoitJe described as b-eing muteorsi1emfot1neio'(fncifsiiripWremain
mute orsi1emfottliey o,(fflcif siiriIiWremain silent. They
modify the whole sound of a root consonant with some exceptions. exceptions, A prefix does not occur in a
,~yllable
.~yllable without a vowel or a suffix.
., 2.32,a
2.32.a A prefix modifies the meaning of a wbrd, forms the presept, perfect and imperfect
verbs.
verbs, They are also called r:l.:i(lJ'
r:\:i(lJ' 'phul in the Tibetan grammatical terminology.
2.32.b A prefix cannot be used to letters which belong to the same group of a root consonant.
,. For example "I ga cannot be prefixed to "I ka, F fl kha and ~ nga since they belong to the same
group and this principle applies with all the other groups,
groups.
232.c
2.32.c The effect of prefixing to a root consonant and to a syllable as a whole is that it raises the
.N
.-N_'__ tonic pitch and make the sound more compact. In some cases prefixes reduce the effect of the
aspiration and low and long tone root letters are changed into high and short.
;<CleO'
;q",.
 1':1
101
2.32.d Prefi~never
Prefi~never take vowel and a prefix is only applicable to certain root consonants as
shown below:
...
2.33 ~"i't:l.~
~"i't:I.~ '"1'
lJ''l'1J THE PREFIX GA
The prefix Go is applicable to eleven root consonants. They are: 1. ~ ca, 2. '? nya, 3. '5 ta, 4. "
da, 5. iii oa,
na, 6. ;5 tsa, 7. lI"J"J zha,8. -'l-'I za, 9. "l ya, 10. 4 sha and 11. ~ sa. Like most of the
prefixes, ga remains silent as the letter k in 'knife' and p in 'pneumonia'. However the usage of ga
as a prefix is limited only to these eleven root consonants. It is not prefixed to any coIisonantal
consonantal
compounds even if the root consonant is oile of the eleven consonants shown above. When spelling
the prefixed consonants, the a'a a'o sound is added tq the prefix i.e. ga'a,
ga'o, da'a,
da'o, ba'a,
ba'o, ma'a
ma'o and a'o.
Practise following examples, how words are spelled and pronounced when a root consonant is
preceded by a prefix and succeeded by a vowel and a suffix:
ZlI~"r
'II~"l' ga- 'o-ca-gi-gu= ci-ga is pronounced cheek (one) as in chick pea. Ga remains silent when it
is prefixed to ca, ta, pa and tsa. Being the first letters of the TOWS one to four they are radical
masculine letters. ,-
-r,
.'
ZlI~~'
'II~~' ga-'o-nya-gigu=nyi-sa is pronounced nyee (two). When ga is prefixed to nya, it is raised
to tonic pitch and uttered more GOmpact.
compact. even if it is followed by a vowel or a suffix. The effect of
the prefixes.
the vowel sound remains regardless of the modification caused by the
ZlI~"'ga-'o-ta-'greng-po=lecra
"1~"'ga-'o-ta-'greng-po=lecra = is pronounced ter (treasure). As a radical consonant, ta cannot be
modified either by the presence of a prefix or surmounted letters as stated above.
ZlI~r..·ga-'o-da-na-ro=dho-nga
"1~r·:ga-'o-da-na-ro=dho-nga is pronounced dhong (face). Da is modified by any prefixes or
any surmounted letters and it becomes equivalent to the Sanskritdha.
ZlI~,,·
'II~'" ga-'o-na-na-ro=no-da = is pronounced noe (harm). Na is modified by any prefix or any
surmounted letters and it becomes equivalent to the Sanskrit retroflex na.
na .
.'II;;',:: ga- 'o-Isa-nga = is pronouncedtsang (central province in Tibet). Tsa retains its sound
.ZlIiS"r..'
without any modification under any circumstances as it is a radical letter.
ZlI~r:>.'
'II~(:).' ga-'o-zha-'a =is pronounced shaa (to joke). Zha retains its sound without modification
with prefixes and it does not take the surmounted letters. Here we have used the example of 'a as a
suffix as we have discussed above.
'11-'1(:),'
ZlI-'lr:>.' ga-'o-za-'a= is pronounced zah (planet).
ZlI"l~'
'II"l~' ga-'a-ya-sa
ga-'o-ya-sa =is pronouced yay (right-side). Ya is modified by the prefix ga which is the
only prefix that is applicable and no surmounted and subjoined letters occur with ya.
"I4i1i'
ZlJ4i1i' ga-'o-sha-gi-gu=shi-na = is pronounced shin (death). Sha retains its sound without going
through any changes caused by other consonantal denominations.
"l~jr.."
"1~c:.' ga-'o-sa-zhabs-kyu=su-nga =is pronounced Soong (speech, honorific). Sa is not
modifiable by any prefix or other consonantal compounds.
--
Prefixed Ga
l'rel1xed lia
No Change i5 ea 1) ta ;:; tsa ~ sa 11
<1 zha-"l za.sq sha
Change ~ nya ~ da il\
i!i na u.j ya .
---~----.- --------
,,:-.
0:"
...
2.34 ~il\·r:l.~tljS
~i!i'r:l.~lljS THE PREFIX DA
/
'~.-,
There are six root consonants to which the ~refix "i da is applicable whether or not they are
subjoined.
subjoined, Da is never prefixed to surmounted letters. The six letters are: 1. "1 ka, 2. 'lj ga, 3. c.
.::,- nga, 4. l,j pa, 5.
5, Q ba and 6. JJ rna. Practise to spell the following examples:
~.i~
~.:.~ < ,
"im.3.,'da-'o-ka-na-ro=ko-lla
"im.3.,·da-'o-ka-na-ro=ko-na = is pronounced kon (rare). Ka as a masculine letter is not modified
by any of the prefixes or surmounted letters unless it is followed by a subjoined letters which will
be discussed below.
~'L;;
~i:_,\;
"i9'da-'o-ga-'greng-po =is pronounced ghe (virtue). Ga is modified by the prefix da into a pitch
toned gha as it also happens with the presence of any surmounted
sunnounted letters or with other prefixes.
,;.~
"iSnj'
"iS Cll ' da-'o-nga-zhabs-kyu=ngu-la =is pronounced (high pitch) ngoo (silver),
(silver). Nga is modified
if it is preceeded by a sunnounted
surmounted or prefix letter. It never takes subjoined letters.
oror..-';:
. .i
~l.Jnj'~-pa-la=
~l,jCll'~-pa-la= is pronounced pal (glory) or as pale in English. Pa only takes da as a prefix
and it "etains
J;etains its sound without being modified as with the sunnounted
surmounted letters. But it goes through
,j~,:;
a draq(atic change when it takes subjoined letters as will be shown below.
~nj'
~Cll' da-'o-a-zhabs-kyu=u-la = is pronounced 001 (poverty). Ea Ba is modified into a when iI
" prefixed by a da and this modification retains to a degree even if it is followed by a vowel or a
~,;;'.
~'ii.
differently,
subjoined letters. This is exceptional in this case as other applicable prefix modify very differently.
"iJJ'lj da-'o-ma_ga
da-'o-ma-ga = is pronounced (high pitch) rnaag (war), (war). Ma is modified equally by the
sunnounted
surmounted letters and prefixes.
(}t
(-'it
. Prefixed
Prenxed Da
ua
t;._~-
t<~~-
No Change I "1 ka ~Pa
Change I:Ij ga C. nga
llj 1
7ba cq rna
;!\;;;
's":;
I
/4 ~ t-J
14
...
2.35 ~il\'r:l.~ tlj'z::r
~i!i 'r:l.~ llj' ,cr THE PREFIX BA
,,:?,
,it'; There are thirteen root consonants to which ba is prefixed and this prefix.is
prefix is most commonly used
with all the of surmounted and subjoined letters,
th~ possible consonantal compounds ofsuntlouDted letters. The thirteen
letters are: 1. "I ka, 2." 2. Ilj ga, 3. c. nga, 4. iliI ea, 5. ~ nya, 6. 'J ta, 7. "i da, 8. "i na, 9. i5
~,!ijj
~.;i;;
tsa, 10. C'\ zha, 11..'l za, 12. '9 sha and 13. ~ sa, sa.
Q"lr:l.·ba-'o-ka-'a
l.l"lr:l.·ba-'o-ka-'a =is pronounced kah-(advice).
;;.[
.;.[ qiij"i' (laughter).
<Pii"i' ba-'o-ga-na-ro=G¢-da = is pronounced ghoe (laughter),
l.l~'
Q~' ba-'o-ca-zhabs-kyu = is pronounced chu (ten).
;;;;-.
;;;;--
 .......
---
a-'o-ta-nga = is pronounced tang (sent) .
Q,)r:..·ba-'o-ta
'l,)r:..·b
Q'5."i·ba-'o-d
'l'5.",·b a-'o-daa-zhab u-da= is pronounced dhu (devil).
-kyu=ddu-da=
-zhabss-kyu=
Q:S''',' ba-'o- tsa-zh abs-ky u=tsu -na = is pronounced tsun (diligent).
'l:S'",'
QCj9""ba-'o
'lCj9" "ba-'o-zha-z u-ga-sa = is pronounced zhoog (sit, hon.).
-zha-zhabs-kyu=zhu"ga-s
ba-'o-za-na ro=zoe-da -pa=is pronounced zopa (patience).
Q~"i'Q' 00-'o-
'l~""Q'
Q""1"i' sbe (to explain).
'l..<j",' ba-'o- sha-da = is pronounced she
Q~fba-'o-sa--zhabs
'l~fba-'o-sa kyu
zhabs--kyu =is pronounced su (reception).
.lSa
. . Prefix ed Ba
No Chan
Cban ge 7!j I) Ta ;t. Tsa ~ Sa ~ Za
7!] ka ~ Ca 7 .J1 .. Sha
,
. '.
Chan ge 9 Ga l:..
t:.. nga ~ Da'" Na zba
fc\ zha
. ~ nya " ~
//
.... .'~
2.36 't!.tli·t. .~ 9·J.l·
't!.",.()l.~ 9''''1" THE PREFIX MA .
can also be prefixed
There are eleven root consonants which can be prefixed with ma which
. before certain number ofsubjoiIied lette!s ...Prefix
oined 1ette!s ma prenasalizes to some letters in addition to the
Prefix rna
which take
ktters which
eleven letters fix are; 1. flkha
as prefix
lake ma as'pre ga,3.
2."1 ga,
fkha,,2."1 ngli,
3. r:.. nga,
. genera
generallJnodi icationn.. The eleven
modifficatio
!j fha,
Dya, 7. !l tha, 8; '\. tlli,9. mi, 10.';; shaan d 11. £!.
dli,9. ",'" na, ~ dza.
4. if,
if, cha, 5. E. ja,6. '? Bya,
J.lfl",·Q
J.lf"'·Q' ma"'o- kha-na=khen-pa-nacro=po =is pronounced khem
ma,'o-kha-na khern-po (abbot).
J.I~ ma-'o ga-na -ro =is pronounced gho (head).
ma,'o--ga-na
-nga-l-laa =is prono unced.(higb
pronounced ngab (w~mb
(higb pitch) ngah ). Here also the prefix ma has
(w~mb).
J.lr:..rll· ma- 'o-nga
J.lr:..r>l' ma-'o
lao
uncing the la.
modified nga intO high pitch ngah with a lengthened ending without prono
J.lif,",' 'o~cha-na
J.lif,,,,' ma- 'o~cha -na 'Pis cbain (footnote).
'Fis pronounced chain
J.l ·ma-'o-j
EiN ma-'o-
J.lE.r>l ucedjbah
a-la = is prono ucedjh
ja-la ab (to see).
=i5 pronounced (high pitch) nyem -pa (boatman).
en-pa =is an).
J.I,?",·Q·ma-'o-nya-na=nyeil-pa
.>18" ma-'o- tha-zh abs-ky u =is pronounced thoo(power) .
J.l8'
J.I~9
.>1~9 ma-'o-dha-n a-ro=dho-ga = is pronounced dhog{ dbog{colour).
J.I",r<'J.I
J.I",ro.'J.I' ma-'o- na-'a= na-ma =is pronounced nah nab rna (bride).
J.I.;;",.,ij
mo (night). Tsha is seldom
tshen-rno
.>1.;;",'.;1.' ma-'o- tsha-n a=tsh en-ma -na-ro -mo =ispro nounc ed tsben-
modified by any prefixes.
J.lE!". ~a-naa-ro=
ma-'o!Jza-n
J.I~'" ma-'o. z¢-da = i~ pronounced dzoe (treasure room).
-ro=ddz¢-da
Prefix ed Maa..
No Chan
Cban ge
a:; e:
.I c"& I
t:.. nga E. ja ~
Ga l:.. nya tha" da~n
II fha~ a
da ~ n~
Cbang e
Chang rf kha 9
--------
 ~~
~
2,37 '@.il)'D.~ "I'D.' THE PREF IX 'A
There are ten root consonants which take the prefix 'a which exactly
has the same effect as rna
prefix. The ten letters are: 1. /'l
j'l kha, 2,
2. "I ga, 3, J, cha, 4, E. ja, S.l'l
5. .l'l tha, 6. '\ da, 7. '4 pha,
8. Q ba, 9, a)
a> tsha and 10, e: dza.
1',
rJ.j'l"'Q
rJ./'l,,'Q'
'a-o-kha-ra=khar-ba =is pronounced khar-v a (walking stick), stick).
ty),
rJ."I"i' 'a-o-g a-na = is pronounced ghen (responsibility).
rJ.a;.;.r 'a-o-c ha-ma =is pronounced chaam (religious dance)
:: -_ ....
.
rJ.E.rJ.' -o-ja-'a =is pronounced (high pitch) jah (rainbow),
r:>.l'jQ
r:>..l'jQ',;f-o
'a:r-o--tha-ba
tha-ba=thab-rna-na-ro=mo =is pronounced thab-m o (quarrel).
r.>.~' 'a-o-d a-gi-g u = is pronounced dhi (this).
r.>.<4(lj'Q
r.>.<4rlfQ·' 'a-o-pha-'greng-po=phe-lLl=phel-ba =is pronounced phel-wpMI-w a (to increase).
0;- __
(,>- r.>.Q"I 'a-o-bha-ga = = is pronounced bhag (mask).),
r.>.a>l;.'''1
r.>.a)!;.'''1 'a-o-tsha-nga=tshang-ga = is pronounced tshang -ka (crowd
).
r.>.i)'i!i'a;'Il'
r.>.ilA'a;'Il· 'a-o-dza-gi-gu=dzi-na=:d
na",;dzin-cha-sa=chay =is pronounced dzin-c hay (furniture).
Prefix ed a
1-~'-
1- ~,-
No Chang e IfIfl kha ce cha 1:1
J;j tha !4 pha c6 tsha
Chang e 1 9 Ga e;. ja "~ da .q ba t[ dza
':;}3--
!i-}Z·-
1',
-;li-~i£:'- K/
K, ((. 2.38 Drill
_ co... <;'\.,. ........
<;'\.,._ _ co... e-..
c-... e-...
eo.... ........
i~:.}·'
i~:.}"
9Ui9' ""l.J;.'
~"J.J;,' r,m,,' .J;,~!
L,I"D.~' ~F .J;.,,! ~"l.J;,' LJ'D.
9Ui9' ""l.J;.' ~'~D.
~' D."'~ 'tl'j'fat~
D. 'tl'j' fat~ '9'
'''I' .J;."
.J;,~II
gyag dkar po 'di su'i red gyag dkar po'di nga'i a zhang gi red
Whose white Yak is this? That white Yak is my uncle's,
I
':f:-~"C
~iii'- _ co.... _ -..
_. -C'o..._ _ _ -.. t·
~ ~
~
f'~'9
f'~ '9~~'
'9'9" LJ'Q)~e:.'
~' ~'9~~ ~l:jl
' ar .J;."I D."'~D.
D.~'e:.'C'l.19
D.'C119''LJ'9U .J;,~I
~'9Uii~r
~r~'
LJ' .J;."I
~(~ khong gi gdong pa gtsang rna red 'di nga'i lLlg pa gyas pa red
His face is clean, hand,
This is my right hand.
..... c... c...e-..
c...c... _ c..._ ~
~
co... _ co... _ e-..
c-.. c...
~?..J fle:.'9.:lD.'';I
fI~ '9=lD. '';I'·a,jrJ,''; 'Ui~
Iil)'Uie
a,jrJ,'';Iil) ~"il
:. '''I' .J;."il ~. a;'9.:lD.·a,j9'l
~' a;'9=lD .' :ja,j.J;,
a,j9'"
a,j.J;.'';'';Iil)'Uie
Iil) 'Ui~:.'9'Ui
'9'Uiil)
il)!!
khong
khoflg gza' nyi ma'i nyin yong gi red nga tsho gza' mig timar
dmar nyin yong gi yin
He / she will come on Sunday, We will come on Tuesday,
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
fle:. '9'9~~'
fI~ '''I' 9 ~FD.e;.a,
D.~.a.l"
j' LJ'D.1:\
~'D.";9 9 ".q'9~~a,j'
~ 'C'l.1' l:j.q'9
w a,j' a,j'979~' a,j~1 a:.J,,!
'if,i~
~",ii "v '.
khong gi gsung jampo 'dug nga la deb gsum ma gtogs
gtags med
His voice is soft. I have only three books,
books.
c...
e-... ~
e-... --.::- ........
tl'j' a,j'C119~'
tl'j' a:.J'C'l. 19~' il)e:.
il)~ 'C'11'
l.1' .qfat9~ ~ 1:\;1
.qfatQ)~'· ~"I D.~' LJ'
D.,,' C119~'
~'C'l.1
" .
9~' V.:e:.
"~'~DD.'
.' <i>e:.'fle
ce~ 'fI~' .J;,~ i
:.' .J;."i
-»
~,~;
a rna lags nang la bzhugs med 'di pa lags dang nga'i tshong
tshang khang
/chang red
,[.::ft
;'"~
 23
Mother is not at home. This is me and my father's shop.
~ ~ ~
2.39 J,j'r.l.~f;lj'J,jc:;.'f;ljC'\'
J,j'r.l.~f;!j'J,jc:;.'f;!jC'\' PASSIVE CONSONANTS
The twenty consonants which do not occur as suffixes, prefixes and post suffixes in forming a
Tibetan word is called ~·t:l.~9·~c:.'9~·
~·t:I.~9·~c:.·9~· mi Jug ming gzhi. This I have freely translated them as
'passive consonants',
consonants'. This means that there can be no two passive consonants written together at
any time to form one syllable except ya and va which can be subjoined to number of the passive
consonants. If any of the passive consonants occur in a Tibetan word, it is necessarily the root
consonant of the syllable. They form the basis to which other consonantal denomination can be
prefIxed, suffixed, surmounted and subjoined as we have seen some and will see more. The passive
consonants are:
1. "I ka, 2. F lilia, 3. is ca, 4. ibib cha, 5. f. ja, 6. '? nya, 7. ') lij tha, 9. Q
'1 ta, 8. lil
,
pa,10. 1<j
t.j pha,
ph a, 11. ;5 tsa, 12. a; tsha, 13. E( 15.1'\
e: dza, 14. ~ va, 15. "I zha, 16. .'l;a za, 17. ~ i
ya, 18.'" sha, 19. <j ha and 20. Il'l a.
2.40 ~"\'r.l."\f;lj~'
~"\'r.l."\f;!j~' SUBJOINED CONSONANTS
-
There are four consonants which are joined to the bottom of a root consonant of a syllable which
radically modify the place of articulation and pronunciation. When a root consonant is subjoined
along with a vowel, the latter is spelled and pronounced last of all after whatever sound changes the
root consonant may have undergone. The four consonants which are also known as liquids or
semivowels are: 1. ~ ya, 2. " ra, 3. £ll "fq'j"l~r
£1l la, and 'lj va which are then respectively called "fq'j"l~'
btags,
ya blags, ,,'q')"1~
,,'q'1"1~ ra btags,
blags, £1l'q,)9~'
£ll'q'19~' la-btags
la-blags and 'lj',§"" va-zur.
2.41 urz::jl)f;lj~
urz::J1)f;!j~ SUBJOINED YA
There are seven consonants in Connection
connection with the first three guttarals and the four labials to
which ~ ya is subjoined. When ya is SUbjoined
subjoined it takes the form of .,J
,oJ and is spelled Yatag
which means subjoined Va. The subjoined Ya modifies the pronunciation of the root consonant of a
syllable which has otherwise remain unchanged in connection with the prefIxes and surmounted
letters. This method of compounding consonants or consonant clusters also produces exact
pronunciation of other simple consonants within the Tibetan alphabet and also pronunciation of
some Sanskrit alphabet which are not covered by the simple Tibetan alphabet. When theya' is
subjoined to: 1."l ka, 2. F ,3. 9 ga, 4. Q pa, 5. ,.
"l pha, 6. q 7 . .>J rna,
ba and 7. ma, they are
spelled and pronounced in the following manner:
1. !!l
~ ka-ya-btags =is pronounced kya. ~'i<r
~'i<I' ka-ya-btags=kya-'greng-po=kye-ma is pronounced
kye-ma, Alas!
kbya ego
2. 19 kha-ya-btags =is pronounced khya B kha-ya-btags=khya-gi-gu =is pronounced
khyi,
kbyi, dog.
ga-ya-blags =is pronounced gya
3. 5 ga-ya-btags
4.::l
4.!:! pa-ya-btags
pa-ya-blags =is pronounced into that of is ca as in porc!l
ofib
5. :J pha-ya-btags =is pronounced into that of ib cha as in cheese
 '
~
~
"
M
"
"
~
'
~
,
'
""'~~~'--,~-~
I-~""'~' _ _ _ __
,~~""""~,~,'-----
"~"~~'--,~-~
24
,,-
;' in lar
6. S ba-ya-btags = is pronounced into that of E. a as III jar
~~ ,
7. '!i ma-ya-btags =is pronounced into that of '? nya
2.42 ",'Q1)"l<>l
,,'1::]15"l<>1 SUBJOINED RA
''-
The thirteen consonants
consonanis 1. "I ka, 2,
2. flfI ha, 3. 9
'I! ga, 4. ?') ta, 5.11 tha, 6,
6. 'i da, 7. <j
<J
,
pa, 8. 14
'4 pha, 9,
9. Q ba and 10,6:1 'll sa and 13."
10.6:1 rna 11. 4 sha, 12. 'll :<:
ha to which a ".
, <l')"l'll Ra-btags' or subjoined ra occur. It is joined to these letters in the fOIDI
<l'59'll foml of ..J.
-J.
fi ;
Iea-ra-btags =is pronounced tra as in toll
1. ~ lea-ra-btags q~r4'll ba-'o-lea-ra-btags=ta-sha-gi-gu=shi-
sa=she is pronounced ta-shi, auspicious.
2. ~ kha-ra-btags =is pronounced as in Tom ego [!j6:l'<j'
[!j6:l'<J' kha-ra-btags=ta-na-ro=tho-ma=tom-
pa = is pronounced torn-pa, a well.
3•
3 • .!!/ ga-ra-btags =is pronounced dra ~t:.'<.i ga-ra-btags=da-zhabs-kyu=du-nga'=doongpa_
na-ro=po = is pronounced droong-po, clever.
0.' ,
,?-~. .,
-,
$'(j) ta-ra-btags =is pronounced as in toll ~'j':rrl1
~'j":rrll a-ra-btags=ta-gi-gu=ti-sha-zhabs-
-
kyu=shoo-Ia = is a Sanskrit word used in Tibetan to denote a trident religious staff and is
~~.
pronounced tri-shu-Ia.
$' 5·0 ha-ra-btags = is pronounced same as Il see above.
flf· 6.. ~ da-ra-btags = is pronounced dra as ~r.·
6. ,~ ~r.' 5F<.i·da-ra-btags=da-nga=dang-pa-na-ro=po is
pronounced drang-po, honest, straight-forward.
7. ~ pa-ra-btags = is pronounced as in toll.
8 . .!1 ~'~ pha-ra-btags=tha-zhabs-
.!:/ pha-ra-btags = is pronounced as in Tom and ~'. ego ~.~
kyu=too-ga=toog-ga-zhabs-kyu=gu = is pronounced too-gu, child.
9. :I ego :I"l
Q ba-ra-btags = is pronounced dra as in~' da eg, Q"l Ba-ra-btags=da-ga=dag, rock.
,
it·:.;" 10. ?;Jma-ra-btags
?:Jma-ra-btags =is pronounced rna with a high pitch sound.
~.~t:. .., sha-ra-
11.@ ha-ra-btags = is mainly used to transliterate Sanskrit words such ~'~t:.'"
btags=sha-gi-gu=shi sa-gi-gu=si-nga=sing-ha = is pronounced shri-sing-ha, a name of a teacher.
teacher,
12.!l/
12.!lI a-ra-btags = is pronounced sa or hra. ~"i'<.i' sa-ra-btagscsa- gigu si-na sin-pa naro=po
is pronounced sirnpo, an ogress,
ogress.
13ti)
13ti\ha-ra-btags=hra as in hurrah ego hri as in ~l ha-ra-btags=hra-gi gu= is pronounced
Avalokiteshvara. '
hrih ~he seed syllable of Avalokiteshvara..
2.43 f'lJ·.q7"l~
C"lJ'Q1)"l~ SUBJOINED LA
i1'~; There are six consonants: 1. "I ka, 2. "lOJ ga, 3. q a, 4. 4 . .s za, 5. "~ ra and 6. "'I
sa, which take the subjoined la,lao This brings very unusual modification to the pronouDciation
pronouDcialion
where the sound of the root consonant is completely dropped while using the inherent a to make the
sound of the La more compact and high pilCh.
pitch. Hmvever there is one exception when it is subjoined
 25
to za where both the sound of za and the sound of la are replaced by an unrelated sound dha. The
follows::JJ ka-la-btags,
subjoined la is spelled and pronounced as follows::lJ ka-Ia-btags, ~ ga-la-btags,
ga-Ia-blags, Iil ba-la-
btags, ~ racla-btags and sa-Ia-btags
ru~ sa-1a-btags are all pronounced la with a high pitch sound. The
Tibetan word for a Buddhist teacher is Iif';f mao
lifof bla ma.
1.
L m'm ka-la-btags=la-ka-la-btags =la-na-ro=1o is pronounced la-Io, barbarian.
2. ~ ga-1a-btags=la-zhabs_kyu
ga-la-btags=la-zhabs-kyu =is pronounced 100, song.
3. ffl"i'ij' lorn-po, minister.
ba-Ia-btags=la-na-ro=lo-na=lon-pa-na-ro=po is pronounced 10m-po,
ili~·ij· ba-la-btags=la-na-ro=lo-na=lon-pa-na-ro=po
4. ~"r
~"f ra-la-btags-1a
ra-la-btags-la nga-lang-pa =is pronounced lang-pa, steam.
lob-dl"ll, school.
sa-Ia-btags=la-na-ro=lo ba=lob-ga-ra-btags=drwa =is pronounced lob-dl-a,
5. ffi"~ sa-la-btags=la-na-ro=lo
6. ii''''
iP" za-la-btags-da -ba= is pronounced dha-wa, moon.
0;]
(ijf
(ij~
..11' .
/t# 2.44 '.l:l·~~'q7l:lj~·l:J·
'.lr~~·q7l:!j~·Z:.r SUBJOINED VA
.~ The Va-zur should alphabetically come before the subjoined ya but I have placed here as the
II last group of the subjoined letters as it is traditionally introduced in this sequence. However,
.!/
~V students wishing to look for a Tibetan word with Va-sur should look up before the subjoined
I letters. Va-zur means the angular of the letter ill
21 va. It is actually the lower right corner of va in
5 fOITI1 of.. which is similar to the form of the Bengali va. We know the rule where the letter ba
~~the form
~ ~ is to be pronounced va when it is the last or medial syllable of a Tibetan word. In some descriptions
tJ'r;)
tI'r;) . of the Tibetan alphabet, va is explained as "a letter without which can function". But it has some
important orthographical uses to distinguish between homonymous words. .;:; Tsha, hot and
\. cl;l
'\ cl;i Tshva, salt which are both pronounced the same, Tsha. The use of the Tibetan ba at times
·~ pronoun.ced va does not substantiate the ar.gument that the Tibetan letterba represented both ba and
'\1
Lfi va which are denoted by ba and va in Sanskrit.. They are not easily confused in Tibetan as they
are in Sanskrit. When a va is subjoined to a consonant it remains silent. Beside the following
, example of the usage in Tibetan, a va-zur is mainly used in transliterating Sanskrit.
,.
fj.r'
IIJfj.r
!JJ
,"
""
.,
'!j'Uj'
'!j'ur
- kva=ya-'greng po=ye is pronounced ka-ye oh
,~
.~
~.?
~'? khva-ta is pronounced kha-ta magpie
'if :1 ~.,.r ga-ra-btags=drva-pa dra-pa
=is pronounced dra.pa monk
1 ,
I ,£ ~Ilj~rij·
~llj~'ij' vacga-sa=dvag-pa-na-ro,=po
'l1'" va~ga-sa=dvag-pa-na-ro,=po is pronounced dag.po
dag-po a place in Tibet
cl;i
~ tsva =is pronounced tsha salt
~ •.jJ
•.jJ zhva ma-na-ro=mo = is pronounced zha-mo hat
~. zva= is pronounced za nettle
~.~. rva-ca-na-ro=co= is pronounced ra-cho horn
r:J'Q'
r:J'''' lm-ba=:; is pronounced la-wa
lva-ba= a kind of a deer
 ~'Q'
shva -ba = is pronounced sha-wa deer
2.45 '5·.q1)9~ SUBJOINED HA
Subjoined haka is not used in the Tibetan language, but it has been adopted solely for the purpose
ih: of transliterating Sanskrit
Sanskrit. 2J' La-ha-btags=fha is not to be included in this ha-btags section as it is
,.. not a subjoined haka rather it is surmounted fa upon ha which is discussed in the surmounted letter
section. The ha-btags has no simple Tibetan root consonant to be joined with but it is the root
consonant 'ha' that is used to make up equivalent Sanskrit letters. The effect of subjoining ha is to
lengthen the partial root letter to make it full letter. Ha can be subjoined to any consonant as long as
it occurs in Sanskrit. Following are only some examples:
t 1. !II
1II ga-ha-btags = is pronounced Gha. rr
~-~
2.
z. ~ da-ha-btags = is pronounced Dha. \.~
~+~~
~+~~::::
3. ~ ba-ha-btags =is pronounced Bha.
4.
4. .; dza-ha-btags = is pronounced Jha.
5. '" da-fog=da-ha-btags = is pronounced Dha.
Z.e
Exercise 2.c
Transcribe the following words into Tibetan script and practice how to spell out the correct
~. sequence and the pronounciation of the letters in a syllable. Learn to use a Tibetan English
dictionary to find the meaning of these words:
~~}
~.z~ 1. gsung-rab 2. gcung-po 3. gtsang-po 4. gnyen-po
~
"'",. 5. gsang-ba 6. dkar-mkhan 7. dkon-mchog 8. dgon-pa
9. dgu-bcu 10.
ZO. dpung-pa 11. dtnigs-pa
dmigs-pa 12. dbang-po
13. being-pa 14. bcu-gsum 15. btsir-ba 16. bzhi-bcu
17. bzung-ba 18. bshad-pa 19. bgar-ba 20.bkang-bo
Exercise 2.d Drill
co.... C\.,. co.... __
e-... C\.,. e-... -.
..<:.r:"
p,,·r::.O:Rjt::: ~r ..<:.,,'
___ c-..._ -..
I'"~ a;'lI!'Uj'I,r
I~'l'ro'~' Qr::.' ..<:.,,'
i.j' =F ~"l
..." '> __ co....
..." _-. C'...
I'"~~.q'~'l;;P<l~rll'~'~'
I'"~ ~.q' ~'l;;P<l~rll' ~.~' ::i9'
~9' J.J'o."9 J,J'o."9
C".,.
'>
co.... _
_ "'-.
co.... _
_ -...
._~
'>
!"~rll'o.fl"<:"OS
'''~rll'o.f!''<:''OS ~'9~"<:"~'
a;'9~"<:"~' 64'
J.J' ..<:.",
..<:.,,'
- ~ ~
'''9~'~"<:"Er~9'9~J,J'rll~'
'''9~' ~"<:"Er ~9'9~J.J'rll~' J,J·o."9
J.J·o."9
'> '> '>
~ ~ -
a;,,'o."'rll~'!lI' ~·o."9
IUl9' ~,,'o."·rll~'!lI'
'Uj9' ~'o."9
'>
-.. e-.."" _ -.
-.. c..."" _ ' -..
,,,\'
' '\'..<:.r::.' "<:""9~ 'Z;g'~'
.<:.r::. 'r::. "<:""9~ 'l;g'~' ~'9~"<:"
~'9~"<:" ~'~J,J'~'.q~\~' ..<:.,,\,
~'~J.J'~'.q~\~' ..<:."\,
-.. -.. - -.. -
,,,'o.::i'o.~,,\'~' S,,\'''9~'~'
I"·o.~·o.~,,\'~· J.J' ..<:.,,'
S,,\'''9~'~' J,J'"<:' '1
-- C'..
co.... __ c>...-...
c>...-..
l~"·"r::.
l~"'''r::. 'flJ,J' 'i::IJ.J~'f!r::.' ~r::.' ~9' a:,,,\'~'
'f!J.J' ~ ·1::IJ,J~'flr::.· a;,,\'~' ..<:."\,
..<:.,,\,
 -... _ e-..
c-.. _ e-..
c-.. -
1
l"n59'r:l,""ft:. '9' ~9'[1r
"'1' tj9' r:l, ",·ft:. ''''I' ~9~·9il)t:.·1
ljf1l' ~9~'9il)t:.'1
~9'[1r lj[1j'
-... - -....
-... -
!'9[1j'l)9',,\'t:.~'
1-9f1l·tj9· ",.t:. ~. if,qr ~t:.·1
if,qr~t:.'1
c.... _ e-...
c-... _
1"\~9'
1"'~9' L.rr:<,,\'9'~r:l,'
L.l·r:l,"'·9·~r:l,· ~t:. ~9~·9il)t:.·1
w q~s ~9~'9il)t:.'1
e-..
co.... _ e-..
co.... eo...
(:l.,,\~'ft:.
(:l."'~·ft:. ''''I'
'9',,\S'f1J'
"\SwS9' ~9' ql)c-'q'UlCliI
qtjc.' q'Ul<l\1
v '"
...-
2.46 ~9'\5Cli'
"'19'\5<1\' SURMOUNTED LETTERS
-
The root consonant of a Tibetan syllable, accompanied by a prefix, a suffix, a subjoined letter, a
surmounted letter and a vowel is positioned in the center of all the characters,
characters. This is why I prefer to
translate the word .;jt:::'lJ~'
~t:::'lj~' ming gzhi 'root consonant' instead of 'initial' as other grammarians have
done,
done. Literally translated as basis the name ming gzhi is not necessarily the first letter of a syllable
and it is the basic or root letter to which.all the other consonantal denominations make connection in
order to develop a collective sound based upon the root consonanl.
consonant. Therefore mgo can letters are
surmounted upon the root consonant ofa syllable. The three last letters of the ten suffixes namely,
... ra, r>J la and "ll sa occur as surmounted letters. They are called ~'i5"'·'lJ~iIl· ~·i5"'·'lj~iIl· mgo can gsum.
~ . C!J'~~
C!J .~ ~ l~"'-I. .cf~ cJ-P..,.a , )-
l~" '-' . -Gf~cJ-P...pJ,1- .. !
0? '-l-/
'-t/ 2,46,a
2.46.a The effect of a mgo-can or (J:::l~'lJ"l'(J:;j~'lj"l" ) brtsegs, the stacked is similar to that of the prefixes
. ~\~~
. he. t....oonic.
~\~X where it raise.s.. ...t.he. \Yh.e.re_botha prefix
niC. pi.tCh t.o emphasize the sound of the root consonan. I.t. \Yh.e.reJ~otha
~/ and a surmounted
surmounted1etter
letter ar~ ar!! present,..the.mod.ificalion.QLthe
present, ..the.mod.ificalion_QLthe prnuunS;!.l!Jion..m.tlJe
prnll.un£i.1Hion..QLtlJe root consonant
, . c~JKfuJlheLChange(Lthan -tb.~~f!~st_~[ th~_prefix. ~wever the sound o~_~'prefixed
_tb.~~f!~st_~[th~_prefix. o~_~yrefixed and
,.
•. ·.·. /~.~._rmounted
/~.~._rmounted roo!-~~_~_onaIl~_",:,~en
roo~~~_~_onaIl~_",:,~en sUbJO!Il~",:,?X_!::~1rer.~~~.~~;~_~~e~:f~~
subJo~Il~--:-?L!::~1rer'~~~~~;~_IIl~e~~;f "'~ have already
I ,~een,.~een, \->"M>vJ -<.V\.I.-¥) rI',-;A/).)
(MiL 1->'M>vJ rI',-;AA) (CPr (}"¥- (}-<¥- _~'-t-.
_~-t-. f.,~~ f.,~~
2.46.b There are no prefixed and surmounted consonants which are subjoined by lao The
inherent sound a of the surmounted is dropped as a result of the compounding with the root
consonant.
.....
2.47 ""~9'\5Cli
"""'19'\5<1\ SURMOUNTED RA
-
The 12 root consonants surmounted with which ... ra are: 1. "I ka, 2, 'lj
2. 'lJ ga, 3. I:;.t:. nga,
4. ee. Tja, 5.'" 9. J:J:;j: l ba, 10,
nya, 6. "5'5 ta, 7. "i da, 8. ... Na, 9, 10. ill rna, 11. ~ tsa and
12. E dza. When ra is surmounted, only its top half ( ) is surmounted. The roundish head of nya
is compensated with the full form of ra surmounted on nya in the shape of f . The pronunciation
of the following three radical letters do not change: "I ka, "5'5 ta and ~ tsa as with the other
surmounted letters.
2.48 EXAMPLES
>lj ra-ka-btags =is pronounced ka, >lj1:;.'Q'
>ljt:.'Q' ra-ka-btags=ka-nga=kang pa = kang-pa, leg.
'li ra-ga-btags =is pronounced gha, ~"'iIl'
~"i'iIl' ra-ga-btags=gha-na-ro=gho-da=gho-ma = = ghll-ma,
a mare.
/:. ra-nga-btags =is pronounced (high pitch) nga, /:",;'jl:;.'
/:"jjt:.. ra-nga-btags=ngl1-ma-na-ro=mo-
nga=mong= nga-mong, a camel.
 28
e. ra-ja-btags = is pronouncedjha, ~'lrn.!,>"1 ,ra-ja-btags=jha-'greng-po=jhe-sa=jhe-'a -o-jha-
zhabs-kyu=jhu-ga=jhug= jhe-jhoog, a suffix, or a follower,
follower.
;;;: t ra-nya-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) nya, te.· fC::: ra-nya-btags=nya-gi-gu=nyi-nga=
/
nying, heart.
";.'"
l)ra-ta-btags = is pronounced ta, l)'~~"l
l)'.;J~~ ra-ta-btags=ta-ma-a'-o-ga-ra-btags=da-gi-gu=di-
deity_
na=din = tam-din, Hayagriva, name of a horse-necked deity.
" ra-da-btags = is pronounced dha, ;;-Qil'Q'
;;·<t~·Q· ra-da-btags=dha-na-ro=dh¢-ba-a'-o-za-na-ro=zo-
~~ --
ba =dho zo wa, a builder, mason.
~ra-na-btags
~ra-na-btags =
is pronounced (high pitch) na, .!I'<r
.!\·<r ra-na-btags=na-ba =na-wa, ear.
ear_
q'!iJQ>:;r
q ra-ba-btags = is pronounced bha, q'I1l Q>:;r ra-ba-btags=bha-ra-la-btags=la-ba-sa=lab =bha-
wave_
lab, wave.
tA .Jj ra-ma-btags =is pronounced (high pitch) rna, jj'(1J~' ra-ma-btags=ma-gi-gu=mee-Ia-ma=lam
jj'()j~' ra-ma-btags=ma-gi-gu=mee-la-ma=lam
=mi-Iarn, dream.
!ra-tsa-btags = i",'<r ra-tsa-btags=tsa-na-ro=tso-da=tso pa =
= is pronounced tsa, i"i'<r = tso-pa,
b\, dispute, debate.
lit:. ra-dza-btags=dza-na ro=dzo-nga = dzong, fortress,
~ ra dza-btags = is pronounced dza, lie. fortress .
,~
:,;,:.
.,;
:<;.0,-,
2..';,
Surmounted
urrnounted ra
No Change 11'lj ka
ka I) ta <r tsa
~
Change l:lj
<lj ga r::. nga E.ja '? nya ~ da ili JJ rna e;: dza '
"i na I;J ba J,j
--.J
'>; ,.f'.,
~
~~ v~~
N~ . ¥~
., rf'.~-- 2,49 (1j'J,jl:lj';5ili
('lj'JJ<lj''5''i SURMOUNTED LA
':1(/,
':1 1/ '
~:J:.. r~ The ten letters which la can be surmounted are: 1. "I ka, 2. "I ga, 3. e.t:. ga, 4. ~ ca,
5. e:. ja, 6,?
6.? ta, 7. "i'" da, 8. q pa,9; Q Ba and 10. '5 ha. La remains silent except with
ha with which the la is palatalized and it has a soft and lengthening effect while. the sound of ha is
reduc.ed to a mere residual echo.
echo_ The effect of (1J-~~
()j'~~ la-mgo to the general pronunciation of the
/
syllable is similar to the effect of surmounted ra and prefixes except with "I ka,;5
ka, '5 ca, ? ta,
~",
and q pa, La mgo do not occur as common as the others.
2.50
2,50 EXAMPLES
III la-ka-btags =is pronounced ka, !!["I' la-ka-btags=ka-zhabs-kyu=ku-ga-kug-pa =kug-pa,
l!!"I.q '. la-ka-btags=ka-zhabs-kyu=ku-ga-kug"pa
dumb.
Ilf 1lft:.·S· la-ga-btags=gha-nga=ghang ba-zhabs-kyu-bu =
III la-ga-btags = is pronounced gha, 1lle.·S·
Ghang-bu, a ballon.
'e! la-nga-btags = is pronounced (high pitch)nga, five.
\l:'t:.'.;J'
\!:'e.'Jl' la-ca-btags-ca-nga-chang-ma = is pronounced chang-rna, willow.
la-ea-btags-ca-nga-chang-ma
a-ja-btags=}ha-nga=jhang-kha-zhabs-kyu=khu =
'l!q;' a-ja-btags=jha-nga=jhang-kha-zhabs-kyu=khu
'I! la-ja-btags == is pronounced jha, 'l!e.-r;'
jhang-kbu,
jhang-khu, green.
 29
'l! la-ta-btags =is pronounced ta, \V'Q' la-ta-btags=ta-'greng-po=te-ba =te-wa, navel.
~.;r.:,: la-da-btags=dha-zhabs-kyu=dhu-ma=dhum-ra
lli laeda-btags =is pronounced dha, ~.;r.:c.'
=dhoorn ra, garden.
2l com bintation which is:
2J la-pa-btags = is pronounced pa. There is only one Tibetan word in this combintation
2l"l~'<J'
2J"I~'<J' a-pa-btags=pa-ga-sa=pag-pa =pag-pa, skin.
\!j \!j'Q'
la-ba-btags = is pronounced bha, I!I'Q' la-ba-btags=bha-ba =bha-wa, goitre.
~ la-ha-btags = is pronounced lha, ~'~'la-ha-btags=lha-sa
~'~'la-ha-btags=lha-sa =Lha-sa, the capital of Tibet, the
place of the gods.
Surmounted
urmounted laa
No Change 1ljka
ka ~ca7taQpa
'5 ca 7ta Q pa .
l7lJ
-.
Change E.ja "~ da
1 9 ga I:. nga Eja .q ba '5 ha
-------
....-
2.51 l~ra.J9·'50\
~·a.J9·~Oi SURMOUNTED SA
There are eleven letters upolwhich
upolwhich sa can be surmounted bringing similar changes as other
surmounted letters,
letters. Sa surmounted letters occur very frequently. "1 ka, "I ga, E:.c:. nga, ':''!) nya,
? ta, "i da, iliiii na, Q pa, Q ba ~ rna and it tsa.
t5a.
2.52 EXAMPLE
~ sa-ka-btags =is pronounced ka, ~'\':J'
~"i':J' sa-ka-btags=ka-ya-btags=kya-gi-gu=kyi-da=kyee-pa-
na-ro=po =kyee-po, happy.
~ sa-ga-btags = is pronounced gha,;jE:. sa-ga-btags-gha-ra-btags=da-zhabs-kyu=doo-nga
=doong, story. -
'I!. sa-ng-btags =is pronouced nga, 'i!.'~'
'i!.~. sa-nga-btags=nga-da-ra-btags=da-na.ro=da =nga-
dro, morning.
~ sa-nya-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) nya, ~E:.'i'
~c:.'i' sa-nya-btags-nya-gi-gu=nyi-
nga=nying ra-ja-btags-jha-'greng po=jhe =Nying-;jhe,
=Nying-;jbe, compassion.
~ sa-ta-btags = is pronounced ta, ~·:i.·sa-ta-btags=ta-ra-'grengpo=T(f
~·".i.·sa-la-btags=ta-ra-'grengpo=re =Ta-re, axe.
t :4' sa-da-btags=dha-na-ro=dho- nga=dhong-pa-na-ro=po
iic:.·:J'
~ sa-da-btags = is pronounced dha, ii
=dhong-po, a tree.
~ sa-na-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) na, ~.:c.·.IF
~"'·.IF sa-na-btags-na- nar-ra=nar-tha-
nga=thang = Nar-thang, name of place in Tibet.
~ sa-pa-btags = is pronounced pa, ~ili
~iIi sa-pa-btags=pa-ya-btags=cha-na = chen, eye (hon.).
'1isa-ba-btags
~sa-ba-btags = Is pronounced bha, ~,E:.·';:F
Is ~d'F sa-ba-btags=bha-ya-btags=jha-nga=jhang sha-gi-
gu=shi-nga=shing =jhang-shing, blackboard. '
J;j sa-ma-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) ma, ~"I't1l~'
~"I.t1l~. sa-ma-btags=ma-na-ro=mo-
na=mon-la-ma=lam =mon-Iam, prayer.
 /"
~ sa-tsa-btags = is pronounced tsa, ~'<l' sa-tsa-btags=tsa-na-ro=tso-la tsol-ba =tsol-wa,
to bestow.
Surmounted sa
No Change
ka
'5 ta ~ ;t tsa
I'
Change ga ~
1 "IItil~ nga '7 nya ~ da ~ na q ba J.J rna
+-.,
""'"
Exercise 2.e
A Transcribe the following words into Tibetan script and find their meaning in a Tibetan English
L- dictionary:
skye-ba snga-phyi dkar-po klu-sgrub khrungs-pa
khyu-mchog mkhyen-brtse khrom-pa 'khor-ba
k:~,
'khrungs-rabs mgon-pb 'gyod-pa sgrung
r 'greng-po mngon-shes sngon-po lnga
ngu-'bod ngang-pa bco-brgad mchin-pa
che-ba cha-shas rje-btsun brjod-pa
rjen-pa snye-ma smyu-gu nyon-mongs
rta-mchog rten-'grel bden-pa-bzhi 'tire-goon
'tire-gdon
u~~
fl~~ rnam-dbye spyang-ki sprin-pa phyag-'tshal
phye-ma phru-gu dmyal-ba smyon-pa
smon-lam rtsa-ri tshul-khrims zhing-pa
zhing-khams zang-zing, zil-gnon yangskyar
ft3'
Exercise -2.r
-2.r Drill
..,., co..
eo.. co..
eo.. .""
~M;-
~ " "9 til
lq~"II'''II'
Iq~tII'~' J.Ji -
J.J<f> Qj'Qj~J.J'~ ~Qj·o.c6(lr q~l
Qj'Qj~J.J' ~ J.J' ~ :x.: ~Qj'Qc'6(1j' q~1 q~"II'~t:.. '0. ~'1~' ~Qj'
Iq~tII'~t:..'Q~'~~. ~"II' ;jq' ~tII'
~"II' L:J"'
~~'-9"11 ;jq'
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ - ~ I~q~'~t:..' -9~r ""q'
l.l:lq~r~t:..· "9~' ~t:..'o.~ "II'
~q' ~t:..'Q~ L.,J~'-9"11
~.q' L:J"'
til' .I:IQ' " "9 til - -
100Qj'''II'7~' J.J'7Cl.!'
I(1jQj'tII'7~' L.,J~'
J.J'7CJ.1' ~ "'" .I:IOl'
~(1j' Cl.!'
CJ.I' ~"'"
~~' q'~~l
..,.
."" .co..
eo.. ",
." ,,-
...... co..
eo.. ..,-e-...
..,-c-... "-
&.$" 1l'l0l' CJ.I'~' qo.'''II~''II'?'~':x; q'~~l
I~nl'Cl.!'~'qQ'tII~tII'?'~"'"q'~~1 !f.l. CJ.I~' ~tIIQ'I1i~·tII~~'~'
lr.l. Qj' Cl.!~' L.,J.J:,'
~"IIo.'I1i~'''II~~'~' q~~' L:J"' -9"11
" "9t11
.""co.. ... . co.. C'\;,..
C'\.,c....
c.... co..
eo.. -
-~ ~
I~nl' Cl.!'
11'l0l' CJ.I' m~' Cl.!c'6Cl.!~'~ ::J(1j'q",,'
CJ.Ie6CJ.1~'~ ::JOl' q'~~l
~~' q'~~1
q.J:,' ~"'" 1~~'~~r~tII';jq'~Cl.!~'~~.
1~~'~~r~"II' ;jq'l'lCJ.I~' ~~' ~tII·
~"II' L:L.,J~'-9"11
J ""."9t11
co.."
eo.." C'o...
co.. .""
.""
..... co....
c.... ......' co..
eo..
~nl' Cl.!'
II.I:IOl' CJ.I~~' tJr.l.·
CJ.I' Cl.!~~' ~~. 'S. ~"".
L.,Jo.'l'l~' ~.J:,' q'~~1
q'~~l It:..tII'Qj'
It:.."II'Qj' ~tII';jq' ~Cl.!~' ~~' ~tII·
~"II';jq'l'lCJ.I~' ~"II' L:L.,J~' -9"11
J ""."9t11
_eo.
_eo.:. eo..
co.. "- e-,..
eo.,. e-.. "-
c-...c... co..
c-... ..."
l~nl·Cl.!'~t:..·flQ'~~''S'~",,'q·~~I.
Il'lOl' CJ.I'~t:..'flo.'l'l~''S'~~' q'~~l. 1~~·~'~tII·;jq·~Cl.!~·o~·~tII'
1~~'~!r~"II';jq'.I:IJ.J~' o~'~"II' L:J""'-9t11
L.,J~'-9"11
...... ..,.
."" ¥Y _ co..
eo.. co..
eo.. "
" _ ...... _ -
l~nl' Cl.!'~"'"
Il'lOl' CJ.I'~.J:,' q'~'~",,'~'
q'~'~.J:,'~' q'~~1 Itll:§9~'~:rQj'7~'~'Q~'~~'51~' L.,J~'-9t!J
1"ll:§9~'~'Qj'7~'~'o.~'~~' 5l~' L:J"'" "9t!]
c.... ."" c... _ ......
~ ~ ~
~ ~
lq~'9ol:lj'':J~''5'Q",'~'~'
lq~'9ol:lj'':J~''5'Q",'~' ~'l'lq'-99
l>Tjt:..'Qj'7~' ::!~'
l>Tjt:..·Qj'7~' ::!~. J.J'~'(1j'
-r.r~Z'ii
J.J'~'Ol' q~Qj~' r.J·~Z'ii ..., s:jq'-99
'0
 31
Exercise 2.g
Romanize the following:
fOl/owing:
......
....... ....... "-_
_ "e-.......... oyi_eo...
.." . ....... eo... _c-...
_e-... e:.... _
lQ8'~~
lQ8'~~ ·El~·:.2·
·El~·:.2· J,JEl~'
J.JEl~· ~Q·()'~·.El~·~~1
~Q·()'~·.El~·~~1 1<Q~I:lj'riP'1:lj7'
1.Q~I:l!·riP·1:l!7· ~I:lj'
~I:l!' ~a:,'
~~. ~r ~Q' <Q~rlf
.Q~nr ~~I
~~l
~
..... .." eoo... _-' _ eo... _
IQ7JP' Q~~'I:l!(1F~I:l!~' i)1:lj~'I;J'UiI
lQ7JP' ~~. Q'ij~' Q'5~'I:ljI'F~I:lj~' i)1:l!~'I;J'UiI ltil·~~·
lm'~~' ~Q~'I;J()"
~Q~'I;J()" ~~. Q'~'7'1:lj~l'lJll
Q'~'7'1:l!~l"lJll
~ ~
IRREGULAR PRONUNCIATIONS
2.53.a. When the first syllable ends in a da and if it is followed by a rna ma prefixed syllable, then
it is sometimes changed into that of na sound ego ".:i.r:;,·J.Jr:;,p'·q·Red-mda'-ba
'.:i.r:;,·J.Jr:;,p"Cj'Red-mda'-ba is pronounced Ren-da-
reknowned .scholar of Sakyapa tradition of Tibetan Buddhism.
wa, a reknownedscholar
i
. 2.53.b When the first syllable end in a na and if it is followed by a syllable whose root
consonant is pa without prefix letter, it is sometimt;S pronounced into that of rna ego '
~~'tr kyin-pa is pronounced kyim-pa, a loan
~"I'tr
J.Jj'l"l'<r mlchan-po is pronounced khem-po, an abbot
J.Jj'l~'<r rnkhan-po
'?"I'tj. nyem·pa, to listen
,?~·tr nyan-pa is pronounced nyem-pa,
Cj~"I.tj.
q~~'Q' bden-pa is pronounced dem-pa, truth
~"I'<l'
~~'<J' mon-po, is pronounced nom-po, sharp
~"I.tj.
~~'Q' sbyin pa is pronounced jim-pa, generosity
1iI"1'<r
Iil~'<r Blun-po is pronounced lum-po, a fool
~
lii"l:<l'Blon-po
[;j~:<J'Blon-po is pronounced 10m-po, minister
. 2.53.c When the first syllable ends in a ba whether it is followed by a post-suffix or not, if the
ma prefix, it is pronounced as the suffix of the preceding syllable
. succeeding syllable begins with a rna
ego ~Cj~'J.J~"I' Skyabs-mgon is pronounced kyam-ghon, the protector.
~q~.J.J~~' Skyabs-rngon
2.53.d When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if the following syllable begins with ga, ba
or rna prefix, the latter is sometimes pronounced as the suffix of the first syllable without losing its
effect to the succeeding syllable ego
"l~'''I~~'
q~'''I~~' cboog-nyee, twelve.
bcu-gnyis is pronounced choog.nyee,
~'q"p"
"I'''l'lp'' a-bza' is pronounced nab-zah,
nab-zab, cloth (hon.)
fl·J.J~·
fl·J.J~· Ma-mchu is pronounced kham-chn,
kham-chu, court case.
~'J.Ja;. gya-mtsho is pronounced gyam tsho, ocean.
gya-rntsho
 ~'J.I;r;"l'
~'J.J;r;~' rgyu-mtshan is pronounced gyum-tsben, reason.
reason,
C;:'J.I;r;.>;'
C::'J.J;r;.>;' ngo-mlshar
ngo-mtshar is pronounced ngom-tsbar, wondorous,
?'J.I~"l' Hayagriva.
?'J.J~~' rta-mgrin is pronounced Tam-din, a horse necked deity called Hayagriva,
2.53.e
2.S3.e When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if the succeeding syllable's root consonant is
;.:
ba subjoined witb ra, then the ra is pronounced as the preceeding syllable's suffix while the ra-bags
is pronounced as the second syllable's root consonant which parts the relationship between the ba
and ra-btags.
IlfQ'" lha-bri-pa is pronounced Ibab ri pa, Thanka painter, an artist.
ij'Q'=pho-brang
ij'Qr=.pho-brang is pronounced pbob-rang, palace,
2.53.f
2.S3.f When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if it is followed by a prefix 'a it produces the
sound of suffix na for the preceding syllable while preserving its direct effect to the second
syllable,
t~.
I'
J.Jflt:l' t:l§)
J.lflr.l'r.l§) mkha'-'gro is pronounced kban-dro, goddess, space dweller.
t,- . ,,~'ro.'55
"~'''''55 dge-'dun is pronounced gen-dun, a monk, one who is intent on virtue,
~-'-
~'r.lQ~'
~'t:lQ~' rgyu-'bras is pronounced gyun-W!cause and effect.
~
t:l§),t:l~'"
r.l§)'r.l~'" 'gro-'dod is pronounced dron-do, desire to go.
go,
~~-
~t~:
:J:'
;J:tf
,,'--!
:-'-.

11>!l.f..ItJ.-r. tJ.tlI
11>!l.f..ltJ.'r.tl.tlI I b.ln.tJl<;r.b3tJ.ff.b3tJ.~~
b.ln.tl!';r.b3tl.ff.b3tl.~~
11ii.!i1 Ii::.@ ( ~2.l<;rb~tJ
~2.!';rb~tl

.~.~.~.:I. 'i'.'::l.b.!1I
I:i' .~.~.~.:I. 'i'."::l.b.l1I \ t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff
t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff ff
lIili.lii.til 1/1>.S.!:;.b./k
1/1>.S.fi.b.lk . ~2.!';rb~tl
~2.l<;rb~tJ

Iff .t1.b.1u
Iff.t1.b.Lt ( t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff
t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff ~
1l<;r.6-.1n.1;".'eJ.~.~.~.~.~.2
1!';r.6-.ln.I;".'eJ.~.~.~.~.~.2 t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff
t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff b
1!;.1;.~.1i;.1iI
11;.1;.~.Ii;.lil IS.P;";:.@
IS.P;'!;:.@ ~2.l<;rb~tJ
~2.!';rb~tl
.t:h~.tO.
1:;J.:i' .t:.~ .~.lo. 'i'.b.!1I
'i'.b.l1I t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff
t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff tJ
tl
I~.~ IH I~.~ ( ~2.l<;rb~t:
~2.!';rb~t:
Iflk.lll.~.jl;
Iflk.l1l.~.1}; lfir.Iii.til Ii::.lk
l!lr.Iii.til Ii::./k / ~2.l<;rb~tJ
~2.!';rb~tl
1?O.~
~.~.r:.It..n.I';.~ l?o.~ :i1:~.Itz.'"
l);l.~.'f.~.r..! .il.~.!l.z.'" ~2.b!1' t:
1l<;r.6-.I;".'eJ.~.~.f..2.b.1u
1!';r.6-.I;".'eJ.~.~.f..2.b.Lt \ t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff
&.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff
b.ln.ib.ltJin.b 3"eJ
b.ln.ib.ltJin.b3' cJ . b3tJ.~~
b3tl.~~

SNOI.LVNIWON3U 'lV.LNVNOSNOJ SflOrnVA "3:0.>1

'HO.>l U3Sfl
S3XUffiId
S3XU3'Hd .>10 .LUVHJ
.L'HVHJ
bi'£'• ~
i'£' •'tJ'r P"
po.
'tJ"r .Il:!.
.1l:dtJ
...., -......,
".,;)
~ b~
ttJIn. ;;"tJ
;; b~
;;"tJ .1_",
'tJ . ;;'tJ ~ fir
- I>S'Z
!:,S·Z
 "
3 '
CHAPTER THREE
3.55 ARTICLES
In Tibetan, articles are not used as commonly as in English, but in order to fully understand
Tibetan grammar we will briefly discuss the two types of particles:
L_~
!1"i'''It1iJi'''i<lt:::''iJi
1. !1"i'''It1iJi'''i q t::.'''iJi Dependent Particles
!1"i'"'t::."i<!t::.'''iJi
2, !1"i'"'"-"i'lt::.'''iJi Independent particles
l'%' . . ~~
~~
/ Indefinite articles are dependent particles since the applicability of an article is determined by
the suffix of the preceding syllable. Hence articles are post-positions in the Tibetan grammar.
The three indefinite articles are: i5"1 cig, ~"1
~"I zhig, and"1"1 shig signify a, an, any, certain,
some, someone, somewhere, and sometime,
sometime. There are no definite articles in Tibetan,
Tibetan. These
three are also used as imperative particles, 14.4),
particles. (See 14.4).
~.
~'.-,~
q ba and thus:
3.56 The form i5"1 cig is used aftet a syllabe ending in "I ga, "i da, and <I
I
'2l'IJ'i5"1
'2l"l'i5"1 lug cig
lugcig a sheep
'11"1' i5'IJ
'iI"I'i5"1 stag dg a tiger
~;A-~
"
r.>.~'IJ'i5"1
r.>.!j"l'i5"1 'brug cig a dragon
S'~"i'i5"1
S,~",'i5"1 bya
byargad
rgad cig an eagle
rd~. ~\i5"1 snod cig a vessel
"i'i5 "I
rrr'r",'i5"1 'ad dg a light
1'I'lq'i5"1
l':ri5 'IJ khab cig, a neddle
aneddle
~<I'i5"1
~q'i5"1 cig
deb dg a book
i!lQ'i5"1
/!lq'i5"1 khrab cig a shield
~(:~-"-
3.57 The form ~"1 ~
~"I zhig is used after syllable ending in t::.~ nga, iJi na, i<J rna, r.>. a', .>;
ra, ell
C1l la and vowel ending syllables thus:
.qq'
.qQ' ~t::.'~"1
~~'~"I thab tshang zhig a kitchen
~",'~c.'~"1
~"i'~c.'~"1 slOd thUl
thUi zhig a shirt
i!.'Jic..~"I
~'J:ic.'~"1 mga mang zhig a camel
'IJ"iiJi·~"I
"I"'iJi'~"1 gdanzhig
gtlan zhig a mattress
~iJi'~"1
~iJi'~"I thunzhig
!hun zhig a session
~iJi'~"I
~
~iJi'~"1 spunzhig
spun zhig or a brother (sister)
a relative .or
~<>ri'i\'IJ
~<>r~"1 sgam zhzg
sgamzhzg a box
4ell'''i ..r~''I
4C1l'''ii>l'~''1 she! dam zhig a glass bottle
elli<J'~"I
C1li>l'~"1 lam zhig
lamzhig a road
~~.,}.
"I~'~'IJ
"F~"1 gangzhig
gang zhig whoever (whatever)
g;~'LJ'r.>."Ir.>.'~"I
a:;c.'LJ'r.>."Ir:>.'~"1 tshang
tshong pa 'ga' zhig some merchants
~3- ~'i<J'r.>."Ir.>.'~"I
~'i<J'r.>."Ir:>.'~"1 nyi ma 'ga' zhig some days
 3:>
.jj..>J"P"~"1 me mda'zhig a gun (fire arm)
~ .... ~"1 gur zhig a tent
.>Jfl ...·~"1 mkharzhig a castle
~
".>J"I'~""I'\"1 dmag sgar zhig a garrison
.>J"Cll·~"1 mdel zhig a bullet (."
FCll'~"1 khal zhig akhal
"\"] ...'''IUlCll'~ "I dkar gyol zhig a porcelin
~ ~
.>J'I'\"1 mizhig a man
~ ~
....1'\"1 rizhig a hill
'!l.~"1 su zhig whoever
jii'~"1 khe zhig a profit
~~
~'I'\"1 lee zhig a tongue
~'I'\"1
-- so zhig a tooth
S·Jj·~"1 bu mozhig a girl
~ ..>J'I'\"1
-- lhamozhig a goddess
3.58 The form.l:i"l shig is used after a syllable ending in a"l sa and thus:
~~'4"1 sras shig apnnce
ii~'4"1 spas shig an incense
5~·.l:i"l dus shig at a time
~~.p.~"1 i
~~'r:>.~"1
q ~"1
"'I"I "\
[;;.
~ ~ .>J
.>J r:P.>. ...
" nJ (and all Vowels)
... [1J 1'\"1
~
"I
-
.l:i"l
4"1
3.59 £tlj
JJt::: £tlJ NOUN
Tibetan substantives appear very frequently inmonosyllabic words which are formed of two
or more letters and consist of one morpheme and this will be called a simple noun stem. This
. includes nouns in single consonant, nouns in one or more consonants followed by a vowel and
nouns in one or more consonants ending in either of the ten finals or ending in a vowel. Jl~.
Jl~'
ming denotes the meaning of a word which nominates either a label (q')"1~'.;j~
(q')"1~'~~ btags-ming) an
object or an actual name (,,\(~.~[;;. dngas-ming) of an object; common or proper name of an
("("I'.<i~ dngos-ming)
animate or inanimate object. A noun must have at least two letters to nominate an object whether
it is an actual name or a labelled name. An actual name is given to an object which has a relevant
function denoted by the actual name; for instance an object which is hot and burning is called
'fire', and a creature who is dignified and proud like a king and who does not mix with other
beasts is called 'a lion'. Btags-ming is a name given to an object which resembles an object
that has an actual name and therefore labelled after it eg., a small fly which has a mere fire-like
appearance in the night is called 'firefly' , and a Brahmin's son who has big eyes, flat nose and
with a big mouth is also called 'lion' (faced).
 There is also complex noun stems which are composed of a noun root and a formative or
additive particle affixed as a suffix thus making the complex noun stems polymorphemic with
two or more syllables. Tibetan relies heavily on combinations of morphemes as a means of
creating words and has a large number of compound noun stems which are constituted of at .,
least two morphemes where each constituent is attested as a free form and can occur as a simple
noun stem and as well as complex if a formative particle is added to it. It is not to be confused
with the nominal compounds as we shall see their differences in the examples.
;< A derivational suffix is affixed to a simple noun stem to form a derived noun stem which
expresses the meaning connected with a person's occupation or what he does with himself.
There are also nominal compounds in Tibetan which are composed of noun stems standing in
a specific relationship which can be in cO-<Jrdinate relationship or in sub-ordinate relationship.
-.-., -.
--'" There are synonym and abstract nominal compounds too.
3.60 EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE NOUNS
A. MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS IN SINGLE CONSONANTS ,
!Xl
fl kha mouth I:;.
t:. nga I a; cha pair
E:: ja tea l.j
'4 pha father
'? nya fish
Q ba cow ,;j
.;J rna mother .'ll wa fox
>l
>1 za nettle Ul
"l ya an odd ... ra goat
OJ la hill '1 sha meat '>l sa land
~~"
B. MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS COMBINED WITH VOWELS
f,r khu juice khe profit kho he ( ngo face
~ F [iifii
/
~ co brother ~ chriwater [ jo brother 51 tho list
¥
l.j
'4 pho male son jj
JJ mu together
S bu mi
rni person ~
,;j me fire Ji mo she ~ tshe life zho curd
~
~
~ zo eat ... ri hill ~ ro corpse <1l
<1i Ii bell-metal
OJ
rli 10 year 4 sho dice '>l
~
su who <ii so tooth
C. MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS ENDING IN THE TEN SUFFIXES
1:;."1
t:."1 ngag speech 'lI"I stag tiger :ii"l thig line 5"1 dug poison
¥
"i"l nog hump ~"1 phug inside li"l phog ration JJ"I
jj"l mig eye
.f;"I tshig word ~"1 tsheg dot il9 zug pain ~"1
~"I zog cattle
12!"1
!2!"1 lug sheep -9"1 shig louse
~t:. J!lt:. khyung eagle
rkyang wild donkey 1:1" ~t:. gong price
pnce
~" ~"
5t:.
5" gyong loss "13'"
"I3't:. gcong chronic desease .;Jlc
,;j,i;c mchong
rnchong gem
I
J.l5t:.
J.l5" mdung
rndung spear '\::'- dpung strength I4C
"i::'- phing vermicelli
 Q~C. btsong onion ;;;c.,
a:;c., tsang nest tic. rdzong fortress
~
""c. zhing field :k
~c. zong commodity if- rlung wind
~c. lung handle 4C. shing wood
~
Q~,,\ bend
beud essence "1'?,,\
"1~"\ gnyid sleep ~"i nad sickness
"l,,\ yid mind
"l"\ 5"\ rud avalanche ~"
~"i Iud manure
>lj~
>fJ~ rkan palate 5~
5~ gun loss 'iI~ stan seat
~~
~~ thun Session !I~
!I~ spyan eye Q~ bran servant
~~
~~ sman Medicine QiI'~
Q;;'~ btsan a spirit "l;;;~
i'la:;~ mtshan name (hon.)
(han.)
s:~
5~ rdzun Lie "1,,~
"1-'"~ gzan upper robe ~~ rin Price
rll~ an answer j'lQ
j'lQ khab needle I!lQ khrab shield
I!!"
<E,Q chab water (hon.
(han. i)Q
~Q deb book ~Q phub armour
~"phub
"lQ
UlQ yab father ~Q srab bridle a;q tshab representative
a;"
~"l khyim house
~i'l <E,"l
<E,i'l cham ritual dance r:>.~"l
r:>.~i'l 'jim clay
"1']i'l
"1']"l gtam talk Q~"l
Q~i'l bsnum
bsn~m oil ~"l
~i'l yum mother (hon.)
(han.)
rlli'l
rll"l lam road r:;'"
r::'" khur load "lj'l'"
i'lj'l'"mkhar palace
1lI'"
:lj'" sgar camp "1~'" gter treasure ~'" thur downhill slope
q", par photograph "l'"i'l'" mar butter "1-'"'" gzar rug
"1"'"
4'" shar east j'lC1l
j'lCll khal load "lrll
i'lrll mal bed
"li)rll
i'l~rll mdel bullet Qrll bal wool ~rll sbrul snake
a;rll tshil fat ""rll zhal face (hon)
(han)
3.61 EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX NOUNS
A complex noun can be formed by adding a formative suffix to a simple noun stem, otherwise
it will remain as a simple noun stem. The root of a complex noun is always the first syllable and
the formative suffix can be dropped when assimilating in general context of a sentence without
losing the meaning of the nominal root. Most complex nouns
nOuns are free forms of simple nouns if
the formative suffixes are not added to form complex noun stems. However, there are number
of complex nouns whose last member of the stem also cannot be elided unless compounded with
another complex noun stem.
....
3.62 ENDING IN FORMATIVE PARTICLE ~ PA,.e.J
PA,~ PO AND ~ PU
>ljc.'"
>fJc.'" j'lc.'q c.c."..
c.c."" ~"1."
~"1"" ~"1"" ,,\,,\.q
,,\,,"q
rkang pa khang pa ngang pa thag pa thig pa dad pa
leg house swan rope drop faith
"\"\.q
~,,\"q 2]"1'" !:l"l"q ~,,\"q
~"i"q "l"1' q ~"\.,,
~"i""
nad pa Ipag pa
lpag phrag pa sbyin pa mag pa smyon pa
patient skin shoulder gift groom mad man
 <r.;:j ~ ..;:j
~'.;:j
~or.;:j .Il"r.;:j
.Il"l" .;:j <1".;:j
..;:j
~" ..;:j 'lI'" .;:j
ltad mo
rno rno ba mo
thab mo rno rtse mo
rno
rgad mo rno rno
rgyal mo
queen show quarrel dew peak
old lady
/
..;:j
~ ..;:j
~ 1lI'~
IJI'~ "I~t:..~ "1~t:.:~
<l;)t:.:~
<;Ja;",..;:j
i;Ja;",'.;:j 'll'.;:j
mtshan rno va mo
rntshan mo rno zhwa mo rno lha rno gcung mo
Iha mo rno bzang mo rno
night vIxen
vixen hat
hat goddess younger sis. a female name
';'
3.65 ENDING IN SPECIAL SUFFIXES
Generally nouns ending in the following special suffixes serve to differentiate the meaning of
noun stems otherwise somewhat similarly spelt and pronounced. There are several such
formative particles which perform the function of dimunitive nouns as will be. exemplified
below. The special suffix in complex nouns are determined by the final of the preceding
syllable.
b_,_
b<
"I,\t:.
"I,\t:. 'If"! ~",'j'l "\S'>:"j'l
"\S"'j'l "I~'>:"j'l
"I~"'j'l '11.>:.'' 1
'l!"'''1
'\s,,'
s,,·"!' 1 g~er kha
ston kha dbyar kha gter star ga
dpyid ka gdengs ka
hood autumn summer mme
mine walnut
K...
K..___ spring
ok:"1
0it:.·"1 iii·t:.
iii·t:. ~.t:. '\~"5
£1.>:.'
£1"."1' 1 "lor"l
Ulor"l '\~:5
yal ga long ga go nga sgo nga dbyu gu
~> ber ga
belly collar egg the 9th month
stick branch
/', ~.~ ~"a;
., i'i:: ~.~
i~;.,_
~t:."~
>l1t:."~ ~~
mu
rnu ge cho nge ku co Twa co gla cha
seng ge . wages
lion famine lamentation noise horn
~£
Q"I'a,
Q"I'a; or a,
ora; a,
f1.I"I" a;
"-1"1' j'l"~
F'~ "113
"1'3
,\"1' a,
'\"1' a;
brag cha la cha lag cha kha che Gau
dag cha amulet box
echo seal wax tool Muslim
:'.:::.,
:"':'-;,' spelling
.q~. ::-
Q~'::- cJ;.r1j
a;'f1.I
--
1ll":3
8'l":3 "1':3
'1':3 ~":3
~':3 ~':3
ba ru skyu ru byu ru bse ru cho 10
it"'!;;:.
itf,;:" a ru
myrobalan olive coral rhinoceros dice
myrobalan
i"~~
3.66 DIMUNITIVE NOUNS
~f3
~'3 'le:
<1'3 ~e:
~'3 ~f3
~'3 ~e:
~'3
Br: rde'u dre'u
i,c~_
it"'~- rte'u
khye'u sge'u he'u
be'u
ginger calf foul . pebble mule
infant
rile:
iilr: 1?J'
l?J"~5 .<jr:
-'1e: >l1e:
~'3 ~
Se:
S~ l
ri'u
I· le'u lu gu she'u se u
byi'u goat
chapter lamb lamb pomegranate
bird
i9"~"1 ~iQ';:J"I 4"1';:J"I
'14"1" ;:J"I S'3,
-~ I.j'' '
"I~",'~ ~f~
~f5
gzhon nu phru gu khyi phrug zhim phrug stag phrug phu nu
'';'~~.~
.""~~-
child puppy kitten cub brothers
youth
:0:';'>
~"'>~
,
c_~:"_-
;:~~"
 ~
"\. <.i ~c::..<.i
~e::.'<.i 1l..
1l..r<.i '2!c::.. <.i
!e::.'<.i !'~c::..<.i
Ie::.'<.i ~~.<.i
~"l'<.i
i "\'
rtsod pa tshong pa zarn pa lungpa zhing pa sprin pa
dispute merchant bridge valley farmer cloud
v v v v
"\"1-",. Q ~,,\.Q Gj,,\.Q
Gj,,\'<.i ~~.Q
~il\' <.i ",~c::..Q
'lJ~e::.'<.i ~c::..Q
~e::.'Q
"\"1"'-'Q ~"\'Q
dkar pa skyid po rgad po sngon po gcung po sprang po
white happiness old man blue younger bro,
bro. beggar
",~c::..Q
'lj~e::.'Q Q
rlJ·'Q
5rll ",~-",.Q
"I~"'-'Q
""\'lJ'Q
""\''I"Q ~~.Q
~il\'Q .. "",;;g.Q
..g'Q
bdag po blon po drnar po gtsang po rgyal po gyar po
owner minister red river king loan
~",. Q
~'lj' Q Iii",·Q
Iii'lj'Q ~".~ ~".~
sog po og po
~"'~
rtsid pu sgyid pu
~"'~
Mongolian crow young goat oven
...""
PARTICLEL:l
3.63 ENDING IN FORMATIVE PARTICLE L:l BA,S AND L:l BO
BA, S BU ANDL:l
"1."
"I'" 1'1."
1'1'" ~." <>l"\ -",. "
•'~"'-'" ij'"
lj." s·q
S'"
~'"
Irn-ba
ka-ba kha ba phyu ba rngar ba tho ba du ba
pillar snow gown black smith hammer smoke
v
~.q ~c::..<i
~e::.''l nic::.· <i
nie::.''l ~.Q
'!l'Q
~
",~r.>.. "
'ljil\r.>.'" Z:F'l
sc::.·" ~''l ~
gna' ba bung ba srne ba yung ba long ba so ba
antelop butterfly mole tumeric blindness unhusked grain
§l''3
!'l·s ~c::.·9
~e::.''3 <>Ja;"."
.>Ja;"l''3
-1_
"'<>J."
ll!.>J'
"'......'3 ~c::..q
~
~F'3 ......
QC:S
Qc::.."
......
gro bu I gling bu rnchan bu snam bu sprang bu bong bu
belly flute footnote felt beggar-boy donkey
~{1rs
~{'lrs ~.l:i
~'i:i ",~.Q
'lj~'i:i ~.Q
~'i:i ~.Q
~'.i:j
,,~ri:i
"\~rl:i
ril bu dgra bo chu bo gte bo do bo nu bo
pill enemy river gang leader load younger brother
3.64 ENDING IN FORMATIVE PARTICLE ~ MA AND ~ MO
-...
v ... .>/
~-",.,;J [!l.<>J
[!l'.>J ~"I ..>/ 5·<>J
5'.>J ~.<>J
~'.>J "'ilI
~"'-'<>J ~"I'ilI •
skra rna khra rna grog rna rgya rna rnga rna snye rna
star spite ant scale tail fern
S·<>J ~.,;J ,;J~r.>.
<>Ji .>/
l\r.>.'.ill
"I~-",..>/
'lj~"'-'ilI .ll'" <>J
.lj"'. .>J ~"'ilI
~"'•.>/ S'.>J ~'<>J
~
gter rna thur rna sderrna dri rna nu rna rnna' rna
mna'
treasure spoon . plate smell breast bride
.>/ m·<>J
1ll'.>J .... <>J
,,'.>J Il'l.'>/
ll'l'ilI is'is· .iJ
~'!l'
~~ •ill S·<>J
S'.>J
snas rna bye rna bla
bJa rna rama
ra rna a rna
ama rno
khyi mo
yarn sand teacher goat (she) mother dog (she)
 3.67 DISYLLABLE NOUN STEMS
There are several notable differences between complex noun stems and disyllabic noun stems
in the following ways: In the disyllable noun stem, the bare root of the simple noun need not to
be the first constituent but can be either the first or the last without definite reasons provided.
The dropping of non-noun root will not maintain the meaning of the disyllable stems of the noun
but will often modify it into an unrelated simple noun. Disyllable noun stems are generally
bound and are not free:
L
/
""J-,"-'Ilj"in<
""J-'"-'~"ir>l &q'~Ilj
&"'~ll! "~'IlJ~
"~'IiJ~ ~t:..~-,"-
~t:.'~-'"- ~n<'~
~r>l'~
dkar gyol skub steg dge rgan grong khyer rgyal sgo
porcelain chair tutor town gate
. v
[, q'",!
ct"'l'
et"'!'-'-'"- "''''I -,"-OJ'~ UlOJ'''l
"lOJ'''l '5'''lt:.
chos ra ba so ral gri yal ga ha yang
monastic class ivory sword branch aluminium
t-< .
to.-- 3.68 DERIVED NOUN STEMS
Derived noun stems are connected with animate nouns who are nominated by the things they
do, and most appropriately by their occupation. The 'doer' noun derives from verbs and is
formed by adding a derivational suffix to the simple noun stem which expresses the meaning
'connected with .>Ij'l~' mkhan or belonging to '" pa. There are number of categories of
[:It:~.- .-
derived noun stems which are added to the distinctive simple noun stems as we shall discuss
,<:,~e;\
here, There is also derived noun stems from verb stems by adding an agentive suffix either to
simple or compound verb or noun stems:
r "}' .>If'l~
"1' .>I1'l~ ~'.>II'la:,
~'.>If'la:, S·.>II'l~
S·.>If'l~ q~n<'
"~r>l' .>I1'l~
.>If'l~ ~' .>I1'l~
.>If'l~
rku mkhan gru mkhan ngu mkhan beol mkhan nyo mkhan
fju thief boatman cner investor buyer
v
r:>.~' a:Jl'lili
.>Jf'l~ It:.'a:Jl'lili
,k.>Jf'l~ ~'.>Il'lili
~'.>If'l~ q~'a:Jl'lili
"~'.>Jf'l~ "l .>Jf'l~
t:.'a:J1'
''It:.' l ili
~;;""'
'bri mkhan thsong khang rdza mkhan bzo mkhan yong mkhan
author seller potter manufacturer comer
to,:
q-:ra:Jl'
"-:r lili
.>Jf'l~ 8'.>1' a:Jl'lili
.>Jf'l~ .>Jf'l"'l'"
a:J1'l"'!'" ~-'"-'" i:,'"
bshu mkhan r150m
rtsom mkhan mkhas pa sger pa rnga pa
" copier composer scholar private drummer
Ilj~"'" 1'f'l'r1J' 'l},\,gj'q
'l},\'.li'q ct"'l'
et"'!'""
'f"
'?''' l'r1J'"" ii
f{;. ~~"'"
gcod pa nya pa kha 10 pa ltad mOjba
mOiba chos pa
Chad
Chod student fisherman driver spectator religious person
v
.l'j'.>Jr>l'"
.l'l'a:Jn<'" <:I,,'"
<:I,,' " ~n<'r:>.S-'"-'"
~r>l'r:>.S-'"-' " Q"I~'"
Q"I"'l'" j'l.>J'Il'
j'la:J'Ij'""
tha mal pa bod pa rnal 'byor pa sbrags pa khams pa
ordinary Tibetan Yogi postman Khampa
f:_';
 •
3.69 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS
In Tibetan nominal compounds are formed by a juxtaposition of one or more noun stems and
each of its constituents are meaningful in themselves unlike the disyllable noun stems where the
formative particles have no separate meaning of their own. Tibetan has a largely developed
compounds of nouns, verbs, adjectives and as well as adverbs. Generally the Jll::.'l!("i'q
jjl:;.'l!("i. q ming-
sdud-pa (co-ordimltive nominal compounds) consist of two nouns and when there are more
than two nouns compounded together they are followed by the number of the nouns listed. It is
the first syllables of disyllabic or polysyllabic ,nouns which are compounded, hence the
Tibetan nominal compounds are difficult to follow if one does not know the forms of the root
noun stems of the compounded.
~",'ft;,
~",'flt;, "iSr'lJ'f1t;,
''is''ff1t;, a;t;,'f11:;.
<£,t;,'f11::.
sman khang dnguI khang chang khang
medicine house= hospital money house =bank alcohol house = tavern
~"I~'f1t;, 11::.
e.'f11:;. J,J.¥:"i' 11::.
J,J.i:"i'f11:;.
tshogs khang ja khang mchod khang
assembly hall.=hall tea house shrine room
~
~'''lfll
~''''r'lJ ~r'lJ'~",
~"rlil'" ~'fi1
~'fil
rgya bal rgyaI bIon
rgyal blon nyi zla
India and Nepal king and ministers slln and moon
"i9'~"1 n:;'Q", ~F~J,J~
dge sdig 10 pan byang sems
virtue and non-virtue Lotsawa and Pandita
l.otsawa Enlightenment thought
"l,\·J,J.i:"I·"I~t;,·r.>.5.~·r.>.~"I·S'i·"I~<>I· Cl'\·"I~t;,·r.>.~"I·"I~J,J bde-gsang- Jig-
"''\'J,J.¥:''I'''I~t;,'r.>.5.~'r.>.~''I'S'i'''I~J,J· is compounded as Cl'\·"I~t;,'r.>.~"I'''I~J,J
gsum Cakrasamvara, Guhyasamaja and Yamantaka.
'lI"I·~1:;.·9·1;!t;,·"I~J,J is compounded as 'lI"I'~t;,'§I::.'''I~J,J
'lI"I'~I::.'9'§t;,·"I~J,J stag-seng-khyung-gsum tiger, lion &
'lI"I.~t;,'I;!I:;.'''I~J,J stag-seng-khyung-gsllm
eagle.
?'J,J~"'·eI"I,,,,,~·ti;!I::.·"I~J,J
?·J,J~"'·eI"I·",·~·tl;!l:;.·"I~J,J is compounded as ?·eI'lj·§I::.''lj~J,J
?·eI'lj·I;!I:;.·'lj~J,J rta-phyag-khyung-gsum
Hayagriva, Vajrapani and Garuda.
~·"i9·<:!"Ir.>.·~t;,·<:!f.\·
~·~r"i9·12i"l'!l·<:!"jr.>.·<:!~"i·~I:;.·J.I' is compounded as ~·"i9·Cl"lr.>.'~t;,·Clf.\·
~'~r"i9·!2i"l'!fCl"jr.>.'Cl~"i'~I::.'J.I" sa-dge-bka'-rnying-
bzhi Sakya, Geluk, Kagyud and Nyingma, the four Tibetan Buddhist traditions.
ubordinate nominal compounds are formed by disyllabic nouns where the genitive case
suffix of the former and last particle of the latter are dropped in its process of compounding.
The first constituent of the compound stands as an attribute of the last and, it depends on the last
to determine its meaning.
~['lJ'i:ir..:.~~
~fll·i:ir..:·~~ rgyaI
rgyal po'i sras, king's prince = ~r'lJ'~~
!5ifll'~~ rgyal
rgyaJ sras = prince
<1'lr..:'jj"l
Il'lr..:'jj"l chu'i mig, water's eye = ~.jj"l chu mig =spring
~'jj"l
ci:~.~.~
ci:~.~.~ chos kyi sde, religious community ci:~.~
= ci:~'~ chos sde=monastery
 ~'<>Ji'.i'~<:.
~'<>Ji'.l'~<:' nyi ma'i gung, sun's middle = ~a:,'~<:' nyin dgung
~a:,'~<:. Dyin = mid day
SYNONYMOUS COMPOUND
,. Synonymous compounds are also used.in Tibetan in a definite mode of expression in which
two syllables either nouns or adjectives of similar meaning are grouped together to simplify in
,< explaining the either meaning of the two words by its usage:
"inja:,'<>Ji"I
"inja:,' <>Ji"I ~a:,'!!I"I W'''I'"J~
W'''I~~ ~a:,'~"'1~
~a:,'~"'1~ r:l."i<>J'~l:l
r.l."i<>J'~l:l
..~
"jt.s
dkon mchog glen lkug glu gzhas snyan grags 'dam rdzab
jewel dumb song fame mud
-,;., ..
-,;'.
;','
;0" "i<Jr:l.'<>JE(<:,~
"i<Jr.l.'<>JE(<:,~ l:lia:,'t:l,~~
l:lia:,'r.l.~~ ~nr~<>J~
~nr~<>J~ ga:,'<>J~"1
ga:,'<>J~"ll ~.~<:.
~'~<:'
dpa'mdzangs brtson 'grus tshul khrims tshon mdog zhe sdang
bravery diligence morality colour hatred
.,/'
""-
~
~~r"l"-
~~'''ll''' -9~'''-l:l
-9~''''l:l "I11'Q~"i
"ll:1l'Q~"i I ~~~'~"1
~~~'!i"l Lf
L<l" <>J
<>J
I
"$i
-,it.;..: zlos gar shes rab gzibrjid mdzes sdug pha rna
drama wisdom glory beauty parent
3.71 ABSTRACT NOUN COMPOUND
[<
Abstract nouns are formed by grouping together two adjectives with opposite meaning:
~ "1"-' ru
"ll""1ij gar-sla (thick-thin) thickness of liquid
~i>f~a:, skam-slon (dry-wet) dampness or dryness
~'\'~"1
~"i'!i"l skyid-sdug (pleasure-sorrow) condition of life
~'~a:, khe-gun i (profit-loss) price of goods
"i"llr:l.'~"1
"i"lr.l.'!i"l dga'-sdug (good-bad) quality of things
"i~'''I~a:,
"i~r"l~a:, dgra-gnyen (enemy-friend) relationship between people
4j~'''Ii>;a:, rgas-gzhon (old-young) age
,.,- ~
l;,
t,.;. '1('::/ snga-phyi (early-late) time
~'~c:. che-chung (big-small) size
r.l.g<>J'~Q
r:l.g<>J'~Q 'jam-rtsub (smooth-rough) texture
<>J~'''i<>Ja:, tho-dman (high-low) height
"ic:.'~"1
'ic:.'~"1 dwang-snyog (clear-muddy) cleanliess of water
<la:,'''ll~''i
<la:,'''I~''i phan-gnod (benefit-harm) effect
~
::j'~<>J
:nj<>J phra-sbom (thin-thick) size of thread, rope etc
~c:.'~Q rtsing zhib (coarse-fine) fineness of flour
a;'~c:. rsha-grang (hot-cold) temperature
 i<l~<:'"f@,,\ mdzangs-blun
mdzangs-bJun (wise-fool) intelligence
<1.'0<:"<:',,\
"1.'1<:''<:'"\ bzang-ngan (good-evil) quality of a person
~'g<:. ring-thung (long-short) distance, length
q~'4'" brJan-gsher
brlan-gsher (wet-fluidity) moisture
llj~""f<:'
llj~""f<:' gsar-rnying (new-old) new.
3.72
3. 72 c>Jt::.. £1lI NUMBER
~t::.' £ll!
Tibetan nouns and adjectives have grammatically three numbers although dual is seldom used
in practice. "I;sllj'£"1 i<l<:"£"1 mang-
"I iSllj'£"1 gcig-tshig, singular; "I,~r£"1 gnyis-tshig, dual; and i<l<:.'£"1
i5"1 cag, ;g
tshig, plural are the three numbers. There are several dual and plural suffixes: .0"1 ii
tsho and j,i<l~ rnams which are attached to nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the sigular
number to express plurality. They are independent of the suffix of the preceding syllable. The
grammatical dual suffix is '1"1 dag but it is also used for plurals and ''1 nyid is used for
singular.
3.73 COLLECTIVE NOUN SUFFIX
There are number of collective noun suffixes '1"\ kun, ib<:.:i<l tshang rna, '15 dgu, "C!
brgya, ~'lj .lji<l~ri5'1 thams-cad, i<l.lj~''1''l
~llj cog, .lji<l~r.o'1 i<l.lj~''1''l mtha'-dag, ;g ii"l~ tshogs, Ui<:.~'
ii tsho, ;g"l~
ti'''I~ yongs rdzogs,::I<:. kbyu which all signifies many, all, collection,
rdzogs,::I<:' phung, and § khyu
everything, and everyone, These terminations are more common in classical Tibetan than in
modem spoken language where the appropriate enumerative numerals or the word j', tsho or
....
i<l<:.'
i<l<:"l.ll.l mang-po are used to express plural. Collective nouns are formed when the appropriate
lexical plurals are affixed to the correct animate an inanimate nouns.
3.74 EXAMPLES
i5.Ji''J''\
~i<l~' .o.Ji''J''\ ~q'ib<:'li<l
~q'ib<:'li<l ~~'1''15 Ui'1'~'~'lj
Ui'1'~' ~llj
sems can kun deb tshang rna 'dod dgu yod do cog' cog:
all living beings all the books everything desirable everything
§J'lj~'ibli<l~'i5'1
§Jllj~' ij' .!li<l~' .0'1 '1~'q'i<llilr:r,,\"1
'1~'q'i<l.lj~'''i''l <:.' j', p'~,;g
~~'ii
grogs po thams cad dge ba mtha' dag nga tsho 'di tsho
all the friends all the virtues we these
~
jj' ;g'lj~
ii"l~ ~,,\'~c:.
~"\'~c:. 4<:,'~c:.
4<:"~<:' nJ'lj'e!
~"I'1;l
mi thsogs sprin phung shing phung
--
lug
Jug khyukbyu
gathering cluster of clouds heap of wood flock of sheep
........- ""-
-
3. 14'c>Jr:l.'?ll!~
3, 75 I.4'JJf.l.'?llI~ GENDER
In the Sanskrit, French and other languages, every noun is of the masculine, feminine or the
neutar gender. It is difficult to see the logic of applying the term 'gender' to things and
substances which are destitute of sexual properties, This however is not the case with Tibetan,
which, in this respect, has followed the order of nature, The names of males are of the
 masculine gender; the names of females are of the feminine gender; and all other nouns are of
neutar gender.
gender,
/
In spite of the gender division in the Tibetan alphabet, there is no grammatical gender ?"1~
rtags in Tibetan language.
language, However animate nouns have either seperate word for masculine
and feminine or if they share the same stem then the feminine is formed by adding suffixes such
.<••. _~
as Jl rna or
or.;j
J:j rno to simple or complex animate noun stems,
stems. Complex masculine noun stems
ending in .Q
.<:l ba, Q
Q pa, Q po and i;i pho are substituted by Jl or.;j
rna or J:j rno to form
,,~---
...
feminine, and simple animate nouns also take either Jl rna or Jl rno if there is no seperate
word,
feminine word.
/
"-,,,-~
3.76
3,76 EXAMPLES
1.,.~--
1._.~--
~ - ~."I ~~,\Jl",
is jS"Ji
IS""-l ~'''I ~~"Jl",
khyi rno khyo ga skyes drnan
;: khyi
kbyi
dog bitch husband wife
'i,,~-"
."",~~"
'\iiI'~1'.I "i~'~1'.I"ilJ
"i~' ~O,i' ill "i"l'~e:.
--
"iilJ·~e. '\iiI' me::
"ilJ' ill
~e.' ilJ
"ilJ' ~O,i
dge tshul dge tshul rna dge slong dge slong rna
~,.,-."'-- fully ordained nun
novice novice nun fully ordained monk
Il'l.~
Il'l'~ .Q~""Q
.<:l~""Q .Q~"".ill
.<:l~""ilJ
~'Q
grva pa a ne btsun pa btsun rna
monk nun monk nun
~,,-..,
~",.., ....
=<.",'Q'~
=<.",'Q'~ f'qii'",'ill
f'qil","ilJ 'i/"I
'l/"I 'i/"I'Jl
'l/"1'Jj
-
rin po che rje btsun rna stag stag rno
Venerable sister tiger tigeress
~\;;d-
,\q",'q
"iQ",'Q "iQ~'Jj
"iQ~'Ji '7 <iI"i'Jl
~"i'Jl
-
/
tt"":-
tt""-- dpon po dpon rno rta rgod rna
chief ladyship horse mare
~O,i'J:j
~1'.I"Ji "iqr:>:'l
,\Qr:>:<5 '\Q(:l..Ji
"iQr.>.'Jj
~..f' ~O,i'Q
~1'.I"q
rgyal po rgyal rno dpa' bo dpa'rno
II
king queen hero heroine
>,,",$'
I
Q,\'Q
'l"i'q I Q"i',ij
'l"i'Jj
~rij
~r?'.i ~r,ij
~rJj
bya pho bya rno bod pa bod rno
'",.;- rooster hen Tibetan man Tibetan lady
q"(~"I~) Jj
q'(~"l~) Ji 2j
21 2j'Jl
21' J:j
-
me:.
me.
glang ba (phyugs)
(Phyugs) rno va va rno
ox cow fox vIxen
';;;;:-,
\;,...
"l'q ..<:j'J:j
4'.;j t..!"l'q
"'l"l"Q "'lQr Ji
t..!"l'Jj
' '1' '1
sha ba sha rno phag pa phag rno
i l":;'-<:
l"-;'-<:
J',
/:
~j;':-
~j,':-
 pIg sow
buck doe
':l':J ~riJ
"I"l"l o.~
t>.~
bu bu mo
gyag 'bri girl (daughter)
female yak boy (son)
yak
..,..
3.77 6'\' a;~ ADJECTIVES
An adjective is used to indicate a specific attribute.
attribute connected with a noun. noun, With exceptions
most adjectives in Tibetan
TilJetan frequently appear after the noun followed by either of the additional
particle e.g,
e.g. Q Zi J.l J,J ,ij also occur as the last syllable of some
J,J ,ij etc. Please note that ~ Zi J.l
nouns as we have seen,seen. In some cases there are adjeCtives which are put before the noun" noun.
Declension of one, two or more adjectives take place after the additional particle of the last
adjective, pronoun or after the article if there is one. Majority of classical Tibetan adjectives are
formed from substantives by adding q,,'ll'Q ""1 Il!'"
q"~"Q ,,'" 2!"1 J,Jc.o.'q
J.lc.t>."q Gi"'Q
Gi,,"Q or by adding either of the five "'. ~
genitives,
genitives. These represent English adjectives ending in ate, en!, ish, Jul, ive, ious, eous, ive,
._J
etc. Negatives are formed either by prefixing or suffixing J.l .jl" "I'll
~"1 .j:j"
J,J ~ ~'" "I~ Srll ~c. and "q",
which correspond in their use to dis, less, ii, im, and un prefixed adjectives in English. English, The
latter two can be used as adjectives as well as verbs,
verbs.
3.78 EXAMPLES
"I~",,-"Lj
"I'll"'" Ll
C.","Q ~"I~"Q
~"I'll'Q ""-"l"QQ
"""I'
J.lfl~"Q
J,Jfl'll'Q c.""Q
fat coarse new
learned evil
~c..<:j
~C."<:j
~ ..tJ
..tJ "I~",.<:j
"I~","<:j "I41","<:j
"I41di"<:j ~c.·li
~c."Ii
clever clever
long antidote dead
~q'li
~q"Ii ~.>l·li
~J.l"Ii
~"I'li
~"I"Ii "C."<:j
"c.'<:j
~
".>l·li
"J.l"Ii round
rich first rough
tight
~q'll'Il!~
~<:J~"2!"1 ~~f2!~
~'ll'Il!~
iii"ri!"""I ~~"J;ili
~~'J:ili
~~",,"1
~'ll'''", ill'ri!'"'"
precious powerful strong
corporal lazy
~rll"2!~
~rll'Il!'" ~~f2!~
~~'Il!~ rs:"'Il!~
O:""2!~
"i"lt>. 'Il!'"
"i"I0."2!"1 bright light
joyous fortunate intelligent
q""~"<:Jrll
q"'~'qr>.i .j:j'U;j'<b'q
.jl"U;j""'"<:J
~"J.lD."O:"
~" .>lD.'rs:" 'iI"I'~''1j''l'll"
'iI"I"~"'1l"l~" Ll Q
"I~"""5'!l""" J.l
"I~""-'5'!l""-" .>l fire's heat
sun's rays tiger skin Tibetan wool
golden spoon
«~.~~
«"," ~"1 .>liF"l~
J.lilr.\ ""I~
.;.rO:~"Q
.;.r 0:'ll"Q JJ'~'LJ
~":::F" <:J ~"I~'.j:j"
~"l~".jl"
meaningless boundless
unsuitable unsuitable unobstructive
"I1'\~'~c.
"I1'\"I"~c. ~~'"q",
~~""q"l
~"Srll
~'SI1l ~"I"Qrll
~""Qrll
faultless empty of other physical isolation
stainless
I
I
 3.79
3,79 REDUPLICATED ADJECTIVES
There are also various semi-reduplicated forms of adjectives which are used either by
duplicating the first adjective or by adding some particles, These are more colloquially
COlloquially used than
literary:
;fjc:.';fjc:.'
'c:."c:.' ~F~c:.'
~F~,F ~-".'~-".' §ic:.'§ic:.
~""~"" ~h§"I
Concave straight roundish crooked rough
.t"l'.t"l '?"I.~"I
'?"I'~"I ~"I.;t"l
""I';t"l (1jq'(1jq
iihiljq
.:.;;.'
.:;;.' ~"I'~"I
:2"1':2"1
hasty problematic miscellenou~
miscellenou~ flat fl/de
flIde
~'q'~'q'
~'q'~'q' ~.ij.~.ij
~'ij'~'q "'"-1"1'
1"1'''-11'''1 ~"I'~"I
~ ~
"I~c:.'''I~c:.
"I"q"c:.
Very early very late better worse very clean
3.80
3,80 DEGREE OF COMPARISON
~
In some Tibetan dialects the adjectives of comparative degree is expressed bye:: more than,
thus ~'J.lll -".q', most, thus ",q'J.lll'
~·J.lll = higher and the superlative by "'''I', -".q·J.lll· =highest. However the most
/-
common degrees of comparison in Tibetan, are expressed by "l"l' (1j"l' q"l' and <:J"l' meaning "than"
which are put in between the name of the person or a thing to which comparison is made and the
adjective.
adjective, In spoken Tibetan the comparative is formed either by reduplicating the final of the
root stem of the adjective as shown in the examples,
examples. Adjectival suffixes are dropped in all
comparative and superlatives,
superlatives. Similarly superlative is formed by adding.i'j"l but this is more
frequently usSd in the spoken language than in classical.
Adjective Comparative Superlative Superlative
Colloquial Classical
.. j
,\"1-".' q
'\"1"" '\"1"""" (q.)
,\"1-".'-".' ("I') ,\"1-".'
'\"1"" .i'j"l .L'If,\"1-".·q
.L'If '\"1"" q
white whiter whitest x
J.I§i"l"l'ij J.J§"l"l'''I
J.I§"l"l'''I J.I§"I"l'.i'j"l
J.I§"I"l' .i'j"l .L"l'
.L "l' J.J§"I~'
J.I§"I~' <:J'
fast faster fastest x
~J.I,q
~J.I.q ~.>j'.>j'
~J.J' J.J' <:J' ~.>j' .i'j"l
~J.J' .L"l'~.>j' <:J
.L"l'~J.J'
tasty tastier tastiest x
~c:.,q
~c:..q ~c:.'c:.' ("I)
(q) ~c:.".i'j"l .L"l'~c:.' q'
clever cleverer cleverest x
"-I"I. q
"-I"I'q : "l"l'''I
"-1"1'' 1 Ul"l".i'j"l
"-I"I".i'j"l .J;"l'''-I''I'''I
~"l'Ul"l'''I
/,
/'t
good better best x
-' P.E.J.I.q
rJ.E.J.I' ii P.E..>j' .>j'
rJ.E.J.J'J.J' <:J' rJ.E.Jf.i'j"l
P.E.Jf .i'j"l .L"l'P.E..>j' <:J
.L"l'r.>.E.J.J'<J
smooth smoother SmOO(des(
smootdest x
"IIW<J
"IIW<:J
-- "I~d)'a;
"I~d\'a; "I~a;".i'j"l a;"l'''I~a;'<:J
.L"l'''I~a;'<:J
young younger youngest x
§c:.,q §ic:'c:. §c:.".i'j"l .L"l'§ic:.'c:.
a;"l'§ic:.'c:.
rough rougher roughest x
,\<:Jr.>.,q
,\<:JI<'q ,\<:Jr.>.'q
,\<:JI<'q ,\<:Jr.>.".i'j"l
,\<:JI<".i'j"l .L"l',\<:Jp"q
.L"l',\<:JrJ.'q ,
brave braver bravest x
!:
A
 3.81 ADVERBIAL SUPERLATIVES
There are adjectives which are formed inyto comparative and superlative by puttinmg number
of adverbial particles before the positive. They can be rendered into Enmglish coparative and
suprelatives which are formed by putting more and most. There are several choice of
superlative forms for one comparative form ...q.
...q.
S U P E R L A T I V E S
Adje~tive
Adje~;tive Compa~tive
Compa~tive
q"c:l.l q·~"q"C"q
...q"~·q"C"l.l -9"i"~"
-9"'i"~" x J;2\I' x
J;l\1" UlC.l\j'l\j'
"ic'\I"2\1"
~ x '1"'i'~'
'1"i"~" x
"l"c.'q
very good extremely x eminently x entirely x completely x
good_
"Il\ln.j" q
"I2\I(lj"l.l ...q"~'''12\1(lj"(j
q'~'''Il\ln.j"(j -9"l"~"
-9~'~' x J;2\I" x
J;l\l' UlCl\j'l\j'
"ic~r~r ~ x '1"l"~"
'1~'~' x
Very clear extremely x eminently x entirely x completely x
Clear
3.82 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES
f'l.~"1
['l'~"1 "1C"UlC
"IC.'UlC "1C"UlC'~'q
"IC.'Ulc":~r::<l 0."10.
'j"'i
'j"\
all someone whatever whichever some
~.>l2\l
qF~.>ll\l
'ljC' "IC''\''I
"Ic.",\"1 "Id"t"l
"I d "t"1 ~"'\"I 0.~",\"1
I>.~''\''I
those who whatever whosoever whatsoever these
o."lo."UlC
o."Io."UlC. ~"UlC
~'UlC. ~"UlC'::::C'q
~'UlC."~C."<l Q"t'\"l
Q't'\"1
--
Cl.
r.>."I0."~"1
"II>.' ~"I
some some also whatever anything any
"1t'\"l"~""lC
"It'\~'~'''IC
(lj"(lj
n.rCll
Cl.
r.>.qo."~"1
<ll>.' ~"I "1t'\"'i
"It'\"\ ''It'\''l"~''1
"It'\~'~"1
only other another thing whosoever someone
>-'
, 1t.~".~"r'\"1
1t"~'\'~.r'\"1 1t.~
1t"~ ... 1t,~,\
1t.~,\
(lj"(lj"~"1
Cll"(lj"~"1 ~""1C"'\"l
~f"lC.',\"I
someone whosoever however many just as until
~2\I'''l
~l\l'~ ~.~, <ll\l'"\
~.~" q2\l""'i ~'''l2\l
~'~l\l
~.~,\ ~"q~"l'5
~'q~~'5
upto accordingly therefore therefore thereupon
~"~ o.~"~", o.~"~,\
o.~'~,\ ~"~'\
~'~'\ ~""l<:'
~'''I<:'
...
~''l!'" o.~''l!'"
in this way thus thus with regard to
likewise -...... ...... ....
~"~o.c
~''l!o.c ~"q1¥\"'\
~'<l1¥i''\
~'.>l'i1"l"~ ,\sq(W"i
'\S<lt'\~'"'i ~"~"'""'l<:'
~''l!'''''';c. ~
~·.>l'iI"I"~
immediately that is so even so however similarly <
3.83 '1It:...l:;l
'1It:..~ NUMERALS
Numerals occur in the same position as number suffixes in a noun phrase. Tibetsn numerals
can be sub-classified is .>lc.·'7c.'Qr~c.l\l cardinals, b) i;j"4r§)'~<:'2\1
as follows: a) .>l<:'·'7<:,"Qr~C2\I i;j-:~. ;r§j"~<:'l\l ordinals, c) i"llll"qr.l:
l"1l1l·l.la:
.; -
~c.l\j aggregatives, d) ~C.'\I"5"J"4'\1
~c.'\I ~c.l\l'5·"'·4l\l fractionals, e) o.~"'"lliq J~\o.g:~.qf.('~c.l\j
0.~"'·1li<l multiplicatives f) .t,\·o.~"l"l.la"~c.'\I
approximatives and g) fJ.e:.(lj"~'\"5"~<:.
0.e:N~'\·5'~<:'l\l2\1 mea~urements.
mea~urements.
~
aK"'?t:.."l:r:F~
3.84 J.lt:...,?t:.. ·Qr~t:...l:;l CARDINAL NUMERALS
~
The Tibetan cardinal numbers are simple to count with the exception of some spelling
irregularities. Fifteen and eighteen do not share Q~ but are said and written q;S"~ q;S'<l!;j'\
<l;S'~ and q;s.q::J'\
.Ij.>l'l.l to denote a decade.
respectively. The tens are also suffixed with .Ij.>l'q decade, There are other suffixes
~"l
~"I and.t thousands. Generally the prefiX
and a; which are put after all tens, hundreds and thousands, prefix 9"1 is
Q is changed into
dropped and also the root letter Q a; from "l~"l
into'" "I~"I when it is used to count higher
 ·v
numbers above one hundred.
hundred, The elision of prefix "I applies to "I~~ and "I~"l for higher
numbers.
numbers, Each scores of ten has a separate particle corresponding to ty in English which is put
nine.
between the ten and the units upto ninety nine,
, "I~"I 1 one 11 eleven qil'''I~''I
'lil'''I~''I
t 'I
"
"I~'ll
"I~'Il 2 two 12 twelve ''I qil'''I~'Il
'lil'''I~'ll
'I "I~"l
"I~"l 3 three 13 thirteen p~
P'I qil'''I~''l
'lil'''I~''l
~
e
e qil'ql'j
'lil''ll'j p""
,e qil'q~
4 four 14 fourteen 'lil''l~
''-"-
" 5 five q~'~
'" ~ 15 fifteen 'l~'~
§"I 6six 16 sixteen
'"p"- q,,'!'i"l
'l,,'!'i"l
" ~~
~: '"p"
pJ q,\"i ,pJ
'l'\"i
~
7 seven 17 seventeen qil'q~"i
'lil''l~"i
I'
/
'"
...
''''
q~,\
'l~,\ 8 eight·
eight' 18 eighteen q~'q~,\
'l~''l~,\
~:f"
""
ft:f" I'
<'
'"'""
,~
'\~ 9 nine 19 nineteen qil',\"1
'lil''\''1 ~
~
'po
0 q:fJq<>f<l
'l:fJqM<I 10 ten 20 twenty w '?':I' Jq"l' <I
~':l'Jq"l'<1
t,,,"
L,
'I' ~':r~'''I~''1
~':r ~'''I~''1 21 twenty one etc,
22 twenty two etc. '1'1 ~':l'~'''I~''i
~':1'~'''I~'>i
- ~
llij'
8,· ~"l'
il''ll'''I''''I
il''Il'''I''''I 31 thirty one 32 thirty two etc,
etc. '1'1
~'1 ~"l'il'<;i'''I~Z;;
~"l'il'<;i'''I~Z;;
"'" 'l~'qil'~'''I~''I
q~'q~..~'''I~''I 41 forty one 42 forty two etc.
"e,
etc, q~'qil'~'''1~~
q 'l~''lil'~'''1~~
eo
~..;
~~ "" ~''lil'c:.·~''1
~'qil't:.'~"1 51 fifty one 52 fifty two etc.
etc, "'I
"-'I ~·qil'c:.·"I~'ll
~'qil·t:.'''I~'Il
'" 5i"l'''':<''''I~''I
§"I'il':<""I~"I
~ - 61 sixty one 62 sixty two etc.
etc, "'I §"I'il':<""I~'ll
§"I'il':<""I~'Il
q~"i'il"~"i'''I~''I 71 seventy one
""pJp 'l~"i'ir~"i'''I~''I 72 seventy two etc "''I q,\"i''''~"i'''I~'Il
'l~"i'il'~"i'''I~'ll
~ ~
~'
iiW' ~
..., q~,\'il'S'''I''''I 81 eighty one
"'" 'l~,\'il'~'''I''''I etc,
82 eighty two etc.. ,,~
~'I 'l~,\'il'~'''I~'ll
q~,\'il'~'''I~'Il
- ~
<',
1" '\5'qil'~'''I~''I
'\"I''l'''~'''I~''I 91 ninety one etc.
92 ninety two etc, I'~ ,\~''lil'''I'''I~'ll
<''I ,\~'qil'''I'''I'?'Il
~ -
,00 q~'Jq"l'<I
'00 q~'Jq"l'<1 100 one hundred
~- pop
po p q~',\t:.."1~"1
q~'''c:.'''1~''1 etc.
101 One hundred and one etc,
p(J!JJ.
P(llJJ. q~·,\t:.·q~"i'il·~"i'~ 175 One Hundred and seventy five,
Q~i'"c:.''l''"i'il'~"i·~
~
five.
,,-,->
1>::':;
pooo ~c:.'::I"I'''I~''1
~t:.'::j"l'''I~''1 or ~c:..a;."I~"I
~t:..a;."I~"I or £"r~c:.
£"r~t:. thousartd,
1000 One thousartd.
<\000
'\000 Wt:.'::j"l·"I~'Il or ~c:..a;."I~"l
Wc:.'::I"I'''I~'ll ~'Il.~t:.
~t:..a;,"I~"l or ~'ll'~c:. 2000 Two thousand etc.
~~)
~u
poooo ~'::I"I'''I~''1
~'::j"l'''I~''1 or ~'a;'''I~''I £"I.~
~'a;'''I~''I or £"I'~ 10000 Ten thousand.
W.J pooooo r:>.S"l·::I"I·"I~"I £"I·r:>.S"l 100000 One hundred thousand.
I'l.S"l·::j"l'''I~''I or £"I·I'l.S"l
/I'
p(llJJ.~(ll'l £"I·I'l.S"l·
P(J!JJ.~(J!'1 £"I·r:>.S"l· QW~'
qw~' ~'~c:.'''''I''l~' q'\il\'il'~"i'''I~''l1
~'~t:.',\"I'q~' 'l'\il\'il'~"i'''I~''l1
~ ~ ~
~~
~.% 175973 One hundred and seventy five thousand nine hundred seventy three.
'll'''l
'Il'''l a million. S'Q
S'Q ten millions.
'Sc:..;:t...,
'St:..;:t ij ....·r:>.8a:J
..., a hundred million. ij... I'l.',:a:J a thousand millions.
~,!:
~-:.
 4Y
ij,,'o.SilJ''!;Oj,q, million. ~QriS9'
ij,,·o.Si<J·,i;Oj·q· ten thousand million,
~
billion,
'!;OJ'l;J, a billion.
~9'iS9' ,i;Oj'<J,
~ ~ ~
9·...,J.I·::!l·~t::.~
3.85 9'..,J.j'::!1'::!t::.~ ORDINAL NUMERALS
All ordinals are formed from the cardinals by adding to them the particle l<J;J except the first,
which is ,,\e:::q instead of "I~"I'l;J
"I~"I'<J ~',,\r:;,'q'
~',,\r:;..q. ~'''I~~'l;J'
~'''I~~'<J' The
ordinals from twenty one onwards are somewhat abbreviated and modified form of the
cardinals. The volume number of books on Buddhist canon or collected works of great scholars
are expressed by the thirty letters of the alphabet from "I to ll'l, 30,
ll'I, denote the numerals from 1 to 30.
Volumes from 31 to '60 are expressed by th
thr thirty letters added with the vowel i
r ("i l1i ),
to I1i
volumes from 61 to 90 are expressed by the letters added with the vowel u ("I to!!3
to f!3 ), volumes
I , .....
~ ~
from 91 to 120 are expressed by the letters added with the vowel e ("I to ll'l
ll'I ) and lastly
:1
volumes from 121 to 150 are expressed by the letters added with the vowel 0 ("j to ll'l
ll'I
- ).
), For
".(
instance the volume number 78 will be marked ~ since a::; is the 18th letter of the alphabet
with the vowel u of the third cycle,
cycle.
,,\r:;..q
,,\r:;,'q 1st "I~~'l;J
"I~~'<J 2nd "I~ilJ'l;J
"I~i<J'<J 3rd "l~'l;J
q~'<J 4rth etc,
etc.
~"'''I~''I'l;J 21:st
~"'''I~''I'<J 2l:st ~'''I~''I'l;J
~'''I~''I' <J 31st ~'''I~''I'l;J
~'''I~''I'<J 41st r:;,'''I~''I'l;J
r:;.'''I~''I' <J 51st
~ ~
"'''I0''l'l;J
"'''I0''l'<J 61st ~ili'''I~''I'l;J 71st
~ili'''I~''I'<J 7lst :'r"l~"I'l;J
:,r"l~"I'<J 81st ~'''I~''I'l;J
~'''I~''I' <J 91st etc,
etc.
3.86 a;9~·.c:.]~·':!jI:.~ AGGREGATIVE NUMERALS
3,86 a;9~·.z:.]~·':!Il:.~
In order to express the meaning both, all five of them etc, either "I or a; is used after the
cardinal numerals, though the latter is used more frequently in spoken language, This form of
aggregative numerals or distributive adjectives apply only from unit 2 to 10,
"I~~'''I both "I~i<J'''I all three
"I~ilJ'''I q~."1 all four
"l~'''1 'I!.'''l all five
~"I'''I
~
all six q"\il)'''1 all seven
"l"\"i'''I q~,,\'''1
"l~,,\'''1 all eight "\5'''1 all nine
~
"I~"I' Salone "I~~' q."Ir:;.' ~r:;. either of the two
"I~~'<i'''Ir:;,''5r:;, :<,.:<,
:<.':<. each
~
3.87 ~'~'a;'4~
!jt::. ~'~'a;'4~
':!It::. FRACTIONAL NUMERALS
Tibetan fractional numerals are formed by adding~" and a; which correspond to aa. fraction
Or percentage,
§"\'''l
§,,\'''l half §,\',,\r:;,'''1~~
§,\',,\r:;.'''1~~ two and a half §,,\',,\r:;,'''l5ili
§,,\',,\r:;.·q5ili six and a half
"l~'~"'9~"1
q~'~"'9~"1 one fourth "l~'a;'9~9
q~'a;'9~9 a quarter
"I~"I·,,\r:;.·q~·a;·"I~9 One and one quarter
"I~"I',,\r:;,'''l~'a;'''I~9 "\5'a;'''1~~
"\"I'a;'''1~~ Two nineth
"l:Jj'a;'''\5
q:Jj'a;',,\5 9% Q:!i'a;'''l~''I!.
Q:li'a;'q~''I!. 15% Q:Jj'a;'Q~'11J.fl;J
Q:Jj'a;'Q~'.ljJ.f<J 100%
 .,.
3.88 D.~-".'~q MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERALS
~
There are several multiplicative suffixes in Tibetan,
Tibetan. ~q corresponds to 'times' and 'fold'. rl1~
rll~
ib.>; also can be rendered to times,
~.>; and ib""
5ij~ ~""
'iij~ times. However none of them are used when learning
how to multiply.
~"r~q two times, double ~"I'~q
~"I.~q six times etc. fllili'''I~d'I'q~,\
fllili·"I~il'I·q~,\ repeat three times. ~e:.'$'
"I'>;·'.i"5ij~·"I~~I;jq"l·q·"-,\1
"I""".i"'iij~'''I~''f'4q''l·C,J'=<-'\1 '1!."I"l·A~·~e:.·~.>;sr.q~e:.·,\iij"ll One should repeat
He went to India twice. '1!."I"l'A~'~e:.'~""srq~e:.·,\iij"ll
this mantra nine rounds of the prayer bead. ~~'~"l'~e:.'ib",,'~'q1'\'q4,\'''I~~'q' =<-'\1 He had told that
~~'~"l'~e:.' ib~·~·.q1'\·.q4,\·"'1~~·.q· "-'\1
story four times,
times. l".'I".'~'-:!'8'I".'1
1".·1".·~·-:!·8·1".·1 Five times five is five.
~enty five,
3.89 £"'o.g-,il\' q[l:~c.. ~
£"'o.g:il\' qf.l:~c.. Approximative Numerals
t./_.
1.' _~
..--__. _ When cardinal numerals are suffixed with;>d'I
with;>il'I and indefinite article 1'\"1
1'\"1 it forms
":-
approximate numeral in Tipetan. When a speaker is uncertain of the approximate, ;>d'I'1'\"I
;>il'I'1'i"l can be
~-.
~>c..-
augmented by '4rl1'.t""
'4rll·.t.>; (almost) before the numeral.
Examples
iii'~"I' ;>il'I·Aiij.>;·~· "-,\1
iii'~"I';>d'I'Aiij""'~' =<-'\1 It will take about six years,
years.
fie:.'
~e:.' ~' J;',\'I".' q' ;>il'I'fll'fll"l'''r ili "l'ni"l'''ic;~'
~. J:,\'I".'C,J';>d'I'fll'fll"l'''l'ili =<-'\1
"l·ni"l·tilc:~· "-,\1 He will be returning home from work at about 5
o'clock,
o'clock_
""c.::: __ e:.
e:. wr:J"I' q~' .t,\-q,\-4"1' A,\"1
£il'I-~' .t'\'C,J,\'4"1'A,\"1
.q~' £d'I'~' I have money to buy about four sheep.
sheep_
- ~
mq·
mq ' ~"I''\'
~"I-"- J:'~' il'I'il'I- 4~-;>il'I-rll'I1"r~-Uiilil
J;'-~- d'I'd'I'4"'" ;>d'I'rl1'I1"r~'Ulilil I will meet those students approximately before sun
i?
~~--
- - rise_
rise,
e:.'J:sr;>J.f il'I~il'I-:i'fl~-q-~"I-IlI-~-Uiilil
e:.' J;'Sj";>J,f d'I~d'I':i'fl~' C,J'1'i"l'IlI'''rUlilil About nine of us will be renting a house together,
together.
~-J:l·"·if,.>;·q-il'I·q.q-;>il'IW~il'I·,>;P.-~e:.wA5"1
~'J:l' '\' J,"'" C,J'd'I'qq' ;>d'I'fll'~d'I'""p., ~e:.'fll'r:>,5"1 rained,
The cat was in the garden just before it rained_
'4rl1',j;"","),C,J'q$';>d'I'1'i"r"i,\'''l'=<-'
'4rll' a;.>;.")-q' q~j" ;>il'I-~"rtil'\'''l- "-,\1\1 cavalries.
It appears that there were about 100 cavalries,
e:.·AE!:"i-1
e:.'r:>,E!:
01'1d'I'~rl1' ;>.>l-Oj" .>liij-ili·.q-"-,\1\1
il'I-~rll' ;>.>J'Ol'.>Jiij'ili'q'=<-' I had a headache just before the class finished.
3.90 D.E.().j'§"·~·~F~
D.E.(lr§"·~·~F~ MEASUREMENTS
,
~.~- Measurement of length, height, width and distance were carried out with small and large units
of the body. The following terms were used by traditional artists for the study of Tibetan
Buddhist iconometry and architecture as well as by common people to measure things.
things_ The
preferred term for one measurement is "Ie:. although the cardinal "I~"1 is also used.
~.>;
~.>;-JJ ~""
~",,'JJ finger-width
"ie:.'C,J ~.>;-JJ is called a leg
leg one-fourth of a ~",,'JJ
"F" grain A half of a leg,J,'-lie:.
leg_if,-<lie:. a smaller unit (Generally a finger width is one smaller unit)
"i"l-
"i"r
J,'.tili
if,' .tili large unit = 12 small units (Generally one face measure is one large unit)
~rl1' ib,\
~rll- ib'\ face measure = 12 finger-widths
il'I~-"Ie:.
d'I~'''Ie:. one span (The distance from the end of the extended thumb to the tip of middle finger),
finger)_
§-"Ie:.
§'''Ie:. a cubit (fhe firtger approx.
(rhe distance from the elbow to the extended middle finger approx_ 24 finger-widths),
finger-widths)_
;:-",I_,
 J L
~~"r"l<::'
~~"r"l<=- body span, a fathom (approximately 6 ft.)
([he
(rhe distance from the tip of the middle finger of one to the another of both anIlS spread horizontal!y,
horizontally, This is
about four cubits and is also the height of one's body)
$<::.':'1"1'"
$<=-':'1"1'" distant of an ear-shot, one $<=-':'1"1'"
$<::.':'1"1'" is 500 fathoms or body spans,
"l:J"I'a;" Abhidharma tradition ofBuddhist
a geographical mile (According to Abhidhanna of Buddhist cosmolgy one "l:J"I'a;"
"l:J"I' a;"
is eight $<=-':'1"1'"
$<::.':'1"1'" which is equivalent to 4, 00 fathoms),
~
/
\
..
 JL
CHAPTER FOUR
~-
4.91 ~dr,,§
~dr",§ THE CASES
Case is a grammatical category in which a noun and its relationship with another noun,
~L - adjective and verb are established, and express the distinctive form before the use of the case
;' signs. A noun remains as a noun unless it takes case signs. The use of the case signs aI"l'''iSD:'
a,.;:r"iSD:·
~ili between words and clauses strings together the words in the correct order to express the
meaning of a sentence. Since there are more than one case signs for most cases in Tibetan, it is
~. important to identify the appropriate cas~signs or particles allocated for each of the ten suffixes
~ and vowel ending syllables. Except for instrumental, locative and genitive cases', other cases in
Tibetan share same case signs. As the applicability of the case signs are determined by the
~ suffix or post suffix of the preceding syllable, the case signs belong to the dependent particles.
'if1t.lThe Tibetan case particles are placed after the syllables they refer to and not before as in some
'lf1t" (»
~i.e1
~i.e1 other languages. This will be shown below as we discuss the cases respectively.
-t~~ OJ>~s,'t::;
OJ'>~s,'t::; 4.92 ~·.<h'·"l·~ili·q·
~·.Q·i>',>rWili·q· ~?MI~ATIVE j,<. __ _
",.: :
~;. " ~ The subject of the sentence or a clause is called ~'q~«r'1!ili'q'
~'qi>'a:r'1!ili'q' nominative. ~'<r~"l''1!ili'q simply'
~'q'i>'JJ''1!ili'q simply·
nominates the subject of a sentence. The nominative is used more frequently in spoken Tibetan
than in classical Tibetan. A nominative case can be a noun, pronoun or adjective of a sentence.
Nominative takes no case suffix e.g.?
e.g,? = horse, .il = man, fi = he, ~'1 ~q book etc. When no
subject is given it is implied, so one has to comprehend the meaning of the sentence in the
correct context. For instance, in the sentence 1"·i\i~·ta;"I·"l~r~·iJ·<Ii~·q·<i:iilil
1"·i\i~·t>;"I·"l~r~·iJ·<Ii~·q·<i:iilil = (1, we) came early
We&'
wei'cc"--
morning yeste'rday. The subject "lor we" is implied by the auxiliary verb <i:iili. But all sentences
,
ending with <i:iili without an obvious subject does !lot necessarily imply the subject. Forr
~-.
instance, in the sentence 1"·i\i~·ta;"I·"lZ'l·~·iJ·iij~·q·iijili·q"Jl
1"·i\i~·t>;"I·"lz'r~·iJ·<Ii~·":riijOi·q"ll = did (you) come early morning yesterday?,
the interrogative particle q"J
<I"l implies the subject.
(lj'~r~r~r.q
4.93 l1.l~·'~rs·.q ACCUSATIVE
The accusative expresses the object of transitive verb, and are also used for expressing: (a) the
subject of the intransitive verb (b) the subject of the transitive verb (c) duration of time and
~pace (d) the object of desiderative adjectives. The Five accusative case signs are
extension oI ~pace
used to express the goal with verbs of motion are as follows: •
. ~"J·r:>.s"l·
~"l·r.>.s"l· "l~·r.>.s"l·
"l~·r:>.s"l· O1~'~;r '1'
O1~r~;rs'q'
S'
'1
"I ' q "i 'i
~ JJ
"i ili "l ... "1
01 '5.
"J
"l ~
"l ~
r:r.>.>. (and all vowel endings) ...
... :3
4.93.a EXAMPLES
::i;
fi~'ei'''i''l'1'~''r"ili'~'''1'~''i'
fi~'e)'''i''l'1'~''r "ili'~'''1'~''i' I.J
<I ~"I He (she) went to China to buy brocade(s).
ei01' iJi'(·f'lq·?·Zi·'?·~"I·q?~· q' ~"I
e)01' iJi":Rq'?'Zi''?'~''I'q?~' A messenger was sent [0
to Rajgriha .
..------ ">
- -------
(;",-.
 )j
QfF''=-'
IlfF''=-' aF 5,' ~'=-'{1r~' Ds'ri¥"ll
5.' ~'=-'<11'~' Go into the shrine and look who is there,
t<'l'l"J'=-'~'~'~'
«r~,=-'~'~'~' 4'" "l""5."':>'~'~'~'
"I""5."':>'~'~'~' :i.'il Uncle will not go until the sun rise,
t;:S'i',,'=- <.1-"'0. ~'o.~
t:.:S'i' ,,'=- '~'F'c.' q,,'o. ~'o. ~'i'ai'il
'i'~'il I wish to go to your house.
house,
jiic." '1"l~'''I''l' <.I':i.'il
Q"l~'''I''l' '~f ~<l)' q':i.'il Samye,
He went to Samye.
t;: g, '1<11'~<11'5'o.
r;: g' Qfll'~fll'5'D. ~'~' Ji<l)1 We will not go to Nepal.
I:.
I:. "l' ~k'~ -<: ~ q 0."" Ul<l)1
D.",' ~'i'~' Uj<l)1 I will give this book to Senge.
Senge,
~'1'o.~'
~ Q'D.~' 'i~'<1i<l) '<11"1"l'~'
'fll"l"l'~'~<111
~flll Deliver this book to the teacher.
~ ~
4.94 S,,"rq INSTRUMENTAL
s,,"rq
The instrumental expresses the agent, the doer, or the instrument through which an action is .
performed, iJ."l Ul"l
perfonned, The five instrumental case signs ~"l ~"l ~"l fJ."l Uj"l may be rendered to the
following English phrases: on account of, by, through, because of, in conformity with, by
means of, in, in respect of, with, the manner in which etc,
~ih"" V"~f.b JiJe.,
J;;e" d Wu<-
Wu<. i~ GJU..R
GfU..R '
.
I\fD.E.
~ "I'
~ IIlfo.E."I' ~c. 'D.S "I' S'i'~'
"I C. ~"l
~
'I <:J "l 'I "l :!"l
, <l)<l) .~
'~ ClJ
<11 ~"l
"-"
0.
D. (and all vowel endings) (';'''l
R"l iil"l
4.94.a EXAMPLES
~'Ji'~''i!''I'~''I'~''l' 1"l'i''-r:i.'il
~'Ji'~''i!''I'~''I'~'\f 'Q"l'i' '-f :i.'il The cat was killed by a tiger,
fl"l'1:.
fi"l'I:. 'rlr'!l'1':'J"I'~"l' 'If ~c.'I
QSI:."f
W'!lQ':'l"l'~"l' '1SC. He hit me with a chair.
>lj<l)'
>li<l)' .>I'~"l'q"l',,\
~
~'~"l'<.I"l',,\ '1C.'!li"l' Q~<l) S ~'il
QC. '''i''l''1~<l)S ~
Owing to his crime, the thief was impris
4C. '~'''Ic. '~"l'~c.',1;'
'~"l'~c.',1;' ~c.·Oi "\' <.I' :i.'il
~c.·tii "\'q':i.'il The price of the wood varies according to its we
~'.>IfJ.·A\~"f
~'~iJ.'A\~"l' ~<l)'q' <I"lfll' "I' :i.'il
~<l)'<.I' '1"lClJ'"l':i.'il The sun's rays dispelled the darkness,
iil'~'o.~'iilQj"l'
iil'~'D.~'iil'lj"l' '14"\'~"l:Q"l' <.I' :<'
Q4"\'~"l:Q"l' q' ' \1
~,,\I This letter
leiter was written by Lekshe,
"ll:.
"lI:. "l'~"l'5'
"l'~"l'5' .>I~<l)'
~~<l)' 4"l'~"l'Qj!lQj"l'
4"l'~"l''lj!l'lj''l' ~I The Buddha knew it through (his) clairvoy
4"l' "q'~"l'Qj<l).>I'~fJ.'~'
-"q'~"l''lj<l)~'~iJ.'~' Ij"l'<.I' ~"\I
Ij"l'q' :<' ' \1 Sherab heard the airoplane noise.
noise,
~fJ.'~"i'~"l'r:>.~'.>I'
~iJ.'~"i'~"l'D.~'~' ~q'q'
~q'<.I' :<''11
~'il Because of that, he (1,
(I, we) was unable to g
~<l)'~"l' Q!ll"\'<.I' i/.J' 4"l'<.I' :<'
~<l)'~"l' '1!ll"\'q'"r4"l'q' '11
~'il He did not know that he was mistaken.
mistaken,
f2j"lW ~i<f S"l' ~Qj"ll
~'lj"ll Apply (your) body with some oil.
'1'i!<l)
Q'i!<l) ''I "'S"l'~1:.'~"r "14'11
"'S"l'~I:. '~"I' "l4'i1 story,
Tendar told a story.
a;"l'o.i;j<11'~"l~'
a;"l'o.i;jfll'~"l~' Ji' ~"ll Choephel painted the drawing,
 J'+
~('
4,95 ~~~ ..£~. DATIVE
4.95 ~~~'.£~'
t,-
intaI1?itive verbs,
Dative expresses the purpose of an action either ~ith transitive or inta!1?itive verbs. It mainly
I' "- expresses the purpose, harm or benefit of an action to the object or to an indirect object whether
the subject is mentioned or not. However it need not to be benefit to the object alone since the
purpose of performing an action may either be intended to benefit or harm the subject, object, or
for the sake of the action itself. Therefore dative denotes the person or thing for whom or which
the object of an action is intended; the purpose for which an action is performed. The case sign
case,
of this case is same as with the accusative case.
4.95.a Examples
'<C,'
F~·.Jl·~"Ii~ ~·(.J.~I
F~'.Jl'~"Ii~~'A~I He waters the flower.
c:. ~'''SnJ' L.lW ~"i'
~'''S!ll' L,jW ~"i. L,j'''I')c:.'I
L.I·"I,)c:."1 rI give to the poor.
~,"'"
~c:.~' ~~W J.lJ;". L.I"ASflll
~~"!ll' J.I.r;",L,j"ASflll (I) make offerings to the Buddha.
(.J.g
Ag "I~' L,j'~Q'Z'IiI' J.I''5i"i'
L.I·~Q·Z·Iil· J.I'':i"i1 One remembers the Guru to protect from fear.
fear .
.jj~·j;j·(.J.Q.:z;·1·4c:.·Q~<'>:1
,jj~' j;j'AQ.:z;'1'.i.jc:.' Q~<'5:1 She fetches wood to lit fire.
E"'£ .
c:.'.r; ~'5"S"~"i' L,j.:z;'
c:.' J;~'5"S"~"i' A ~<'5:1
L.I.:z;·(.J.~<'>:1 monastery to practice Dharma.
rI go to the monaStery
c:.~'~'
c:.~"~" a;.:z;'~"I~'
a;.:z;'~"I~' ~'''Iiii''l'~1
~'''Iiii''l'~1 I put a fence on the land,
land.
';;'-'-',
IiI'J.I.:z;'
Iil' J.I.:z;' Q~"i' 4~' 9<'5>:1:' One shoud know how to associate a teacher.
"I1'l"i'
"I1'\"i' ~"i '1' "~'
,,~. Q' Q~~'
Q~~. ~J.l1 Did you dedicate the merit for the benefit of others.
8''!--
8''!-'
~·"I.:z;·1·1il· J.I'J.lE;.t'r1'A
~'''I.:z;·1'IiI' ~(.J.J.l1
J.I' J.lE:.fll"1·(.J. ~AJ.l1 Will you go to India to see the teacher.
;'
I'
'l,,"l(.J."ruQ·"I"iC.·1
'Jj~f~' '1,,"lA'm
~"I~' 'Jj~'~' Q'''I"ic:.'I He gave an advice to his (spiritual) son.
~ ~
~"',,"
...
r:l.SC::~c:.
4.96 QSc:. '~c:. ~ ABLATIVE
~
,~ - Ablative expresses the source or direction from what place, time or object anything happens or
proceeds. The ablative case signs "i"f nJ~' can be rendered to from, amongst, through, on'
"i~' !ll"l' on"
!:l,\'.:z;c:.'''Qc:.'<5"i these two
account of because of, through and amidst. As independent particles !:!'\'.:z;c.'"Qc.'<5"i
liP.':'"'
!il?'"'
endings,
particles can be used after all suffixes and vowel endings"
4.96.a Examples
~,,,
~c:.~'~~'~'l'\nJ'"i~'.r;~,~c:.'1
~c. ~'~~'~'I'l!ll""i "I.J;~' ~c.', The teachings came from the Buddha's mouth.
(.J.~'"i~'J.I'iij'
A~'"i~' Q~·~·iii,,· L,j'
J.I.iij' Q~'~'iii", ~,\I
L.I' ~'\I It is 15 miles from here.
.,,;-
";-.,.'
....•, ijjc.
ijjc:..§.:z;'"i
.§.:z;'"i ~'''~"i' <Jr.;" Q~'Jlj.:z;'
"I."~"i' qr.;.. J.I·~rrl
~'ll!.:z;' J.I'~rrl It takes five minutes from town to the momnastery.
.Jl·!ll~"1· Q·(.J.~f·e:1
.Jl'nJ~'1'Q'(.J.~f'e:1 fire,
Smoke arises from fire"
". "i~"~C.·el.:z;·~"I· J.I:i:jc.",
'" "i~'~c:.·el.:z;'~"I' J.I:i:jc:.'1 city.
Thereupon they saw a city"
ijj"l~' ;;h,)"!ll"l·2!,c. '1::,
;;h7"nJ~'2!.c:. 'e:, The friend fell off the horse.
horse"
"IJiJ.l'!ll~'a;.:z;' q"
"IJiJ.l'nJ~·a;.:z;' ~')
QQ.L.I' ~"i
<J' QQ'L,j' Rain comes from the sky.
~"I""i"l'Qfll" ~c:.'1
~"I'"i"l'Qfll' ~C."' Wool comes from sheep.
.Qc:.·S·nJ~''7'
ik· S'!ll"l''')" J.I§"I~I Horse is faster than donkey.
donkey"
"WQ~"i·"i~'iiic:."J.I" ~QI
"WQ~"i'"i~"iiic."J.I"~QI rI could not come because of tha t.
~,,>.
/'f'"
/i'
!
 JJ
Ablative also expresses time after which anything takes place and reason; e.g. ~'J.l'~"I"O\~O\~'''\'
~'J.l'~"I'"i~"i~'''\' ~ ~
nJ"I'iij
nl"l'iij He returned home after six days. The ablative vn- expresses comparison; e.g. d'>.·[Q~·L.rtlj"r
d'>.·f'l~·L.l·tll"l·
!'i~·~·"I~·iijt;:.J;r.\1 His dzi (stone) is more expensive than my house.
fi~·~·"I~·iijl:;.·&r.l1
~
4.97 (:l.Q{1.j'~
(:l,Qt1.I.~ GENITIVE
Genitive is quasi-adjectival, since it expresses the connectedness of the possessed and
possessor. It may generally be expressed in English by the preposition 'of or apostrophe. The
case signs of genitive and instrumental are known as !l:i·!li"i·S·J\J.l·,,\S
1l:l·!liO\·:)ta;J.l·,,\s (cases marked by i). The
additional 'Il which is added to the instrumental as we saw
difference between the two is that an additionallll
above. Genitive in Tibetan refer to the possessor and to the thing possessed. The genitive
particle is put between the possessor and the possessed. Either of the five genitive case signs
may be dropped in the process of nominal compounds i.e. 4~'~"I'~'e'q 4t;.·~"I·r;·q Fruit juice.
4~·~"I·~·r;·q = 41:;.·~"I'e"q
~ lIl·r.>.~ "I
~'Il'r.>.~ Ul~·r.>.~"1
Ul~·r.>.~"1 r.>.Qtll·~
r.>.Qnr~
~ ~.
"I
"\ q
q III
'Il "\ III
'Il ~
"i
0\ J.l Ol 5S
"'" i
r.>. (and all vowel endings) D- Uj
eli
, -_. .--. ----
4.91.a Examples
r.>.~'i'i"\'~'J:i'~"I'~'~'''I'
r.>.~' i'i"\'~'J:i'~"I'~'~'''I' ~~,,\I
"\I This is a Tibetan man's pen.
:". ....-
.-. ~~.tliJ,'~'~' J.la;iJ.·r.>.~J.lw%,\·L.l·
t;.~. L.liJ..~.t;.' J.la;iJ,';;;J.lW ~,\I
%'\"tl' ~'\I The swan egg was found at the sea shore.
';;·d'>.· ~,\I
JliJ,'§j"l'll'';;' ~'\I
';;'~iJ.' '3' ';;iJ.·§j"llll·';;· She is my daughter's girl friend.
~·,\:lt;.lIl·
r.r.>.>.~',\~~ 'Il'''O\
iI""i '~'~"",'
·s· Cl"~'~"i'
~"",' "15cr~' ~O\' tl'ti:lO\I ring.
L.l·~"il This is the price of Yangchen's ring.
.q';j"l'll'~'''''J.liJ.' ';;'~'i'i'r.>.'\"1
q·:l"llll·~·"-·J.liJ.· 8' Jl'~'i'i'r.>.,\"1
~ ~
The tip of the cow's tail is sharp,
sharp.
~'''I"",'S' ,k,\
~'''I"",'~' &1:;.',\ <1"i'S'
<lO\'~' &~. -9'l1l'
J;"~' ~"I'Ul"l' -9 ~,\I The Indian merchant's goods are the best.
1l' ~'\I
kf'lt;. .~. ~'~"IlIl'~'i!!' 51"1"'
k[Q~ '~'~'~"I'Il'~'i!!' q·cJi'\l
J:i"l"'I"1'q'''i,\1 Where is the key for the shop's lock?
qtlj'~Ol'~Ol' <1iJ.·~J.l"S·I1Ol· .J;<>l"l'
qtll·~Ol·~Ol· <liJ.·~J.l'S'I"IOl' ~,\I
&<>l"l' ~'\I It is the will of the Nepalese king's mother.
!'i'eli'G'
fi'ti:l'G' jJ'~'12f5iJ.·2J"I"l' ~,\I
tl' ~'\I
jJ'~'12;!'5~'2J"I"l' l·r His hat is made of lamb skin.
~
4.98 tljil) ~rZlj~
Zlji!) ~rtlj~
Locative shares the same case signs with dative. Locative denotes the place or location where
an action occurs or is directed to, 0\ (1j
to. Either of the seven case signs ~ :3 "'" 5 "i fll 1 can be
rendered by on, at, ip, into, among, by and upon. But they are not no! prepositions to the noun or
pronoun as in English. They always follow, the noun or pronoun to which the sign indicate the
location.
location, Locatives denotes the locality of the agent or object of an action; the place where or
near which anything is, or where it is placed; where it happened; the time or occassion when or
the circumstances under which, anything takes place.
 J V
/'-
~ Z\l'(:).~"I
~Z\rro.~"1 uK'r:<~"I
uK'r:<~"I "I3jZ\l'''I~ i
"I"iZ\l'''I~
"I q
Q '\ ~
~I
1
r::. '\ "i3j i/.j
iI-I ~ ~;
~
" '.1
5 I
Z\l Z\l ~ ~
~.
r.>. (and all vowel endings) ~
" "
4.98.a Examples
is'\'''I~~r~i/.j'r>1' S3j'q'
is'\'''I~Z\l'~iI-I'(ll' S ~,\I
"i'!.I' ~'\I You two went to the market.
r::. '''I~Z\l' QZ\lJ.rU/Z\l'
qZ\lJ,fU/Z\l' ~'r.>. ~"'!.I'
~,,'q' "'"""I' I We two met in Samye,
Q~Z\l'q' Ul"i
r::. (ll' Q~Z\l'!.I'
"i "IZ\l' "I~ Q' ~' r.>.". " Q' l' r::.r>1' Ul3jI We (I) took a rest near by the forest.
~"I'?'(fl' ~r.t',,\iij"i 'q'
ii' ~"I'')'(lr
~

'!.I'i/.jr::.'q,r.>.,,\"1
iI-Ir::.' q,r.>.,,\"1
~
Lhodrak,
There were many nunneries in Lhodrak.
['Ir::.
fir::.'!.Ir.t,"ir::.
'qr.t, "i r::. w~'
'(ll'l~f ql'i"'(:).'S"I
ql'i"'ro.5"1 Who is staying at home?
f!jJ.r<f,,'
[!jJ,f<f ,,' -li'
~
~r.>.,,"1
~
There was no water in the well.
"i/.I''f
- -
:ll,,' 'S"i/.!"r.>.~
"Jl''f:lj'''5wr.>.~ Do not go to the garrison,
ro.2"1'~(ll'5' iljr::.'!.Ii'>.'"9ilj'!.I'iii",
(:).2"1'~r>1''S' '-I" :<'
il)r::. 'qr.t, "9i1)'q'iii", Q' '\1
~,\I There are Buddhist monasteries in Bhutan,
I"
is,,,"r::.
is,,' "r::. '~'r>1llj'!.Ir.t'o:
'~'(ll"l'qr.t'o:"IW "Iw -9"1' .1"1
r.>.'5"1
4"1's'~rr.>. There is paper under your hand,
Locative also expresses 'with'; e,g, <lri/.l~'~'r.>.~'r::.r'\'i/.j~i/.j'5.'I!fZ\l'ilj"l'iiir::.'Q'''"''1
(fl'Jl~'~'r.>.~'r::.r'\·iI-I~iI-I·5.'I!f'wil)Z\l'iiir::.'q''''''1 This Amdowa (man)
came with me, from Lhasa,
4.99 ~'itlq~ u.<;A Trot>(
..D UA;A
Locative of time denotes the time, period or duration when a action takes place, It takes all the
case signs of locative, In order to use the locative of time case signs some notion of time in
Tibetan will prove useful. Tibetan lunar calendar has a technical name for each month which
,.
I" are only used in literary works but most commoners identify the twelve months in their
ci!'Q'"r::.'!.I etc,
ordinals, Not long ago the twelve months were simply called cij'q'"r::.'Q etc. but since the -
Tibetans became exposed to the Euopean calendar, it has been prefixed and abbreviated into i'l,,\'
i'i,,\'
cij'"r::.,q
ci!'"r::.,q for the first Tibetan month and ~'ci!'"r::.,q
~'cij'"r::.,q for January, Hence the case sign for.for the loe;ative
loc;ative
of time is suffixed to the ordinals of month and hour, and cardinals for other notions of time, If
one were to use the tes;hnical ,names of the month instead of the ordinals then the case sign is
suffixed to cij'q, iI-I-li'cij'Q" (in
ci!'.q, the month, thus it will be i/.j-li'ci!'Q" (iii Magha), Location of time is not always
expressed with the above case signs, For instance when mentioning date it takes ~ilj
~iI) after the
date.
4,99.a NAMES OF THE 12 LUNAR MONTHS
Tibetan Sanskrit COJloquial Translation
.<J-li'cij'Q
.<J-li'ci!'Q Magha <1'1'cij'"r::..q
ei'1'ci!'"r::.,q Ist Tibetan month
,,<1'
"ei' x Phalguna
PhalgulIa "I~Z\l'!.I
x "I~Z\l'Q 2nd x
iljllj'!.I
iI)"I' q x Caitra "I~.<J'q
x "I~.<J'!.I 3rd x
"l'llj
Z\l'''I x Vaisakha Q~'q
x Q~'!.I 4rth x
I"
,.
 5th X
x '1'.'<1
~a;' x Jyestha
6th X
Asada x ~"I'<I
~'~"i x 7th x
Shravana x "1'
<l'Sa;'
Sa;'<I<I
~'''1~il)
~'<l~il) x X
x "1~"i'<I
<l~"i'<I 8th
<>1 '\f
1§.I§:,J '\,. ~"i x Bhadra
9th x
Asauja x "i5'<1
"i~''j x x
<l,,'~<1
x "1,,' 10th
~a;'~"1 x Kartika
"1~'''I~''I' <I
x <l~'''I~''I' x
<>1~
J.J~ X Mrgasrah
"1;r"l~'\I'<I'
<l~'''I~~'<I'
~"1'
~ClJ'
1a·<l·'?·"Ic:.·<l
1a'''1''?'''Ie:.'''1 "Iil)J,J'''Ic:.
"\il)J.I'''Ie:.
la'
Ia' "1'Ul"::c
<l'Ul"::c la' "1'<>1,<:C
1a·<l·J.J ...·c
full moon new moon
waxing moon waning moon
~a:.. "l "i'jil)'j'l
"i'jil)'j'I
"i~"i'''1 "i9...·j'I
"9""'j'l
~,--
"i~"'''1 autumn winter r,-·
spring summer ,,\-,"o.'Ill"l't.l
"I.':lr:>.'Ill"l' Q
,,\-,"0.'
'P~'Ia'<l la' "1 ,,\-'"0.' ,1)"I'''iJ.J''''
"I.':l~' ,1)"I''',;J""
"I-'"~'~'
"I.':l~'~' J.J
<>1 Wednesday
Monday Tuesday
Sunday "1-,"o.' ii'.<,t:.
"1-,"~'t.l''\Ie:.
"I.':l~·t.r~c:.~ '\I "I.':lr:>.'iija;'
ja;'<1
"I.':l~·'::l"'·S
"I-'"~''::l'''''S dawn
Friday Saturday
Thursday ~"i
~a;',,'je:.
~a;'''i'jc:. ~.~
~'~
'1!."~
'1!.'~ afternoon dusk
morning midday ~'a;"i
, J.Ja;il)'''i'jc:.
<>1a;il)''''je:. ~il)'~
<>1a;il)' ~
J.Ja;il)' hour
midnight daytime
night "Iil)e:.'\I' ~ il)
"Iil)c:. ~'~il)
Jij J,J i)'"-e:. '\Ie:.'~a;
"lc:.'~a;
Jij"'"
.... J.I '\' "'c:. day after tomorrow
today tomorrow
minutes
~c:.'i:i"i
'\Ie:.' i:i" "Iil)e:.'\I'i:i"i
"Iil)c:.~'i:i"i
next Year year after next
. 4.99.b Examples
jilt::,'
jiic:.' 3,J.I>\l'I§.<>1>\l'~"i' Ia' "1",,'
J,J>\l'~J,J>\l'~"i' la' <l""'Qj'j'Il"'" J.lE."11
J,JE.ClJI
They met in Lhokha in Bhadra month, month.
i)e:.''\It::,'
,\c:.'~c:.' if,' a;,,''!i''\' .... ~'J,J' "9"'
a;"i''!i''l' <I<I""'~'J.I'
...... .
4"'"" Q' :i:"il
- - ~
These days the sUllTise sunTise at six. six,
c:.' a;' <l"i' a;>\l·"l'Sil)·<I ...·'jc:.·ii:!c:.·"l"il
e:.'a;'21,,'a;>\l'<l'Sil)'<I""''je:.'ii:le:.'''l''i1
7th,
We have a holiday on the Tibetan 7th.
"il)'''1''1''r~' 1a·''1'.'<Ii>:a;>\l'
"il)'ClJ"I"l'~' 1a' ' <Ii>: a;>\l' "1~' '4<l"l'~' :i:"il
<l~' <l~"i'~il)' '4<l"r~'
Honourable teacher will come on the 18th of May,
May.
~
4.100 Oq,,\'~'
Oq,,\'~'
Vocative Case is grammatically counted as the eighth case,
case. There are number of vocatives
used in Tibetan to express joy, lamentation, surprise, anger and adoration which are commonly
used with the nominative.
nominative, They are generally put at the beginning of a sentence but in poetry
they are put also at the end of a line or a verse,
verse. They are independent of their preceding finals
 and their use is determined by the context of a sentence, and are used to ""(1rrlr~
""(1r(1j'~ i<i'Jl'~
i§.j'Jl'~
express spriritual joy and devotion and they usually begin number of devotinal prayers,
",.~ ",'(1j'(1j
",'(Jj'(1j i§.j'Jl'~
i<i'Jl'~
lJ1,iij
lJ1'iij
5 5'Jl ""~ wondrous! wondrous!
''.I'iij
'liij hey Oh
'I 'I
I, Alas
H I,1. H 1.
4.100.a Examples'
"l'iij''l\''i''\'~'l\'~'l\~'Q''\''l
"l'iij''l\''i''\'~'l\'~'l\~'Q'''i''l Hey! Freinds listenhere,
listenhere.
.... .... -- "" .....
J.I'l\"\'l.l'Q"i'l\'(1j'''i'l\!:.~'4''f::J1
J.I'l\"\'l.j'Q'\'l\'(1j''\'l\I:.~'4''f::l1 Oh! Master please think of me.
me,
5' Jl'~'l\' Q~(1j'5"'l' l.jO: :<'''l~'~'l\'lij'
Q~(1j'5"'r Jl,,\:r.: l.lO: ;sa:,' 3,J.I"l1
:<'''l~'~'l\'llj' ~Jl"l' ;sa:,'3,J.I"l1
Alas! Sentient beings of six realms who are inflicted by the sufferings!
lJ1'iij £Q"l',\Q"\1
£Q"'f"iQ,,\1 Hey! Master grooml
"'.
"" ~~'''i'l\a''\ l.j(1j'Uia:,' ~"i'~'l\'
~i)''\'l\a'''il.l(1j'a:ia:,' 3,(1j'r.>.§.J:.'S'l.\'.;J1
~'\'~'l\' 3,(1j·r.>.§""'S·Q'.;:i\
/;.
Alas! Yogis and Yoginis, please enjoy the glory and quality of bliss and joy 1
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Third Noun
First Second
Case
F!:.'
FI:.' '1'
'7"
Nom,
Nom. !:.'
1:.' 6'\'
F!:.W
FI:.W i)"Clf
'1'flf
I:..J:.
!:."'- 6\(11'
6'\"(11"
../..:
.L- Accus,
Accus.
F!:.'lij"l'
Fl:.'llj "l' i)"l'
"7"l'
Erg./lnstr, I
I!:.~'
I:.~'
6"i'~"l'
6'\'~"l'
F!:.W
FI:.W i).J:.'
"7"'"
Dat,
Dat. ,' 1:.'(1j
!:.'(1j 6"i'(lj'
6'\'(1j'
F!:.·lij'
FI:.'llj' i)a'
"70-'
Gen. I c::..n:
c::.n: 6"i'~'
6'\'~'
F!:.· <l\"I'
FI:.'<Ii~' i)'
'1' <l\<Ii"l'
~'a:,~'
~'a:,~' 6,\',,\"l'
6"i'''\''l'
'c
Abl.
'.
F~'''\' ")'''\'
i)'''\'
6'\',,\'
Loc,
/r/~~ ..
'~, i
I...~ \
{
J:-,
J:-.
~....-_
~.....-, .~L,. 0'~'
0'~'
,i,//
// \,,.
~I
J! \.',,~I '."" v.i,
'. ;', ' ',.-;-L;. b, ~y! 1<)7
bI . 'L~ i<" J( ".<>\
J?'
" ~,. ,,,,'.,
.
~,,";' ' '0,
--,• '" ./j
/;1\Cc
-,,_.-J'
/
"".,:
"',,:
>,J-
>,,;-
 PART TWO
:,;
:,;,
, A TEXT BOOK OF THE TIBETAN
LANGUAGE·
,"",,,:
0';-
-~--,
-i'f.•,
'V". i 'V" "'"
I' q~'~~'~F~r~ql
q~'~~'~F~r~ql
GW ,
~.']i,
'i%..·S,
-,\,..;,
-~"'.-'
(;l;j
(;!;j
t<:;~.
l<::".
'..,;;1.
'ii,'.0
'i<:.'.:
/
I'
"'"
-:;.'.0"
'::".0-
~{L-D
':iLD
1;;.!l
1;.,;i
 vv
.".-
A TEXT BOOK OF THE TIBETAN LANGUAGE
-v' -v'
-v' ''"""
"""
q~Y~~YdjqY~ql
q~Y~~YdjqY~ql
f,--
.[., ,--
LESSSON ONE
~ ~
~j1;;r
~jI;;r eb
cb ill' "c:..
"c:...t.ll
f: '-.
B:
1.1 Consonant Drill
~""
Engish Tibetan Translit. Pronunciation
~-
pillar "I'.q'
"r"!" ka-ba (Ka-wa)
snow I'l'.q'
I'l" cr kha-ba (Kha-wa)
1;c~-·
1;c~-'
where "I'.q'
"I'Q' ga-ba (Ga-wa)
Ghapa ~'<.i'
~''-I' sgapa (Gha-pa)
I'
~,',,~". leg "ir:,'<.i'
"ir:.''-I' rkang-pa (Kang-pa)
house flr:,'<.i'
I'lr:.''-I' khang-pa (Khang-pa)
mountain "l':i.'
"Ie:. "f:i: gangs-n (Gang-ri)
~-
,
goose r:,r:,'!l'
e:.e:.''-I' ngangpa (Ngang-pa)
hide boat ~'.q'
~'Q' ko-ba (Ko-wa)
\~~:,(
\~}~
he F' kho (kho)
to hear OJ'
OJ'l!Or;r go-ba (Gocwa)
(Go-wa)
~
to divide .q"l'.q'
Q"I'Q' bgoba (Gho-wa)
collar ilj'r:,'
ilj'e:.' go-nga (Go-nga)
~,i';" egg ~'r:,'
~'e:.' sgo-nga (Gho-nga)
I r:,'
e:.' nga (Nga)
r:.,g;,
r:,'g;' nga-tsho (Nga-tsho)
fb.,fo'-
we
my r:,o:
r:.o: nga'i (Ngay)
our d';i,:
<;:&0: nga-tsho'i "- (Nga-tshoy)
to cry S'.q'
S'Q' ngu-ba (Ngu-wa)
nr
(silver)'\S"l'
money (silver)"iS dngul (Ngoo)
five '1[ lnga (Ngaa)
byrne "l'
e:. "f
r:, ngas (Ngay)
~;sr
tsr things ,,'(1j"l'
,,'''l''l' ca-Iag (Cha-Ia)
(Cha-la)
1
big J;<!i'q' chen-po
chell-po (Chern-po)
ten .qil'
Qil' bcu (Chu)
~",,'
water i§'
iii' chu (Chao)
(Choo)
lea
tea eo' JQ (Ja)
0'f
~r
~;iit'
;;:;4'
 01
rainbow ru,.o:
rJ.f'.o: Ja' (Jaah)
sun ~'''l' nYl-rna (Nyima)
I
old ~'::(r rnying-pa (Nying,pa)
,(Nying,pa)
•
near ~'q' nye-ba
nye-bo (Nye-wo)
to find t,,'Q
t"'Q rnyed-pa (Nyet-pa)
horse '1' rta (fa)
list li'
Ii' tha
tho (Tho)
bear ~"l' dam (Dom)
y
armspan
arms pan r.\"
r:<""l'"l' 'dam (Dhom)
now "'ll{
"'Il{ da-ita
da-Ita (Da-13)
(Da-ta)
arrow "l"r.\'
"l"r:<' mda'a (Dhaah)
smoke 5'<1' du-ba (Du-wa)
to fetch 8'.cr
8'<r thu-ba (Thu-wa)
pain iI)' a;'
"\'a;' na-tsha (Na~tsha)
(Na-tsha)
ink '." ll!"I.a;.
~"I'a;' snag-tsha (Naak-tsha)
last year ,,\.~t::
iI).~t:: na-nmg (Na-ning)
bride "lOir.\w
"l<!ir:<w mna'-ma (Naa-ma)
when iI)"l:
"\"l: nam (Narn)
woolen ~"l'S' snam-bu (Naam-bu)
father <J'r.j'
.cr'r pa-pha (Pa-pha)
parent r.j' "l'
'r"l' pha-rna (Pha-rna)
grand-father ii'q' spa-ba
spo-ba (Po-wo)
grand-mother ~'ij' sma-sma
smo-sma (Mo-mo)
son (boy) S' bu (Bu)
daughter ~JciJ'
~J~' bu-ma
bu-mo (Bu-mo)
cow .cr~"I~f
<r~"I~' ba-phyugs (BHhuk)
(Ba-chuk)
frog anrQnrQ' sbal-pa (Bay-pa)
calf Q~' be'u (Beu)
r.\.q .....q.
r:<.Cj.....Cj. 'bar-ba (Bhar-wa)
to blaze
r.j'S·
father & son "l'S' pha-bu (Pha-wu)
diamond r.j'[lJ"l'
"l'OJ"l' phalam (pha-lam)
bubble ~'<I'
~'<r lbu-ba
/bu-ba (Boo-wa)
vixen IJ,j'Ji'
'1.l' Ji' va-ma
va-mo . (Va-mo)
power ,\Qc:
,\<le: dbang (Wang)
breath '\S"l~'
'\S"l"f dbugs (Ook)
stick "~"l'.cr
"~"l'<J' dbyug-pa (Yook-pa)
~
crowd "l' ''It::
"l'"le: ml-mang (Mi-mang)
dream 'OJ J.J'
J.iJ.j'[lJJ.J" rmi-lam (Mi-lam)
 62
to plough ij.q rmo-ba (Mowa)
visualization " ,<)"!
,<)"1 ~r<.r
~r<r dmigs-pa (Mik-pa)
root ,,'q- rtsa-ba (Tsa-wa)
all a;~'i<j'
a;~'i<J' tshang-rna (Tshang-ma)
",'" dispute i,,"r rtsod-pa (Tsot-pa)
heat a;",·t.r
a;,,·t.r tshad-pa (Tshe-pa)
rat i5'i\"
i5'i5' tsi-tsi (Tsi-tsi)
~[,;
~['<. .•
orange a;'Ojw
a;'Oiw tsha-lo-rna (Tsha-lo-ma)
earthen ware f!:' i<j'
i<J' rdza-nw
rdza-ma (Dza-ma)
,,-','
"-,'
fortress £(~.
rdzong (Dzong)
to eat "l'q'
.;j'q' mba
zaba (Za-wa)
~:; ~~'>;'
~~",,'
nail 'dzer (Dzer)
to hold q.;j~":r
q"l~":r
~ bzungba (Zoong-wa)
/
\'4'i.
I'-'>'i. to say (hon) "!~F'!r<r
"I~~ ,!f <r gsungspa (Soong-pa)
q.;j~.q.
q"l~'q'
good bzangpo (Zang-po)
secret "I~~'q'
"I~~'q' gsangba (Sang-wa)
lj','
hat ~'Ji' zhva-mo (Zhaa-mo)
deer .,<=r q '
"'1''1' sha-ba (Sha-wa)
~~'"-'
field ~q:r zhing-kha (Zhing-kha)
(Zhing -kha)
~ -
fruit "<:F'1"1'
':F')"!' shing-tog (Shing-to)
",0:;;
!/"$; cat ~.j).
~'j)' zhi-rni (Zhi-mi)
to die .)'1"'1'
4''1' shi-ba (Shi-wa)
- yogurt c..;.
r..;.
trii'"'
tr,:i" zho (Zho)
dice 4' sho (Show)
-
others ,,!C'ji!i'<r
"Ifijili'<r gzhanpa (Zhen-pa)
1f.~7f.-
;:;~~
butcher "I"<W'l"
"I'1i!i"'r gshanpa (Shen-pa)
to request C'
fij'j' q- zhuba (Zhu-wa)
~
~
to p~l
peel off "'1''1'
~
shuba . (Shu-wa)
/.
r. ~.
eat (imp) zo (Zo)
~.
tooth so (So)
bucket ,,'''1' zo-ba
- (Zo-wa)
spy ~'q' so-ba
Fi-;'
1'\';:' (So-wa)
pass (Mt) or la
fa (la)
deity (god) \Ii'
Ili' lha (Lhaa)
~~i;i;·
handle r;j~' lung (Loong)
serpent ill' klu (Loo)
d,
teacher IJ i<j'
i<J' bla-nw
bla-ma (Laa-ma)
leaf Oi·i/.J·
OJ'ill' lo-rna (La-rna)
(La-ma)
-h:t
'--;'ii
";'ii
 b5
OJ
alluminium '? '''le.' ha-yang (Ha-yang)
hook Cfl'rk
Cfl·rilc." a-long (A-long)
milk o:J.,f 'a-rna
'o-rna (Ho-ma)
~
chin Cfl"l' "r og-ma (Ok-rna)
1.2 Pronouns
a:;Q' ming tshab
A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. In Tibetan it is called Jle.' a:;"f
meaning "substitute noun". Instead of saying the girl (a noun), we may convey its identical meaning
by susbtituting she (a personal pronoun). Usually a pronoun comes after the subject of the sentence
in Tibetan. ATibetan pronoun does not shOwshow the gender of the noun it stands for exceptexceptthe
the
fi' kho
personal pronoun of the third person singular (e.g. f' ,jj' rno respectively for he and she)
klw and .jj.
in the non-honorific form. Pronouns show number, person and take case endings. In the honorific
klwng is used for both genders. Singular and plural are clearly distinguished by the
form, fic' khong
pronoun. The
plural suffix, i; tsho which is added to the pronoun or to the noun when there is no pronoun..
plural suffix tsho replaces gi for pronouns which have gi as their second syllable in the singular
form. Only pronouns take the plural suffix tsho and nouns related to the pronouns do not have to
be marked with plural suffixes. All case endings come after the pronoun, not after the noun except
when there is no pronoun.
1.2.a Personal Pronouns: Words which substitute for nouns refering to persons:
Singular Plural
C'
c· (I)
nga (l) c·g· nga tsho (we)
,:!Z\f gus (1, han.) ,:!,~r g. gus tsho (we) (han.)
f'
fi' kho (he) fi·g,
f·g· kho tsho (they)
.jj.
,jj' f·g·
fi·g·
rno (she) kho tsho (they)
~
K'
rfic' khong (he, she) fd'
fid' khong tsho (they) (han.)
S,,'
s,,· khyod (you) S"i"g·
S\g· khyod tsho (you)
Cl,,·
Cl'" khyed (you) Cl,,·
Cl'" g. khyed tsho (you) (han.)
1.2.b Possessive pronouns
Better known as A!j,I1l';;J'
A!tI1l'!!j' 'brei
'breI sgra (drel-dra) meaning "expression of connectedness", it is
the Latin equavalent of gentive case,
case. Possessive pronouns like any other Tibetan possessive are
pronoun.
usually marked by the allowable possessive endings governed by the suffix of the pronoun,
However it appears that there are more flexibility in spoken Tibetan than the following chart of
the classical grammatical rule would allow us:
1.2.c Possessive Case Signs
Singular
A'I(:('F' J.l~"I'
A'If.(·rr <1.l~"I' 'di'i kha rndog ( the colour of this)
"(:('~"i'<1.lJ;,,'
"f.(' ~"i' J.lJ;". de'i spun rnched (his! her relative)
!4'Qj(:('~Q'~'
!4'iljf.('~Q'~' pha gi'i grib so (its shadow)
"l·iljf.(·"I
"l'Qj(:('''I iKQ
iKQ·' ya gi'i gtsang po (the river up there)
<1.l·Qj(:('~c·
J.l' iljf.(. ~c' !J' rna gi'i (family of down there)
 b4
r::.i:\. OJ'f
r:.~·OJ'f nga'imgo (my head)
/ (iii:\. "i:F q
fi~'''i:Fq kho'i dpung pa (his ann)
Jii:\·§"1·4\
Ji~'§"1'4"i" mo'i rgyug shad (her comb)
fir:.
(iir::. 'OJ'~.r q.<:
.OJ.~.r "\ q.",' khong gi sku dpar (hislher
(his!her photograph han.)
hon.)
6,,\·~·~.c:r khyod kyi deb (your book)
~,"
is,,\·~·''I~F
is,,\'~'''I~F khyed kyi gsung (your saying han.)
hon.)
';'. ~
Suffix
Snffix I Post suffix 5 Genitive signs
"I. ga
"I' r:.'
r::.. nga gi
OJ. gi
OJ'
,.: ' ~. kyi
~'
". da q' ~. sa
.cr ba ~'sa I ". da ~ sa
<!i'na
"i·na OJ'ma
OJ·ma :.c,'
". ra OJ'la
nr la ~. gyi
~. fa a· 'iIi
0: iij.
iij' yl
;:;",i-' r.>.' 'a (and vowel endings)
1.2.d Plural
r.>.~. ~~·iM."\·fi'lJ
r.>.~'~~·iM."\·fl"l 'di tsho'i ljid khog (the weight of these)
it~i~:~"Iw
~~~·~'lJw de tsho'i lhag rna (remainder of those)
i5·Cll"l·
r.fOj· ~~. '5'Oj"l' pha gi tsho'i ca lag (luggage of those)
/ 'Jr"r~~·~,,·<r
'Jrlif~~'~"'<r ya gi tsho'i skud pa (thread of those up there)
<,;.;>J-.•
0;;.;>]--. OJ·Oj·~f.(·<I·Jl·
OJ'Oj·~f.('r.fOJ' ma gi tsha'i pha ma (parent of those down there)
,
r::.·~~·Jl·Fr::.·
r:.' ~f.(' "'Fr:.' nga tsho'i za khang (our restaurant)
fl'fi· ~f.('~' ~ClJ·
~i'i..~. ~ClJ' kho tsho'i sngo tskal (their vegetables)
~,~ - ..
iiir:.' ~f.('£q~'!J
,ik~i'i.·£q~·!J khong tsko'i ckibs pa (their horse han.)
is,,· ~f.('Ji':'l'
is,,·~i'i.·Ji·:'l· khyod tsho'i mokra (your motor car)
fucT
fu.T
~i'i..~.Jl.i"i.
is') ~f.(·~·OJ.i,,\' khyed tsho'i sku mched (your relatives han.)
!' 1.2.e Demonstrative
Demon~trative Pronouns. Words which substitute for nouns and also function to
'e~
point out:
i:\::r
i:i::r Singular Plural
r.>.~.
r.>.~' 'di (this) r.>.~.~.
r.>.~'~' 'di tsho (these)
r.>.~.:3.
r.>.~':3' 'di ru (here)
~''3' pha ru (there)
~.
~' de (that) ~,~.
~.~. de tsho
tsho (those)
<I.Oj.
r.fOj' pha gi (that) ir.f~'
i'f~· pha tsho (those)
iI
UfOj·
UfOj' ya gi (that up there) "IX ya tsho (those up there)
OJ·Oj·
OJ'Oj' ma gi (that down there) OJ'~'
"d· ma tsho (those down
~,,;t.
"""
/
>" ....
 0.)
1.2.£ Relative Pronouns Words which relate to, and substitute for, previously mentioned
nouns, This is formed by adding .>;c:
.>;c,' rang meaning "self" to other forms of pronouns, In the
plurals, rang is added between the pronoun and plural.suffix:
Singular Plural
c,' .>;c,'
e.'.>;e.' nga rhng (myself) e.'.>;e.,g,
c,' .>;c,'£' nga rang tsho
tsha (ourselves)
I
::I~' .>;c,'
.>;e.' gus rang (myself) ::I~' .>;e. ,a;-
.>;c,'g. gus rang tsho (ourselves)
.>;c,'
[ii' .>;e.' kho rang (himslef) [ii',>;c,'
[ii'.>;e. ,a;-
g;- kho rang tsho (themsleves)
~, .>;c,'
~'~' [ii,~,g;'
[ii'.>;c,'l'
rno rang (herself) kho rang tsho (themselves)
[iic,',>;c,
[iie.'.>;e.', khong
khang rang (he, she polite) fc.' .>;e.,g;,
fc.'.>;c,'l' khong rang tsho (themselves)
Ei§,,'~'
- l'" -';c,' khyod
khyad rang (yourself) i§"'.>:.r:,,g;,
is,,' ,.:.r:: l' khyod rang tsho (you)
is,,· .>;c,'
is,,' .>;e.' khyed{you,
khyed (you, polite) is,,' .>;c,' £,
6",,>;!:.'l' khyed rang tsho (you, pI)
pi)
1.3 Auxiliary verb .;>
Auxiliary verb assists the main verb of the sentence. Verbs and auxiliary verbs come at the end of
the sentence, Simple sentences with the auxiliary verb to be :<-",
:<.,,' red (ray) "to be" represent is, are,
may, will and did in spoken Tibetan, Red is mainly used in the 3rd person but is also used for
second and third persons,
1.3.a Examples .~
$
1. F:<-",
:<.,,' khored
khared He is
2. . ~,:<-",
~' :<.,,' tiered
de red that is
3. ~,:<-",
~':<'", IrW red She is
4,
4. [iic.,g;,
fiic,'l' :<-'
:<.,,'\' khong tsho
tsha red They are
1.4 The Infinitive
.-.--;.
~.
An infinitive is a form of verb that may be used either as a noun
nann or as a verb. AIl
All spoken Tibetan
infinitives end in t:r
'Or ba (pronounced va) or q'pa which are the equivalent of the English infinitive
word "to".
"to", Thus ba and pa sometimes described as nominal particles can b.e b,e dropped leaving the
verb stem in the process of forming different tenses, In the past tense they are retained in addition to
whatever changes the verb stem has undergone. However ba and pa also occur as second
syllables of disyllable nouns and adjectives as will be seen in the following lessons.
lessons,
1.4.a Examples
Tibetan Translit. Pronunciation English
1. ;l"r
;l":r zaba za-va to eat
2,
2. q'1!'q'
q'1r q ' blta ba ta-va to look
3,
3. ~,\'q'
~,,'q' sprodpa tro-pa to give
4. ~c,'q'
~c.'q' yongba
yangba yong-va to carne
5. p,~'q' 'gro
'gra ba dro-va to go
6, q"1' q'
q"1'q' bshuba shoe-va to copy
7. q~,,".r
q~,,".r bgodpa goe-pa to laugh
 66
1.5 Word Order --
The basic rule of the word order in Tibetan is subject, object and verb (5-0-V).
(S-O-V). For example: ~"
~.
ffi.>l·{1ro.~"~·Uj"i1
ffi.>J·{1ro.~·~·Uj"i1 nga khrom la 'gro gi yin (I market to go will); I will go to the market. Word or words
which qualify other word or words always follow that which is being qualified. Thus, the word i'i,,"
i'i".
bod is a noun meaning "Tibet". Coming before another noun, it qualifies it and fulfills the role of an
adjective:
1.5.a Examples
Tibetan Translit. Pronunciation English
1- i'i".e:..
i'i,,·e:: bodja boe-ja Tibetan tea
~:
~: .
2. ~.
i'i"..>I.
-- bodmi boe-mi A Tibetan I
~
3. -Q". :il".
<l"·lil"·
-"I". bodskad boe-ke Tibetan language
~,/
~j
4. ~Pl"l·
!1Pl"l·
~
rgya thug gya-took Chinese soup (Noodle)
5. ~"l.~.
~"I.~. sogzhva sog-zha Mongolian hat
/
1.6 Vocabulary
Tibetan Translit. PronunCiation English
jc;"c' 1- ~oll·F~·
~ol\·F~· smankhang men-khang hospital
2. ~q·F~·
~<l·F~· debkhang dep-khang bookstore
~
3. ~<l.~
ruq·~ , slob grva lob-clra
lob-dra school
r.;.7i'
4. ,,9·olioll·
,,9·o1iol\· dgergan ge-ken teacher
5. 'll~.~"i.
'lI~.~"i. sangnyin sang-nyin tomorrow
;i>:';
6. o.~.-Q.
r:\~.<l" 'gro-ba dro-wa togo
7. ~·"r nyima nyi-rna sun
b.'~:; ik"E.J·
8. tshongpa tshong-pa businessman
9. ~~.E.J.
~~.E.J. zhingpa zhing-pa fanner
farmer
ti.'f
"611 10. ,?q.
,?<l. nya-ba nya-wa fishennan
fisherman
11-
II. .>J~.4'
.>I~.4' mangpo niang-po many
O;~ •.>I".>J.
!b-,"
lb.', 12. tshangma tshang-rna all
13. <l~.
-Q~. bzhi zhi four
/
14. ~·~c: de ring de-ring today
15. F·~~· khaseng kha-seng yesterday
16. "iM,,·F"l·
iM,,·F"I· ljidkhog jee-coke weight
\:2h¥
17. I?!"f.>l"
I?!"f<>l" Uzagma lhak-ma
Ihak-ma remainder
18. ".
"·fll"l·
l1l "l" calag cha-luck
cha-Iuck luggage
19. E.J.
:il,\.E.J.
lil"· skudpa kue-pa thread
~
20. £q'll. E.J"
£"I'll. E.J. chibspa chip-pa horse (hon.)
(han.)
2l.
21. Ji·~r mokra mo-tra motorcar
22. "./'l~
"·fl~· " zakhang za-khang restaurant
23. ~.a;l1l.
~·a;fll· sngo tshal ngo-tshay vegetable
V4i
 24. ~'J,j~,\'
~rJ.l~,\· sku mched kum-che (han,)
relative (han.)
25. '4' J,j'
J.I' phama pha-ma parent
26. i6'~"J,j"
i6'~w tsha loma tsha-Io-ma orange
.
\ 27. ~"I'i6' STUlg- tsha nak-tsha ink
28. '7'
<;' rta tah horse
29. 4''1' shaba sha-wa deer
30. ~c:;:<r
~c;,'<r zhingpa zhing-pa farmer
1.7 Examples
There are two choices of sentence structure; one by prefixing the demonstrative pronoun to the
subject and another by postpositioning the demonstrative pronoun to the subject. In either way the
auxiliary verb comes last:
l.r:>.~'c;,i:\'~"fi6':"'"
1.r.>.~·r.:i:\·~"fi6·:""1 'di nga'i snag tsha red 2. ~"I·a;'r.>.~·r.:i:\·:""1
~"I'a;'r:>.~'c;,i:\':<'''' snag tsha 'dinga'i
'di nga'i red
dhi ngay naak tsha re This is my ink, naak tsha dhi ngay re This ink is mine.
3. r.>.~·r.:i:\'~·5l·:""1
r:>.~·c;,i:\'~·5l':""1 'di nga'i zhi mi red 4.~'jfr:>.~·c;,i:\· :<.",
4.~'jfr.>.~'t::.i:\·:""1 zhi mi 'di nga'i red
dhi ngay zhi mi re This is
is. my cat. zhi mi dhi ngay re This cat is mine.
5. r:>.~·c;,i:\·'7·:<'''1
r.>.~·r.:i:\·er:""1 'di nga'i rta red 6.r:>.~'c;,f.l·'1'~"I'1l·:<'''1
6.r.>.~'t::.f.\·z;r~"I'\f:""1 'di nga'i ba phyugs red
dhi ngay ta re This is my horse, dhi ngay ba cb,ook re This is my cow.
,
7.r:>.~'c;,i:\'(§l'.l'l'
r.>.~'r.:i:\'(§l'.l'l' :""1 'di nga'i a rna
ma red 8.r:>.~·c;,f.l·,;pr
8.r.>.~·t::.f.\·>ljt::.'q':""1
:<.", rkangpa
'di nga'i rkang pa red
dhi ngay ama re This is my mother,
mother. dhi ngay kang pa re This is my leg.
9.,,\'c;,i:\'flc;,· <.I' :<'''1
9.,,'r.:i:\'flt::.·<.j':""1 de nga'i khang
/chang pa red 1O."'c;,f.l'~':<'",
1O."'t::.f.\'~'~"1 . de nga'i so red
de ngay khang pa re That is my house. de ngay so re That is my tooth.
11. ,,\d'~'.l'l':<''''
"d'~w:""1 de nga'i to ma red :<'''1
12.~'c:A"i''1' :i,"1
12.~'c;,f.l'"i''1' de nga'i ko
/co ba red
de ngay 10 rna re That is my leaf. de ngay ko va re That is my boat.
13."'Fc;,·"i's'gj':<'",
13,"'Fr.:·ili's'GJ':""1 de khong gi bu mo red 14,~'rk·ili'i5·0l"l':""1de khong gi ca lag red
. 14,~'rk'''i'i5'Ol''l':<''''
de khong gi bu mo ie That is his daughter, Iu.ggage..
dekhong gi cha lak re That is his luggage ..
L
L ;;., "-!...,-.....
;,."...!.......... .... I
lsKa;·r.:i:\'4'Q:""1
15K ,a;'c;,i:\' 4:1"'1' :<.", de tsho nga'i sha ba red 16.r:>.,,'a;·flc;,·"I·"I"l"l'''''I'di tsho khong gi gyag red
16.r.>.,,'a;·flr.:·"I·"I"I"I'''''I'di
de stho ngay sha va re Those are my deer. dhi tsho khong gi yaak re These are his Yaks.
17-'" ~r.:'''I-'lr.>:5l''l'''J.I.,,: :""1
17A'~r::.·"I-'lr.>:5l"l'''J,j·''::<'''1 de ring gza' mig dmarred
dmar red ls.ri'ru'1'~Qr:""1 kho slob phrug red
Is.F'm'1'~"I':<'''1
de ring zaah mi mar re Today is Tuesday. kho lob took re He is (a) student.
19.('lc;,·
19.('lt::.· Q'~'r;: a;f.\' :<''''khang
q.~'t::.' a;f.l' :""Ikhang pa de nga tsho'i red 20.~'t:.· a;f.\·Ft::.' q'
20.~·t::.· a;f.l'/'lr::.' ~"I de nga tsho'i khTUlg pa red
Q' :<.",
khang pa de nga tshoi re That is our house. de nga tshoi khang pa re That house is our's.
 uu
1.8 Exercises of Lesson One
1.8.a Transliterate the following into Tibetan characters:
,..
/
nya, sa, za, ka, ha, la, mu, tho, ca, tsa, ya, sha, go, nga, kha, pha, va, shu, 'a, tsha, ra, dza
1.8.b Seven days of the week in Tibetan correspond to the seven days of the week in English and
i:.. - are named after seven planets. The word for day "I-"r:>:
"1-"(:>: gza' comes before the name of the day as
the word gza' literally means 'planet'.
, The Seven Days of the Week
Translit. Pronunciation English Planets
,~
"I'1Q.~'J.r
1. "I'1r:l'~'J,j' gza' nyima zaah-nyi-ma Sunday (Sun)
2. "I'1r:>:,jr<r gza'zla ba zaah-da-wa Monday (Moon)
-il'';'.
-1\'::-,.
"I'1r:l'''J''I''iJ,j,,'
3. "I'1Q'Jj"l' 'i.>J'" dmar
gza' mig limar zaah mig-mar Tuesday (Mars)
4. "1'1(:('21"1''1'
"1'1(:('111"1'<.1' gza'lhagpa zaah-Ihak-pa
zaah-lhak-pa Wednesday (Mercury)
5."I"r:l·S"·S·
S . "I-'lQ'S"'S' gza' phur-bu zaah-pur-bu Thursday (Jupiter)
6."I'1(:(·<.I·~!::.~.
6."I'1(:(·<J·~!:;' ~. gza'pa songs
gza' pa SOllgS zaah-pa-sung Friday (Venus)
"I'1(:('~a:.'<J.
7. "I'1(:('~a; ..<.I' gza'spenpa zaah-pem-pa Saturday (Saturn)
1.8.c Translate the following into Tibetan and write in Roman characters and express:
~
1. This is my school.
2. That is a bookstore.
H.';:,
3. Those are his oranges.
4. This is my ink.
5.
S. Those are our horses.
6. These are four deers.
&<1'
7. Today is Monday.
8. He is a farmer.
;'
~.'-h:
1.8.d Write down the correct possesive (genitive) case signs according to the above chart:
1. 'i!"I........ 2j"l~<J.
'l!"I........ 2j"l~<.I. stag......lpags
stag...... lpags pa I tiger skin
1;b_~
1;&_~
2. ,;:;·Oi·J,j....·.. e;G·
,;:;·Oi·.>J.. ··..·c; q' tsha 10 rna......
rna ...... khu ba orange juice
3. ~"I' ,;:;....... .>J~"I.
,;:;....... J,j~"I. snag tsha......mdog
tsha ...... mdog ink colour
,-~.;;
4. ~G ......·.. :<."i·
~q""''''':<'a:.' ......rin
deb ...... rin book price
5.
S. ,,!::........ ~.>J~.
,,!:;,....... i;:jJ,j~. rang .... sems one's mind
6. Ji
k ........
......~ rna ..... skra her hair
Il'l'Jf
!:;,......··ll'lW nga ..... a rna my mother
7. !::.....
8. ~"""f!::.·<.1·
~"""f!:;,'<J' su .... khang pa whose house
(11J,j'
tl1J,f ...... -'1-<.'
-'1-<:
~ ...... zur
lam ......zur road corner
9.
10. 4·G·....
4·q......·,,·~·
"·~· sha ba ..... ra co deer's horn
-(1,'i-
."-.,.-
J
r:>-:-;
 0';/
1.8.e Memorize the following cardinal numbers in Tibetan:
No. Pronunciation Spelling Transliteration
I. ~ chik "lil"l' gag
2. "I nyee "l~~r gnyls
3. ~ soom "l~"r gsum
<::::.
4. shi "1~' bzhi
5.
.... ngaa I'!.' lnga
6. '<> drook ~"l' drug
7. rJJ doon "15~' bdun
8. J., gyay "1$'" brgyad
9. « ghoo dgu
"~r
10 ~o choo "1~' bcu
II. ~~ choo-chik "1~'''Iil''l' bcugcig
19. ~« , choo-ghoo "1~Sj" bcudgu
20. "10 nyee-shoe tham-pa ~""j' .Ij«J"l.J nyi shu tham pa
2I. "I~ nyee-shoe tsa-chik ~""j" ~""lil"l" nyi shu rtsa gcig
29. "1« nyee-shoe tsa-ghoo ~""I'~"""l" nyi shu rtsa dgu
~ ~
30. ':10 soom-choo tham-pa ~«J'~' .Ij«J"l.J sum bcu thain pa
3I. ':I~ soom-choo so·chik ~«J'~" ~""lil"l" sum bcu so gcig
39. ':1« soom-choo so-ghoo ~«J"~"~SI sum bcu so dgu
40. <::::'0 zhib-choo tham-pa "1~" "1~' .Ij«J"l.J" bzhi bcu tham pa
<=..~
4l. zhib-choo zhe-chik "1~""1~"~""Iil"l" bzhi bcu zhe gcig
49. <=..« zhib-choo zhe-ghoo "1~""1~"~s:r bzhi bcu zhe dgu
50, '-'-0 ngab-choo tham-pa 1'!.""1~'.Ij«J"l.J' lnga bcu !ham pa
5I. .... ~ ngab-choo nga-chik I'!." <I~"c::"lil"l" lnga bcu nga gcig
59, .... « ngab-choo nga-ghoo 1'!:<I~·r:.SI lnga bcu nga dgu
60. '<>0 drook-choo tham-pa ~"I""1~".Ij«J".r drug bcu {ham pa
6I. '<>P drook-choo re-chik ~"l" <l~" "'""Iil"l drug bcu re gcig
 I U
~
69, '-'I" drook-choo re-ghoo ~"I'qil':<'"')':r
~"I'qil-:':')~r drug bcu re dgu
70, (lJ0 q"i"i' .11,.1" If
q"id\' "I,,'.I1"'r<J'
doon-choo tham-pa ~ ~
bdun bcu
beu tham pa
pJ~
71. doon-choo don-chik q'5.d\'Qil'~d\'''Ii5''1'
q'5."i'Qil'~"i'''Ii5''1' bdun bcu
beu don gcig
...
'"~< '-\_'.
;-'. pJl"
79, q'5."i'qil'~"i''),:r
doon-choo don-ghoo q'5.d\'qil'~d\''''j· bdun bcu
beu don dgu
80, .1,0 gyay-choo tham-pa Q~,\'
Q~'" Qil' .I1J.J'r,r
Qil'.I1J,J'<r brgyad bcu
beu !ham pa
81. .I,~ gyay-choo gye-chik' Q~"'Qil'~IJ"Ii5"1
Q~,\'Qil'!'J"Ii5"1 brgyad bcu
beu gya gcig
geig
I
89, .1,1" gyay-choo gye-ghoo q~,\'qil'!r'\5'
q~"i'qil'~''''j' bgyad bcu
beu gya dgu
90, 1"0 '\5'qil'IjJ.J'r.j'
ghoob-choo tham-pa "'j'qil'IjJ,J'<r dgu bcu
beu tham pa
t;;;,j~
!h,_,r 91. I"~ ghoob-choo go-chik ,,!qil'i;j'''I
,\!qil'iij'''I3i5' 1' dgu beu go gcig
geig
(Z(Z
99, Q'5.d\'Qil'iij'''5'
ghoob-choo go-ghoo Q'5."i'Qil'iij''\5' dgu bdu go dgu
-tt,J~
-tt,;1-
~oo Q~' Ij.>r<r
IjJ.J' <r
100, gya-tham-pa brgya tham pa
1.9 Some Useful Expressions
Tibetan Transliteration Pronunciation English
~;g.
1. Q~'4~rQ~'ii)I\j~1
Q~,'r4~rQ~'ii)I5j~1 bkra shis bde legs ta-shi de-Iek Hello!
2, 8"1~'~·.L1
2. 8"1~'~'.L1 thugs rje ehe thook-jay-chay Thank you,
.'.,.~<
•• ,.~<
~"'.,.').-
~",.:>-
~c:.'~"i'"!E<OJ'
3, ~c:.'~d\' lc:.'1
J.JE<OJ'Ucilc:.' sang nyin mjal yong sung-nyee jay-yong See you tomorrow,
~~' J.J'JJE<OJ'cilc:.'1
4, ~~'.>r"'E<OJ'Ulc:.'J rjes ma mjal yang jay ma jay-yong later, .
See you later..
/,"
~L::' .ij~' ~c:. 'c:. ~I
55.,.ij~' shes song ngas shay-song-ngay Did you understand
Qt.1"1~'';;:''I~·''I<Ilc:.'1
6, Qt.1"1~'';::''I~'''IiI)c:.'1 bzhugs rags gnang shook-ro-nang Please take a seat.
i;jQ~1
7, "I'iij' I;jQ~1 galephebs ga-lay-pheb
ga-Iay-pheb Go slowly,
8, "I'iij'Q~"I~1
8. "I'iij'Q~"I~1
. ~
gakbzhugs ga~lay-shook
ga-Iay-shook Stay in peace.
peace,
9, "rii)'''I'iij'! ga le ga Ie ga-Iay ga-Iay Slowly, slowly,
slOWly,
ti.<£--
ti.<#'
10, ~~'~'q~"I~1
v ~
'di ru bzhugs dhi-ru
dhi -ru -shook here,
please sit here.
~3:i,
/i
/.
}~~,~
}t~
~"i~1
 / 1
f'·
if,"'·'
iI'."" - LESSON TWO
> •
~ ~
iljq' a:;~'Qj,?~'
ct;~ 'Qj,?~' J:.l
J:.!I1
2.1 Vowel Drill
Tibetan Translit. Pronunciation English
C>.~.
Cl.~. 'di (dhi) this
C>.~~f
Cl.~~f 'dis (dhee) by this
t;..
c;: nga (Nga) I
~~.
t;.~r
f.:-.~ ngas (Ngay) by me
'~;,:
[ii' kho (Kho) He
fii~r
fii~' khos (Khoe) by him
~.
'll'
~ su (Su) who
~~.
~'ll' sus (Sue) by whom
1l'~,
g;t:
g;i: 2!'ll'
2i~' spos (poe) mcense
ijJ'll"
iiJ~' ltos (Toe) look (imp)
,
~,:"
1<,;,'i
~
de (De) that
". , !
,,~.
"'ll' des (Day) I by that
1<"': ~nr til (Tee) seasame
'6:&-
,i)"l"
.il"l' mzg (Meek) eye
UI,,·
UI"i' yid (Yee) mind
~S ljid (Ieet)
(Jeet) weight
~.
..."''ll' ras (Ray) cotton
i-
..
Elf- ~~.
~'ll" sras (Say) prince
[1J~'
Ol'll' las (Lay) action
0<'1
;0::::
;0::::- "l"l~'
"l"l'll'. gyas (Yay) right (side)
'i;#
"'...
tlj....
'lj .... gur
guT (Gu)
~
tent
~ ,
.......
~
.::'S thur (Thu) downhill
t;1
::J....
::! .... shur
ShUT (Shu) groove
<6....
<6 .... tshur (Tshu) this way
g
.31
k~
~~ ~[1J'
~Ol' sbrul (Doo) snake
''is[1J'
"SOl' dngul (Ngoo) money
.:.,;
~ '!j[1J'
'!jOl'
~.
~ yul (Yoo) country
::![1J'
::JOl" shul . (Shoo) trace
:2 '?:!~.
'?:!'ll'
~.J
~..!
Ius (Loa) body
tlj~ ....
'lj~"" gsa (Say) gold
....
'lj~ ..."
tlj~ gter (Tay) treasure
'.'_':r
'.'-~
 I L
~nr drel (Day) mule
r:>.E:,,"
r:>.E:". 'dzer (Dzay) nail
~.
~" Ice (ehe)
(Che) to~ue
to~ue
,11.
,11" me (Me) fire
fl"jil. khe (Khe) profit
r:>.~.
r:>.~" 'dre (Dre) demon
r:>.~'ll.
r:>.~'ll" 'dres (Dray) mixed
2.2 Nouns
A noun refers to a name of a person, place, thing, idea, concept, or activity. We have noticed
from the words in the drills we have practised that Tibetan nouns are generally monosyllabic words
which may be formed of one or more letters. Nouns also occur in disyllables and polysyllables as it
is shown in a separate section containing list of simple, complex as well as derived noun stems (See
Part One). Nouns with two or more syllables can be of either bound or free morphemes. Asingle
syllable word may be composed of one Or or more morphemes:
one morpheme two morphemes three morphemes four morphemes
''Ii"'.
W'r tiger 'Ii"'.o;",.
'Ii"r 0;<:: tiger nest 'Ii"'.~. 0;",. tiger's nest
'Ii"r~'o;~.
6j. mind
6j" 6j.~~. intelligence
6j"~~" 6j·~~·iSOi· intelligent
6j'~~'i5ili' £"~'lrl1(ili'<I'
£"~'ll·l1(Oi·<I· intelligent
From the above examples, we can see· that the morphemes 'Ii"l'
'Ii"'. and 6j'
6j. can constitute words by
themselves. They are called free morphemes.
morphemes_The The bOund
bound morphemes are such as i5ili'
iSOi· and l1(ili'Q'
l1(Oi·q·
which are never words by themselves and are always parts
paris of other words. It should be noted
.that
. that both adjective and noun share similar second syllables such as <I"pa, i:i. po, ~"
<I.pa, i:j" ~. rna and g;. mo.
Unlike English, Tibetan nouns are prefixed to the adjectives,
adjectives.
2.3 Vocabulary
Tihetan Translit. Pronunc. English
I.
1. <:1,,'<1.
<:1"'<1' bodpa boe-pa Tibetan
2. "9ili'
"90i-g-g' dhyinji in-ji English
3_
3. ~r",,,-·cr
~'''I""cr rgyagarba gya-gar-wa Indian
4,
4_ "lnr<l-
"lnr<l' halpo
balpo bay-po Nepalese
5_
5. ~"."l~""-
~"'''l~''''' skadsgyur ke-gyur Interpreter
;:),
,:;;\
6_
6. ,11,,-<1-
,11,,'<1' medpa me-pa not to have
7_
7. ~-,;f
~',;f nyima nyi-ma sun
8_
8. (.g,
''11(-g- sngadro nga-<lro moming
9_
9. r:>.i':i,,'cr
r:>.i':i,,-<I- 'bodpa bhoe-pa to call
10,
10_ ~,,-,,~. khyedrang khye-rang yourself
~"'''~"
r:>.~."l.
r:>.~'''l" 'groba dro-wa to go
II.
:>j~,g;,
:>Fg;-
12_
12. grangmo drang-mo cold
13_
13. ~"N tshespa tshay-pa
Ishay-pa date
~.<I.
14_
14. ~'<I' grupa dru-pa boatman
 73
15. qW,,··r
qW,,'<J' bstodpa toe-pa to praise
16. 4~·q~·q·
4~'q~'q' shing.bzo
shingbzo ba shing-w-wa carpenter
17. ~.>J'q"r
~.>J·q·'r
.... ._- tshem bu ba tshem-bu-wa tailor
,•
18. Q"I~'<J'
Q"I~'q' sbragspa drak-pa postman
/~
/- 19. Ui",
Ui,,· q'<J' yodpa yoe-pa to have
20. ll"l·q·
.ll"l'<J' thagpa thag-pa rope
21.
2l. ~'i;j'
~'q' nyebo nye-wo near
22. "~~''\''1 dgongdag gong-dak evening
24. W<J'
"".q. dadpa de-pa faith
25. B"'£' /chyed tsho
khyed khye-tsho you (pI.)
26. W~'q'
W~'<J' stongba tong-pa empty
27. .,;. q'
.,;'i;j' tsha bo tsha-wo hot, nephew
28. qSJ)'!':j"l'
qS'Y:J"I' bdunphrag doon-trak week
29. q .... q
<J.... parpa par-wa photographer
30. qOj'~Oj' balyul Nepal
bay-yoo.
31. >lj~'<J'
>lj~'q' rkangpa kang-pa leg
31-
~.
~' su su who
32.
33. OJ.>J' lam lam road
34. ~Oj'i:i'
~Oj'ii' rgyalpo gyalpo king
35. .i·~F
.i'~F chechung che-chung SIze
/
36. ~q'.>J' gribma drib-rna shadow
37. ~r bu bu son, boy
q'Jj.
q'Jj'
~
38. bumo bu-mo daughter, girl
;
39. £J)'.>J~'l/
£ili·.>J~'l/ mtshon mdag tshon-dok colour
I
40. "I~~r:<:
"I~~r:<: gangs- ri
gangs-ri kang"ri
kang-ri mountairt
41. is' khyi khyi dog
42. Jj~'
Ji~' mUlg
mmg ming name
43. p:l':.'
fl'.'q' <J' khangpa khang-pa house
q'Oj"l~r
,rOj"l~' palags pa-Iak father
44.
~.
~'
~
45. su su who
2.4 The Auxiliary Verb tila;,'Ulili' ym
Ulili' yin, It represents am, are, will, did etc. but does not
Another important auxiliary verb is tila;,'
rnostly,used in the first person and present habitual and future tenses as
indicate number. It is mostly,used
shown below and is also used in the second person interrogatives. It is not used for the third
person. However yin can be used when the first person is speaking on behalf of a third person and
/
representing him so to speak. For instance r.>.~'fii~·~·UjJ)'
r.>.~·jii~·~·Ujili' 'di khong gi yin meaning "this is from
himlher" is considered much nicer than sayingr.>.~'fiir;,'<ir:<''\1 /chong gi red although difference is
sayingr.>.~·jiir;.·<ir:<''\' 'di khong
not a matter of being polite or impolite. By saying 'di khong /chong gi yin the person listening will feel
obliged to respond to the speaker if he has to, where as by saying 'di khong /chong gi red, he would nol
not feel
 74
obliged,
obliged. As will be discussed later interrogatives in spoken Tibetan are formed by adding (J"l'
q"l. pas,
Q"l'
Q~. bas, 9"l'
9"l· gas etc. to the auxiliary verb yin or red
2.4.a Examples
Singular
!'i.~t:.. (J'
1. !'i'~t:.' ~".
q. ~"i' kho zhingpa
zhing pa red kho-zhing pa re He is farmer.
2. t:..",t:..q."l",.
t:.'aF (J'''lili' nga nangpa
nang pa ym nga-nang-pa
nga-nang -pa yin I am Buddhist.
3. !9" ..;j['l"l. q·:<S
19"i'.>J['l"l'(J':<S khyod mkhas pa red khyo-khay-pa re You are learned.
4. ~'~w~"i'
~·~w~,,· denyimared de-nyi-ma re That is Nyima.
r:>.~·~r::.·~9~"i'
5. r:>.~·~r::.·~9~"· 'di shing tog red dhi-shing-to
dhi -shing-to re This is fruit.
r:>.~,t:.a·Ulili'
6. r:>.~·t:.a·Uj",· 'di nga'i yin dhi -ngay-yin
-ngay -yin This is (from) me.
Plural
1. !'it::l·i5,,·q·:i.,,·
!'it.'l'Q"i'(J':<'''i' khong tsho tbod pa red khong-tsho bod-pa re They are Tibbetan.
d·§·i5·Uj",·
2. d'§'Q'Ulili' nga tsho skyo bo yin nga-tsho-kyo-wo yin We are poor.
!9,,·l·Uj9·i:j· :i.".
3. 19"i'l'Uj9'i:j':<'''i' khyod tsho yag po red khye-tsho-yak-po re You are good.
~·l·.;j·~·:i.,,·
4. ~'l'.>J'~':<'''i' de tsho rna he red de-tsho-ma-he re those are buffaloes.
r:>.~·l·'i;'9·:i.,,·
5. r:>.~'l''i;'9':<'''i· 'di tsho stag red dhi-tsho-stag re These are tigers.
6. r:>.~'l·£::: la·Uj",·
r:>.~·l·[:: la'Ulili' 'di tsho nga tsho'i yin dhi-tsho-nga-tshoi-yin These are from us.
2.4.b Examples of the use of red and yin auxiliary verbs in sentences:
1. c:i5,,·qa·Ifj.;j·£·Uj"'1
c.·Q"i'(Ja·Ifj.>J'£'Ulilil nga bod pa'i em chi yin
nga bo pay em chi yin I am(a)
am(a) Tibetan doctor.
2. c.·~t:.'Q~·Q'Ulilil
c:~t:.·Q~·Q·Ul"'1 nga shing bzo ba yin
nga shing zo va yin I am (a) carpenter.
6"i' .<J::.·"i9ili·~'''lili'(J''l1
3. 6"· -<J::.·"9",·~·"l,,,·q"ll khyed rang dbyin ji yin pas
khye rang in j i yim pay Are you English?
4. !'it:.·t:.a·"i9"W:<'''i1
!'it:.·t:.a·,,9·'ij"\":i."1 khong nga'i dge rgan red
khong ngay ge ghen re He is my teacher.
5. ~9'5'r:>.~'l'~a'~"i1
~9·5·r:>.~·l·~a·~"1 phrug gu 'di tsho su'i red
took gu I:!hi
phi tsho sui re Whose children are these?
11l"l"l'~9"·r:>." g'c.a·:<'''il
6. !ll"l"l·~9·'j·r:>." g·t:.a· :i."1 lags phru gu 'di tsho nga'i red
laa took gu dhi tsho ngay re Yes, these are my children.
7. r:>.~'~"i'~·~9'5·:<'''i'(J''l1
r:>.~·~"·~·~9·5· :i.,,·q"ll 'di khyod kyi smyu gu red pas
dhi khyo kyI kyT nyu ku re pay Is this your pen?
 , ~
8. nJ~~r:i."il ~·t:f.\·~~·5·
~·t:f.\·~~·5· :i."il lags red de nga'i smyug gu red
laa re de ngay nyu 1m re Yes, ~hat
that is my pen.
,..
9. "Q·r.>.~·~f.\·:i."il deb 'di su'l
su 'f reb
deb dhi sui re Whose book is this?
10.nJ~~'"Q"CJ.~.t:f.\'
nJ~~'" Q"CJ.~.t:f.\' :i."il lags deb 'di nga'i red
1M
laa deb dhi ngay re Yes, this is my book.
11. [iit:.t:f.\',\~'~"i'~"i·l.l~1
[iit:.t:f.\',\~'~"i' ~"i·l.l~1 khong nga'i 'dge rgan redpas
red pas
khong ngay ge ghen re pay Is he my teacher?
12. a"i·~·'\S"i·~·Uj"i·l.l~1 khyed tsho dbyinji yin pas
.""
.",,'
.., khye tsho in ji yim pay Are you (PI) English?
13. nJ~~·Uj"i·t:·~·"iS"i·N"i1
nJ~~·Uj"i·t:· ~'''iS''i'~'Uj''i1 lags yinnga tsho dbyin ji yin
laa yin nga tsho in ji yin Yes, We are English.
[iit:·.r;c::l.l·:i."i·l.l~1
14. [iid;c::l.l· :i."i·l.l~1 khong tshang pa redpas
red pas '.
khong tshong pa re pay Is he (a) businessman?
,..
15. ~~. :i.,\'[iit:' ~t:.l.l'
~~' :i.'\'[iit:. :i.,\1
~t:'l.l' :i.'\1 .lags
, lags red khong !Shang
!shang pa red
laa re khong tshong pa re Yes, he is a businessman.
businessman,
16. ~·~·Q5."i·l.l·:lFJi·:i.'\1
~·~·Q5."i'l.l':'FJi':i.,\1 spyi zla bdun pa grang rno
mo red
chin dha doon pa drang rna mo re July is (a) cold (month).
17:
17, ,,·~·q"i·~·~~<>rl.l·:i."il
"'~'l'j"i'~'~~<>rl.l':i."il de ring bod zla gsum pa red
de ring bon dha soom pa re Today is 3rd Tibetan month.
n<'£
"",£
2.5 Exercises of Lesson Two
~";.-,
~..-' (a) Copy out ten words with suffixes in Tibetan script from
from the above vocabulary.
'(b)
(b) Transliterate the following.into Roman characters and translate five words into English.
~'Jl' S'Ji'
~'Jr S·Ji· ,\t:.lj.
,\t:'Q' nJ~·l.l·
nJ~·l.l' ~"i'l.l' r::~' t:.~.
t:'~' ~'Jl'
~:Jr ~.i'i'
~,i'i' ''r'''f
''r-l'f ~.~.
~'~' 3j.~.
3i'~'
~ ~
(c) Render the following into Tibetan with possessive case signs:
.~,o
.~;;
1. Nepal's king
2. Tibet's mountains
,,";f>f.
,,"';'< 3. Leg's size
4. Whose house
5. My daughter
,..."
6. His father
7. Their dog .
8. Road's name
9. Son's pen
".,
",,'
,../
"''' ''
 76
10. Hand's shadow
(d) Memorise the following
The ordinal numbers from [lISt ",,,'<:I' (dang po) to twelfth 'lil'''I~~r<r
fITSt ",,'il' Qil'''I~~r<r (bcu gnyis pay are
§'<i' spyi zia
prefixed with §'.i' zla (Chin-dha), signifying the twelve European months. Likewise the
lunar or Tibetan months are prefixed with Q"i'<i'bodzIa numbers.
Q":.i·bodzla (Bon-dha) to the ordinal numbers,
Q"'~"l'ni bod rgyallo (Tibetan king year) since the
Tibetan use their own dating system called ~""~"J'ni
[lISt
fITSt king 'lj~o.'~'qi5"",'<i'
"I~o.'~'qi5"~'<i' gnya' khri btsan po but since 1027 AD. ~q'~,,'
~q'~'" rab byung, the
sexagenary cycle was introduced. 1995 is the nineth year of the seventeenth rab byung. AD. in
Tibetan is ~'ni' spyi 10 (chi-lo) meaning general year and century is called :i~r~q' dus rabs
(doo-rab). Memorize the following:
The 12 General Months
Tibetan Transliteration Pronunciation Months
1. ~·.i·,,"·il·
~'<i'''i'''<:I' spyi zla dang po chin-dha dang-po January
2. ~ ..i'''I~~' <r
~'<i'''I~~'l.l' spyi zlil gnyis pa chin-dha nyee-pa February
3. ~·.i·"I~<>J·l.r
~'<i'''I~<>J'l.l' spyi zIa
zia gsum pa chin-dha
chin -dha soom-pa March
4.
4, §·fil·Q~·q·
§'fil''l~'l.l' spyi zia bzhi pa chin-dha zhi -pa April
5. §'.i.~.q
§'<i'~'l.l spyi zlilingapa
zlillngapa chin-dha nga-pa May
6. ~:.i'§"I.q.
~:<i'§"I'l.l' spyi zia
zla drug pa chin-dha drook-pa June
7. ~'.i.q:s~.q.
~'<i'q:s",'l.l' spyi zlil bdun pa chin-dha doon-pa July
8. ~'.i.q~".q.
~'<i'q~"i'l.l' brgyadpa
spyi zla brgyad pa chin-dha gye-pa August
9. ~'.i''''j.q.
~'<i"'i'j'l.l' zia dgu pa
spyi zla chin-dha ghoo-pa September
~·ri·qil·q·
10. ~'ri'qil'l.l· spyi zla
zia bcu pa chin-dha
chin -dha choo-pa October
~·ri·qil·"I~"I·q·
11. ~'fil'qil·"I~"I·l.l' spyi zia
zla bcu gcig pa chin-dha choo-ehik-pa
choo-ehik-pa November
~·ri·qil·"I~~·q·
12. ~'ri·qil'''I~~'l.l· spyi zia bcu gnyis pa chin-dha choog-nyee-pa December
The 12 Tibetan MOnths
q"'.i''''''<i'
1. q"i'<i'''i,,'<i' bodzlil dangpo bon-dha dang-po 1st
Ist Tibetan month
2. q"i'ri'''I~~'l.l·
q"'ri'''I~~'q' bod zlilgnyis pa bon-dha nyee-pa 2nd
3. q"i' ri'''I~<>J' q'
q,,' ri·"I~<>J'l.l' bod zlil gsum pa bon-dha soom-pa 3rd
4. Q""ri'q~'l.l·
Q"'ri'q~'q' bod zlil bzhi pa bon-dha zhi-pa 4th
q"'fil'~'q
5. q"i'fil'~'l.l I bodzlilinga
bodzlillnga pa bon-dha nga-pa 5th
q,,\'fij'§'lj'l.l'
6. q"'fij'§"I' q' bod zlil drug pa bon-dha drook-pa
drook -pa 6th
q"'fij.q'S~.q.
7. q"i'fij'q'S",'l.l' bod zlil bdun pa bon-dha doon-pa 7th
q"'fij'q~"'q.
8. q,,\'fij'q~"i'l.l' brgyadpa
bod zlil brgyad pa bon-dha gye-pa 8th
9, Q"i'fijS:j'l.l'
9. Q"'fij''''j'q' bod zlil dgu pa bon-dha ghoo-pa 9th
10. q,,\'<i'qil'l.l'
q"·.i·qil· q · bod zlil bcu pa bon-dha choo-pa 10th
11. Q"\·fij·qil·'lj~"I·l.l·
Q"'fij'qil'''I~''I'q' bod zia
zla bcu gcig pa bon-dha choo-chik-pa 11th
 77
/ 12. Ci'\'ri'
i:i'\'ri'Q~'''I~~ <J'
Q~'''I~~rrQ' bod zIa
zla bcu gnyis pa bon-<lha choo-n
choo·nyee-pa 12th
t<:
,
(e) Transl ate into English:
W"
1. fie:. .~. Q'
<J' ~'\I
~,\I khong gru pa red
2. fie:.'
jiie:.'g,r>
g.r>.Q"I
.Q"I'<J'
' Q' ~'\I
~,\I khong tsho 'brog pa red
r1'"
1'" 3. ~,g'B'\
~. g'a,\'' -'J:..~. ~,\'<J~I
~,\'Q~I de tsho khyed rang gi redpa
red pass
. 4.
.4. e:.·<l'\·
e:.·<i,\·ri·Q~·Q
ri'Q~·<Jwwr>.~·~·
r>.~'~·a:a:ilil
ilil nga bod zIa
zla bzhipa
bzhi pa la
Ia 'gro gi yin
~.:-.
~.;.'
5. ll"f ~;:.;: ~'\I
Zl"f <rr>.~' ~i'.i.' ~,\I thag pa 'di su'i red
6. <i,\ri'Q '\'<J'
<l'\ri'Q~~'\'Q' bodzla
bod zla brgyadpa
d pa
7. ~'ri'\l!:Q
~'ri'\l!:<J' spyi zIa
zla Inga pa
t',,",,·
t""'"
8. ""~'Il'i
""~'ll'i'~'Ol"l~
'~'Oj"l~'~,\'<J~
'~,\'Q~1
1 redpa
pha gi a rna lags red pass
9. ur~'d'; i.·?·~'\1
ur~'e:.i'.:?'~,\1 ya gi nga'i rta red
w;~
'*~ 10. ~'~·"IEl
~·~·"IElr>.·ri'Q ·~,\1
r>.·ri·Q'~'\1 de ring gza'a zia ba red
~:,
~:o
(f) Expre ss the following numbe rs in Tibetan:
/
/'
P PpJ ?, cg '?(
?l ~'?(
?,?l c<::. ,,<::.
"c gg ?,C'
?'C'
f.1':~1
f.\''".
'4 ?,pJ
?'pJ pJ
pJ gC A,
.t, ?l?,
V, C' <::."
c" po C'?,
PP pJP P?' p.t,
PA. p~
P~ PC' pc
P<::' "0 pg
~'!
:r.~ "C'
P'4 ?,?, PpJ c p",
p.t, J.,C' PC' pp ?,O gg
~o
2.7 Some Usefu l Expre ssion s:
~,r
t'!'.;r,
1. "I~~'''l'
"I~~'''I''I'.ti'IT
'l'li'IT''r~e:.'e: .~1
r ~e:.'e:. ~I gzim yag po khug song ngas
zim yag po khoog song nyay Did you sleep well ?
r_o,~
{.O',~
2. Ol"l~'''I~,
OJ''l~·''I~'\·''l''l
\·''I''I·.t·li·~''I·~ e:.·1
i'~''I' ~e:.·1 lags gnyid yag po khug byung
lak nyee yag po khoog chung Yes, I slept well.
""~-
3. r>.~ili·~·
r>.~iIi·~·<ll"l'~"i' ~e:.·1
<ll"l·~"i·~e:.'1 'dzin grwa tshug ran song
dzin dra !Shook
tshook ren song The class is about to start.
<rf'
4. "I"fl:i'
"l"fl:j. S~'''I~"
S~'''I~''i'
i' :l;"I~"Iili
;';"I~"I"ie:.·1
e:.'1 yagpo
yag po byas gsan rogs gnang
~
yag po jay sen rok nang Please listen carefully,
lly.
5. e:.·Ol·~~'
e:.w~~·~~~~"Iilie:.
"Ii1ie:.··';:"I~·"I
;';"I~·"Iilie:.·1
"ie:.·1 nga fa
la rjes zlos gnang rogs gnang
"',::;:,-'
::::., nga la jay dhoe nang rok nang Please repeat after me.
6. "Ie:.'~~'
"le:.·~~''I~''I''
·"I~"I·"'I~F
I~F :l;"I~'''I"ie:.·1
;';"I~·"I"ie:.'1 yang skyar gcig gsung rogs gnang
yang kyar chik soong rok nang Please repeat it once again (for me).
/
 77
12. <:i,\'~'Q
<:i"·~·Qil'''I~~r
il·"I~~rLr
Lr bod zla bcu gnyis pa bon-<l
bon -<lha
ha choo-n yee-pa 12th
<
,
(e) Transl ate into Englis h:
1. fi"'·~·LJ
fi"- .~. "I'·~,\1
~'" klwng gru pa red
/ 2. jkg.r.>.
jkg.r.>.Q"I·LJ·~ ,\1
Q"I·LJ·~'\1 khong tsho 'brog pa red
'1.: 0 '
'1.'".' 3. ~.
~·g·§,\· .:q;:~. ~'\.
",",·~·~
g·iS,,· LJ~I
,\·LJ~J de tsho khyed rang gi red pas
4. "-·q,\~·
",·q,\~·Q~·LJwr.
Q~·LJwr.>.~·~·Uj 3i1
>.~·~·Ujilil nga bod zla bzhi pa la 'gro gi yin
;g:.):
5. ~"I·LJ·r.>.~·~t"i· ~'\1
>.~·~t"l·~,\1 thag pa 'di su'i red
6. q'\'~'QS
q"·~·QS,\·LJ·
'\'LJ' bodzla
bod zla brgyadpa
d pa
7. ~'~'~'LJ
~·~·~·LJ'·
",f"
",f"'
spyi zla Inga pa
8. ""~'Q'r<>
"'·~·Q·r<>J·fll"l~ ~,\·LJ~I
l'Oj"l~'· ~'\'LJ~1 pha gi a rna lags redpa
red pass
9. ur~·"-t"l
ur~·",t"i·?· ~,\I
·?· ~'\I ya gi nga'i rta red
~-:;";
10. ~·~·"I.e
~·~·"I.er.>.·~·Q
r.>.·~·Q·~'\1
·~,\1 de ring gza'a zla ba red
I:t';"
(I:) Expre ss the follow ing numbe rs in Ti betan:
)P )[lJ
PflJ "> cJ,.{
c)..{ 'I 1'1 c:. I;c:. J,.{
)..{
'1'1 ">(>
~>;
~"'.
I;
'4 ">[lJ
">flJ [lJ )..{c:. -'I
flJ J,.{c:. " '11
'1'1 (> c:.1; po
)0 (>1
(>'1
pp
PP [lJ)
flJP )">
P"> )-'1 )'1
P'I P(>
p« pc:. 1;0 pJ,.{
p)..{
";".~
";".~
P" 1;(>
/ pI;
)'4 ">"> )[lJ
PflJ c:. )-'1 ,,~ P(z
p« p) J-lJ,.{
J-l)..{
P" -'1« PP 0
1'10
2.7 Some Useful Expre ssion s:
%. 1. "I:il<>l'~
"" 1lJ:ii<>J·~"I';:i"j~" I'~"-'"-~
"I· ;:h~"I·~" '·"' ~IJ gzim yag po khug song ngas
zim yag po khoog song nyay Did you sleep well ?
f"C.>'
f"'""
fll"l~·"I~,\·~"I
2. OJ''l~'''I~'\'~''I·;:j·~''
'iJ'~''I"r:FI
:FI ~
lags gnyid yag po khug byung
lak nyee yag po khoog chung Yes, I slept well.
'!t-',"
i'i-'>c
3. r.>.f!3i'~
r.>.f!ili·~·~"I·"'
'~"I' "'3i'~"-'
~·~"'·11 'dzin grwa tshug ran song
dzin dra tshook ren song The class is about to start.
fiQ:·-
'i.;r..-
~"I·;:j·S~·"I~"i
4. ~"I'iJ'S~'''I~''i'·~"I~·"I
~''I~'''Iili"'·1
3i"-'1 yag po byas gsan rogs gnang
&IT'
E'IT'
yag po jay sen rok nang Please listen carefully.
5. "-W~~
",W~~'~~"I
'~~"IaF
aF ~"1~'''I'' "'·1
~"I~·"I"ii"-'1 nga la rjes zlos gnang rogs gnang
1).""
1)."'- nga la jay dhoe nang rok nang Please repeat after me.
6. ~"-'~"""I
~"'·~"'%"I'''I~"
·"I%"I·"I~F
-'~''1~''
~"I~'''I''
'I''i"-'1
i",'1 yang skyar gcig gsung rogs gnang
yang kyar chik soong rok nang Please repeat it once again (for me).
-,:-,
.c'·-·'
 lag ha go rna song
No, I didn't understand.
°pUelSlQPUn 1.Up!P I 'oN llUOS llW 08 eq gill
lags ha go rna song
:iiuos /JUI o:ii vlJ s:ii1J[
8. Ol"l'll','ilj""r"i"-'!
b~oti'o~o~olllb!tJ 08

Did you understand it? ha go song ngay

hellU llUOS 08 elj
i,l! PUelS1QPUn nOh P!G
ha go song ngas 7. '5'~""i"-'"- "l"1
sv:iiu :iiuos o:ii /J1f 1.&'J0'J~0~0f, °L

11)
>1/
 LES SON THREE
- a:;c3i'l:!j~,;j'
mq ' a:;e3i'I: lj~,;j' ~r
3.1 The Surm ounte d and Subjo ined Conso nants Drill
Tibeta n Trans lit. Pronu
ProDunciatio n Englis h
"i~~'l.
"i~~'l.ll dkrugspa Trook-pa
~ to shake
Il.§"'l.l
1J.§'lf'l.l' 'khrugpa Took-pa to quarrel
"i~llrl.l·
"i~llrl.l' dkrogpa Trok-pa to rattle
j.,~l.j"
j'lf~l,f sgrogspa Drok-pa to announce
<l~4~' bkrashis Tra-shi auspicious
/ j!3ill'
j!3i1J' khrom Tom market
;j' skra Tra hair
I!l'
J!l' khra Thra hawk
~'l.l' grvapa Dra-pa monk
;J'~"i' sgrasnyan Dram-nyen guimr
guitar
~.
~'
~
gru Dru boat
;Jr:;.' sgrung Droong story
~ -
~"i'l.l' skyid po kyeet-po happy
&"i"S'
&"i"s" sgyed bu gyet-pu oven
c<~...'<r
C<~""<r 'khyer ba khyer-wa mke
to take
~ .... q.
~ ...'q'
skyer ba kyer-wa a wood
~q.
~q' skyo ba kyo-wa to be sad
i§'''f
6""f khyo ga khyo-ga husband
~...'Ji'
~""Ji' skyur mo kyoor-mo sour
~"i''J' rgyidpa gyit-pa tendon
;.;- (j'2jt:;' pivan g pi-wang lute
.rik·
'r'5r:;.· phabo ng pha-wong boulde r
~~''J' rgyaspa gyay-pa to increase
<l~"i' brgyad gyet eight
~r:;.'"i' spyan gki chang-ki jackal
~'lf'l:i'
~"'i:i' phyug po chyook-pa rich
SiIJ~·l.j"
Sill'll'l,f byams pa jam-pa love
IJ.l<ill'ij
Il.l<iIJ'ij' 'iamp o jaam-po soft
,-.to
Q'lf'!1'lf'
Q"'!1'" bragphug drak-phook cave
~f'S' sbrangbu drang-bn bees
"i'K·ij·
"i'K'ij' dbangpo ang-po senses
"iSr:;.~·
"iSr:;.'ll' dbyangs yIang tune
 81
tsho nyi rna me tog yin gyi re
de ISho I think those are sun flowers.
fic::r:>.E:....·
11. fic::fJ.e:. .;J'~'"\~'<il"\'1;:~' ':<'' \1
... ·.;r~·"\~·Ul"\·c:~r.:<."i1 khong 'jar ma ni nas yin nges red
khongjer rna ni nay yin ngey re He must be from Germany.
12."1'
12."1· l·me. 'ilf'lj'<il"\'1;:
'iifllJ' Ul"\'C: ~. ':<'' \'i1l ya tsho glang gog yin nges red
-f
tsho lang gok yin ngey re
ya ISho Those up there must be oxes.
13. fie.·l·~e.·~"\·r:>.~·1;:~·':<'''\1
fie.·l·~e.·~"\·fJ.~·C:~·':<'''i1 khong tsho sang nyin 'gro nges red
tsho sang nyin dro ngey re
khong ISho They must be going tomorrow.
14. ~·9rrs:·.;J·~d~·':<'''\1
~·9rrs:·.;r~e.·C:~·':<'''i1 zhi mi '0 rna thung nges red
shi mi ho rna thoong ngey re The cat must drink milk.
;'.
;'
--;
, ~·~·.r,,,,·r.P'lr.r1;:~·':<'''\1
15. ~·~c:.r,"'·'.r"ltrC:~·':<'''i1 de ring charpa
char pa bah nges red
de ring char pa bab ngey re It must rain today.
16. fi·~e.·Uj'lj·Uj"\·qi·r:>.5'lj
fi·~c:.·UjllJ·Uj"\·"Ii·fJ.51lJ kho drung yig yin bzo 'dug
kho drung yig yin w dook It appears that he is the secretary.
, ""·"\ilfe.·.r,...
17. ""·"iiife.·.r, ·<I·QQ·"I~·fJ.51lJ
...·t.j·qQ·Q~·r:>.5'lj do dgong char pa bab bzo 'dug
_J
do gong char pa bab zo dook It appears that it will rain tonight.
18. r:>.~·'lj~
fJ.~·IlJ~ ...·t.j·<il"\·QHm5'lj
...·<I·Ul"\·"Il~fJ.51lJ 'di
'ill gsar pa yin bzo mi 'dug
dhi sar pa yin zo mi dook It appears that this is not new.
3.4 Tibetan Verb
A verb shows action or denotes a state of being. In Tibetan to comprehend the meaning of a
sentence, one must be able to recognize the verb. As a monosyllabic language, a Tibetan verb comes
with a single syllable verb stem which can have various verbal affixes to suit the context, tense and
mood of the sentence. Tibetan verbs are not marked with number, gender and person of the subject
;'.
;'
or the object which considerably makes it an easy language. There are honorific verbs as there are
honorific nouns in Tibetan which will be dealt in a separate lesson. Tibetan verbs occur with or
without verbal affixes. Most verb stems chal]ge
change their spelling by prefixing an allowable prefix
consonant or suffixing (usually sa) to change their tense and moods. Infinitive form of Tibetan
verbs come with additive particles pa and ba ego
3.4.a Vocabulary Verbs
Tibetan Transliteration pronunciation English
~e..q'
~e. '''1' thungba thoongwa to drink
~
r:>.~'q'
fJ.~'Q' groba drowa togo
-"" "~'fr.r
"~'ftr gyugpa yookpa to throw
q~~'t.j.
"I~~'<r btsugspa tsook-pa
lSook-pa to pierce
r:>.Q.q.
fJ.Q'''I' 'bri ba dri wa to write
~
Q'i!"\'t.j.
"I'i!"\. <1' bstanpa tern pa to show
r:>.~,,\.t.j.
fJ.~"i. <I' 'khridpa tree pa to guide
__0"
,.......'
........
 82
"J')q' <r
"J,)q' <l' gtubpa toob pa to chop
~
P.~"l'L1'
P.~"l'<,J' 'demspa dempa to elect
"i"Jp.'q'
"i"Jp.' q' dga'ba ghawa to like
"I"I~'q' gyarOO yaarwa to lend, borrow
"I(1J'q'
"Irll' q' yalOO yal wa to vanish
In spoken Tibetan, the verbal affix 5' gy~ q~"\' bzhin, ~' kyi or~' gi etc, are commonly used
in participle present and future tenses,
tenses. Action can happen at various times, namely present"past and
present"pastand
future, Tibetan verbs are generally expressed in three tenses called '.l'll'''J~''l' "dus gsum" which are "i'
'Irq'
'Irq- da lta
Ita ba, present, P."i'll'L1' tense, If one says [;,'1;,'
m:k,'Il'L1' ma 'ongs pa, future tense.
P."i'll'<,J' das pa, past and m:k,'Il'<,J' ~'!;,'
!j[;,'i<j'Ui"i1
!l~'arUi"i1 ngaja thung gi yod, (nga ja thoong gi yoe) it could either mean "1 drink tea" (present
habitual) or it could mean "}
"1 am drinking tea" (progressive present).
present), However the prefered
progressive present form in modern Tibetan would be [;,'I;,'!j[;,'q~"\'Ui"i1
~'!;,'!l~'q~"\'Ui"i1 nga ja thung bzhin yod. We
later.
will have a detailed lesson on tenses later,
.ll[;,'q'
ll~'q' thungba (to drink) Infinitive
~
[;,'!j[;,'~'cJ:i"i'
~'!l~'~'cl:i"i' nga thung gi yod (I drink) Present habitual
q~,~,tlj"\'
q[;,'~'Uj"\' nga thung gi yin (I'll drink) Future
~
]l'q'
Jl'q' zaOO
zaba (to eat) Infinitive
fl'Jl'q'
fl']l'q' ~"i' khoza ba red (He eats) Present
fl' Jl'~'
]l'~' ~"i' khozagired (he will eat) Future
q'lr q ' blaOO
blaba (to look) Infinitive
i9"i'q~'q'~"i khyod blta ba red (You look) Present habitual
i9"i'q~'~'~"i khyod blta gi red (You will look) Future
3.5 Vocabulary Nouns
1. ~"J'4"i'
~"J'4"i' rgyugshad gyookshe comb
2,
2. l'lJ"J'~q'
1'1J"J'~q' lag shub lagshoob hand gloves
~
3,
3. ~'
£<'"1' ~' jam rtse cham tse scissors
4, ~'l"i' chu tshod chu tsho watch (time)
5. ~q'~' ltebgri teb dri pocket knife
6,
6. mlll'''J!j'
m'lI'''Jlj' glog gzhu 10k shu torch
7,
7. l'lJ'"I'j'l'
1'1J'"I'j'l' lamkha lam kha road
8, ~'''li5[;,'
~
"lj'lOi
~lr''1i5~' "lj'l"i glu gtong mkhan glu tong khen singer
~
9. "J]l'"l'~~'
"I~'"I'~[;,' gzim chung zimchoong bedroom
10, .llq'
10. a:;~'
llq' 0:;[;,' thabtshang thab tshang kitchen
\MIlj'~'
11. ~"l'~' lcog rtse chog tse table
12,
12. &q'~"J'
liJ<r~"J' skub skyag koob kyak chair
 Q,;:"F"1'
13. !:j,;:"F"1' branggog drang khog chest
~'ll'.ij.
14. ~'ll'.ij' pusmo poomo khee
iii'",!'
15. ili'""!' rla sha laa sha thigh
~..ij.
16. ~'.ij' grumo drumo elbow
i5",~",
17. i5".~". bodskad poke Tibetan language
,,9~·e.~·~,\·
18. ,,9~'e.~·~,\· dbyin ji'i skad injee ke English language
Location
/'-
/ i9.
19. ilit:::nr
ili c: nr nangla nangla inside
20. ~'rli"1'(1j'
~'rll"1'nr phyi log la chi log la outside
21. ~c.'(1j'
~t:::1'r steng la teng la above, upstairs
-",;
-",. 22. 2j,,'1'r
2j"'(1j' shodla shot la below, downstairs
23. ZlJUl'll,g"1'll'nr
ZlJUI'll'g"1'll'nr gyas phyogs la yay chog la right
24. ili·g"1'll·nr
ZlJ Jiili'g"1'llW gyon phyogs la
La yon chog la left
25. ~c.'(1j'
~I::nr sgangla ghang la on top
26. r;: llj'(1j'
0:Ilj'(lj' ogla hog la underneath
UI.o;.W
27. Ul"W yarla yarla upward
"J.o;.W
28. "J.o;,W marla marla downward
29. o.~'llW fa
'khris la ttee la nearby
.>J)ili W
30. .>l)iliW
30. mdunla doon la in front
31. ~qW rgyabla gyabla behind
~crrll"1'll"(lj"
32. ~crrli"1'llW rgyab logs la gyab log la behind
Verbs
/\
---.;-
1. q~'q' blta ba ta wa to look
-'I'cr
2. =l'cr mba
zaba zawa to eat
'~'l,J'
3. 'ili"4" nyanpa nyem pa to listen
-~
ii,,·l,J'
4. ii,,'<r sdodpa doepa to sit
<:l13~'ll'l,J'
5. <:l13~'ll'<r bzhugspa shookpa to sit (hon)
.,.j
<:l~I:.'q'
6. <:l~c.'q' bzungba zoongwa to hold
o.!'fq.
7. o.!'fq' 'bri ba dri wa to write
8. l3'q'
l3· q · zhuba zhu wa to request
9. <:It'\''1'l,J'
<:l~"1".r bzhagpa zhakpa to place
110. <:l'llM <r
O. <:l'llMl,J' bsampa sampa to think
o.".o;.'q'
11. o.",,'q' 'darba dharwa to shiver
ciil:.·q·
12. ciic.·q' yongba yongwa to corne
13, ZlJ~"'l,J'
13. ZlJ~"'lJ' gcodpa cho pa to cut
14. ffillj'l,J'
ffillj'lJ' klogpa 10k pa to read
.,-"'
 ~4
':i~·.c.r
15. :l"l·.c.r dranpa drempa to remember
16. O1"1'.c.r
O1~'!.J' lenpa lempa to take
17. .>lic;,·q'
17. .>lie;,·q· mchongba chongwa to jump
P.1Fq·
~
18. P..IFq· 'thungba thoongwa to drink
ruq·!.J'
19. mq·.c.r slobpa lob pa to learn
20. P.9....·
P.9....·qq 'byor ba Jorwa to arrive, receive
3.6 Expressions on the notion of time
1. jj'~' thorangs tho rang dawn
2. ~~. sngadro nga dro morning
,\'~c;,''i!'~'
3. '\'''Iqd' da nang snga dro da nang nga dro this morning
~·,~,c:;~·'\~r;;:
4. ~'~';"I''\:jr::.' de ring nyin dgung de ring nying goong this noon
5. ;"I''\:jr::.'
;~''\~f' nyindgung nyin goong noon
6. ~,~. phyidro chi dro afternoon
7. ,\ij[r::.''\''I'
,\il[<:.''\''I' dgongdag gongdak evening
8. 'i",\~r::.'
~,\~<:.' dadgong do gong tonight
9. ~"I'''I~' zhog kils zhok key morning
10.
10, .>l~"I.gj.
.>l~~.gj' mtshanmo tshen mo
!Shen night time
.>l~~·'\5<:'·
11. .>l~"I''\:jr::.' mtshan dgwlg tshen gOQng
!Shen goong midnight
12.
12, .>l,\r::.',\~r::.'
.>l,\<:",\~<:" mdangdgong dhanggong last night
~<:..;~,
13. ~e;,';"I' sang nyin sang nyin tomorrow
14. "I"1e;, ~'~"I'
"I~<:'~'~~' gnangs nyin naang nyin day after tomorrow
jil'~'
15~ F'~' khesa khesa yesterday
16. fl~';"I'''I'
fI~';~'''I' khasnyinga khey nyin ga day before
17. "I'~r::.'
~'~<:.' naning na ning last year
;~.
18. ;"1' nyima nyima day
q5~'~"I'
19. q5"1'~"I' bdunphrag doon trak week
;';;;'.,
20. Ii'q'
<i'q' zlaba dha wa month
,jj'll!"I'
21. .ij'll!"I' zla lhag dhalhak extra month
22.
22.,jj'~"I'
.ij·"I"I· zlanag dha nak bad month (astral)
23. ~r::.'i4".
~<:"i4". sangphod sang phoe mextyear
24. ni·fi"l·.>l·
ni·fi~·.>l' nUl
10 sngon nul 10 ngonma last year
25. ~'l'". chu tshod tshoe
chu !Shoe hour
26. lij.>;',;r
26.lij~',;r skilr nUl
skar nul karma minutes, star
27. ~"'''I' phyedkil cheka half
28. :il"l·.c.rnr
:ii~'!.J'nr zinpaln
zinpa/n zim pa la to (as in time)
29. Uinr"l~'
Uinr~~' yol nos yolnay past (as in time)
"I'l'",
30. "I'l'". ga tshod ga !shoe
tshoe what (as in time)
~
 85
31. "t.; ",.;fS<
fs;<\r \j·. na m dus
32. ,)S ,,\S,); na m doo se as on
,,\;';'
dp yid ka
33. "\'j ch ee ka
",'['1'
')':1"t'f 'l' sp rin g
dg un kh a
34. ,):1''is,,'f ghoon kha wi nt er
"'['1'
'l' db ya rkha
35. Wili'j'I li'j'l" ya ar kha su mm er
sta
sto n kha ton kha au tum n
1. t::m
t::rq-~'
uq-~·"'r
'''r r:>.
r:>. §j·~
§j'~ ·Uii
'Uii liJ
liJ
ng a lo b dr nga slo
slab grva 1ala 'gra o gi yin
a la dr o gi yin I wi ll go to th e scho ol.
o!. (Future)
2. t:'~ q-1l
q-ff iIlJ
illJ '''l
'iir 'di,
di"i)Jl
ng a lo b de b lo g gi
nga deb Jdog gi yo ya d
yo e I go to the sc ho o! ol . (present habitual)
3. t:'e
t:·e·~t:.~t·.ij
:..ij""r:>
r:>.
.~t:
~t:.·Q~i
Q~ili·d
li 'dir
i"il:;1
",,-;.
ng a ch u gr an g moma 'thung bzhin
ng a ch u th oo ng zh in yo
e hin yo
ya d
I am dr in ki ng co ld water. (present
.... ........ _ .... Progressive)
4. t:·,,·
"·Ao."')(i(,
":~,:~t:·t:·
fllflJ
·r:·o.
>.~~·urU/
rur U/i ili l
liJ
~.-:
~--.: ng a ri dh ee gh an g nga ri di'i sg an g la 'gra o ya yin
la dr o ya yin I'll
.'---
..V'."· be go in g on top of the
hilL (Future Perfect)
/ 5. t:. g'f
a;·flllJ'~re
lreC:: t: 'flJ
fll 't>,
·r> .§j§j'~
·~Q Q"l'
"l· di'\
di, l
\1
'I),."
"'" .... nga tsl
ISlw las kh un g la 'gro gr
nga sth o lay kh oo ng la dr abs yo
ya d
:~"~;
:~.~.,...
o dr ab yo e We are ab ou t to go
to the office. (Future)
6. fii~
fii~rr ~t: "'I
""I~r:
~"i;'~
'~'' ~"il
<'"~ khas
os sh in g gc od
kh oe sh in g ch o ky i re ad kyi re d
He will cu t th e wood. (Fu
ture)
7. fii
fiilll
~rU'Uj ·r>
j·~'~'t>,.Q·
Q'QQ·~
'~",)1
\1
!lit>')
!lit"";
khos yi ge 'bri ba re d
kh oe yi ge dri wa re
He wr ite s let ter s. (prese
nt Habitual)
8. fii"l·4t:·~·Q~"
Q~i,·r
li·:>.
o.SS"l
"l
"'£ khas
os sh in g thu
kh oe ch u th oo ng zh in lh u bzhin
hin 'dug
do ok He is fet ch ing wo od . (Pr
esent Progressive)
.,ff>.
9. ,jJ<
,jJ"l·
\j' q-~
Q"~IlJ
llJ'A~
·o.~'U
'U/I'~
' ~,)
"\1I
"'" mo e ba ch oo k jo ya re
mo
mas ba ph yu g 101a ya re d
She'll be mi lk
Ikin
ingg cow. (Future Perfect)
...,,".. 10. fit
fiit:·a dit:
:·g·;·d it:·~Q"
·~Ql·r:
~rr>.S;
:>.SIl
llJJ
kh an
ong tsl
ISlw yo ng gr abs 'dug
kh on g tsh o ya ng dr ab
do ok They are about to come
. (Future)
,;d. 11. ~'~
~·~'r:
·r:>.~
>.~<\j
"l·'..
..ecr~
r~·'~'
~'~~,)
"\1J zh i mi 'dis sh a za gi re d
zhi mi dh ee sh a za gi re
This ca t will ea t meat. (Fu
ture)
'-fd 12. 'II1
'IIllJ·~"l·t
"l·c;!Il
;jllJ·Q~i\t.
i\t.l·l·~~,)
"\II sta d des lug bs od pa re d
taa g de y lo ok so e pa re
The tig er kills sh ee p. (pr
esent Habitual)
¢
Ie""
1,_;
">;
,,~::
,,~:.

13. .>;'r>. ~~. ,!. ;l"':J~~'r>.'S"I
",·r>.~~·'!·;P'l~~·r>.'S"I
ra dhee tsa za zhin dook
jil·i5"i"Clfr>.~·"I·~"i1
14. jii'i5"i"Ofr>.~'''l·~''i1
kho poe la dro ya re
15. <li'r>.~'jil"l.~q~.r>.'S"I
<1l·r>.~·jii"r~q~'r>.'S"I
chu dhi khol drab dook
16.r:..·1;~r:..·;~·~·r>.~~·~~'§'ill~1
16.e:.·l·~e:.·;~·~·r>.~~·~~·§·ilj~1
nga tsho sang nyin loong trin nyen gyi yin We will listen to the radio tomorrow,
d';·i5"i'~"i·~r:..'~·Ui"i1
17. e:.' ct· i5"i·~"i·~e:.·~·u:j"i1
nga Isho
ISho poe ke jang gi yoe
18.e:.·"I~e:.·
18. q'r>.1[ q~~ 'u:j"il
r:..·"I~r:..·<.I'r>.l[q~~'Ui"i1
nga dong pa tm zhin yoe
19. r:..·g-"II1~·q'5r:..""l"ill~1
e:.·£-"II1~·q'5e:.""I"ilj~1
nga Isho
ISho zhay tang ya yin
20. r:..·g'OJ,>;·qii"i·~q~'Ui"i1
e:.·ct·.;J",·qii"i·~q~·u:j"i1
nga Isho
ISho mar doe drab yoe
jiir:..'''I!lJ.l"
21. jile:. <1lr:..'~r:..'nm'S"I
'''I!lJ.l" <lie:.' ~e:."Clfr>. 'S"I
khong zim choong nang la dook
~·~·Fe:.·qf.i·~e:.·ni·r>.'S"I
22. ~'~·Fr:..'<.If.i·~r:..'rli'r>.'S"I
lsi
lSi lsi
lSi khang pai teng la dook
e:.·'lJ;~·.;J~"I~·<:i·u:je:.·~·Uj~1
23. r:..·"I;~·OJ~"I~'iJ'Uir:..·~'Uj~1
nga nyee gyok po yong gi yin
24. jiir:..'g'F'''l''l' !l.q~~'r>."i"l
jilt:.. ct'F'''l''l' !l'q~~'r>."i"l
~
khog tsho kha lag za zhin dook
25.
25, r:..'
e:.' g'~'''iiijr:..' a;"I·q"'·ru'lJ·~·ilj~1
ct·~·"iiije:.· a;"I'<.I.>;'ffi"l'~'ill~1
nga Isho
ISho do ghong !shag tshag par log gi yin
26. ~6·~·.;J",·.;J,kilj·~"i1
~6'~'OJ'>;'OJ,kii(""i1
tre'u de mar chong gi re
'>;·~·Fr:..'<.Ir.;: ii"fF"Ofr>.'S"I
27. "'·~·Ft:.·qi:i.· ii"fF"Clfr>.'S"I
ra de khang pai thog kha la dook
~''Ijile:. '~'>lJe:.' qr'l.'i5:"I"Clfr>."i"l
28. ~''Ijiir:..'~'>lF<.Ir'J:i5:''I'"m''i''l
nyoog gu khonggi kang p;i hog la dook
86
ra 'dis rtsa
rlsa za 'bzhin 'dug
This goat is eating grass.
kho bod la
fa 'gro ya red
He will be going to Tibet.
chu 'Iii khol grabs 'dug
This water isabaut to boil.
nga tsho sang nyin rlung 'phrin
'plzrin nyan gyi yin
tomorrow.
nga tsho bod skad sbyang gi yod
We study Tibetan language.
nga gdong pa 'khru bzhin yod
I am washing face.
nga ISho
ts/zo gzhas btang ya yin
We will be singing.
nga tsho mar bsdod grabs yod
We are about to sit down.
chung nang la
khong gzim ehung fa 'dug
He is in the bedroom.
tsi tsi khang pa'i steng la
fa 'dug
The rat is on the roof,
roof.
nga gnyis mgyogs po yong gi yin
Two of us will come quickly.
khong tsho kha lag za bzhin 'dug
'-,'-:,
'-,'"
They are eating food.
nga tsho do dgong tshag par /dog gi yin
_.,:
Tonight we will read newspaper.
spre 'u de mar mehong gi red
The monkey will jump down.
ra de khang pa'i thog kha la 'dug
The goat is on the roof of the house.
kLl! pa'i 'og la 'dug
smyu gu khong gi kOl
My pen is under his foot.
 ~ ,
29. ~<::'·~·$
~c;:~·$nrl'lf"i·ii
nrOf"i·iii·"i50i·1
i·"i50i·I'I·r.>.~· ~,,\I
'l·o.~·~·~· ~"\I khong phyi rgyalf a da 10 dgun kha 'gro gi red
khong chi gyalla da 10 goon kha dro gi re He will go abroad this winter .
30
30.. .lj' .>;t;,.~<::
.lj·.>;C· ~t:.·J[~,
..J[ ~"\I
,\1 tho rang grang mo red
tho rang drang mo re It is cold in the dawn.
'<f."-~".
'<f. '-~".
31. ~t:.·g·~·
~<::.·g·i;§·g,,\·q~·
g,,\·q~·ll.l·C'lJ·U
.l·nrUit:i<::'·~·~"
.·~·~,,\1\1 khong tsho chu tshod bcu pa laIa yang
yong gi red
khong tsho chu tshoe chu pa la yang yong gi re They will come at ten o'cloc k.
,,;-,
,,;-, 32. ~<::.'g·"i
~t:.. g·"i·'1rr.
·'1i·o.~·
>.~·~·rl.5
~·(),5'lJ
'lJ khong tsho 'da Ita gro gi 'dug
khong tsho tha ta dro gi doak
dook They are going now.
';-C,
33. C":..,iij·0
<::.·..,iiji·~·r.>.5'l
·0i·~·O'5'lJJ nga mgo na gi 'dug
nga gho na gi dook I have a headache.
,. -
\;c.;
\;'-.
34. S'I'l'C'll
S·I'I·Cll'lJ·~·q~Oi"
'lJ'~'q~Oirl."i'lJ
'(),"i'lJ
~
bu kha lag za bzhin 'dug
bu kha lag za zhin dook The son is eating food.
-!i:,',
-\i:"
35. S·J[r.>.~
S·J[o.~·~·~·Uit:.· ·(),5'lJ
·Ui<::'·~~·rl.5'lJ bu mo 'di ru yong gi 'dug
bu mo
rna dhi ru yang gi dook The girl is comin g here.
tt.o;i
ti-.";i
36. <::.'
c;: g'C'll'~·.J
g"Cll"~·.jjj·'1!.·(),5
·'1!.·rl.5''lJlJ nga tsho fa zhi mi lnga
Inga 'dug I
nga tsho la zhi mi nga dook We have got five cats. .
f4
... 3.7 Exerc ises of Lesso n Three
i:"<"c'
~~~-:
(a) Write the subjoi ned and surmo unted conson ants which are prono unced same as:
ca cha jl nya tta
tra tha dra
(b) Write the four labial consonants which take the subjoined ya.
(c) Write down the suffixes which modifies the sound of the root letter.
;;,,~
(d) Write down the consonants which can not be modified by prefix
es or surmounted letters and
explai n why. ._
(e) Write down the consonants which take subjoined la. lao
>;0;:
;;0;:
(1) Trans late into Tibetan:
"
K'.i
K~
1. We have seven dogs.
;'.{'
,--~:' 2. He has one deer.
3. They are eating food.
Gt;."i-
4. I will be going there.
~':G-
5. My book is on the table.
6. Yester day was Tuesday.
7. She will go tomorrow.
~;fl. 8. I will read this book tonight.
9, The girl has a headache.
10. I am learnin g Tibetan.
,.:
fuN
(g) Expre ss and memorize the following Tibetan names:
- :;.>-
~ 1. Tashi Tsheri ng q~'4"l'
q~'4"1'",' .>;t;,.
",'.>;C' bkra shis tshe ring (m.)
2. Dondr up Gyatsh o ;;;Oi '(),~<r$'
'rl.~q'$' JIg.
~
dan 'grub rgya mtsho (m.)
 ISIS
3. Kunga Khedrup 'j"i"""Ir:>." o>JF'\r~(r
'j"i"""Ir.>." "Jfl'\r~(r kung dga' mkhas grub (m,)
(m.)
4. Nyatri Tsernpo "I,?r:>.'~"q;5""i,q.
"I,?r.>..~"q;5""i"q. gnya' khri btshan po (m.)
5. Songtsen Garnpo ~c..q;5""i'~o>J.q.
~c.' q;5""i'llI"J'q' srong btsan
blsan sgam po (m.)
6. Perna lungnay
Jungnay Q"'''J'r:>.~c.
Q""o>J'r.>.~C.'''I''i~'
'''I''iZ\j' pad ma 'byung gnas (m.)
7. llamo Dolkar ~'~'~n.r""I",'
~'~'~n.r""1"" iha (f.)
Iha mo sgroi dkar (f)
8. Ngodrup Wangmo ~'~.Q' "qc.',;f
"e:Z\j'~-Q' (f.)
lingos grub dbang mo (f)
9. Migrnar Dolrna ~"j"" <lJ.... ~n.r "J"
~"1""«J""~n.r "f (f.)
mig dmar sgrolma (f)
10. Yangchen Butree "9C. ~·';"i·S·r.>.~,,·
"9C.Z\j',;"i' S'f).~"· (f.)
dbyangs can bu 'khrid (f)
3.8 Useful Expressions
1. c.'a;. a:;c.·o>J·o>J,?o>J·q·ili"l"~'
c..a;. a:;c.·"J'''J,?''J,q'ili''l'~1 klog do
nga tsho tshang ma mnyam po !dog
nga tsho tshang rna nyam po 10k tho Let us all read it together.
6,,·-<..c;.·"I~"I· ::'ili"l'''I''ic.'"c.·1
2. 6",-<..c;.·"I~"I' ::·ili"l""I"ic.·"c.·, klog gnang dang
khyed rang gcig pu !dog
khye
kbye rang chik pu 10k nang dang Please say it alone by yourself.
3. "i~c. '''''1 dgongdag
gongdak I am sorry. (purify your thoughts)
:':"."
4. "j"Ul' S,,·~· "J"
"I"iil'S"'~' o>J" ~'" ga ye byed kyi rna red
ga ye je kyi rna re It does not matter.
5. "I'ii:l'ili"l·"I"ic.'"c.·1
"I·ii:l·ili"l·"I"ic.·"c.·, ga ie klog gnang dang
Ie !dog
ga Ie 10k nang dang Please read slowly.
r.>.~·",~·ili"l·"I"ic.·"c.·,
6. r:>.~·"\Z\j'ili"l·"I"ic.'"c.·1 'til
'di tzasklog
nas!dog gtzang
gnang dang
dhi nay 10k nang dang Please read from here.
7. "I'll"i'''I''ic.'"J' ~c.'c. Z\jl
"I~"i'''I''ic.'o>J'~c.'c.~, gsan gnang ma song ngas
sen nang rna song ngey Didn't you hear me (han,)?
(han.)?
8. c.Z\j'Ulc.·~",·ilj"l'i"l
c. ~·UlC. '~","ilj"l'i"l ngas yang skyar kiog
klog chog
ngey yang kyar 10k chok I can read it again (for you),
you).
 ~y
"
LESSON FOUR
~
1:::)" .:6 ~ .L;j!C\
m
mQ' - .:6~' Q!C\''I;,J
.t.I!I
<-.-;.
i.'i~-"
4. 1 Substitution Drills
1. ~~·I·"I"1"1·~·~·.;j·
~~·I·"I"I"I·~·~·.;j· :0:.", di tsho gyag gi rnga rna
ma red These are Yak tails.
~: ."
" ~"I'~'l1:I"I'!r<J'
~"I'~'l1:I"I'!r<J' lug gi lpags
!pags pa sheep skin
"9'q~''''''~'
'9'q~''''''~' sha ba'i ra co deer horn
qnrij~·~~~·
qrlf<:jA'~~~' balpo'i
bal po'i sbrang rtsi Nepalese honey
~-.-
ClJ"I·<JA·~Q·.;j·
Cll"l·<J~·~Q·.;j· lag pa'i grib
grw ma hand's shadow
~,,:: .
2. c;: 1'Cll'''''l....·''Id'iCll·''I~''fd'i,,'
2. ~'I'C1J'''''l'''''''IrilC1J'''I~Mril", nga tsho la dkar gyol gsum yod We have three porcelain bowls.
~q'.;j~.q.
~q..;jc;..ij.
debmangpo many books
/,;~>J-
1,;:". ~"I~'I'
~"I~' q'F'"9'!l'
ii'F''9~' grogs pa kha shas some friends
~"I.q,,"t.
~. ~"I'q,,"t' Ide mig bdun seven keys
~
j),IXc· 'iI'~Sj
'II'~Sj sta re dgu nine axes
3. f~·nr~·';r~·~5"1
fc;.W~·';j'~·~5"1 khong la zhi mi mi 'dug He does not have cats.
~
i)'''I~'!l'
'i'''l~~' rta gnyis two horses
fl"l" "It:.'<:j'
f'l"l'.;jc;.' ij. khabmangpo many needles
1>*,'
1>*' l1i.;j"~"I'''Ii5''1 lham gog gcig
!1i"f~"I'''Ii5<lJ one pair of boot
,. <J,,'4<lJ
<J"'"9"1 pad shag money
:;s~j:
:;s~l:
4. ~·Ol·51·jJ·.;j~·q·jJ"l
c;.wS·jJ·.;jc;.·ij'jJ", nga la bya mo mang po med I do not have many chicken.
-9"1"
4"1" shog gu paper
.?!l{i
.?tt{'
~Q'~ lteb gri pocket-knives
~'~"1
~'~"I zhasmyug
zha smyug pencil
!i;.~
!i.,~
~nf tirel mule
~"I'<J' rtsigpa wall
~
Oi,,·~S yod red
4.2 The Combined Auxiliary Verb Ui,,·~,,·
~'j
The compound auxiliary verb ril,,·~,,·
d'i".~". yod red represents there is, there are, there will be, there
were, they have, he has etc. to express existence. It is mainly used for present habitual as we have
yO,d signifies existence and mainly possession meaning "to
Oi,,· YO,d
already seen in the previous lesson. ril,,·
~~~
~~* have" ego ~'nr~'lJ"a"l'ril",
c;.W~"l·a"l·d'i", nga la lug drug yod; I havq six sheep (I to sheep six there are) and red as we
have already seen means it is, he is, she is, they are, they were etc. When the subject is affixed with
la .......yod can be used to express what there is in the speaker's possession ego ~'nr~'ril",
c;.'Cll'~'d'i"i. nga la
:;:,;.~
:;:,,~
so yod, I have teeth (to me teeth/tooth there is/are),
is/are). To express what a third person has red is
"
\;ti;
t@
~
 90
suffixed to the yod
yo<! ego ~I;;.·OJ"~
~I::. ·Clj·<\l·U
"Ul,,·
i,,· ~"I khong la so yadyod red, he has teeth (he to tooth/teeth there is/are)
Unless it is explicitly expressed, <\l'''I ~""Ii5"1
i5 ' 1 so gcig one tooth, it is usually considered plural.
4.3 The Comb ined Auxil iary Verb' yod dug
But it is different with the second person. ~"'Clj'<\l~""OJ·~"r:t)"I
.r:t)"I khyad
khyod ia la so 'dug (you to tooth/t
tooth/teeth
eeth there
is/are), for instance means "You have teeth" when the speaker is certain
that he himse lf saw the
person he is speaking to has teeth. Yad'd Yod'd ug can also be used as an auxiliary verbal compound
mainly in third person to express a sense of discovery or finding out
about something. This can also
be used for the second person by suffixing "I ga to express what one
knows about what the person II
doing or w~lI b~ doing" doing. It can be used for reporti
reportiv:..e.r
v:.,er~~ent ent as well as for definite future. However
by using r:t~"""
r:t~'"'' "".r:t'5"1
",,"r:t'5"1'''1
'''1 'gro
'gra ya red 'dug ga and r:t~'''I"''l
r:t~'''I'''l''"r:t'5''1"
'''r:t'5''1'''I
''I 'gro gi yod 'dug ga both makes
definite future. The tenses are usually indicated by the second syllable
after the verb 'gro.
Ist perso n I;;.WUl"
I::. wUi"11 ngala
ngaia yod I to have (I have)
2nd perso n ~",wr:t" i"l
~"iwr:t"'''1~
khyod la 'dug You to there is (you have)
3rd perso n ~I::. WUl"'"
~I;;. wUi"i· ~"I khong la yod red He to there is (He/she has)
4.3.a Exam ples
~"'"~I;;." ~I::. wr:t~·
~"i'~I::.. ~I;;.wr:t ~'Ui"i'r:t
~"~"Ul"' )"1'''1
"r:t )"1""1 khyod gung seng la fa 'gro gi yod 'dug ga
khyo goong seng la Ia dro gi yoe doog ga I realize that you are going away for holiday,
y.
~"i'~I::.' ~I;;."rlrr:
~""~I;;.' ~I::. 'rlrr:t~'''
t~'''l'~"'
l' ~"i'r:t
"r:t'5"1'''1 khyod gung seng la 'gro ya red 'dug ga
khyo goong seng la dro ya re doog ga I found out that you are going away for a holiday.
~"l. "fl.'"iI::."O
~"l" "r.,., <1)I;;."OJ"jJ 'i5"1"""l,,'
J' jJ'i5"1'" "l,," Zi'Ui"i'
Zi'Ul"'" ~"'I
~"il ldum ra'i nang la me tog dmar po yod red
dhoom ray nang la me tok maar po yoe re There are red flowers in the garden,.
lil<:t
JilQ" <1)1;;."ri
"i1::.· riJ'J"j)-Ul"" ~"il
jJ-Ui,,' ~"'I thab nang ia
la me yad
yod red
thab nang la me yoe re There is fire in the stove.
~I;;.·OJ"
~1::.'Clj. !:l'''I~''l
!;l'''I~''l'Ui",
'Ui,," ~"I khong la bu gsum yod red
khong la bu soom yoe re sons.
He has three sons"
Ji"~·"'~I;
Ji·~·"i~I::.·r:t~'
;.·r:t~"~"
~·Ui"i·
Ul",· ~"I rno do dgong 'gro gi yodre d
mo
rna do ghong dro gi yoe re She is leaving tonight.
'OJ"~ "r"lC;
I;;.I::.·nf~ q""lc;"'Zi'Ui"i1
Zi"Ul"'1 nga ia
la deb mangp o yod
nga la deb mang po yoe I have many books.
"'II"i'
q'll<1)·~~<1)Nfll;;
"iw!'ll::.."<r"l~z;
· Q""I~z;rrr:t'5"1
r:t'5"1 bstan 'dzin la lag pa gnyis 'dug
ten dzin la khang pa nyee doog Tenzin has two houses.
I;;.
I::.W~l;l"~I;
w~z;r~l:;."
:.· <>II;;."Zi"U
<>II::.' Zi'Ui,,1
l"1 nga la
fa gos thWIg
thung mang po yod
nga la goe thoong mang po yoe I have many trousers.
 91
~c: £·Of"l"l"l·\!!'" "1~r~r.:;· ~r.:;1
~e.'£'or"l"l"l'\!!.'''1~r~r.:;'~r.:;, khong tsho la
La gyag lnga
Lnga brgya yod red
,../ khong tsho la yak nga gya yoe re They have five hundred Yaks.
Yaks,
'"
~·",·~c;·~"i·~c;·9·~r.:;·~r.:;1
~,,,,, ~e. '~"i '~e. '9'~r.:;' ~r.:;, nyi ma sang nyin yang
yong gi yod red
nyi rna sang nyin yong gi yoe re Nyima is coming tomorrow.
tomorrow,
"I"i"'·Oj·llI...·.JJ'f'l' "'1"l'r>.5"1
"I"i",'or:;f-".',;j'f'l' ",,!"rr>. 5"1 gnam la
La skar rna kha shas 'dug
5,
naam la kar rna kha shay doog There are some stars in the sky.
[§r.:;w 2£r>. 5"1
~-".'''I'i''1' 2£r>.5"1
[§r.:;'or ~"'·"I5"1' khyod la sor gdub lnga 'dug
khyodLasorgdublnga'dug
"f" khyoe la sor doob nga doog You, have five rings.
rings,
[§r.:;'Oj'r.:;s OJ' ~Oj' ,;j'
Br.:;'orr.:;sor~or r>.5"1'''1"ll
""r>.5"1'''I~' khyod la dngul sil ma 'dug gas
KS/ - khyoe la ngoo see rna doog gay Do you have some change?
.Ji·r>.~w:Jr~·~r.:;·r>.5"1
.Ji'r>. ~'or:ll' ~'~r.:;'r>.5"1 mi 'til
'di la
La gla
gLa rtsi yod 'dug
l5.'i: mi dhi la laa tsi yoe doog It seems that
thai this man has (some) musk.
musk,
~.
~'''ie. OJ' ~r.:;'r>. 5"1'"I"ll
"ic;.'or~r.:;'r>. 'i"l'''I~' kho nang la yod 'dug gas
~(;:;,
kho nang la yoe doog gay Is he at home?
,..:~
:,,:~
. ~ gEO 'r>.~.
'r>.~' a;' ij' ~r.:;·r>.5"1'''I''l1
~r.:;'r>.5"r"l~' ja 'til
'di tsha po red 'dug gas
..-..-,.J-'
"",-,.J-'"
ja dhi tsha po re doog gay Is this tea hot?
i:l~'.
4.4 Negation
Known as r.:;"I"I'~ dgag sgra in Tibetan, there are mainly four negative particles used in Tibetan as
oppossed to the four affirmative auxiliary verbs we have already discussed. There are two negatives
,;j
.JJ ma and ~ mi that are prefixed to the auxiliary verbs or placed between the main verb and the
auxiliary verb and the other two, j'j"i' min and .j)r.:;' verbs, There are other
,j)r.:;' med are postpositined to verbs.
negatives but these four will suffice for the time being.
being,
fl~
Affirmative Auxilaries Negative Auxiliaries
:is
"'-'\'
- J,f~r.:;'
J.f~r.:;'
ii,';;
Ul"i' .Ji"i'
~"i'
1.5"1
1'A5"1 Mr>.5"1
i
~,r ~r.:;' .j)r.:;'
,j)r.:;'
4.5 Examples of Affirmative and Negative Sentences
c;'~"1' ~"I'Uj"i'
e. 'ru"1' ~"I'cij"i' nga slob phrug yin
nga lob took yin I am (a) student.
c;'r.:;~''li"i' j'j"i'
e.'r.:;~''li''i'.Ji''i' nga dge rgan min
nga ge ghen min I am not (a) teacher.
cW5"l·lr.:;·~r.:;I
e.'I'll'5~'lr.:;'~r.:;, nga la
La dus tshod yod
E0 nga la due tshoe yoe I have (some) time,
r
&;J,
 7L-
7"-
"\
t:.'or'<:'lj"rt.j' ~'\I
t:. 'or '<:'lj"f r.r .Jl,\1 nga ia rogs pa med
Ia rok pa me
nga la companion,
I have no companion.
'or~'lj"l'ij'<>Jt:.'ij'Ul,\'
t:. 'or~'lj"l' "',\1
iJ· <>It:.. iJ·"i,\·"-'\1 nga ia grogs po mang po yod red
nga la drok po mang po yoe re friends,
I have many friends.
t:.'OJ'lj'Ul,\'<>J'''-,\I
t:.·OJ·lj·"i,\· <>1'''',\1 ngaia
nga ia ku shu yod ma red
nga la ku shu yoe rna re I do not have apples.
t:. 'OJ'~'J:.r~'lj'r:l.,\'lj
t:.'OJ'~',:.r~'lj'r:l.,\'lj nga la smyu guzhig 'dug
nga la nyu g;; zhig doog I have a pen.
t:.'OJ' 4t:.·5'lj·~·r:l.,\'lj
t:.·OJ· 4t:.'5'lj'~'r:l.,\'lj ~
nga la shing tog mi 'dug
nga la shing 10k mi doog I do not have fruits.
B'\'~'<>JQ'~'lj"l'ij' "-'\1
B,\'~' <>IQ'~'lj"l' iJ· "',\1 khyod nyi ma'i grogs po red
khoe nyi may drok po re You are Nyima's friend.
B'\'OJ'~'~fl'"'l"l'Ul,\'
B'\'OJ'~'~fl' "'l"l'''i,\' "-'\1
"',\1 khyod la zhi mi kha shas yod red
khyoe la zhi mi kha shay yoe re You have some cats,
cats.
B,\·OJ'/'ll;.'
B'\·OJ·!'lI:.·l.If.;,·~· ~'lj'''i,\'.;r "',\1
t.jf.;,'~' ~'lj'Ul,\'.;r "-'\1 khyod la khang pa'i ide
Ide mig yod rna red
khyoe la khang pay dhe mik yoe rna re You do not have the house keyes).
B,\·OJ'I;.i'J.'fl'St:.'r:l.:i'lj
B'\·OJ·I:.i'J.·fl· St:.·r:l.:i'lj khYOd
khyod la nga'i kha sbyang 'dug
khyoe 1a
la ngay kha jang doog You have got my address,
address.
i§,\nrt:.i'J.·t.j,.: "'''l'~r:l.,\'lj
i§'\nrt:.i'J.·l.I ...·... "l·~(.l,5'lj khyod la nga'i par chas mi 'dug
khyoe fa
la ngay par chh
chay mi doog I You camera,
do not have my camera.
i§,\'nr
i§'\'nr ~q''lj~<>J'Ui'\I
~q·'lj~<>I·Ui'\1 khyod la deb gsum yod
khyoe la deb soom yoe I have three books for you,
you.
i§,\'nr'lj~"l'~nr
i§,\'nr'lj~"l' ~nr .1),\1 khyod la gnas tshui
tshul med
khyoe la nay tshoo me I do n()t
not have (any) news for you.
.<if.i'lll'<>J'<il~'
f§,\' .ijf.i'IIl' t.j' "-'\1
<>I'<il~'l.I' "',\1 khyod mo'i a ma yin pa red
khyoe moi a rna yim pa re You must be her mother.
~'lj"l'.<i'<il~'
f§,\'~' ~'lj"l' t.j'.;r "',\1
.ij'<il~'l.I'.;r "-'\1 khyod kho'i grogs mo yin pa ma red
khyoe khoi drok mo yim pa rna re You mustn't be his girl friend.
<>Jt:.'ij,"l,\'r:l.'\'lj
f§,\'OJ' <il'~' <>It:.. iJ·"i,\·(.l,,\'lj khyod la
fa yi ge mang po yod 'dug
~.
 93
/'
khyoe la yi ge mang po yoe doog It seems there are many letters for you.
Ie'
6,\'(lfQtil\'.q'Ui,\'Jj'r:>.Sllj
6"'(lj' "til)·.<rUi,,· Jj·r:>.SIlj khyod la brngan
brngall pa yod mi 'dug
khyoe la ngem pa yoe mi doog It seems there is no gift for you,
you.
f"-'mQ'~~''\~'''il\'~'\1
f"- 'ru"'~~'''~'''il)' ~"I khong
khOllg sol grva'i dge rgan red
khong lob drai ge ghen re He is (a) school teacher.
:i; f"-'mQ'~~'''i~'''il\'llj~~' <r6l' ~'\I
f"-'ru"'~~'''i~'''il)'Ilj~~' <r,;;' ~"I khong sol grva'i dge rgan gsar pa ma red
khong lob drai ge ghen sar pa rna re He is not (a) new school teacher.
t;. f"-'(lf"-' ..q~'r:>.'Sllj
a;;~·lJ~·r:>.'S1lj
f"-'(lj'"-' a;;~ khong la nga tsho'i par 'dug
khong la nga tshoi par doog He has our photographs.
ti f"- '(If"-" a;;~'.q~'
f"-W"-' a;;~ 'lJ~' Jj'r:>.Sllj
Jj·r:>.SIlj khong la
La nga tsho'i par mi 'dug
khong la nga tshoi par mi doog He does not have our photographs,
photographs.
f"-'
f"-W[1J' i5'[1Jllj'~"-' .q'''lllj';:j'Ui''i·r:>.Sllj
i5'(ljIlj'~"- ·lJ·"lIlj·;:j·Ui"i·r:>. SIlj khong la ca lag rnying pa yag po yod 'dug
khong la cha lag nying pa yag po yoe doog It seems he has good quality antiques.
f"-'(lj·i5·(ljIlj·~·lJ·Ul"l·;:j·Ui,\jj-r:>.'S"I
f"-'(lfi5'[1Jllj'~'.q'''l''l';:j'Ui,\jj-r:>.'S''I khong ta rnying pa yag
la ca lag rnyingpa yagpo
po yod mi 'dug
khong la cha lag nying pa yag po yoe mi doog It seems he doesn't have good quality antique,
antique.
w-
f"-'[1J'Il'ri~'Ui'\1
f"-·r>.j·Il'ri~·Ui"1 khong la
La a char yod
khong la achor yoe I have (a) towel for him.
ifi
f"-'
f"-W[1J' Q!3llj~'~' Ji"il
"!3Ilj~'~' .ii"il khong la bzhugs sa med
~~~ khong la zhook sa me I have no place for him (her) to stay,
f"-'"-~'ih'<5'~'\1
f"-'"-~' ,:b'<5'~"1 khong nga'i tsha bo red
~ khong ngai tsha vo re He is my nephew.
f"-·"-f.\· ,:b,,·;:j·Jjil)1
f"-'"-f.\'ihQ';:j·Jjil\1 khong nga'i tshab po min
iii,;;
khong ngai tshap po min He is not my representative.
~ f"- 'r:>.§C-~'~'f'l';;~'
'r:>.§C-~' ~'F6l~' il\
il)~'Ulil\'.q' ~"I
~'illil) 'lJ' ~'\I ,khong 'khrungs sa khams nas yin pa red
khong troong sa kham nay yim pa re I gather /lis birth-place is Kham (region).
i
(4 f"- '5'llj~' Q'Ulil\'.q',;;'
'5'1lj~'"'illil)'lJ' 6l' ~"il khong rgya gar ba yin pa rna red
khong gya gar wa yim pa rna re He (she) mustn't be an Indian,
Indian.
f"-·r>.j·lJ,,·
f"-' 4"1""IUl~' "l'Ui,,·r:
[1J' 4'lf"l"l~'
"I'" . 'S"I
"l·Ui,,· r:>.'S"I khong la pad shag gyar ya yod'dug
khong la pe shak yaar ya yoe doog It seems he has the money to lend.
f"- W
f"-WlJ"·4"1·"IUl~·Ul·Ui,,·Jj·r:>.S"I
4"1'''I''l~'''l'Ui,\' Jj'r:>.S"I
"I'" khong la pad shag gyar ya yod mi 'dug
khong la pe shak yaar ya yoe mi doog It seems he does not have the money to lend.
~j
 94
4,6 Participation Drills
c... ~_ _
Affirmative
C'.. _-. -.
Negative
"- -- -.. "'- ~- -
t:l.z:;;.'a;'
r:l. z:;;.' a;' ~f'll' ~z:;;.l
~z:;;., t:l.~'
r:l.~' a;'~f'll'a.l' ~~,
a;'~f'll'a,j' ~~1
_ Co.. -..1
....... c... -..1 ~
-... ~
c... ~
-...
z:;;.'I:lj Ooll:lj 'I:lj'
z:;;. 'lIjOolllj 'lIj' z:; .1
e:: ar ~~z:;;., ~'I:ljUlI:lj'I:lj·e:.' ~z:;;.,
a,j' a,j' ~z:;;.1
~ 'lIjOolllj'lIj'e;.' a.lW
C'..
c... c... eo... ...,;
~'a.l'
~'a,j' ~'f'llI:lj'l'lI't:l.z:;;.1:lj
~'f'llllj'nmz:;;.lIj ~'Jj'S'fi'iI:ljW
~' JJ' S't1'illjW Jj.t:l.~1:lj
JJ' r:l. ~lIj
~ " ...". C'\() co...
co... "
-... ~
t::..'a.ll:lj'
t::.. ' a,jllj' <3i 'lIj' r:l. z:;;.lIjj
.3i 'I:lj't:l.z:;;.1:l t::..'a.lI:lj'<3i 'lIj'a,j'r:l. ~I:!j
t::..'a,jllj'~ 'l:lj'a.l't:l.~1:lJ
" --- ~
"
t::..' a;Wz:;;.Sf'll'Ulz:;;.1
-
~Wz:;;.Sf'll'~z:;;., - t::..' a;W~Sf'll'
a;W~Sf'll' a.l~1 a,j~'
~ ¥
__ Y' _"'-_
_co..._ __v
~...". __ _ c...-...
_e-..-.
t::..' a;'~'~I:ljt::..'t:l.~'I:lj'Ul~1
a;'~' ~lIjt::.. 'r:l.~'lIj'Ool~' t::..' a;S~I:ljt::..
a;S~lIjt::.. '(:l,~'I:lj'
'(:l,~'lIj' a.lz:;;.1
a,jz:;;.,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~''1j'.3i
a,j' ~'1TJ'
t::.. '@j' a.l' ~'Ool~'
<3i ~'Ul<3il t::.. '@j' a.l' ~''1j' <3i~'
a,j' ~'1TJ' ~~' a.l<3i1
a,j~'
__ co....
e-.... ~

__ c... eo...
C'...c....
.......
....... C\.,.....-!
C\.,.....-! c...
"-" """-
z:;;.1:mz:;;.' a;'t::..t:l.'Ul<3il
a;'t::..r:l.'Ool~' z:;;. .Q't:l.~'
.Q'r:l.~' a;'t::..t:l.'a.l<3i1
a; 't::..r:l.' a,j~'
...", _ c...
~ ... ~ ~
-... ~
flt::..'<3iz:;;.' I;J' ~z:;;.'t:l.z:;;.1:lj
jIlt::..' ~z:;;.'I:.I' ~z:;;.'r:l.z:;;.lIj jIlt::..' <3i~'I;J'
flt::..' ~~'I:.I' ~~' a.l' a,j'r:l.z:;;.lIj
t:l.z:;;.1:lj
~
~ " ~ ~
-... ~ "~ -...
S't:l.z:;;.W7Tj
S' r:l. ~z:;;.' (lj' 7Tj tt::.. '1:.1' Ool z:; . ,r:l. z:;;.lIj'lIj
::..'l;J'Ulz:;;.'t:l.z:;;.I:lj'1:lj S't:l.z:;;.'f'll'7Tj
S'r:l. z:;;.'f'll' 7Tjt::..'I;J'Ulz:;;.'a.l't:l. ~lIj'lIj
::.. '1:.1' Ool z:;;.' a,j' r:l.~I:lj'1:lj
~ ~
c...
eo.. -.. e-..
c... ......
-... " ""'- ...... eo... ...... eo...
"
t:l.z:;;.'I:lj~ ~'!,<r 1;1 ~' a.l'
r:l.z:;;. 'lIj ~ ~'~'l;j~' a,j' ~z:;;.'t:l.~I:lj'1:lj
~ z:; . ,r:l. ~lIj 'lIj t:l.~'I:lj~~'~'
r:l.~'lIj~~'~' ~~' a.l' .;,j'r:l.~lIj'lIj
a,j' ~~' a,j't:l.~I:lj'1:lj
"" "~ ~ "
~
flt::.. 'nrmllj'lIj~''Ul~l
jIlt::.. 'nrml:lj'l:lj~
-... -... -... Ool~' jIlt::.. 'nrr;]I:lj'I:lj~'
flt::..
-... -... a,jz:;;.,
'nrflJlIj'lIj~' a.lz:;;.\
~
___ ....... c... .......
...... ~ ....... " e-.... -. "
z:;;.' a;'f'll~'
a;'f'll~' Sz:;;.'Ul<3i'I;J' ~z:;;.,
Sz:;;.'Ool~' L,r ~z:;;.1 ~' g'f'll~'§~'Uj<3i'I;JW ~z:;;.1
~'~'f'll~'§~'Uj~'I:.I'a.j' ~z:;;.,
Translation
These are mules.
mules, These are not mules.
That is Yak tail. That is not Yak tail.
The cat is outside. The cat is not outside.
outside,
r have a headache. not have a headache.
r do nbt
We have money. We do not have money.
We are going tonight. We are not going tonight.
r am from America. r am not from America.
These are my books. These are not my books,
He is sick. sick,
He is not sick.
This birds seem to have legs,
legs. This bird does not seem to have legs.
This spoon seems to be made of gOld. This spoon does not seem to be made of gold.
rI have torch for him. rI do not have torch for him
They are officials. They are not officiaL
official.
4,7 Vocabulary
Nouns:
ldumra garden ~;;j'"'""
thab stove .ilL<'
mangpo many "J[;: <j-
aJ[;:i:j-
gnam sky "I",;;j'
 95
"-----
=----
O
~,,06l0
skarma star l\l"o6l
gosthung trousers ilj~r
ilj~r!le:.
Ile:.00
~
,;;,
, -
mgama
rngama tail E.W
dre1
dreZ mule ~r~o
/
;;:.~
;;:~
shing tog fruit 4e:.o~~
skudpa thread ~"oLJo
gzugs po body 'lJ~~~rlio
<IJ~~~rlio
lortags year sign (lJ0?
- 'l)'If
nJ"I')'l)'ll°
10khams
lokhams year element til°j'l6l~o
til°fl6l'll°
k'
tshespa date ~~oLJo
~~rLJo
bodtshes Tibetan date (l"o ~'ll0
(l"o~~o
Li.:
spyi 10
Zo C.Eo
C.E. ~otilo
~°til°
bodrgya11o
bodrgyaZlo Tibetan year (l"o ~nJ"til°
~nftil°
L"c.- zhingpa ~e:.°LJo
farmer
dpecha prayer book ,,'l0a;o
Adjectives
lasslapo (lJ~0!ll0l:i0
rll'll°!il°l:jo
easy
~--
khagpo difficult fl'l)°
j'I'l)0 t:i0
rna po
rnopo sharp ~olio
"
t4- .' ~e:.ot:ioo
!je:.ot:i
'"",;, thungpo short
ringpo long ~'i:J.
sbompo thick fj6l 0t:i0o
:j0t:i 0o
phrapo thin :f t:i
rtsubpo rough "J"t:i
~ "f t:i
it§:_
it§._
Verbs
1lJ~.-
1lJ~-"
headache .>Jiljo~oQo
.;Jiljo~oQo
mgonaba
so na ba toothache <\1-,,\0Qo
<\1o"\oQo
~.~..•
r/wba
r!wba to dig ;fjoQ_
;vj0Qo
bshuba to copy Q1-
Q1° Q Qo-
gyarba to borrow 'l)"l"oQo
'l)"l"oQ-
Q~oQo
brtsiba to count
'tshempa to sew p'~6loLJo
P.~6loLJo
btsir ba to sqeeze Q~"oQo
'dri ba to ask P'~oQo
skragpa to fear ;j'l)°LJo
~:r{.--.
4.8 Interrogative Negatives
t~~~-
t:.. g'.,(ll'§j'.Jl",'
t:: ~. g',?nj'§j' Ji",'<lZ\l1
'l'lll nga rang tsho nyal gyi min pas
nga rang tsho nyal gyi min pay Aren't we going to sleep?
jilt:..g'ffiz:rfjllJ'
jile:.' g'ruz:r fj'lj' J,f :<''i'<lZ\l1
:<''i' 'l'lll khong tsho slob phrug ma red pas
khong tsho lob took rna re pay Aren't they students?
q'3'~i:l.'Il'l'
q'3·~i:l.·Ifl· J.f q.~"l'r.l.,\'''''
q.~"I'r.l."''''' :<''i'<lZ\l1
~'i''l'lll be'u de'i a ma ba phyug 'di ma red pas
beu dei a rna ba chook dhi rna re pay Isn't this cow the mother of that calf?
~'i' g."l¢t:.."l~Z\l""f~'
g."I¢"-'''I~ZIl"''f~' ~'ZIl' ,j)",. <lZ\l1
~'ZIl'li",' 'l'lll khyed tsho gtsang gzhis ka rtse nas
nos min pas
khye tsho tsang shi ka tse nay mim pay Aren't you from Shigatse in Tsang?
-'lJ.f <l.r.l.'\.'lj'll....
'l.r.l.".'lj"l .... z:r,..' Il1
:<'' 1'<J"ll
z:r...':<''i'z:J' zam pa 'di gsar pa rna red pas
zarn
zam pa dhi sar pa rna re pay Isn't this a new bridge?
~. (l';nj'r.l.'\' g.~'i' ~ '9' J.f :<''i'<l'lll
~·cr;(ll·r.l.,,·g·~'i·~·9"J.f:<''i·'l''l1 sngotshal 'di tsho khyed rang gi rna red pas
ngo tshay dhi tsho khye rang gi rna re pay Aren't these your vegetables?
~'i' g 'llJ~nj'!:' .q~'Il'~',j)~
g''lj~(ll'E' q~"l'~'li~'.<lZ\l1
'l'lll khyed tsho gsol ja bzhes kyi min pas
khye tsho sol ja shay kyi rnim
mim pay Aren't you drinking the tea (han.)?
(hon.)?
~'i' g.!:, .l..!;jt:. ·9'.Jl~·
g'E'r.l..14"-'9'
~
'l'lll
Ji~' <lZ\l1 khyed tsho ja 'thung gi min pas
khye tsho ja tboong
thoong gi rnim
mim pay Aren't you drinking the tea?
-"
~'i.r.l.~",.~-nrr.l.~'9',j)~' 'l"ll
~'i'r.l.~",'~-nrr.l. ~'9'li~' <l'lll khyod 'dzin grva la 'gro gi min pas
khyo tsho dzin dra la dro gi rnim mim pay Aren't you going to the class?
.~
~·r.l.~·~·9·Ji",·'l'll1
~'r.l.~' ~'9',j)",' <lZ\l1 sgo 'di phye gi min pas
gho dhi che gi mim pay Aren't you going to open this door?
"l1l,..'~'r.l.~'~'q'''l~t:.'9',j)~' <:i'lll1
"I11 ...·~·r.l.~·~· q'''I~"- '9'li~' <:IZ\l gzim sgo 'di phye ba gnanggi min pas
zim gho dhi che wa nang gi mim pay Aren't you going to open this door (han.)?
4.9 Exercises of Lesson Foul'
Four
(a) Translate into English:
1. di'i·8t:.·r.l.a;",·~·iil~1
di'i·8"-·r.l.a;"'·~·ill~1 nga stod
slOd thung
!hung 'tsem gyi yin
2. t:.'nr'lj"l"l'j:j'il
"- 'nr"l"l"l' j:j'il nga fa
la gyag med
']",·'i'ljr.l.·"l·~·9·r.l.5."1
3. ']",·'illJr.l.·'Il·~·9·r.l.5."l kun dga' (a name) a sa rko gi 'dug
4. ?'~'''l~''l'll'<i'
?~."I~"I"l.<i' ~'<i'cii'i' :<'' 11
~'<i'cii'i' :<''il rta
rfa de gzugs po ring po yod red
5. jilt:.·g·:!i'''l...·qw:<.'il
jil"-·g·:!j""I...·q·...·~'i1 khong tsho rgya gar ba rna red
6. ':'1' g."-f.\'';J''I''''' ~'il
':.rg.t:.f.\'';j''l''''':<''il pha tsho nga'i lug rna red
7. ll'l'l'\t:.'nj'!'lr:<l'
lfl'l'\"-Will"-' 'l'.><t:..<i·cii",..·:<''il
~. <i·cii" ...·~'il a zhang la khang pa rnang po yod rna red
8. t:..
"-' g"iJt:.·~"l·q~",·~'6l",1
g·.iJ"-·~"I·q~"'·~·ill",l nga tsho shing tog btsir gyi yin
 9-
filc:lli~rc:nrl<~'lli' ~"i
9. (iic:il!~rt;:nrt:\~·il!·~" khong gis nga la 'dri gi red
" -'i·CS·r>l·;j"l·lij· -'i.t:\:i"l
10. ~. -'i'CS'()J';j"l'9'-'i'I<:i"l zhi mi khyi fa skrag gi mi 'dug
zhimikhyiwsbaggimi'dUg
(b) Transliterate into Tibetan:
"-
1. khong bba
bkra shis bsam gtan lags red
2. pha gir bung
krung bung
krung dkarpo
dkar po gsum 'dug
'0;;.._"
0.;.._,
3. khong gi 'khrungs yullha sa nas red
4. khams dar rtse mdo 'di nas thag ring po red
5. nga'i a ma rgyang rtse dpal 'khar mchod rten la w yod red
6. tshong pa 'di tsho stod la dvagspa red
'(,:",'-
'ii:",'- 7. sa skya gong ma bod kyi bla ma chen po zhig red
8. nga tsho bod skad slob phrug yin
9. khong dbyin ji 'i yi ge 'bri klog shes kyi ma red
10. sku 'dra 'di rin thang bral ba red
(c) Fill the blanks and translate into English:
2;'.::
~.:.'V
1. I<~' .t'·r;J"I·2l"l~r J.j
t:\~ .,t"'r;J"I'2J"I~r J.j·······1/ 'di tsho lug lpags
Ipags ma .........
B"i·~e.·'-I ......··'-I'Il1
2. B"·~t;.·'-I········'-I'Il1 khyod zhing pa .............pas
"',,-,J-
3
3........ "\ 'Il·Ul,,\·'-I'Il1
........~.'Il. "\'Il'Ul,,\''-I'Il/ ............ lha
lho sa nas yin pas
" 4. (iit;. .t'·r>l·~l;f<1i"·J.j········1,
file.'.,t"·()J·~l;fUi"i·J.j khong tsho la deb yod ma ....... ...... .
~,­
~.:;:,;
5. .......
.....r>l.'-I".
()J.'-I"i. "l"l'''I''' Jl"1
"l"l."I'" ...."'. Jl"il ....... la pad shag gyar ya med
t;.·.t'·~·nft:\~·lij·······1
6. e.·,t"·~·nrl<~·9"""·/ nga tsho ri la 'gro gi ..........
\:;"~ ~·~"I·t:\~·~~·······1
7. ~'~"I'I<~'llj~"'''''1 rgya leogIcog 'di su'i .......... .
file.·,t"·q()J·':j()JWI<~·9""·"~"ii
8. (iit;: .t'·qr>l·':jr>lWt:\~·lij······· ~"I khong tsho bal yulla 'gro gi .. red
&.{
9
9........ ~t;..r>l.t;.~." L). ~ ·<1i,,·········1
···.. ·~e.·()J·e.~·"i!)·~·Ui"i ....·..··I ..........sgang
.......... sgang la nga'i dpe cha yod ........
....... .
1O:·······"I-'1t:\·~·
1O:...... J.j.(lJ.t:\~........ &!ilil
·"I-'1I<·~· J.j'(lJ'I<~"""" &1ilil ............. gza' nyi ma la 'gro ....... min
I~'
~-,"
(d) Transform the following sentences into negatives:
~
1. rkW~'lI~r2j·J.je.·2j·Ui"i·~"ii
rkw~llj~r2j·J.jt;.·2j·<1i"·~"1 khong la grogs po mang po yod red
2. e.·nr~l;f~q·r:l.'5."1
t;.·nrrul;f~q·r:l.'5."1 w slob deb 'dug
nga la
3. r:l.~''lI'Il'''''-I' ~"I
r:l.~.Ilj'll"'.'-I. ~"il 'di gsar pa red
~~
f§,,·rul;f~IlJ·~"1
4. f§"i'ml;f~llf'~"/ khyod slob phrug red
5. ,,\t;.w.;r J.jt;.. i:/.r:l.:illj
!"t;..l.J~. ,,\e.w.;rJ.je.'i:/'r:l.:i'll
5. 1"e.'l.J~' khang pa'i nang la mi mang po 'dug
't~-,.
6. e.·,t"·'Ile.·~ili·I<~·lli·Ulili/
t;.·.t'·'Ilt;.·~"i·t:\~·il!·Ul"i1 nga tsho sang nyin 'gro gi yin
(iit;.·.t'·,,·~·qlj"l'll·r:l.S"l
7. file.' ,t"',,·~·qlj"l'll·r:l.S"l khong tsho da Ita bzhugs 'dug
Wd'
~ e.A·J.jgq·Jj·()J·~"'·"I:iq·Ui"I
8. t;.a·J.jgq· Jj·r>l·~ ...·"I:iq·<1i"1 gdub yod
nga'i mdzub mo la sor gdUb
9.
9. e.',t"WI"e. .'-1.JJC,'
t;...t'W!"t;.''-1' JJt;.. 2j·iil"l
2j'0l"i/ nga tsho la khang pa mang po yod
:&.:
&.:
10. ~.,t"·e.A·~·.;r ~"I
~ ..t'·t;.a·~·.;r ~"l de tsho nga'i zhi mi red
(e) Express and memorize the names of the 12 animal signs of Tibetan lunar calendar:
"
~il;'{'
~"'{'
 70
Tibetan Translit. Pronunc. English
l.
1. S"Q"
S'Q' byiba jeeva mouse
2. me: glang laang ox
3. 'II'Ij
'II'lj stag taak tiger
4. "'I'll"
"'I'll'
- yos yoe rabbit
5. r:>.~'lj
r>.~'Ij 'brug drook dragon
6. !4rll"
!4rll' sbrul drool snake
~
7.
7" '7'
'7" rta tab horse
8. r:.!'Ij
r:.!'lj lug look sheep
9. ~.
~" sprel trey monkey
10. ~r i bya jab bird
~
11. I!f
er khyi key dog
12. "I'lj
"I'1j phag paak pig
4.10 Useful Expl"essions
1. Q~'lj~·'lj"ili·r:>.E<'lj'll·
Q~'Ij'll"'Ij""i "r>.e< 'Ij'll" ~'lj~''ljili"-'I
~'Ij'll''Ij''i''"1 bzhugs goon
gdan Jags rogs gnang
zhook dhen jaa rok nang Please take a seat.
2. a;cw"'l""Q~c~'
a;cw"'l'""Q~C 'll" ~'Ij'll''ljilic'l
~'Ij'll"'Ij"iC"1 tshang ma
rna yar bzhengs rogs gnang
tshang ma
rna yaa sheng rok nang Everyone, please rise up.
'Ij"iij"i;jQ'll".i;'Ij'll"'Ij"iC"1
3. 'lj'iii'i;jQ~' ~'lj'll''lj~C'1 le
Ie phebs rogs gnang
ga Ie phe rok nang Good bye (Expressed by one staying)
4. 'lj'iii'Q~'lj'll''<:'lj~''lj~"-'1
'Ij"iij" Q~'Ij'll' .i;'Ij'll"'Ij"i""1 ga le
Ie bzhugs rags
rogs gnang
ga Ie zhook ro nang Good bye (Expressed by one leaving)
5. ,,·c·,,~"-~·~·t'r~·Ujilil
""C""~"'ll'~"(ir~'Uj"i1
~
da nga dgongpa
dgong pa zhu gi yin
da nga gong pa zhu gi yin Now, may I be excused.
6. ll'i'iil'I1i'~'~~' J.l" J.le<nrUic"1
l1i'iil"I!i"~"~~" J.l'J.lE<nrliic·1 a Ie a ni rjes rna rnjal yang
a Ie anijey majay yang Okay I will see you later.
7. '·J.l·~·'Y~·~'lj'll·'Ij~C·1
'·J.l"~""i"~·.i;'Ij'll"'Ij"iC"1 ha rna go na dri rags gnang
ha rna go na dri rok nang Please ask me if you did't understand.
:, .
 LESSON FIVE
- ~!:I'
!:j' J;~ .~.
q\
ql '~'
5.1 Interrogatives
'6.,,'
'6." Interrogatives are about questions. Spoken Tibetan has completely a different set of interrogatives
from the classical Tibetan.
Tibetan, When there are interrogative pronouns the interrogative particles 'lJ~"
'lj~' gas
and Q~'
Q~r pas are not used. The general interrogative particles gas and pas are put after selected
f",.
auxiliary verbs and to the verbal sterns.
sterns, No question mark is used in Tib6tan as questions are
understood from the context of the sentence. Some modern writers have been introducing the use of
the question mark and various punctuation marks in their Tibetan writing which are unacceptable"
unacceptable.
:\,,-,
t<;-. '
Tibetan interrogative sentences have either the interrogative pronoun at the beginning of the sentence
or before the auxiliary verb. The non-pronoun interrogative particles are placed at the end of the
sentence. For interrogative future gas is used and for interrogative past pas is used. Out of the
ii,,"
10;-." ma and sa all can invariably use gas or pas in making interrogative
ten suffixes ga, nga, da, na, ba, rna
sentences. However 'a, ra and all vowel ending syllables use bas. instead ofpas in making
interrogative past
;'
J'
~i
5.2 General Interrogative Pronouns
«;,;,
<!;~;- ''lj'
lJ" q- gaba where 'lJ"'S~.
'lj''S~' gadus when
"I"",~" ganas from where 'lI.r.>.~"~"
'l!'r.>.~'~' ga'tirese
ga 'tire se how
"" '"'!l'
"I"~'S~'",Z\r
""~'S~'",~' ga re byas nas whylhow
why/how 'l!e.'S~·"'~·
'lIe."S~""'~" gang byas nas whylhow
why/how
IJii
IJ.i
~.
~" su who ~a· sufi whose
'lie."
'l!e.' gang what/who "Ie."'S"
",e.''S' gangdu where to
'itt;;
'iii:;
gangnas where from ~'
~" ci what
"Ie.''''~"
",e.' '"'!l'
"r~' gare what "I"~" gam
ga ru where to
th';;':
th';.':
""~'
5.3 Participation Drills of Interrogative Sentences
~;:W
~~
Questions Answers
1. j§'\"I"",~""ie."z:rUi"'1
j§,\""",~'Uie.'z:rUi"'1 "I' Ui""
e.'~' "'.... ~. ~''lj"\,,,' "''!l·Uie.· "I"
e."~"'lj"'"~"~''lJ"\,,,"",~""ie." Ui",1
khyod ga nas yong ba yin nga rgya gar rdo rje gdan nas yong ba yin
~t
khyoe ga ga nay yong va yin nga gya gar dor je dhen nay yon va yin
/'.:
/":
Where did you come from? I came from Bodhgaya, India. India,
ti
2.
2, file;.""I"'SZ\l"~"'·Q"~"\1
fie;,·"'·'S'!l·~""l.I·~"i1 file;.'
fie;,'~"~\ q.(1J. ~","
Q'S",'l.I'(lJ'
~. ~\ Q'S"," q" ~"\I
~""l.I' ~"il
khong ga dus phyin pa red khong chu tshod bdun pa la La phyin pa red
m,~,
m,~-
khong ga due chim pa re khong chu !shoe tshoe doom pa la chim pa re
When did he/she leave? He/she left at 7 O'clock.
i2~1
3.r.>.~·r.>.5i·"I"r.>.~·~"~"\1
3.r.>.~·r.>.5i'''I·r.>.~·~·~''i1 e;,·,·~·~·.<i"il
e;.","~"~".<i"\1
'di 'tira ga 'tire se red nga ha go gi med
dhin dra ga dre se re nga ha gi ki me
to).~
\::O).t
How did this happen? I do not know"
know.
4.1ll·
4.1Il· ilJ·(1J"I~"'\"'~r"l· Q' QIj'lJ~."i,,\.
iJJ'(lJ"I~'''i''~r''l' Q" QIj'lj~'Ui"i' ~"\I
~,,\I Ill' J.I·(lJ"i~S'1!·~"'·fle.'(lJ'
Ill" J,j·(1J"i~S'I!" ~'" ·fIle."(1J" QIj'lj~""i"i" ~"il
QIj9~'''i''i' ~"\I
1ff
;i'-f'
;u,j
 IUU
a ma lags da Ita ga ba bzhugs yod red a rna lags da Ita sman khang la bzhugs yod red
a rna la tha ta ga va shook yoe re a rna laa tha ta men khang la shook yoe re
Where is mother staying now? Mother is now staying at the hospital.
5is'r:>,~' "I':':
"I'~' S~l"~~r,\·~e:.· cr ~'\I
S~f ~ 'If,\'~e:.' 4' <r ~,\I §.~"~'ll"S"I" t:i"l" ~~.
§'~' ~Ill'S"I' t:i"l' ~ 'I{' .<)' q' ~'\I
4" ~,\I
khyi 'eli ga re byas nas da nang shi ba red khyi de zas dug phog nas shi ba red
khyi dhi ga re jay nay tha nang shi va re khyi de zay dook phog nay shi va re
How did this dog die this morning? The dog died of food poisoning.
6.
6, [!iS9~·"Ie:.·s~r~~·s·q·~'\1
[!iS9~'''Ie:.'S'I{'~'I{'S'q'~,\1 C
e. '[!i'C'll'
'[!i'e.Ill' q"~·.>I·:lC·1
~
q'~'.>I':le.·1
~
byill gang byas nas ngu ba red
kho da byin nga kho
/cho ngus pa go ma byung
kho tha jin gang jay nay ngoo va re nga kho ngoo pa go rna joong
Why was he crying for, a little while ago? I did not hear him cry.
7, "I~..t.,§,~..t.'
7."I~ rr:>.~' ~~' ~,\I
...·§·~ ...·....rr<~·~~·~'\1 "I~"'·5".ll"'·.>I'~·];C·q'~~' ~,\I
"I~..t.·5'.ll..t.' .>I'~' J;e.'q'~~' ~'\I
~
"
gser gyi thur rna 'eli su'i red gser gyi thur rna
ma 'eli tshong pa de'i red
ser gyi thoor rna dhi sui re ser gyi thoor rna de tshong pa dei re
Whose golden spoon is this? This is the businessman's golden spoon.
8'&,\'
8.&'\' ffiq"'r:>,~p:ffi<r
ruq','r:>,~p:rucr ~'riil~' q~1
~'rUl~' q'l{l ClJ"I'I{'
fll"l'll" ~~I C 'ruQ','r:>,~~'ruq' ~"I' ~~I
e. 'ffiCl","r:>,~~'ffiq'~"r~~I
khyed slob grva 'eli'i slob phrug yill
yin pas lags min nga slob grva 'eli'i slob phrug min
khye lob dra dhee lob took yim pay laa min ngalob dra dhee lob took min
Are you student of this school? No, I am not a student of this school.
.~;.
9 fie:. ·6,\·..t.e:. '~'~,\'''Icli''r ~,\'q~1
'6'\'..t.c:. '~'~,\'''Icli''l' ~,\'q'l{l fie:. .~~ ·fle:.
'fle:. .~"~
'~' ~ '\'"I "l" ~'\I
'\' "I cli"l' ~,\I
khong khyed rang gi nod gyog redpas red pas khong
/chong sman khang gi nad gyog red
khong khye rang gi ne yak re pay khong men khang gi ne yak re
Is he/she your nurse? She is the hospital's nurse.
lO.9G·~·
lO.9G'~' a;e:.'~e:.'fll'~nmS"I'''I~1
a;e:.'~e:. 'ClJ'~nmS"I'''I'1{1 ~e:. 'ClJ' .>Jilc.'''f
9'3 .~. a;e:.'~e:."C1J" ~'r:>, S"I
.>J*'''l" ~"r:>,
byi'u de tshang nang la nyal 'dug gas byi'u de tshang nang la mthong ya mi 'dug
jiu de tshang nang la nyal doog gay jiu de tshang nang la thong ya mi doog
Is the bird sleeping in the nest? I cannot see the bird in the nest.
11. c:: Ji'fl'fll"l' ~.~
t:: l'fl'ClJ"I' ~'~ ~,\'q~1
~,\'q'l{l . ClJ"IIll'.>I'~,\1 C'];'fl'fll"l'
fll"l'll·.>I"~'\1 ~,\I
e.'J;·fl'ClJ"I' ~'~'.>I' ~'\I
nga tsho kha lag za gi redpas red pas lags rna red nga tsho kha lag za gi rna red
nga tsho kha la za gire pay laa rna re nga tsho kha la za gi rna re
Will we be eating the meal? No, we will not eat food.
12....
12 ·~·fie:.·Ji~·~~·q·.>IJ~'\·q~1
...t.·~·fie:. 'l'l{'~'I{'q'.>I' ~'\' q'l{l fll"l'll'
fll"llll' ~'\I ..t.'~'fie.·
.... g'l{'~'I{.q' ~,\I
·~·fic· g~'~~'q'~'\1
ra de khong tshosnyos pa ma redpas
red pas lags red ra de /chong tshos nyos pa red
ra de khong tshoi nyoe pa rna re pay laa re ra de khong tshoi nyoe pa re
Didn't they buy that goat? Yes, they bought the goat.
13.fic·"I~fll·I<·.>Ii,\·~·~r:>,'\"I·"I~1
13 .fie. '''I~ClJ'1< ..>Ii,\'~' ~r:>, '\ "1'' 1'1{1
~
fll"l'll'
fll"llll' ~'r<,\"1 [!ic
~
[!ie. '''I~nrl<'
'''I~nrl<' .>Ii,\·~:~·r:>,,\"1
.>Ii,,\'~:~'r<,,\"1 ~
/chong gsol ja mchod kyi mi 'dug gas lags mi 'dug khong
/chong gsol ja mchod kyi mi 'dug
khong so ja cho kyi mi doog gay laa mi doog khong so ja cho kyi mi doog
Isn't he/she drinking the tea? No. he/she is not drinking the tea.
 1. U .l
14.§,\·:q;,·-9[;.·~"I·~·l·.ll·~·~~·Q~'
14.§,\'.:z:>:.'-9t::.'~"I'~'l·.1l'~·~:li·<l~1 ~~,
t1J"I~r ~:lil ~"I~'?'.i,
~"I~"?'.il
khyod rang shing tog de tsho za gi min pas lags min thugs rje ehe
khye rang shing tok de tsho za gi mim pay laa min thook je che
Aren't you eating those fruits? No, thank you.
~"
~'" ;--
,-- 15.B,)·nr i§·l,,·r.>.~·r.>.:i·.ii,\·
15S"'nr i§·l')·fl.~·fl.:i·.ii,\· <l~1
Q~' t1J"I~'[;. w"l~"I·~~· ->:"I~'''I~[;..,
t1J"I~'t::.w"l~"I"~:li''>:"1~'''I:lit::../
khyod La chu tshod 'di 'dra med pas lags nga la gcig stan rags
rogs gnang
khyoe la chu tsho dhin dra me pay laa nga la chik ton ro nang
Don't you have a watch like this? Could you please show it to me?
16.
16.o>J~ill'
.>J~i!)' ;:j'~'
;:j.~ .o>J~ill '1"[;.' ~[;. 't1J'
.>J~i!) 'I"t::..J,t::. '(lJ' Q:t". ~. fl. ,\"I'''I~'
Q:t')' ~"r.>.'\"I'''I~I t1J'lJ~' jj-fl.5"1 ~t::.'Q~"I~'
t1J'l!~' jj-r.>.5"1 jj-fl.5"1
~[;.'Q~"I~' jj-r.>.5"1
~
, mgron po de mgron khang nang la bsdad mi 'dug gas lags mi 'dug khong bzhugs mi 'dug
dron po de dron khang nang la de mi doog gay laa mi doog khong shook mi doog
",:-
/l Isn't the guest staying in the guest house? No, he is not there.
ii,;".;-
iii,';-
17~o>Jw
~.>Jw ~r"l·"I·l,\·r.>.
~r"l·"I·l,\·fl. '\"1 ~.>J"1lJ"~'Ilj' .>J[;.'
~o>J"t1J"~'''I' .>Jt::.. ;:j'~' ~'fl.')"1
;:j.~. :i"l' ~'r.>.,,"1
khrom la~spru gu g~ tshod 'dug khrom kz spru gu mangpo zhe drag 'dug
Ia too gu ga tshoe doog
tom la tom la too gu mang pozhe drak mi doog
How many children were there at the market? There are not many children at the market.
;c{:Jj-
?;,:Jj-
18.~,\·r.>.~1>::lit::.-nri'\·~"I·"I·l,,·r.>.~"1
18.~,\·fl.~1>: ~[;. -nri1\·~Ilj·Ilj·l')·fl.~"1 ~'\. J,t::.
~". wi1\'~"I"'Oi'''I~~' ".>J'fl.
~[;. wi'\'~"I'"j"Oi'''I~~' ".>J'r.>. ~"1
snod 'di'i nang La zho gog ga tshod 'dug snod nang la zho gog lei 10 La gnyis tsam 'dug
noe dhee nang la zho gok ga tshoe doog noe nang la zho gok ki 10 nyee tsam doog
~-
How many potatoes jXltatoes are there in this pot? There are approximately 2 kilos of
potatoes in this pot. pOL
19iF·I"i:\·.!·Ilj·~~r~Ilj·~·tili!)'
19iF·I"i:l·.!·"I·~~r~"I·~'tililll "I.1lr.>.'~'a:Ji:l'~:li'~"I' ~ ~.ctji!)'
"I.llfl.'~' a:Ji:\ .~~. ~"I' ~~·etjilll
spang kha'i rtsa
rlsa ga dus dreg kyi yin gza' nyi ma'i nyin dreg rtsis yin
pang khai tsa ga due drek kyi yin zaah nyi mai nyin drek tsee yin
When will you mow the lawn? I am planning to mow it on Sunday.
t¥{;;
20.J;·Oi"o>J"r.>.~·l·~i:l·~'\1
20.J;·0i".>J"fl.~·l·~i:\· ~,\I 1.r;·0i· ..J·fl.~·l-nrQ,\"I·;:j·~·.fl.,\"1
I .r;·0i· .>i·r.>.~·l"t1J" Q'\"I';:j' ~'.r.>.,,"1
, ~
t</0!"
tsha 10 ma 'di tsho su'i red tsha 10 La ma 'di tsho la La bdag po mi 'dug
r
tsha 10 rna dhi tsho sui re tsha 10 rna dhi tsho la dak po mi dook .
!:;;..1'
Whose oranges are these? These oranges have no owner.
2Li§·l'\·"I·g,)·~,\1
21.i§·l'\·"I·g"·~"1 g,\·,\'l!·')[;.·~')·"r :i.,)'
a;' g".,,'lJ'''t::..~,\,''I'
~ ~
~"I
- ~
chu tshod ga tshod red ehu
chu tshod dgu dang phyed 1m lea red
chu tshoe ga tshoe re chu tshoe ghoo dang che ka re
What is the time? The time is 9.30 9.30..
~.'J
.
22.5'\·:q;,
22.5'\' ·2.·~·"I·~~·tii[;. ·~·til~1
.:z:>:.·2.·~·"I·~~·tilt::.·~·til:liJ [;.t::...2."~.
2:~'i§' ,t,\,
g". Q~'" Q.tiit1J. i!) '\l'll! -'" .>J'
Q~,\' <l'tiit1J.ill'\l'll["'" o>J"lI'!'!."1lJ" tii[;. .~.etj:li
."t1J"tilt::. .~.ctj~ I
,.. khyed rang snga dro ga dus yon gi yin nga snga dro chu tshod rgyad pa yoL nas
~1-:t>- skar rna Lnga la yang gi yin
k,iye rang nga dro ga due yong gi yin nga dro chu IShoe tshoe gye pa yow nay kar rna
nga la yon gi yin
"J;-;:' At what time will you come in the morning? I will come 8.05 in the morning, morning.
23.~[;.·"I·5~· i;jQ~r~' :i.,)'
23.~t::.·"1·5~·i;jQ~r~'~"I ~t::.'i§' g'),
g". "~J Q'lli!)'
'\~J'I' ilill"<lW
QW ~",," a:J·l;J~''1!.'r~'
~-'" a:J' .l;J~"I'!.·r~" i;jQ'\l'~" ~"1
i;jQ'\l'~' :i.,\,
,&,j.
tiJ
 102
khong ga dus pheb kyi red khong ehu tshod dgu pa zin pa Ia
fa skar ma beo
lnga fa phebs kyi red
Inga Ia
khong ga due phe kyi re khong chu tshoe ghoo pa zim pa la kar ma cho nga
la phe kyi re
What time is he arriving? He is arriving 8.45.
5.4 Vocabulary
;:'.Q.
;:"Q' nguba ngoova to cry
4·Q·'
4' shiba shiva to die
'lj'\'$'lj'<J'
'lj'\·$'lj·'r gadrgyagpa gegyakpa to sweep
.jJ-r>.Q.Q.
~...jJ-r>.Q'Q' rimo 'briba ri mo dri va to draw
~1"ll.Q.
~1'll'Q' rkolba kolva to boil
E:.Q.
E:'Q' rngoba ngova to fry
~.Q.
~'Q' rdzi ba dziva to knead
'lj"jQ.<.I.
'lj"jQ'<J' gtubpa toop pa to chop
~
~'lj.<.I.
~'lj'<J' dregpa drekpa to mow
~ili·<.I·
~"i'<J' nyanpa nyempa to listen
~.z,.6J.
~.z,'6J' thurma thoorma spoon
~
~<:"f'
~':::f· spangkha pang kha meadow ~ '<,.'
6J:>.iili·<.I·
6J:'.I"i'<J'
-- mgronpo drom po guest
6J~ili·f~·
6J~"i'f<:" mgronkhang dron khang guest house
'lj~.z,.
'lj~.z,. <.I.
<r gnyerpa nyerpa manager
~~.~"I
~<:"~"I rungylg
rungYlg droong yi secretary .
6J·:1ili·
6J':1"i' mabyan majen cook
.l'jQ''lj''l''l
.l'lQ.'lj"l"l thabgyog thab yok kitchen hand
/!!.~.
/:!'~' khu ti
Ii khu ti kettle
~.z,.6J.
~.z,'6J' sderma derma plate
.:£I"ll. !li~.
<£I'll'flj<:" tshal rlang tsay laang woke
-~
f·~·
f'~' kho rtsi kho lsi chop sticks
1<.
EO:.>J<:..z,· .;:j.
o>J~ .z,..ii'
jamngarmo ja ngaar mo sweet tea
-~
"] .... kophi ko phi coffee
~'lj.<.I.
~'lj·<r thugpa thookpa soup
/:!'Q'
/!!'Q' khuba khoova sauce
!li~.<.I.
flj<:"<J' rIangpa laangpa
laang pa vapour
~.t;.'
~'<:" rgonga
rganga ghonga egg
"'lj'''9'
"'lj'''''' phagsha phaksha pork ~~
'-"'"
/iF...,'
RF"9' gIang sho laang sha beef
~ ....,.
~'''9' nyasha nya sha fish
'2l'lj'
'2l'lj' ...,.
"9' lug sha look sha mutton
 " v v~
/
q,,\"r
q,,\"]' q
Q'' bdagp o dag po owner
~r:: tsong , tsong oman
s.s Adj~c
Adj~ctives
tives
Adjectives modify nouns and they genera lly follow the nouns they qualify
., Tibetan adjectives are
generally disylla bic and end either in l,f
l.r pa, q'Q' po, JJ" ma and Jj' mo which are governed by the
final consonant of the adjectival syllable. e, There are some adjecti that
ves do not have to have affixes
"
.'
~i.
though in some contexts they have to be used with affixes. Comparative
is forme d by dropping the
adjectival suffIX i.e.
i.e, pa and by reduplicating the suffix of the adjectival syllable. le, Those ending in ~'
sa or ~'nt:l
~'na are added with r:r 'a. Superlative is formed by adding 4~' shos
to the adjectival base,
For example: "I~~'lJ'gsar pa, "new"; 'lj'll~'~'
'lj'll~' ~'gsar
gsar ra, "newer"; 'lj~~"4'll'gsar shos, "newest." st," "Than" ~
formed by prefIXing I'll'll' las of the ablative case, to the adjectival base:
"I"1~·I'll
"I"1~'ClJ~~·Q.I.ij''
'O-I.ij''''rr gzhan las mtho
t~ ba, "higher than others.
others," By adding 5i'lj'lJ'dragpa
rag pa to the adjectival base it forms the notion of "too"
in English, i.e.
i,e, ~'5itlj
~'5i"'l'q ring dragp a meaning "too long",
Engli sh Adjec tive Comp arativ e Supe rlativ e
Good "I'lj'q'
"I"]'Q' yag po "I'lj''lj'
"I'lj''']' yagga "l"l"4'll
"I"'I"4'll''
~tE- yagsh os
light "I~'q'
"I~'Q' yang po "lC.'~
~'~' , yangn ga "IC:'4~
"I<:;'4~' yangs hos
heavy W"\'q'
W"\'Q' /jid po W,,\"'i"
W"\"'i' /jidda ~,,\'4'1f
~,,\'..i'j'lf ljid shos
fi rough .! <r q' rtsub po ~<rq'
~<rq'
~ rtsubp a ~q'4'll
~q'4'll'' rtsub shos
soft ().€.
(l.g01'
0-1' q.
Q' 'jam po ().€.
(l.g 01' 0-1'
0-1' 01' ().€.
(l.g 01'
'jam rna 0-1' 4'll'
Jam shos
~~ loving Q.IE!A
O-IE!Aq'mdza' bo Q.II"A().
O-IE!A(l.' mdza' 'a Q.IE:r.l:4 'll'
0-Ie:r.l:4~' mdza' shos
red "iQ.l~.qdmar po
'iO-l~'q', "iQ.l~'~'
'iO-l~' ~'
,. dmarra "i 0-1,,' 4'll'
'i01,,' dmars hos
t&%- slow "i['lJ'q'
'i[1J' Q' dalpo
dal po "ioror
'iOfOf dalla "i['lJ'4'l
'i[1J'4'll' dal shos
beautiful Q.I?'ll,q
O-I?'ll'Q,' mdzes po .;i'll'().
.;i 'll' (l.'' rndzes 'a Q.I?'ll'4
0-I?'ll'4'll' mdzes shos
high Q.I.ij~'
O-I.ij~' £:i'mthon po JUj'q'
O-I.ij' q' mthob a Q.I.ij"4'l
O-I.ij"4'll'
~. mthos hos
sweet Q.I~~'J
O-I~~'Jff mngar rno ~~'~'
~""~. mngarra O-I~,,'..i'j~'
Q.I~"·4 ~' mngar shos
clean 'lj;5~W
'lj~~w gtsang ma
gtsang 'lj;5~'~'
"]~~'~' gtsang nga 'lj;5~' 4'll'
"'I~~'..i'j' ll' gtsang shos
ii~
ik-~ old ~~'lJ'
f~'lJ' ~~.~'
rnying
rnying pa f~'~' rnyingnga f<:;'..i'j'll
~C:' 4'll'' rnying shas
5.6 Adjec tival Interr ogativ es
~
By suffix ing ni"i'
nl'i' lod signifying 'how' to the basic adjectival syllable, adjectival interrogative
.~~
can be forme d in modem Tibetan without the use of any interrogative
pronouns or interrogative
particles,
~
"i"f,,'q'
'i"f,,'q' dkarp o white "i"f"'['lJ
'i"f,,'[1J"\' dkar lod
~ how white?
"iQ.l".q,
'iO-l,,'q' dmarp o red "i 01 ,,'{ij,,\'
'iO-l,,'{ij ,,\' dmarl od how red?
iii,,'£:i' serpo yellow ~"'{ij"i
~,,'{ij'i' serlod how yellow ?
~~'£:i' sngon po blue ~'{ij"i'
~'{ij'i' sngo lod how blue?
JijQ.l'
lijO-l'£:i' skamp o dry JijQ.l'ni,,
lijO-l'nl,,\' skarn lad how dry?
 IV'!
jIl"Zl'
jIrZl' khepo cheap ~'[ij,,' khelod how cheap?
~e::
~c: .>l grang rna
grangmo cold ~F[ij,,'
~c: '[ij,,' granglod how cold?
a;'ti'
a;'<i' tsha bo hot a;'[ij,,' tsha !od
lod how hot?
r:>.e..>l',Q'
r:>.e..>l'ii' 'jam po soft r:>.e.JJ'[ij,,' 'jam !od
lod how soft?
Q~'ti'
Q~'<i' bde bo well Q~'iii", bde!od
bde !od how well?
4"~llj't,r
4'~'lj".r sha rgyags pa fat .<j'~'lf'iii",
..<j'~'lf'iii", lad
rgyags lod how fat?
.<j'JlI.>l",Q'
..<j'llI.Jfii' sha skam po thin (body) /:'1' JlIJJ'[ij,,'
'4'llI JJ'[ij,,' sha skam lad how thin?
.i;~',Q'
.i;~'ii' chen po big ,i'iii",
,i'iii,,' che !od
lod how big?
~.>l",Q'
~.Jfii' zhim po
zhimpo delicious ~JJ'iii", lad
zhim lod how delicious?
Ole::,Q'
Olc: ii' yang po light Oll:;.'iii",
Oll:;.'iii,,' yang lad
yanglod how light?
JJ~ti'
JJ~<i' rnthobo high JJ~'iii", mtho!od
mtholod how high?
"iJJr:>.'ti'
"iJJr:>.'<i' dma'bo low "JJr:>.' n1"i'
"JJr:>.'cil,,' dma'lod how low?
Ol'lf',Q'
Ol'lf'ii' yagpo good Olllj'iii"i'
Ol'lf'iii,,' yaglod
yag lad how good?
'If'j~'Zl' gtan po
gtanpo stable 'If'j~ 'iii", gtan!od
gtanlod how stable?
'lj¢'I:;.'JJ'
1lj¢'I:;.'JJ' gtsang rna clean 'lf~I:;.'[ij,,' gtsang lad
lod how clean?
ll'lj' ~e::,Q'
ll1lj'~'ii' thag ring po far ll'lf' ~'[ij,,' thag ring lad how far?
~I:;.',Q'
~I:;.'ii' grung po
grungpo clever ~I:;.'[ij,,'
~c:'[ij,,' grunglod
grung !od how clever?
howcIever?
~
JJE~rZl' mdzes po
mdzespo beautiful JJE~f[ij,,' mdzes lad
lod how beautiful?
JlI"i'~~',Q'
llI"i'~~' ii' skad snyan po melodious JlI,,'~~'iii"i'
llI"'~~'iii,,, skad snyan lodhow melodious?
~',Q'
~'ii' ring po long ~'iii", ring lad
lod how long?
JJ§'lj~',Q'
JJ§1lj~' ii' mgyogs po fast .>l§llj~'[ij,,'
.>l§'lf~'[ij,,' mgyogs lad
lod how fast?
5.7 Examples of Adjectival Interrogative Sentences
1."
1."iq' a;r:>.~,g,'lf~ "'nl'"
q' a;r:>.~'l''lj~ ~"I
"'n:i", ~'" "iq'a;'o.~'l'.Q"i'
"q'a; 'o.~' g',Q"i' "i~'[ij''lf~JJ' ~"I
~
dpe cha 'di tsho gsar lad lod red cfza 'di tsho than
dpe cha thon nas 10 gsum red
How new are these books? It is 3 years since these books were published,
2jiil:;.'~'?'r:>.~' JJ§llj~'n:i,,'a:i,\,
JJ§'lf~'nl,,'<ii,\, ~'"
~"I (iiI:;.
{iiI:;.'~'?'o.~' .>l§"I~''lf''lf~''I'
.>l§"I~''lf''lfi5''1'JJ' ~"I
khong gi rta 'di mgyogs lad lod yod red khong gi rta 'di 'eli mgyog ga gcig rna red
How fast is his horse? This horse of his is not a fast one. one,
3.~' <i' '4'l'i~Sn:i"i'a:i",
ti' '4' g'i~Snl"'<ii,,, ~"I ~'<i' '4'lO:UlI:;.
~'ti' '4'gf;:UlI:;. '1iM.'M.' "''1i' .Q'l!~' ,;J"I
"''l!' .Q'1i~'~"1
tkJ bo pha tsho ljid lod lad yod red tkJ bo phatsho'i yang lji da Ita bltas med
How heavy are those luggage? I haven't checked the weight of those luggage,
4.Ill'.Jf0l'lf
.>l"0l'lf ~:~'r<Olllj' ~.>l'[ij,,'r:>. "illj"I
~:~'r<Ol'lf' ~.>l'[ij"'r:>.,,
~
1l'I' .>l"Ol"l~'~'J'l'Ol"l'~JJ'
.JfOl"l~'~'fl'Ol"l'~JJ' ,Q'~'~"I'r:>.S'lf
ii'~'~"I'r:>.S'lf
a rna lags kyi kha lqg Zqg zhim lad 'dug a ma lags kyo kha lag zhim po zhe drag 'dug
How delicious is mother's cooking? Mother's cooking is very delicious,
5
5'5"'~'''I'Q'r:>.~'l''lf'j~'[ij''i'o.Sllj
,5"'~'''I' Q'r:>.~' g''lf'j~'[ij,,'o.S''l ~"i'.il'r:>.S'lf
gur gyi ka ba 'di tsho gtan lod'dug skyon mi 'dug
How stable are these poles of the tent? Not too bad,
 ,
'VVJ
6. §,\0.:I;,C.
60 §'\' o~olfle:. 0~ "1
~'~'lflC;'~
0,\~oQjil)°"l"l°iii,\°r.>.'S"l
"1''\~'''i;Y''lr,p'ii,,\'r.>.'S''I d'i:~c::~
c:.i'i:~e:.0 ~ "1',,\~'''iil\'~"I~r ,\.>l0 q0r.>. 'S"l
'Ir,\~oQjil)0 ~"1"10 "\JJ'q,r.>.)"l
khyod rang gi ang rtsis dge rgan yag lad lod 'dug nga'i ang rtsis dge rgan sgrigs dam po 'dug
How good is your math teacher? My math teacher is strict.
70~~r~°r.>.~°r.>.E.Jioiii'i"r.>.'S"l
7.~~·~·r.>.~·r.>.E.~·iii"i'r.>.'S"I ql1 "1"1 0§.>l0 r.>. ~o r.>.E..>l0 qOIfl~0~o r.>. 'S"1
<;J~"I"1'§J.I'r.>.~'r.>.E.~.q'\ll~'~'r.>.'S"I
grum rtse 'di 'jam lad
lod 'dug bzhugs grum 'di 'jam po a'u rtsi 'dug
Bow
How soft is this carpet? This carpet is quite soft, softo
t,,}
::;-,,-,
8.,\iljil) ~B. 'Or.r.>.'S'flC;
8.,,\iljil\'0~r:>, >. 'S°fle:. .~ ij"l0 Jiijoiii,\or<
o~o..ii"l' 'S"I
~.ii'iii,\·!<)"'1 .ii"l'JJij,,\JJil\' q~O$0.>l0
ij"1 0.>lij,\.>lil)0 <;J~'$' JJ'!FI
~FI
-~
dgon pa'i 'du khang de thog mtho lad lod 'dug thog mtho timan dman Ita rgyu rna byung
1/;:-
~";:- How high is the monastery's assembly hall? I did not check the height.
9.~0 gw
9.~· £o~,\o~il)°iii,\°r.>.,\"1
g"'l' ,hl"\·~il\'iii,,\'r.>.,,\"1 e:.e;, "1 0~o gr:>,'llI"\'''l'l\'
"1'~' qO~il)0 ,;J'\I
gB.°lll'\°"l'l!° q'~il\' ,;J"\I
~
'0
,.>.C.;
.."",.,
ne tso ya tsho skad snyan lod lad 'dug ngas ne tso'i skad yag po nyan med
How melodious are those parrots up there? I did not listen to their sound properly,
properlyo
~0. °Iie:.o:..c:. oiii"or<'S"I §e;,'0JJ~~r~'1je;,'
§e:. Ifr::ilJijc;'
.>l~"l0~o lie:.°Iie:. Jf~e:.
1Ooe:.B.°§Jio Ji~~~o lie:.'Ifc;':4:'iii,,\'!<'S"I
o.d'~'§JJ'~~~~'1jc; oilJije:. 0Jf ~e;,"01
nga'i khyim mtshes kyi shing sdong ring lad lod 'dug khyim mtshes kyi shing sdong tnthong mthong ma byunt;
byunf;
How tall is my neighbour's tree? I did not see the neigbour's tree. treeo
;';&.''''
;'i&.'t
5.8 Exercises of Lesson Five
S.S
~.J' (a) Translate into Tibetan.:
1. I will chop the mutton.
muttono
/
2.
20 How hot is the sweet tea?
tt~
3,
30 My math teacher is a clever man.
mano
4,
40 These trees are not long.longo
5.
50 The fire in the stove is not hot.
[,;o...
[>,o...~ 6.
60 Those parrots are beautiful.
7.
70 How far is your neighbour?
8.
80 My neighbour is not far from my house,
houseo
~ft
9.
90 My mother has five new carpets, carpetso
10.
100 I do not have a new carpet.
~..;.
~'J'
(b) Express and memorize
Tibetan Translit.
Translito Pronoun. English
~,
4:(.0
4:(.' shar shar east
~
~o
~' lho lho south
~'ri~
~'rid
~qo
~<;J' nub noob west
SI;,:
!:F byang jang north
i£B
i£2
!F4:(.0
~F4:(.' byangshar jang shar north east
/
~04:(.0
~·4:(.· lhoshar lho shar south east
is;;,
is;;. ~o~qo
~'~<;J' lho nub lho
Iho noob south west
9C;'~z:r
~F~z:r byangnub jang noob north west
\'i.t.;
"'i.t_;
~
 IVU
~c::
~C:: steng teng upward
~"I"
~"I' 'og hog downward
~"I~r"l~' phyogs bcu chogchu ten directions
~"I~r"l~' phyogs bzhi chogzhi four directions
JJa;.>J~f
JJa;o>J~f "l~' mtshambzhi tsham zhi
ISham four intennediate directions
(c) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate auxiliary verbs and translate:
1. 1;.' g·~e:.·i'l·ClJ·r:>.§j·ilj··"""",
t:.. g·~t:.·I'l·C'J·r:>.§j·ilj···"··"·1 nga tsho zhing kha la 'gro gi ...... ...
2. jiit::
jiie:.'g'E,'/Ult:.'ilj'.>J..........,
g·E.·/UFilj· o>J.........., khong tsho ja 'thung gi ma ...... ...
~
3. '11"1"
1"1' ~"I.~. a::t:..
a::e:.'~t:. 'J'.fr
~e:.'ClJ' .fr........... stag phrug de tshang nang la mi .... ..
4. ~·':Ir:>.~·ni·"l~·"I~Jf·
~·'j'r:>.~·ni·"l~·"I~Jf....·
·..·..·,·1 spu gu 'di 10 bcu gsum .........
5. 6,\·.<.c:. ~ ~rUie:.· "l........,
6'\' -<.t:.'''1'~~·Uit:.· khyed rang ga nas yong ba .........
,.
6. ~r·l~·~~·
~r·I~·~~· ··1 ..·......,
..·.... smyu
srnyu gu de su 1t ...... .
7. ~·>Tpr~·~
~·>Tpr~·~ ........
..·..·...... nga rkang pa na gi ....... ...
,
8. "l.~.q'\'~'''I''1''1'''"''''''1
"I.~. q,\'~''''1''1'''1''''''''''' pha gi bod kyi gyag .... ...
9. ~.t:.f.\'~~'
~'e:.f.\'~~' !It:...>J !le:.' o>J.........(, de nga'i gos thung ma ...... .
10. :'it:.
:'~ie:. '<il"l'C'J"I~' "l~"I~'r:>.,\"I""""'"
,\''11' "l~"I~·r:>.'\"I"""""1
'''l''l'ClJ''I~''\''Ii' 'dJ.lg .......
drung yig lags da Ita bzhugs 'thlg
- -.l ~
-.1_
(d) Write down the comparative and superlative fonns of the following adjectives:
1.
1. o>Jg~'<:j'
.>Jg~'<:j' mdzespo
rndzespo
2.
2. JJe:. ....Jj.
JJt:.....Jj. mngarmo
3. JJjf.q.
JJjf'q" mthobo
rnthobo
4. ~c.'Q'
~t:.'<:j' rmgpo
~ -
5. a;';"<J'
i~·<:j· chen po
~e:..<:j.
~t:.'<:j'
6. chung po
7.
7. '\JJ
'\JJ....<:j
.... <:j.. dmarpo
8.
8. ,\o>J' <:j.
,\.>J'<:j' dam
darn po
~
9. te:.·<J·
tt:.·l.l· rnyingpa
1O.
10. "1"1' <:j.
"1"1'<:j' yangpo
(e) Correct the following sentences if incorrect:
r:>.~' g.~"l'e:.f.\' ~'\,
1. r:>.~'g.~"l't:.f.\'~'\I 'di
'm tsho deb nga'i red
2. E,j·ilj·e:.f.\·S·Jj·r:>.,\"1
"·ilj·t:.~·S·Jj·r:>.,\"1
~
pha gi ngai'i bu rno 'dJ.lg
mo 'thlg
3. fiit:.·C'J·~·r:>.S"l·SI
jiie:.w~·r:>.S"l·S'
- khong la rni 'dJ.lg bu
mi 'dug
jiie:.·g·Uie:.·ilj·"l';'·<J~'
4. fiit:.·g·Uit:.·ilj"<il~·l.l~1 khong tsho yong gi yin pas
5. i)·g·~·.fr.>J·~'\1
i).g.~..fro>J'~'\' de tsho zhi mi
rni ma
rna red
6. t:.'C'J'~·"Iwr:>.S"I
e:.w~·"I'Jfr:>.S"I la smyu
nga 1a srnyu gu rna 'dJ.lg
ma 'thlg
~~
--
 ,
~c.·Uj·~·r.>.Q·~·r.>.5"1·"I~1
7. ~c:Uj'~·r.>.Q·~'r.>.5"1·"I~1 khong yi ge 'dri gi 'dug gas
8. Jf~·r.>.~C.·~·~"'1
Jf~·r.>.~C.·~·~"'1 mo chu thung gi min
/
(1) Transform the following statements into interrogative sentences:
<,-~-;,-
<--~-~- c.·g·r.>.~·~·~"'1
1. d'·r.>.~'~·~"'1 nga tsho 'gro gi min
"-·"·'l/·!l·~·Uj"'1
2. C.·"·'lf!l·~·Uj"'f nga da lta za gi yin
t. 3. r.>.~·Q~·.ij~·~·~J.l·~"I·~"1
r.>.~·Q~·.ij~·~·~J.!·~"I·~"1 'di bkra shis kyi lham gog red
4. l:.·J.l~·"i·~·r.>.5"1
"-·J.!~·"i·~·r.>.5"1 nga mgo na gi 'dug
5. ~l:.·~Q·ffi"l·~·~·r.>.5"1
~"-·~Q·ffi"l'~·~·r.>.5"1 khong deb !dog gi mi 'dug
'0;.
'0:
5.9 Useful Expressions
~>
~.S"l"iJ.l·"I.ij~·"IC.·r.>.:i·r.>.5"1
~. S"l"iJ.!·"I.ij~'''I"-·r.>.!'i'r.>.5''1 de ru gnam gshis gang 'dra 'dug
de ru naam shi gang dra doog How is the weather up there?
;;;:r
1:i:t
~C':~. JrA5"1'''I~1
~C:~·JrA5"1'''I~1 grang gi mi 'dug gas
,w2c drang gi mi doog gay Don't you feel cold?
/
l;Hi
~Hi §"'Uj"l'''I~"I~'''l''l' . 5"1
§,,'Uj"l'''I~ "I~'''l''l' q. r.>.5"1 khyed yig gzugs yag po 'dug
khye yik zook yag po doog You have a good hand writing.
tl;,~
ii'J.l' Q~"I~·aiC.
~"I' ilJ.!' Q~"I~.a;c:. ·Gi,,· ~~I
'l~1 tog tsam bzhugs long yod pas
tog tsam zhook long yoe pay Do you have some time to stay?
\i\',~;
li\',~,
"-'
C.'J.l§"I~·1'i·A~·
J.!§"I~'1'i·A~· "~~'Gi"1
,,~~'Gi"1 nga mgyogs po 'gro dgos yod
~;fi nga gyok po dro goe yoe I have to go soon.
t,:;i
t,:i A~·~"I~·;j·.I;"i·1'i·~· !'i"l' ~"I
A~·~"I~';j·.I;"i· i:i'~' :i"l' 'di snyogs sgra chen po zhe drag red
dhi nyok dra chern po zhe drak re This is a big problem.
t;,'
"'.. ~. ~ .,.J.l'''l''l'1'i' ~"il
',. J.!'''l''l'i:i' q~", .~. ~"I de ring nyi rna yag po bstan sa red
de ring nyi yag po rna ten sa re It is going to be nice day today.
@,;}
@,iY
"
it,,,.;:,
t..?'
~~s-
~:<-"
/
<ire'
<ire:;;;
 LESSON SIX
l:
mrcr;~'~Qrql ~
,
6.1 The Seven La-don Particles
.-',
,"",' There are number of ::I'i''ljl'\''i''iqt:.'i)''i'
::!'\''ljl'\''i',\qt:.'i)''i' phrad gzhan dbang can dependent grammatical particles
which have the function of English prepositions ie. ie, in, to, at, for, on, towards etc.
etc, but are put after
the syllable they are associated with. They are called nr~"i 'q'S"i' "the seven la don particles" which
sUo
consist of~f su, ~'ru, :t,.
:t,' ra,
ro,
'S' du,"i' no,tlJ' tu, Their application is largely governed by the
na,t1l' la and '2' tu.
final (~~f~~l:lJ
(~~f~~1:lJ or Ult:.·~~'lj
Ujt:.'~~'lj ) of the previous syllable and are used for accusative, dative, durational
and locative cases.'
cases,' We shaH
shall also see them used for adverbial expressions as well as many other uses
of la-don in future lessons, However in modem spoken Tibetan there appears to be considerable
/, , flexibility of using mainly t1l'la ~'ru
tlJ'la and ~. ru in place of the allowed particles.
particles, The seven particles are
m.j
~ used as follows:
:sufiIx
SufiIx I Post suffix ladon spoken
t1l
tlJ ,
I:ll:lJ q 'i 'i
t:. :t, t1l
tlJ t1l
tlJ
i,1,
'i'\ "i .>I 5 I
nt~-- 'll
'!l ~ t1l
tlJ I
~
~ (and all vowel endings t1l
tlJ
~
"
c;;c-
6.2 Examples of La-don Uses of Accussatives, Locatives, Datives and Durational
1. t:.'l''!lt:.'~''i'll'r
t:.·l''llt:.·~''i'll'r ~ :<""ft1l'(:\~llfiJl"il
:<""ftlJ'r:\~llfill"il nga tsho sang nyin a me ri ka la
La 'gro gi yin
,;U:
nga tsho sang nyin a me ri ka la dro ki gi yin America,
Tomorrow we will go to America.
2.
2, §'~'lj·~~·Ft:.·<J~·"it:. 'Cl!''?tlJ'5' ~'il
§'~'lj'~~'Ft:.'<J~'''it:. '(II"?t1l'5' ~,\I khyi phrug 'di khang pa'i nang la nyal gyi red
khyi took dhi khang pai nang la nyal gyi gyire
re This puppy will sleep inside the house,
~.j
~d
3. t:..'i'
t:.' '\' ~'~' ")'(:\
")' r:\~'iijl:lJ'~l:lJ"t1l'
~'iijl:lJ'~I:lJ't1J' ~ '" 5' .iJ"i1 nga do 'di. yig lkag la sbyar gyi min
da Ita kri ka 'di
nga tha ta tri ka dhi yig kog la jar gyi min I will not affix this stamp on.
on the envelop now.
now,
J." 4.
4, Ft:.'<Ji'
Ft:.' <Ji'3: ~'r'ii'ljw.iJ'.>It:.
~'r'ii'lj'tlJ'.iJ'.>It:. 'r'ii'i'~)"1
'r'ii'i'~)"1 khang pa'i phyi log la mi mang lod'dug
khang pai chi 10k la mi mang loe doog How many people are outside the house?
:;:..,~t 5. Ft:.' <Ji'l.'~·r'ii"l·Ol·
5, <Ji'3:~'r'ii"l'ClI' .iJ''i':j'~'S'lj
.iJ"i':j'~'S'lf khang pa'i phyi log la mi dgu 'dug
khang pai chi 10k la mi ghoo doog house.
There are nine people outside the house,
6. ~~'lf'i)'l,~t:.'(1J'r:\StlJ'5'ill"il
6, ~~'lj'i)'l·~t:.'t1l'(:\St1l'5'iJl"il me tog de tsho khong la 'bul gyi yin
me tog de tsho khong la bool gyi yin I will offer those flowers to himlher.
/
~-
7.
7, i9·::I'lj'~~·lW~~"I·'i'll·:'("I'll'l.r§'i·~'~'i1
i9'::!'lf'~~'l't1J'~~f"r'i'!l':;:I:lJ~Fr§'i'~'~'i1 khyi phrug 'di
'di. tsho la sus ga dus rags pa byed kyi red
- -
khyi took dhi tsho la sue ga due rok pa je kyi re When will anybody look after these puppies?
O'~
f1;';;-i
fi(,,-i
 109
t!'lj'r.>.~' g."l' ~'ljZ\rS,,\'i>lflil\'<Ji"\'i>l'~"\I
Et;:t'lj'r.>.~,g'''l'~'ljZ\rS''\'<>Iflil\,a;''\'<>I'~,,\1
8. Ei' khyi phrug 'di tsho la rogs byed mkhan yod ma red
khyi took dhi tsho la rok je khen yoe rna re There is no one to look after these puppies. puppies,
9. WI:lJ·~r.l:~e:.W~"'·J.I·'lj~i>l·.i:i·r.>.~'lj·'lj~1
WI:IJ'~r.i:~t:.W~"'J.I''lj~<>I'.i:i'r.>.~'lj''lj~1 lcog rtse'i sgang la thur ma gsum mi 'dug gas
chok tsei gang la thoor rna soorn rni doog gay Aren'!
Aren't there three spoons on the table?
10. ~'lj·~i:\·~e:.w~ ...·J.I·'lj~'lI·~e:.·.;rr.>.~'lj
~'lj'~i:\'~t:.."l'~"'J.I''lj~'lI'~t:.'.i:i'r.>.~'lj lcog rtse'i sgang la thur rna gcig kyang mi 'dug
chok ISei
tsei gang la thoor rna chik kyang rni doog There isn't even one spoon on the table.
11. c:.i:\·$<:1w
c:.i:\'$<:1'''l'Qt:.. J.l'1:IJ~'lj'.i:i'P.'i'lj''lj~1
Qe:.· J.l"1:lJ~'lj·.;rr:>.'i'lj·'lj~1 nga'i rgyab la sbrang rna gcig mi 'dug gas
ngay gyab la drang rna chik rni doog gay Isn't there one bee on my back?
12. nJ'lj~·.;j·r:>.'i'lj·Qe:.·J.I·
tll'lj~' .;j'P.'i'lj'Qt:..J.I' ~e:.·Uf
~t:..~, .i:i'r:>.~'lj
.i:i'P.~'lj lags mi 'dug sbrang rna rnthong ya rni 'dug
lag rni doog drang rna thong ya rni doog No, I cannot see any bee (on your back).
13. ~·.i'j"l·r.>.~·"l'lj·tJwr:>.~
~'.i'j"l'r.>.~'''l'lj'<JWP'~ ~'~'Uj"1
~'~'Ujil\1 mig shel 'di lag pa la 'ius kyi yin
mig shey dhi lag pa la joo kyi yin I will hold this spectacle in my hand.
i'le:.' tJi:\·'ljlJlZ\f~'lj~·"l·.ije:.·.;rr.>.'i'lj
14. !'It:.' £.!i:\''lj!JlZ\r~'lj~'''l'.ijt:.·.i:i'r.>.'i'lj khang pa'i gyas phyogs la shing rni 'dug
khang pai yay chok la shing rni doog There is no wood on the right side of the house.
"l'lj·tJ·'ljlJl~·tJw~"'·'lj,,\<:1·.i:i·r:>.,,\'lj
15. "l'lj'£.!·'lj!Jl~·£'!w~"''lj,,\Q'.i:i'P.,,\'lj lag pa gyas pa la sor gdub rni 'dug
lag pa yay pa la sor lioob
- -
\loob rni doog hand.
There is no ring on the right hand,
16. 'J'5'r.>.~,g'~','r.>.~,g'nr~,,\1
'l5·r.>.~·g'~',·r.>.~·g·nJ·~"\1 ku shu ~di tsho spu gu 'di tsho la red
ku shu dhi tsho pu gu dhi ISho tsho la re These apples are for these children.
children,
17. iiic:.' gSiii·$·'lj... ·'i·r.>.~·~· J.I' ~"\1
g·,,\·iii'$·'lj"·'i·r.>.~'~· ~,,\I khong tsho da 10 rgya gar du 'gro gi rna red
khong tsho da 10 gya gar du dro lei rna re They will not go to India this year.
18.
18.1:IJ-'lr.>.'~·J.I'''l',,\J.I'lj'~'''''l''lI,,\'a:i''lj'~·P.~'lj
1:lJ-'lr.>.'~'J.I'''l',,\J.I'lj'~''''''l''lI''\'a:i''lj'~'r:>.~'lj gza' nyi rna la dmag sgar la ltad mo ga re 'dug
zah nyi rna la rnaag ghar la tey rna mo ga re doog What show was there at the garrison on Sunday?
19.
19, e:.i:\·~·l:i·"lI:lJ~·~·fl·il\e:.·I'1l·~·.i:i·r.>.~'lj
t:.i:\·~·l:i·"lI:lJ~·~'fl·il\t:.W~·.i:i·r.>.~'lj . nga'i smo bo lags kyi kha nang la so rni 'dug
ngai rna
rno wo lag kyi kha nang la so mi doog There are no teeth in my grand-mother's mouth.
20. flil\'
flil\' it...·~·ia·<:1'iil\·tJ
it "'~' ...·.,il\J.I'~e:.·Ji·
Ia' Q~il\'£,!"·"il\J.I"~:'F Ji' ~"\I
~,,\I khen be ra spyi zla bdun par gnam grang mo red
can be ra chi dha doon par naam drang mo rna re Canberra is cold in July.
"\S,,\"T~'
21. ''is,,\'''!' ~' g,,\·~tJ·"l·~·i>l·4"'· z:j' ~"\I
g,,\,~ £'!w~' <>I' 4'" Q' ~,,\I dpyid lea chu
clut tshod lnga pa la nyi rna shar ba red
chee ka chu tshoe nga pa la nyi rna shar va re In spring, the sun rises at five o'clock.
"i:\'il\t:.
22. iiic:.'~J.I· ...i:\'a:,e:. '''l'''l~'''I' S,,\'tJ·
'''l'''l~'''r S"\' £.!' ~"\I
~,,\I khong !dum ra'i nang la las lea byedpa
byed pa red
khong dhoom rai nang la lay ka jey pa re He works in the garden.
23. r.>.~' ~'~i:\'''l~'r:e:.'<Ji,,\' ~,,\I
:!-'~i:\'''l~'r:t:..a;,,\, ~"\I 'di ru su'i las khung yod red
dhi ru sui lay khoong yoe re Whose office is here?
 24.6'i·~·~·~·n 'o.5"I
~·~·~'nr"Ii5"I·o.5"I khyed rang gi ske la gcig 'dug
khye rang gi ke la chik doog There is something on your neck.
25.0.~.t:.~.
~'t:.~. ~'Oj'~"
~'Oj'~"ii'l
'l "r~'
,,!,~. ~'il 'di ngas su la stan chag gi red
dhi ngay su la ton chog gi re Who can I show this to?
6.3 Use of Hono rific Expre ssion
The use of honorific expression in spoken Tibetan has almost its own
vocabulary. Know n as
"zhe sa" in Tibetan, honorific is more widely used in 'iS~'dbus "I~t:..
bus and "!~t:.' gtsang provinces of
~,-'-
Central Tibet than in other parts of Tibe!. There is a joke about people
of
use of honorific expressions that they even use when quarrelling. One gtsang makin g excessive
form of honorific can be
more polite than the other. The basic idea is that the speaker should use
ordinary words and
expressions when speaking of himself or of his property and concer
ns, or when he addresses
,. someo ne younger or junior and discusses his concerns and property. But
words and expressions which may be of concern to his parents, teachers,
the speaker uses polite
~~,;
nuns or to strangers. We will try to give the basic examples of Tibeta seniors, ordain ed monks,
formation. In Tibetan there is an exclusive honorific vocabulary for mostn honorifics and their
nouns, verbs, adjectives
and pronouns.
....;.- 6.4 Hono rific Noun s .
iI
There appears to be at least some six general theories in explaining the
iormation of Tibetan
'l'r.~' honorific nouns:
6.4.a Deriv ed honor ific
1';
v,,-,.
~~
This is formed of one honorific word in its own right which is prefixe
which there is otherwise no separate honorific word, d to an ordinary word for
word. For example to transform the ordina ry word
for finger .>1§;Q'J
'lX$
<>1§;Q'Jj.j' mdzub rna into honorific, one prefixes the honorific word of hand
:1"1 phyag
since finger is connected with hands. The final additive particle Jj'
~'lj'.>1!g'
Jj. rna is dropped in forming ~"I' <>1!g' Q'
phyag mdzub. Likewise:
;;,.;;
Ordina ry Honor ific Englis h
'/;0-:;;
'1;0-'"
!it:.' Q' phren gba ::I"I.~t:;'
~"I.~t:;' phyag phren g
-. ...... prayer beads
.>1"!'''9O
jj'lJ'-9Oj' rnigshel ~"i'4nJ' spyan shel spectacle
~l
"'" M skra 'is';j' dbusk ra hair
~
~"i'Jj' rna ::I"I'~"i '
~"I'~"i' phyag sen fingernail
~: rl"!
rl"l khrag ~rrl"I
~rl!l"I
~
skukh
skukJzrag
rag blood
6.4.b Hono rific by Natur e
'!¥t.{
.•.. This is formed mainly by focusing on the nature of the object for which
an honorific is required by
/ prefixing it with an honorific verb to express the use of the object:
i:~
',OJ' a;~ nyalchas "I3J.>1'
"I3l<>1' if,~
OJ' a;~ gzim chas bedding
~~'~Oj' skyes yul o.&t:.~
o.&c:.~''~Oj
~Oj 'khrungs yul
':",-",
',;::c birth-place
",.>1''
';;<>1' 'OOJ'r zampa
wmpa I.iQ'Sr
!.iQ<sr;j.;j>1'
..r phebs zam bridge
,]:,(
 1.
.I. 1. .1
.1 1.
dzh gdan
ugsgOO
dzhugs mattress
.q11" l"'~"
l'lr""\"I'
.Q11"1~r"l
"1"\"
"l"'~1'" goo
gdan
I4.q "'rlIO
I4<1""r"l.I.;J"l' phe bs lam road
0l.;J"'
OlOl lam
6.4 .c Ho nor ific of Or igi nat ion
object cam e into
in of the object to express how the
Thi s is formed by referring to the orig
existence in the first place:
letter
phy agb ris
Uj'il
OJ"i1j"j' yi ge '"
:!'lQ""
6.4 .d Re lat ive Ho nor ific
between the prim ary
able word to express the relationship changed into hon orif ic
This is formed with two or mo re syll e is
to it. In this case onl y the first syllabl
object and the thing which is related form".
inary form
ordinar
lab le in its Ord
sy llab
wh ile leaving the second syl
~",'. r"l.l"' spyan hell
ansshe spectacle
.Jlllj
.Jill!' :tj0l"
:til'll' mig shel ~"".ijijrll
j;.q, ,'~'
j;<I""~" ehibs sga saddle
'i'~'
?'~" rtasga
~.q~ ~"I'
~Q'lf~"I " zha bs kya g chair
'lj"
~':r~~'lr
~':r sku b kyag
~
6.4 .e Fu nct ion al Ho nor ific
form: ,'.--
ction of the object wh ich is not explicit in the ordinary -'.--
This is formed by expressing the fun
N,\~
.;JEN,\
OlE ·
~' /dar
mjalda sca rf to greet wit h
'5"11'"""
rrFQ.q'5" khabta gs
~.g",.
","
:!"I.g.t'\'
:!''!" phy agt sho d watch
~'.t"\' ehu Ifhod
.q~" !l~"'
Q~"'.~", bzhes thur spo on
~
!l~w ...w fhu
thurma
'\S'" ldb
,dbush ad comb
~"1'"
~"l"-9'\' rgy ugs had 9"'"
"'S"-9"\'
6.4 .f Su bst itu tio nal Ho nor ific
ed by disyllabic
inary form by a totally new word form
This is formed by substituting the ord .
honorific wo rds :
thugs sra s student
dge phr ug !l"l"'~
~"I ""~"'""
,,\ilj' ~"l"
",ilj'~"1' mo nk
aJ'~. Q""
aJ"~q,,' sku zha bs
~'Q'
~"Q" grw apa
~.q,'~",'~' zha bsp hyi servant
"1a:i "l' Q''
"la:i"l"l:i gyo gpo ~Q"
"\<i "l'ij'
",<i~"l:i' dbo npo nep hew
~'<i"' tsha bo
formed by prefixing the
bles, cutleries and so forth may be Qi'i'""
fur the rmo re honorific nouns for edi feb becomes 'li'i'
i].q' bag leb
Q'lj"iijQ"
Thus the ordinary word for bread 'l'lj'i
honorific for m of the verb "to eat"..
'Q' bzhes pa "to eat". Th e
.q~~"Q'
.<:1"1'
.t:I"I" "bzhes bag " by prefixi
ng the syllable of the honorific verb Q~"
ioned six types of honorifics.
following hOD honOIi ics belongs to either of the aforement
OIiffics
6.5 Ex am ple s Eng lish
Ho nor ific
Ord ina ry [jag
/jags tongue
~"
1. ~' lee 'li."I"
~rlI' I"~""
~r"l....,,' zha l ras fac e
."Q"
"l~c:.'Q'
2. "1~c: gdo ngp a
 ~~L-
3. <>19 mga
mgo 'I':!" dbu head
4.
4 . .J,'Q' maba . '*JiIi·.;j,t
'*JiIi' <>Ii","l snyan lcog ear
5. r:r kha t'\nJ'
f'\rll' zhal mouth
i;;
c
6. nJ"l'LJ'
rll"l'LJ' lagpa ~"l phyag hand
>fJ~'LJ'
7. >fJ~'LJ' rkang
rkLlngpa
~'"
t'\Q~'
f'\Q~' zhobs
zhabs leg
:t:~
:t:.
8. ~'IS"l snakh ug "F shang nose
9. Jl"I
Ji"I mig ~i1i'
~iIi' spyan eye
10. "I~"l~'i:j' po
gzugs pa al'''l~'' l~' sku gzugs
ar"'~"I~' body
11. ~. chu a;'l"
a;'r chab water
.'):
}), ..~
12. <>1~'
<>I~' mchu t'\nJ·.;j~·
<>I~'
f'\rll' zhal
zhalmmchu
chu lips
<>IE<Q'.if
~
13. <>1f[Q' mdzub rna
mo ~"l'.;jf[
~""<>IE<Q'Q'~
phyag mdzub finger
14. ~"""l)" sor gdub ~'f"l)Q
~"I""I)Q'' phyag gdub ring
l£.-::
i£.-::
15. ~Jl'9"l
~Jf9'" /ham gog t'\Q~'~J
f'\Q~'~l'Jf zhabs !ham shoe
16. Jl"l':q>
Ji"l":q>ll'" mig shel ~i1i'"1nJ'
~iIi'"1rll' spyan shel spectacle
w,;~
17. >fJ~' ~'i' rkang sud ~Q~'~'i'
~Q~'~'i' zhabs sud sock
18. j!j' khri QI.1"l~'i!
QI.1"l~'i!i'i' bzhugs khri throne
/:
i'f;}' 19. "l'iili' gdan QI.1"l~"l'
QI.1"1~"l'iili·
iili· gzhugs gdan mattress
20. ~~'<>19
~~'<>I9 mgasm ga
go "i't~~.
"i't~~' dbu
dbummgas
gas pillow
~6
6.6 Some honorifics have more than one level:
Ordina ry Lower Highe r Englis h,
h.
,k'{; r.>.~'Q' 'gra
'gro ba 'i4Q~'L
"i4Q~'LJ'phebs
J'phebspa a;Q'll'Q~
a;Q'!rQ~""'·"lilil
'·"lili!;:.·
.· chibs sgyur gnang to go
~"i' khyad
khyod 6'1' khyed al'~'i'
&'~'i' ~ sku nyid you
'&,i:}' 4'''
4"" shi ba ~l:.·LJ·
~~'LJ' grong pa
grongsspa 'i9l:.~'L
'i9!;'~·LJJ·lf"l'll
·lf"l'!j·· dgangs
dgongs pa rdzags <;lie
rdzogs pa ~ie
~.;j~'
~<>I~' sems .Ij"l~'
.Ij"'~' thugs
~
.J,<>1'
.J,<>I·<>I6
.;j6i1i·
i1i· mam mkhyen mind
"I~l:.·LJ·
"I~~'LJ' gdongpa t'\nJ·...
f'\rll· ...~ zhal ras "liil...·t'\n J·
"Iiil ...·f'\rll· gser zhal
1iYi' face
~l:.'.;j'
~~'<>I' chung rna \li.;j'
\li<>l' lcam "l~l:.'~ ~Jf
"l'!j!;.'Jl' gsang
gsang yum wife
,!.;j·LJ·
,!<>I'LJ' rstarn pa "l~nJ'~Q
"l~rll'~Q'' gsal
gsol zhib 'I!"l'll'~i
'I!"l'!j'~iIi'
1i' !jags
[jags smin
~
1:£...;;;
. tsampa
6.7 Mono syllab ic Hono rific Verbs
i
~ Ordina ry Honor ific Englis h
/1 ;j'Q'
;j'Q' zaba
mba Q~~'<r
Q~~''l' bzhes pa to eat
~ .Ij!;"Q'
.ljl:.'Q' Q~~'LJ
Q~~'<J
~
thung ba bzhes pa to drink
rilili'<J'
rliili'<J' lenpa Q~~'<J'
Q~~'<J' bzhes (mcha
(mchod) pa to take/receive
Ia S"i'<J' byedp a .;jf['i'LJ
<>IE<'i'LJ'' mdzad pa to do
I ~'i'<J' sprad
sprod pa ~'Q' stsal ba I to give
4'll'<J'
4~'<J' shesp a .;j6i1i·<J
<>I6i1i'<J'' mkhye npa to know
S'Q' nguba Q4.;j~' <J
Q4<>J~'<J bshum spa
~ 10
to weep
r;,S;
 113
~Ilr<r skyes pa r.>.§<:'''1' tj' rkhrungs pa to be bom
~I!r<r
~"I'tj'
~"I'tj' thugp a <>lE.flf q''
illE.f1rq mjalba ' to meet
",'q' ",<:.'q' snyungba siek
to be sick
naba ~
~
ql'\~'tj'
ql'\~'tj' bzhon pa .¥;q"1'tj' chibspa to ride
~",,'q'
~-".'''l' khyer ba Q'
q~<>lI!fQ'
q~illllf bsnam spa to take
q'lfq'
"l'lf"l' blta ba l'
'Ij~'Ij~'<tl'
'lj~"IIlo1' gzigsp a to look
illij<:.'q
<>lij<:.'''l' mthon gba j'
'Ij~'Ij~'ttj'
"I~"IIlo1' gzigsp a to see
~
~'q'
~'''l' nyaba j'
'Ij~'Ij~'ttj'
"I~"IIlo1' gzigsp a to buy
q~"i'tj''
qllol"i'tj bsadp a ~<:"tj'
~<:"tj' bkran gspa to kill
6.8 Vocab ulary
~
'Ij<:"
"1<:" gong gong price
~~'~~'I'
~IloI'~Ilo skyes tshes tshe
kye !she birthday
cost ~:.
:>,~' tj' rmpa rim pa
Ill'<%>'
Ill'",' gla cha eha
la cha wages
;j'rK ' zakha ng zakha ng restaurant
"i'!ii'
"i'iii' dala da 10 this year
!ii'
iii' ,I;~'ij' 10 po
chennpo
loche 10 chern po old (in age)
tj"i'",!'lj pad shag pay shag money ( paisa)
~' chu chu water
~'~"i' chu tshod tshoe
due !shoe time
'j'lj' 'j'lj
'5"1''5"1 tag tag tag tag exactly
I!j' ,I;~'
'Sill' dus chen due chen festival
!ii'''I~-''.
Ilo1 '''''' lagsar 10 sar new year
iii'''I
'jr:..'~<:"
':lr:.:~<:" gungs eng goong seng holiday
~<:"'lj~i ll'
~<:"'Ij~<>l' theng gsum theng soom three times
a;",,'q~
a;-".'''l~' tshar bzhi !shar
tshar zhi four times
ill~"I'~Il oI'ij'
<>l~"I'~~'ij' mdog nyesp o dhogn yepo ugly
'S"I'!ii'lj
'S"I'iii"l dug log doogl o clothes
~nr",~ '
~f1f <%>IloI' nyal chas nyal chay bedding
q"i"l'L:j'
"l"i'lj'L:j' bdagp o dhakp o owner:
~
'Ij~~'tj'
"I~IloI' tj' gnasp o nay po landlord
r.>.~f1l'
r.>.~fll' tj' 'grulpa drool pa traveller
'lj~IloI'~ ",,'q'
'Ij~~'~~'''l' gnass korba nay kor va pilgrim
'ljW gdan dhen mattress
"IW
~
'lj~<:"~" i'
"I1lo1<:"~"i' gsang spyod sang
sallg cho toilet
§IloI'['l<:"
§~'['l<:" khrus khang tookh ang showe r
illiW< :.'
"li"i'f'l <:. ' mchod khang choek hang shrine room
 114
"l"l"l-fl-
"l"l"l'f1' gyabkha yaab kba varendah
9!"l"l'
9!"l"f ~'
~­ leags ri chak ri bOlmdary
"iljil)'<l'
"iljili -<l- dgonpa gom pa monastery
~-J'lt::
~'J'lt:: lhakhang lha khang temple
<>I":':" .;)'
,;j.':: .;)- mar me mar me lamp
.".>
.......,
""",-"'
/'
~"f .r.r
~'f.r.r rtsigpa tsik pa wall
<l.:r:a;~-
<l":':" J,"l' parchas
parehas camera
patchay
i;];j:
iX..;.
<l~.1j"l
<l~:Jj"l pingshog ping sho fihn
~nr~ nyal/chri
nyal khri . nyal tri bed
'i;; ("
''t;/ ~-,;jilj
e. "l' <>Iilj rngasmgo ngay gho pillow
Ill-.;)-"'-"\-
Ill'.;)'"""\' amerika ameri ka America
r," B"~"l
B-~"l khyiphrug key took puppy
Dl"l-Qj"l
Ul"l'Qj"l yig lkog yigko envelop
I
I" ij.:t.-,;j"
~
,ij":':"<>I' thurma thoorma spoon
t,d
t.1.
W"l'~'
W"l"~" lcog
leog rtse chog tse table
~e.W
~~W sbrangma drangma bee
·K.~
<ii"..:.:.'''l)''l'
<il.:t.""l)q" sor gdub sor doob ring
1-j'
1-j" leu shu ku shoo apple
.,,; ""J"I'
",;j"l":;j":'
:;j.:t.":" dmagsgar maagghar garrIson
garnson
~,,".jJ"
~".,jJ' ltadmo temo show
;'{:::~
<,::>; rll"l·r;e.'
ClI~"r:~" las /chung
khung lay kboong office
~'
~" ske ke neck
~t;
~~
6.9 Examples
Ordinary Honorific
fJij
fJi;
L
1. F'''I')''l·r:>.§..:.:.' "l' ~"il
fi""I")~"r.>.§.:t.-"l"~"i1 Fe:.'ZlJ''S''l'i4"l'll'
fi~ '''l's''ri4q"r q' '" ~"il
~"il
/cho
kho ga dus 'byor ba red /chong
khong ga dus phebs pa red
w kho ga due jor va re khong ga due pheb pa re When did he arrive?
/l
/: Fe.
2. F-"I'''l'A~'~'~"if
F-"I""l"r.>.~"~' ~"il '.,."l'i4"l"l'"IiI)e:.
fi~ '''I" ~"il
"l' i4Q"r "IiIi~ '~' ~"if
ti~
ti!4 /cho
kho ga ba 'gro gi red /chong
khong ga ba phebs gnang gi red
kho ga pa dro ki re khong ga va pheb nang gi re Where is he going?
.~
-~
3.
3, "le.
~~'~iI)'~"I·Uie.
'~iIi' ~"I'Ui~ 'I ~'~ili'''Je.rll'Uiq
~'~i!i',;je.nrUiq
sang nyin thug yong sang nyin mjal
mja/ yang
h',;;;"; sang nyin thoo yong sang nyin jay yong See you tomorrow.
tomorrow,
4.
4, "l..:.:.'fiie.'f
"I.:t.'fii~'1 "l":':"
"I.:t.'"l~e. "l':<:ZlJ<:"ZlJilie:.'
"l~~~' '<:"l<:'""li!i~ 'I,
t:t yarlong yar bzhengs rogs rags gnang
yar long yar zheng ro nang Stand up,
~,~'fi

5. is''i·E.·~"-·''I''l1
is''i'E.'~",'''I''l1
kyod ja 'thung gas
khyo ja thoong gay
6. "i·"-·r:>.~·~·Ulilil
"i·",'t:>.~·~·Ulilil
da nga 'gro gi yin
da nga dro ki yin
']"I·~·';j~,,·ni",·j)"·'l"ll
7. ,]"I'~'';j~'''ni"-'j)'''<J''l1
tog tsa bsdad long medpas med pas
tog tsa day long me pay
8. i'ii':i:r>l"l'<J' ::<.c.'tj.r:>.
i'ii':i:Cll"l''l':l<.c;.' <:j't:>.'1"1
kho'i lag pa ring po 'dug
khoi lag pa ring po doog
9. t:>.~·",·Cll·i'i"l·EJ"i·~C::·1
r:>.~·"-wi'i"l·EJ"i·~C::·1
'di nga la khos sprad byung
dhi nga la khoi trey joong
10. ~'i'ii!i'\7'~'~"i1
~'i'ii!i'\7"~r~"i1
de kho'i rta sga red
de khoi ta gha re
6.10 Exercises for Lesson six
(a) Translate into Tibetan
I
1. I have two long legs.
2.
2..'He
He has no cows.
3. They have twenty seven pigs.
4. Who has a better camera?
5. I have the film for you.
6. This is the biggest dog in the shrine.
7. We will go to America in March.
8. She will show this photograph to my mother.
9. I will not go to China in December.
10. Where are the bigger oranges?
(b) Fill the blanks of the sentences and transliterate into Tibetan:
l.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
115
EJ"i·"I.ijr,rE..
EJ"i'''I.ijr,r E. '';j~ "l'"Iili"-."I"ll
"l'"Iiii"' '''I"ll
khyed gsol ja bzhes gnang gas
khye sol ja zhay nang gay Will you drink some tea.
'''i~C::' 'l'I3'~'iililil
"i''j''l'.o:.t:. '''i~C::'<J'13'~'illili'
da gus rang dgong pa zhu gi yin
da gu rang gongpa zhu gi yin go,
Now I will go.
l!r~"I'~.;J' ';j13"1"l'nic::' j),,' <J~I
~r~"I' ~.;J' ';j139"l'nic::'j),,'
sku khyug tsam bzhug long medpas med pas
ku quook tsam zhug long me pay
Can't you stay for a little while?
i'i",'~':i"l'
i'i"-'~' :l<.c;..q.t:>.'i"l
:i"l'::<.c.'4'r:>.'i"l
khong gi phyag lag ring po 'dug
khong gi chak ring po doog His hand is long.
~'''I''lwi'i",'~''l'''Ii1iC:: 'S",'I
r:t:>. ~'''I''lwi'i"-'~''l'''IiliC:: 'S"-'I
- .-
'di gus la khong gis gnang byung
dhi gue la khong gi nang joong He gave me this to me.
~'i'ic::.~.j;';j~'~'~"il
~'i'ic::.~. j;';j~'~' ~"il
?-o,
de khong gi chib sga red
de khong gi chib gha re That is his horse saddle.
...............
........... .... khrom la 'gro gi min
khong kha lag za gi ma ........... ..
nga la La deb bzhi yod pa .............. .
khyod spyi zla zLa dang por yang gi yin ..........
Lags ma ............
.. ........... nga'i a ma lags
khong tsho bal yuL yul la ......................... ...
bod ......... gyag mang po .............. .
........... sang nyin mchong gi ............ .
shog gu de khong gi yin ................
chu tshod 'di khyod rang ....... yin
 110
II.
11- zhva mo de da Ita ............. 'dug
12. ......... ......... .yong
. yong gi 'dug gas
13. nyi ma'i mdun ........ su bsdad 'dug
14. nga'i lag ......... sor gdub ...... .
15. 'di ......... laIa ston gyi ............ .
(c) Express and memorize the following Tibetan quotations:
" " e... c...
c....
r~~·~.
r~Z<\'!Jr' 'S'Ule;
~'UlC;''aJ' ~Tf1I::.·
~Tf11::. 1 aJ' 'I sdig pa ci yang mi byazh ing
~ "'"
I~~'
I~z<\' .q'~5j
q'~5j '~aJ' a:;~~'
a:;Z<\~' q~'~~
!J~'~~1I dge ba phun sunt tshogs par spyad
"" ......
c....'" ",.,
1~1::.
1~C;'Z<\'~aJ
·~·~aJ~' ~'5j'UlI::. ~'~'~~
~'~'~~[lJ1 [lJ1 ~ ~ rang gi sems ni yongs su 'dul
"- "- "-
" p~' ili '~C; ~'~~.
iii '~I::. -Q'i;l5j'q
~'~~ ..Q'i;l5j' 'Ul5j[
!J'Ul5j1 'di ni sangs rgyas btsan pa yin
/;
/,
<;t;.",'
Q;.',' Do not commit any non-virtuous deeds
And apply the perfect accumulation of virtues;
Completely subdu e one's own mind
w_l
This is the teaching of the Buddha. -----B uddha
"- "-
I1~~. J:J' 5j1::..
~Z<\'!J' , ·Ull::.·-Q
q~'~aa,
5j1::. '!J~'~ 1lj-Q/
'UlC.: .qllj.ql rig pa nang par 'chi yang bslab
r~·~~~
1 ~'t:l.·aJfl~
~~' aJfI~' ·q~·aJ
!J~'·~~·~I
aJ'!:!!~::.·[
'~1::. 'I ~
...... C'o...
tshe 'dir mkhas par rna
ma gyur kyang
_ "
I~' -Q'~'a
q'~' aJ~'
J~' -Q'S[lJ' -Q'Ul[
.q~[lJ' .q'UlI
~ skye ba phyi mar beol ba yis
- "- "- ~
Ililiiii ~'(1r ~I::. ',?-";'[l
',?"'[lJ Jili' ·m~1
iIi' q'~~1 nor la rang nyid len pa 'dra
,·..i
" ..i Even if one is to die tomorrow
One should study knowledge;
For it is like claiming one's own
\,~ " Invested possessions in future rebirths.
"- "-
aJfI~'!J:J'
IaJfl~' J' -Q~S
.q~S 01::.' aJ'~~' qr
aJ'~~'!J1
l -....
mkhas pa rtsad cing rna dris pa
'C::~. -.... c....
" c...
c.... e-..
c.... _
I-";'Ul' q~SZ<\?I::.·a
1"'Ul' .q~S~? J·-,,;
I::.'aJ q~~[
'''!Jz< \~1
~
de yi bar du gting rni
mi dpogs
~
Ie:. 'nr -";S~
W"SZ<\ '~~·aJ' -Q~ili'
.Q~iIi' ilil
~
"" ......,'Z<\~'
~ ~
iiiI -~
~
rlnga la dbyug gus rna
ma bsmm na
....... " ,,-
1-";'~-"
1"'~"'z<\f1i1i -";1::.'6'
;'~f1ili''"I::. 'S-";'" 'S'Ul"r
~'Ul-";I de srid'gzhan dang khyad ci yod
I
The learned cannot be fathomed
Until inquiring and questioning (his background)
How is it different from .
A drum not beaten by a drumstick etc.? -------
-------Ssakya
akya Pandita
1
i
')::1
(d) Write the honorific forms of the following words:
1. >ljc:~r
1. Iljc:~r rkangpa 5. ~. skra
2. "l"l'
fll"l' <.I' lagpa 6. Q"I'ii)~
Q"I'ii)z:rr bagle b
3. "'iii mgo 7. g'
p
P
,~.-.;,
~t.-::
tt."
 117
4.
4, .;)"1
Ji"l mlg 8,
8. ~Jl''<' rtsampa
(e) Make ten sentences by using the following adjectives:
"I~""'<' gsarpa new
"I~""""
"I~"""" gsar~a
gsarra newer
"I~"".ij~'
"I~"".ij~' gsarshos
IIgsarshos newest
ft:.'Ll"
ft:."l" rnymgpa I old
ft:.'c::
ft:.· c:: rnyingnga older
fr~:.ij~' rnyingshos oldest
ll"l'Zj'
Il"l' Zl'
~
thug po thick "
.,
~"I'''1 thug ga thicker :-:~":
:-~":
Il"l'.ij~·
ll"l'.ij~'
~
thug shos thickest
j;~'Zj:
j;~'Zl: chen po big
j;'q' cheba bigger
~
a;'''1~' biggest
- cheshos
~
Ilt:.·.\F
.....
~
_llt:.',IF thungthung short
Il"-'t:..
llt;,'t:.'
~
thungnga shorter
~
'.ij~'
llt:.'.ij~'
Ilt:. thung shos shortest
"""I'll'
"""I'Ll' .
- yagpo good
"""I',,! yagga better
"""I' .ij~' yag shos best
Jl~~'Zj'
Jl~~'Zl' mthonpo high
"I~'q' mthoba higher
"Ill' "1~'
-- mtho shos highest
6.11 Useful Expressions
~ ...-
~q'Ul9'q'A~9
,\Q'Ul9' Q'A'\9 It is very good, Excellent.
C>...C>........
C>...c......... " -
---
r.l.~r.l.'~
'"' '\'"'''\ "i''~9'9' .:t,: .:t.,~l
'\ 9' 9' .:t.,' ~,\1 What is the meaning of this?
",,_.....
""_.....
r.l.~r.l.'~"i'
,",'\,",' '\ "i' '\9' q~';):j~'fll'9'
~9' q,\'
-~'1l1
;):j,\'n.j'9' .:t.,'1l1 What is the meaning of this in Tibetan?
,,_..... - me),
Please spell this (for me).
r.l.~' ~.:t.,'1lI9' ~q' .:t.,9~'
,",,\'~~'1lJ9'~q' 9"iI:.'1
~9~'9"iI:.'1
__ C>...
e-.. __ --
S~'Ul~'J;.j~l
~~' .:t.,I:.'9~' "il:. '~I:.' S~'Ul,\'J;,j~1
~'\' ~I:.'9~'''iI:.'~I:.' Did you do your homework?
...- ...- ~
I:.~'"iI:.'~I:.'S~'flll:.'
6, I:.~' "iI:.' ~I:.' S'\'f'lll:.' J,j' ~I:. 'I ".r homework,
I did not have time to do my homework.
~ -.<
7IJ''9'~' a;'9'r.l.~'A~9
7, 1Ij'-9S a;'9',",~'A'\9 How are those apples?
" "... ...-~
~ "
Q'I1'~9''"''\9
Ul9' q'I1'~9'r.l.~9 TIley are very good.
good, Excellent.
"
 118
11 8
LE SS
LES SON
ON SEV
SE VE
ENN
ru.::r
m.::~(y
r ~(Y.Q,\
oQ,\~~'I;JI
'I;JI
'>'>
7.1
7.1 Tense
Te nsess
WeWe hav
have e lear
learnt nt tha
that t the
there re are thre e
are three mai
main ntenses
tensescalled
called5l!r"l~iQ
5'!r"l~i':r.:£;"1
Q':r J;"I "dus
"dusgsum
Tib etan . As in Eng
gsumbya byatshig"
tshig" inin
Tibeta n. As in Englis lish
h the
there re are
are sub
subtletle var
variatiiations
onsofoftime
timewithin
wit hinoneonetense.
tense. ForForexamp
exa mpleleififwe
the ver b to wri
the verb to write te r:>.Q
r:tQ-G"-G"b ri ba, we can wetaketak e
'bri ba, we can eas
easilyily form
form the
thefour
fou rsimple
sim ple(prese
(presen nt,t,past, ional)
/, and the fou r com pou past,future,
future, condit
conditi onal)
/,
and the four compo undnd (pre
(presensen t t -pe rfec
-perfec t,
t, pas
past-p t-pe
erfect,
rfec t,future- perfec
future-p erfect,
t, and condit ional-p erfect)
and con diti ona l-pe rfec t)tenses
by
byusing
usi ngvariou
var iouss auxilia
aux iliary ryverbs
verbs and and adding
add ingverb verbcompl tenses
,~ ement
. com ple me ntss totoexpres
express s the
thecorrec
,~ .
pat tern of cha nge s to
pattern of chang es to the
the spe
spellinllin g of the cor rectttenses
tenses. The
. The
g of the ver
verb b stem
stem in
in formin
form g differe
ing different nttenses
tensescan
of ver bs pro vid ed at the
of verbs provid ed at the end
end of
of this
this man ual can bebeseen
see nfrom
fro the
m thelis!
lis!
manua lll Ten
Tense se in
in Tibeta
Tib n
etan is
is largely
largelyexpres
exp ressed
which con sist
wh ich consis tss of
ofthe
the verb,
verb, added com ple
added compl sed bybythe
the verb
ver b phrase
phrase
ement
me nt and
and f1uxilia
fluxiliary
ry verb,
verb.
i;SiO:
i;SiO:
7.2
7.2 The Sim ple
Th e Simp Pre sen
le Prese ntt
,;
~c< The sim ple pre sen t sho
The simple presen t ws
shows hab itua
habitua ll acti on
action and
and exp
expres
ress
ses
es aa genera
the ver b stem
generall truth,
truth. Gener ally
Gen era lly the
the spellin
spe llingg of
of
the verb stem rem
remainain unc han
unchan ged
ged for
for this
this tense,
tense. For
For first
first person
person,, either
eith er of
of the
the particl
particlees~'
we will call
we will her e "ad ded ver b s~' S' ~' ~. whict
wh ict
call here "added verb com
compl ple me
ement nt"
" substit
substitutes
utes the second
second syllab
? is the n foll ow ed by syll abllee of an infinit
infinitiive
ve verb.
verb. This
This
is then follow ed by the
the aux ilia
auxilia ry ver
verbb ~"i ·yo
~"i'yod d.
. For second
second and third
third person
persons, anan infmit
infm itiv
ivee form
form of of
the
the verb
ver b is
is follow
foll oweded by
by the auxilia
auxiliary verb
verb ~S.
'k·~
Eng lish
Englis h ive
Infini
Inf inittive per son
1st person person
2nd & 3rd pers
to eat -'l'G on
to eat -'l'G"' -'l'~'
-'l'~'ilj"i
ilj"i'' -'l'q'~"i
-'l'q '~"i''
'i,t::
'i,c: tog o r:>.§ j.q.
r:t§j'q'
togo r:>.§
r:t§j'~'~ "i'
j'~'~"i' r:t§j'<r~
r:>.§ j'q'~"i'
"i'
to cut
to cut r:>.Q"I' q
r:tQ"I' <r' r:>.!
r:t!l"l'~ '~"i'
l"l'~'~"i' r:tQ"I'<r
r:>.Q "I'<r~"i'
~"i'
to p iQa; C::'q
iQa;C'q
~;." to jum
jump iQic ::'~'~"i
iQ,k'~' ~"i'' iQa;c'q'
iQa; ~"i'
C::'q'~" i'
to ll
smell
to sme qgiQ
qgiQ'<, 'l,ff q~J.
q~J.f3' "i·
f3·~~"i' q~iQ
Q~iQ'<l' "i'
'q'~~"i'
to e ~~rq'
to hid
hide ~l!r<r ~~~ '~"i'
~l!f~'~"
;):';;£ i' ~l!r<r~"
~~r< r~"ii''
to
to mil
milkk r:>.{.q'
r:t{'q' r:>.€
r:t€'~'~ i'
'~'~""i' r:>.{ Q' ~"i'
r:t{''q'~" i'
~~
!i:o~
L .C::·~9"''I'~r;''I·<J'''·Riq·~·
1. . C '~9""Il1/ ' ;"1' <J'< ; rlfr:
ruq'~' >.§j' ~'ilj "il
(lfr:t §j' ~'ilj"il nga
ngazho
zhogg leas
kasrtartag
g par slob grva
par slo b yod
nga k kay grv a la
la 'gro
'gro gi
giyod
ngazho zhok kay tag tagpar parlob lobdra dra laladro dro kiki yoeyoe IIgogo totosch
school every
ool eve mornin
ry mo rning.g,
2; fii"~"I'''
2. l~';'
fii"~"I'''I 'I'
l1/';''I'<J",' Riq·~ ·rlfr:>.
<J'> ;' ruq'~'rlf r:t§j'§j'q'Q'~"il
~"il kho
khozho
zhogg leas
kasrtartag
g par slob
parslo grwa
kho k kay b grw a fafa 'gro
'groba red
bared
/t
khozho zhok kaytag tagpar parlob lobdra dralaladro drova varere He Hegoe
goes school
s totosch every
ool eve mornin
/t ry mo rning.g,
t'f~
\:i":i 3. i§"i·~9""l~·;"I·q"'·RiG'
3. ~·rl rn.§ j·q·
i§"i'~ 9""Il!r;" I'<J.>;'r uG"~'ilrn .§j' ~"i'
Q' ~"il khy
khyod
od zho
zhogg kaskasrrag
khy o zha g kay
rtagpar
parslob
slobgrwgrwaa fafa'gro
'groba red
bared
,- khyo zhag kaytag tagpar parloblobdradralaladro drova varere Yo Youu go school
gototosch every
ool eve ry momornin
rning.g,
Sj 4. is'r:>.~~·cr.;:
4. is"r:t~lI/' I'Il:
Cr.;:I'II:: ::<J·
:<J' q~f·q
Q~f'q' ·~''i
~"il 1 khy
khyi
i 'dis nga'i
'disnga khang
'i kha ng pa bsrung
pabsr ung ba bared red
khy i dhe
khyi dhee e ngangay y kha ng wa
khang ng papasoo soong warere Thi
This
s dog
dog proprotec
tectstsmy house,
myhou se.
",~-,
5. c::·l·"I-'lr:>.·<r~c ~';
5, C'J;'''I-' lr:t'<rll/C "f q... ·"i9"i·<J" ''().
lI/';9" <J'>;'''i9" ~·~·i
i'<l.>;-n.§ lj''il
j'~'ilj''il nga
nga tsho
tsho gza'
gza ' pa sangs
pasan gs rrag
rtagpar dgon
nga o zah
pardgo n pa palala'gro yod
'grogigiyod
nga!Sh tsho zahpapasan sang g tag tagparpargam gampar pardro
drokikiyoe
yoe Eve Every Friday
ry Frid ay we
wego gototothe
themomonas tery.
nas tery
~:'~ .
~:,~
,;0
 119
t:.·g·~·<>J~·5t:.·nrS·rii"l·nr~·-'l·~"cJiz::;,
6. E::g·~'.>Ji'.l'5c:.'orS'rii"l'or~'-'l'~'<Ji"i1 IIga tsho nyi ma'i gung la phyi logs la lIya za gi yod
nga tsho nyi mai goong la chi 10k 1a la nya za gi yoe We eat fish outside during the day.
7.3 The Simple Past Tense
This tense expresses an action that has taken place in the historical past. This is formed by placing
the syllable ~'i'i4",'pa ::<'Z::;" pa red for the second and third person after the
~"i'i4",'pa yin for first person and ~. 't."i'
main verb. An infinitive verb which ends in~'
in~" pa remains unchanged. The verb stem itself may go
through some spelling changes allowed by the phonological rules governed by gender harmony of
the consonants.
English Infinitive 1st peI'Son
person 2nd & 3rd peI'Son person
to dig Il.~·.r
A~'q' ~~f<ri'i4","
~~'<ri'i4"" ::<'Z::;"
~'Il"~" 't."i'
~'11'~'
to purify ~c:.'q
~I;."" ~1;.~f~"i'i4","
~c:.~'~'i'i4"" ~c:.~r<r't."i·
~t:.'Il"<r::<'z::;·
to look q'I{q'
'l'lf"" q\y~'~'i'i4",'
"\y1\r~"i'i4",' 'l'lj'll" <r ::<.z::;'
q'li~'<r't."i'
to write 1l.5j"
AQ'q' .." 5j'll" <ri'i4","
Q~'<ri'i4",' ~'Il"~" ::<'Z::;"
~~'~''t.''i'
1. c:. 'Il'rii""~""5"Z::;9'" "~~" ~Z::;"~I;.'Il'
t:. ~·rii"'·~"'·5'''i9''''~i'.l'~''i'~c:. .cri'i4""
'11' .Q' i'i4"'1 ngas
IIgas Ion gron du dhyin ji'i skad sbyangs pa yin
ngay Ion don du in jee ke jang pa yin I studied English in London.
2. rk·~~·~'~,.::<i,,·~"i·~c:.
rk·~'Il"~"'Il"""<i,,"~z::;·~t:. ~'.Q' 't."1
'Il"~" ::<.,,' k1wllg
klwng gis lha sar bod skad sbyangs pa red
khong gee lha Iha sal'
sar bo ke jang pa re He studied Tibetan in Lhasa.
3. ~"i'~~'m<:r~~'~"I'LJ~'~"i·~c:.~r<r't."i1
~Z::;"~'Il"ru""~"""~"I" LJ~"~z::;"~t:.'Il',," ::<'z::;, khyod kyis slob grvar sog po'i skadsbyangs pa red
khyo kyee lob drar sog poi ke jang pa re You studied Mongolian at school.
7.4 The Simple Future Tense
This tense express an action that will take place in the future. placing~' gi
future" This is formed by pladng~'
between the main v,erb and the auxiliary verb as we have seen with the simple present. The spelling
of the verb remain unchanged. The.
The only difference between simple future and simple presell\
present is the
use of different auxiliary verb for the first'person.
English Infinitive 1st person 2nd & 3rd peI'Sonperson
- ~
."" "" ~
to jump <>Jit:.·~"
.>Jic:.·.Q' <>JJ,I;.""j"tll","
.>JJ,c:.'''l'Ul'''' <>Jk"~'::<'Z::;"
.>Jk'~''t.''i'
~ ~
to meet .>J!<OI'
<>J!<tll" ..
q'" <>Jl<rll"~·tll",
.>JI<or ~r Ul",'" ::<'Z::;"
<>Jl<nr~j" 't."i'
.>JI<OI'~t
to suck A~q'.Q·
Il.~ .."". Il.~ lf~"i'i4~"
A~<:r~'i'i4~' Il.~ .."~. ::<'Z::;"
A~q'~·'t."i'
1. c:.
t:. tl'.>J'rll'A~'~·Uj~1
ti<>J"rll"Il.~"~"Uj~, nga khrom la
fa 'gro gi yin
nga tom la dro lei yin I will go to the market.
2. ,;[~.>J·rll'A~·~' 't.",
,;[~<>J"nrll.~"~" ::<.,,' mo khrom laLa 'gro gi red
mo tom la dro ki re She will go to the market.
3. ~"i' g'~.>J'rll'A~'~' 't."il
~z::;"g"~<>J"Ol"Il.~"~"::<'Z::;' khyod tsho khrom fa 'gro gi red
khyo tsho tom la dro lei re You will go to the market.
7.5 Present - Perfect Tense
 lLU
Thi s ten se ind ica tes action that star
The imp lica tion oft ted in the past and con tinu ed into,
of the
he illu stra tion use d is that I hav
or nearly into the presen
e jus t recently com ple ted writing, or is per t.
eve n now in the pro ces s of fini shin hap s
g the writing. Thi s is formed by affi xin
bet wee n the ma in g the wo rd ib.o:.·' tshar
ver b and the aux ilia ry ver b prefixed wit h the app rop riat e ver
sho wn for the sim ple pas t. b com ple me nt as
Eng llch Inf init ive 1st person 2nd & 3rd person
to eat -'1'q
-'1.,..'
-'1~ ib.o:.·q·U
.''J'Ujilj·
lilj' .·q·~
-'1~r ib.o:.''J' "i·
~"i"
to stu dy ~t::'
~t:;'q
q St::~
St:;~ib.o:
ib.o:.·'J' iilj·
.·q·UUlilj' ~t::
~t:;~'
~. ib.o:.·'J'
.·q·~"i'
to loo k q'1!
q'1!"'q'
Q' q'lJ~ ib-<-
ib""'qU
qUililj'
ilj' q\\,~
Q\\,~'' ib.o:
ib",.'l.r
'q' ~"i'
~~
t~ . to cop y q'5'
q"'1'q'
Q' q'5~
q"'1~'
' ib.o:.·'qU
qUililj'
ilj' q'5~' ib.o:
ib",.·'J' ~'\.
'q' ~'\'
"
t::
t:; ~Q~' ib.o:.
ib""''J'U
q'Uililjl
iljl
If"'" nga s bris tshar pa yin
r,1',If"'" . nga y dre e tsha
tsh arr pa yin I hav e written,.
j'ii~ '~"i'ib-<-
i6~'~"i' ib""''J'
q' ~"il
~~~ ad
kho s spr tshar pa red
kho i tre
Ire tsh ar pa re He has given,
en.
q"'1"f
is''i'§~ q'5~ ' ib.o:.·''J' ~,\I
q' ~'\I khy od kyis bsh
bsfuus
ts tshar pa red
khy o kye
Iryee sho o tsha tsh arr pa re Yo u have copied.
7.6 Pa
Pa st
st·- Per fec t Ten se
Thi s tense ind icat es an acti on that star ted at som e time in the pas t rem ote r tha n
tim e me ntio ned . It is form ed som e oth er pas t
by affI Xin g the wo rd iijt:
ifF :'my
my ong
~q He re the aux ilia ry ver b is not use
ong (ha ve experie nce d) afte r the ma
in verb.
r~
d for the first person. As for the sec
infi niti ve form ond and third per son , the
of iijt::
tjt:;''q'
Q' my ong ba 'to experience'is affi xed to the ver b stem
~'\' plus the auxiliary ver b
~'\. red 'In the pas t per fec t tens e, the vow el end ing ver b stem s do not cha nge their spe
the sim ple pas
pas t.l llin g as wit h
Eng lish Inf init ive 1st person
~'-% <:,'q
2nd & 3rd person
to har ves t e.'q' <:"iij t;;.
e.'o@t::' <:,'i
e.'~ijc.'
'q'~q'~"i
,\''
to sho ck ,\t::t::;.q
,\t:;t:.Q' "it::t
'\t:;t:;~'
::~'ii~t:;'
jt::' "it::t:
"it:;t::; ~'iij
~.~tt::'q
:;'Q'' :<.,,'
,,'W'"" to exc ava te ~tIj~'q'
~l:lj ~''J' ~l:lj~
~tIj~r!it:
'iijt:;':' ~l:lj .tjt:
~tIj~~'iij ;'q.~
t::'q "i'
'~"i'
" ~
to roll t:l.~I
t:I.'lJ'.q
~nfq
/ i J'iijt::'
r.\~nJ'~t: ;' t:l.~I
t:I.~flJ't
'lJ'iijt;;·
jt::'qQ·~"i
'~"i'·
I
f~
t:;~
1. t:: ·15,
~·l:' \·~·
i"i·~ Ol,~
'nJ·~ ~·t:
~'t:l l.Q·
. ~l' iijc.'
~·1!
nga s bod kyi 10 rgyus 'bri my ong ''4
'-41l
nga y hoe kyi Iryi 10 gyo o dri nyo ng
I wro te (a) history of Tib et (a lon
g wh ile ago).
2. F~'~t
F~'~t::'l:
:;·tIlj~<>
j~"rr
l·t:l
.>.Q·
.Q'ii
-!it:
jt::'
;·q:< ''i1
.q:<''''i1 kho s sgrung gsum 'bri my ong ba red
kho e dro ong soo m dri nyo ng va
;:;
re He wro te three stor ies (a lon g wh
ile ago).
B"i'~
B'\·~~''li
~''l!''l't
''l't:l.g~ · -!it:;'
:l.g~'iijt ::'q'
Q' ~,\I
~''il khy od kyis sta g 'ius my ong ba red
i-:' .:,
khy
kby o kye e taa lkjo o nyo ng va re
You cau ght a tige r (a lon g wh ile ago
).
r
 lLl
7.7 Futu e - Perfe ct Tense
Futurre·
concep ts of future and past. In
This tense is a paradoxical wedding of the apparently contra dictory future, But by
y - a time in the future.
one of the illustration used, the action will not be complete until Sunda
will alread y have been
the end of Sunday, the action will already have taken place, the deed
·Uf
a;,,,;Ul'
This is formed by adding a::...
comsu mated ., So there is an added concep t of the past in the idea.
a;..,,~,
tsOOr ya or a::.... verb,
~. tsOOr rgyu after the main verb.
Englis h Infini,tive 1st person 2nd & 3rd £erson
Ql!je:."l"
"lJ!!e:.'Q' "l~e:.~' Oi'
a;"""I'illl"i·
Q~e:.~' a::...·"l·ii a; """1' ..,,,.
Q~f~' a::...."l..
"l~f~' ..".
to hide
me:.·Q· ~~·a;;'''I·ti.j0i'
~~'a::;'''l.ti.i"i' me:.'a::...."l.:i.".
me:.' a;..,'''I' :i.".
to discus s
~
Q"I' QQ' Qilj"f a;..,,~.tl:
Qilj"ra: j')'
:"'-' ~.tlj'). ~
i.",
a;"":i!'::i.".
Qilj~' a::",-':!!'
"lilj~'
to divide
~§'Q'
~§'Q' Q~'" a;..,'~'tl:
"l~"fa: j0i'i'
:"'-'~'Uj" Q~~' a;..,,~,
Q~~'a: :i.,,'
:",-'~':i.".
to wash
1. c.~·iil·i ij'~~'''IP.·~·.>Jf
c.~'ill·ilj·~~·"I" .i·~"i·Q~
''~'~·.>J ·a;",-·"l
f.i'~Oi'Q ·iil"i1
~·a;..,wi llOiI ngas yi ge 'di gza'ny ima'i nyin bris tshar ya yin
y.
ngay yi ge dhi zah nyi lll;ai In:ai nyin dree tshar ya yin I will have writte n this letter on Sunda y,
2.
2, F~·j'le:.
pi~'J'le:.''l'~~'' f.i·~"i·Q
"P.·~·.>J>Jf.i'~Oi
·'l·~~·"I'I''~'~'. ;·''I·:i.
~~·a::",-
'Q~~'a;'> ''1
·"l·:i."1 khos khang pa 'di gza'ny i rna'i nyin bzos tshar ya red
built this house on Sunda y.
khoi khang pa dhi zah nyi mai nyin zoe tshar ya re He will have
3.
3, ~"·~·S·~~~·~e:.· ~Oi·(lj~·"I·a::"
~~·~e:.·~"i·(lj~ ·~·:i."11
·"I·a;"',·~·:i." khyod kyi bu 'dis sang nyin las ka tshar rgyu red
work. tomorrow.
Your son will have finished the work
khyo kyee bu dhee sang nyin lay ka tshar gyu re
-Perfect Tense
7.8 Cond itiona l ·Perfe
in the past if the condit ion was
As the name implies, this tense is used to show an action occurr ing
Oi' na
ons, This is formed by the condit ional phrase consis ting of "i'
not affecte d by some other situations.
(if) ...
'" and then adding "l'~'" verb,
Q'~'" ba yod (would have) after the main verb.
"I·a::·~"Oi·e:.~·i
e:.·(lj·~"I·a;·~"· Q·Q·Ui"1
iil·ilj·~·Q·Ui"1
·"i·e:.~·ll·iij·~Q fa snag tsha yod no ngas yi ge 'bri ba yod
nga la
nga la naak tsha yoe na ngay yi ge dri va yoe I would have writte n the letter if I had the ink.
F·(lj·;J ·5'~,,·'
pi'(lj' ;J·5·~"'0 )·e:.W"l
i·e:. "l",-·Q·
w"I"I"" ~"1
Q'~"I la smyu gu yod na nga la gyar ba yod
kho fa
kho la iiyoo gu yoe na nga la yaar wa yoe He would have lent me if he had the pen.
·f·Q·Ui''1"1
e:.·'l·p.~~·f·"l·Ui khyod fa nyo ba yod
la pad shag yod na khang pa 'di nyoba
~"·(lj·'l
~"'(lj''l'"·"9"1·u: i''·Oi"J'le:.·'l·p.
'·-9''1·u:i"·"i'j'l
1:>ough
bough t this house if you had the
khyo la pe shak yoe na khang pa dhi nyo va yoe' You would have
money .,
7.9 Table of Tense Term inatio ns
tenses, The main differe nce is in the past and
The follow ing table gives the terminations of all the tenses.
"l'ba for
particleeQ'ba
a;""tshar meaning "finish" and the media l particl
future perfect, which is characterized by a::",-'tsh
Ui,,· yod is used for all three person s in the conditional perfect
condit ional perfect. The termination Ui",
of present tense. While the
but it canno t be used for the 2nd the 3rd as it is used in the 1st person
media l particle are chiefly
follow ing terminations can be used on the whole for all verbs, their nol all
base, The choice is between po and ba (pronounced wa) as not
govern ed by the final of the verb base.
classic al grammatical rules are observed in spoken Tibetan. n,
 ""-
""'"
-"-
/
Ten ns es
Teses
t{ 1st1st per
peson
rso n 2nd
2n d&& 3rd
Pr es
Pre senent t 3r d per
Deson
rson
"''j"O
j "j'i'' ' l ' i ' , .
. <1'<r~
~"\.
,,\'
Pas
Patst <riil...
<1'iil ...· · r.r<1'~'i'
~'i'
Fut tu re
Fuure
"l·u,
"j·o...,...·
· 'lj' ""i'
Pr es
Pre senent tPer rfe ct
Pefec t 'lJ' "''''
<J''' Oj~'
l.J'l~'
!i ""\'
'I'l.J'" '''\'
Past
Pas Pe rfe
t Per fecct
t '!:Ie::
'!:Ie:: ii ~e::<
~e:l''',
: <1'",\'
'''\'
Fu tu II
'1,', Fut ure Perfe
rePer fecct
t a:;""O
.1)" ·"f"j'O
l,\·ji\' .1)" '''1''
a:;",'U l'"'',\''\'
O:md
O:m diti onal
itiona Pe rfe
l Per fecctt l:f"l
qO'i' j,\'
l:f"l
q" l'i
'i' '
[0- rr Pr es
Pre sen Pr og
enttPro gre
ressiv
ss ivee QI'W
<l'1~ ''l'i
''''' i' ' <l'1
Q~........t:\'\' lj
t:\ '\'lJ
Pas Pr og
Pastt Pro '<
'<
gre
ressiv
ss ivee "''5l'<:
"''5/,<:Ilfj~,\
1,\'''l ,\'
'Oj,''\'
..,,'" oli"'·
.l\" l'Q
<:1::::,,\·(.l,
\W'i"1
~
i"l i
'-';c '<
~'.
~«
Fu re Pr og re siv e
Futtu OJ'Oj.l\'
~'\.
ure Progresive_~_"l' '' l~~~_ __._~~~~,
"l'\_. _ _ ___ _ J
oli'
.l\'<<:I':j'
naba
nab a ~e::Q'
~c:.'< l' rny ung
rn yu ng ba
llr.;:·...
.qc:. .... '\.<J
'\·l.J·. to
to bec om e sic
tha
thang ch ad
ng cha d pa ~P'lr.;:
~'l'lc :. '.<j~(
'.<l~(1J'l:f
1J'q
be co me sickk
'<
~ slat
slat tha
thanngg mn yel
t:lCl"l'l.
t:l.C!
* J'
"l' 'I' ya gp ye l ba to
to be
be tire d
tired
'kh
'khyag paa ~'q~ ~(1J'Q
~. <:j(1J' q''
'<
~ slat
slat bsi
bsill ba
~
a:;'Q'£
.1)'''1 "l'l.J' to
)~-:;,
~
' £"l'< J' tsh
IShaa ba
ba tsh pa to bec
be coommee co
colldd
)~-:;,
IShigigpa ~f ';;' .!;9·
';;'\'\' .!;1lj'19~c:.
lj~c:.'Q
· q'' sla
slatt tshad tsh gna
tshiigg gn anng
g ba to
to fee
feell ho
hott
7.1
7.111 Kin
Kinship Te rm s
shi p Te rm s
1l'r
1l'rC F
C<<F aa zh
zha g
anng un
unccle
le (rn
(rnaate
temrna1
a I))
ll'i
Il'i'~
'~'' an e
ane au
aunntt (p
(paate
tern
rnal)
a;j'
al)
a;j'e
e'' ak
akhhuu
uncle
unc le (p
(paate
tern al)
rnal)
~'J
~'Jii'' so
somm oo au
a;j
aun
ntt (m
(maate
tern al)
rnal)
'Jf
ll'i'O f am
amaa mo
mothe
therr
," II"';;'Q
1/"''""' ap
aphhaa fat
fath r
heer
';;'Q' tsh a ba
ISha bo ne
nep ew
phhew
~,.
a:;
.;)'J
'Ji'i'
tsh
tsham
amao ne
~.[. nelc
lcee
~.[.
ca
coj
jao eld
ll'i,j;'
eldererbrbro
oththe
err
Il'i,j;' aach i
chi sis
sist
terer '--'.
.,.~.,,-
a;j'E;Ilj"l'>li"i'q
a;j'E;9"">li"i'q aajag
jagssrg
rga
annpa
pa eld
elderersis
sist
terer
"l~
"l~,\ ii'
i\''ii' cen pa
~:\ cen po
~-:c eld
eldererbrbro
oththe
er r
~'Q
~'Q'' pa
poba
bo grgra d-fat
annd- fath r
heer
~,~ .
~,~. ma
mosm
smao gra
grand
nd-rn
-rno
ot he
ther r
Q'
'< "I'
~
uu
Q.J i.
n
soson
~ q'Ji '
~
um
umao dadau
r~
ugght
hterer
f
f
 123
Q.'lD.'ii!'
Q-'lD.'ii!' za'zZa spouse
is'''] hyoga husband
~r::.'.l'J' hungma wife
lifE,"]
lifE."] ~'iS' "]' jags khyo ga brother in law
~'~A'Q;ar:>.'ii!' o jo'i bza' zZa
zla sister in law
'lj~,,\'J:i'
'lj~"i'J:i' gcenmo elder sister
"l~r::.'ti'
"l~r::.'.t.:i' gcungpo younger brother
~
"l~r::.'.l'J' gcungmo younger sister
~"I'~ilJ'
~"I'~i<J' tog tsam a little (for a little while)
l>l~'
I>l~' las than, karma
Q~"I·tl'
Q~"I'tI' bzhagpa to leave things behind
~r::.rl' gling kha picnic
snodchas dishes
~"'~~'
~'Q' 'khru ba to wash
If-'r:>.~,,\'
If-'r:>.~''i' rlung 'phrin radio
5l"l~tl'
5l"l~tI' sbragspa postman
5l"l'r<r::.' sbrags khang post office
'),,\':;'jr>r
'i"i'.:;'jr>r tan shel biscuit
tl'
€l"l'tI'
Iilllf blugpa to pour (liquids)
r::.r>r"l~'~"]'q' ngaZ
ngal gso rgyag pa to rest
~.;"
7.12 Exercises of Lesson Seven
(a) Repeat the following by substituting the last part of the sentence :
r::.'g·lfl·5j· ~'''l'I>l'
r::.' g'lfl'5j'~'"l'l>l' r:>.§j.~'t'il"\J
r:>.§j'~'til"il
r:>.§j·"rt'il,,\!
r:>.§j"'rtil"il
r:>.§j'.gr::.'
flr::.'1J
r:>.~'Q'Ui"1
r:>.~'Q'Ui"1
r:>.§j'~'~"\1
r:>.§j'~'~"il
2. is'''l>l'mQ'~'']'
is'''I>l'ruQ'~'']' ilJc:.·q'Ui",
i<JC:: q'Ui '" q~1
q~ I
"1"1'''1''']' g;",Ui,\!
"1"1'''1',,\' g,,'Ui'\1
'lj~'" tl'J'j·r:>. '1"1
'lj~"'Ll'Jl'r:>.'S"I
tl~'QS,,\·l>l~'~'D.'S"I
tI~'QS"i'I>l~'~'D.'S"I
"iljz;r
"iilj~' tl~1
Ll~1
3, ""I'~r~ilJ'r..~,g,
""I'~i"~i<J'r:>.~,g, ~A'~"il
~A'~"il
c:.A'.l'J'~'i1
r::.A'.l'J'~'i1
'?l"i'ij'jj'r:>.'S,"I
i!.,\' q' jj' r:>.rs,"I
"Ic:..q,r:>.'i'll
"Ir::.,q'r:>.'i"l
v
r:>.~' '5' tl"l'll'~'<lj"l'q~1
tI"I"I'~'<lj~'q~1
 4. [iic:
[iic·.·"l~
"l~nfnr€.·
l:''- ,;jl'
.;jl'i·~·
i'~'rr<<~"l"
'i"l l"il
/ ~
"l"ll
r: -CJ~. "l0\c:
"l"ic.'·9·r.> .'\"I·"
' I"r.>.'\"I'''II"l1
''i1
~
-CJ~ "i' <J"ll
"l.q- ~'\. <J"il
,;jl,
.;jl,\'~' J:J.r<
\·~· J:J'r<',\"1
\"1~
-CJ~"i'
l. ib·"; .,,\"l
ib ...·Ji.r.>."\"l
~
(b) Repeat the foll ow ing sen ten ces by fill ing in the Tibetan equivalents of the Eng
lish words.
1. I'K· ~
- g.
...............
"K' . . "',\1
"''\1
merchants
Indian
Nepalese
students
.. fishermen
v,s-:
2. ........... Q~·i·~?l
Q~·i·~ ·~'\
A·~ r
'\1
.. combs
~-
~' pocket knives
hand gloves
fruits
~;1::
~':1:: prayer books
3. c~ .............. ~·l
w;.
~i2 see
sleep
bear
read
~
copy
4. l,f~. •••• •••• •••• •• "I"l"'·<J·~,\1
"f!
";;}
school
hospital
bookstore
Uf:
t& restaurant
student
(c) Transform the following senten
ces into' negative.
I
1. c:..Jl
c·Jlilj·~·
ilj.~.~·r.l "i"l
~.r.>.."i"l
~
2. c:.'
c· i·mc:.-rrnm~·~·~ ·~·~"'1~1 ""-,-......,,..,
3. m-CJ·~''1"
~"I·~~·i·Q
·i·Qee:~·~
:~·~ll''l·
Clj·rr.>.'
.l.'55.''1
."l
4. i9'\·
i!l'\;'[::
·~·9·9·r;:
r;:j"j"lWr
lWr.l.>.§j ·~·~0
.§j·~ i·<J"
·~"\· i1
<J"l1
5. ~·fic
~·fic·~" i·l;j
:.·~"l·l; ~~r<J
j~"l ·~"il
·<J· ~"i1
" (d) Tra nsl ate the foll ow ing sen ten ces into Eng
Tibetan. lish and transform them into sim
ple past in
1. t:::i·~·ll
·~·Zlff",·n
...·nrr.
rr.>.l.~·~
~·~·U·Ui'\
i'\11 f'·';)
!,-';)
2. c:.·
c:~'m~
~'m~·· i·;·
i·;·1;rU
9·Ujj~1
~1
3. S"\·"
B"\·-c:.·
~·~·~8c·~
·8c:. '~'Jl
·Jl·'~"\1
~"\l
~-
(0"
,.... ~,
~,
 i ~J
iija:,1
"'I·ffiQr~·iija:,1
4. ,\z::rA~·c.c. "fffi''r~'
5. fii~'~,\
fii"'l'~,\'a;"'I'A <fAll~' :<','\\11
'a;~'A~'~' <fAll~'
(e) Translate the following into Tibetan:
1.
L He will come to the school tomorrow afternoon.
2 He eats apple every Sunday.
3. I will listen to the radio at 7.00 am.
4. I sat under the tree this morning.
5. We go to the garden every evening.
6. I am eating two oranges.
7. This is the tallest cat.
8. Where is his uncle's hand gloves?
9. When did he write this letter?
10. We will not go to the bookstore on Friday.
7.13 Usefu l Expre ssion s
_ _ _eo... e-....
1.
L C:i)9·
c.. lj·9~·
;:S'c..(lj'9
'l)9'~·I:.( ~9·9·r
2:\f eJ9'9' r:l.:<~·~· '1
~r9'Ul"~"'1 I will go to rest for a while.
~ ...- ~
Q9~'[Ilc..'t;;;'
2, Q9~·[Q 9·.Q·~;;;'
I:.·"·9'.Q'Ult ""t;;;1
"· "'''I Where is the post office?
"-
"-
c........ ....... ......
"-- -"" "
3, ) ~'l:!9
r:l.t;;;' Cl"\~.
3. r:<,,' ' "'c..
J:l9'"'I :. '(ljt;;;'U ""t;;;1
'" "'''I
'(lj"'~lt;;;' How far is it from here?
~ ~...-
- ...-
...-
1:.r:<·~Wr:<·
4. c..r:l.'~' J.l' J.l' fiJ9~'
(lj'r:l.' J.l'J.l' ""9~'9"'1:.·1
fil9~' "'9~r9" ,c..·1 Please do not put any milk in my tea.
~
--. ~
'" ~
Bt;;;'""c
5. B'" .. '(lj'l)Cl
"'I:.'(lj '7"\) '4(lj'[Il'4~'z j(lj'9
Q'4~'z::j(lj'9 May I offer you some biscuits?
-..... "-
"- _
_ c....
c....
e-..
-..... e-..
t;;;. "'c..·
6. ". 9,,\J.'94~'U
"'1:.·9"'J.l ~9·q' J,j'r:l.t;;;1:lj
l·94~·l9' "m"l:lj We do not have good weather today.
~
 12 6
L E S S O N E IG H T
....
""",
""". ·l;j~.c:
:lj.t:r cbil\ 'l;j~.c:;·l:
;' J:.JI
.J1
8. 1 Pr og re ss iv e
f!;.'.':!
f:<."!
Ea ch of the eig ht ten
co nt in ui ng ov er an extenses (we have studi ed in lesson 7) ca n be sli
ded period of time. Su gh tly changed to sh ow
Th e pr og re ss iv e ten se s ch co nti nu ity is in di ca ted by the progressive tenactio n
be, ha s been, had been are formed by comb ining some form of verb
, to ses.
writing, wa s writing etc will have been, wo uld have been) with th e -in be (is, was, will be, would
.). This is known as pr es g form
oo of an ot he
Q~"i' bzhin, iit"i'gin or en t pa rti cip le. Pr esent participle on the whr verb (i~
~"i' kyin as the added
ve rb co mp lem ole tak~
,. and auxi liary verb. en t. Th ey ar e placed between verb ste
m
~
8. 2 Pr es en t Pr og re ss
iv e
""
Th e present progressive
tense refers to an action
mO
m omme or sta te of being that is actually
..,...,..'..
enntt of speaking. Th e au in progress at the
xiliary verbs "l'i' yo d an
(third) person respective d "S
"'' i' re d ar
ly.
ly. e us ed for first person an
d second
",~-
.".~-
1. t;. ~'~'
c:.''~'~·~~llj
Jlj'r.>
't:l.Q
.Q.q'q~~,'i
~'''''l ,\!
'l'\1 ng a yi ge zh ig 'br i bzhi
nga yi ge m ig dri zhin yo n yo d
e I am writing a letter,.
2. 6,\·
6,\·tI
tlj"j"i
iJ.l
J.l'flj
·nr'Q~'
Q~·Q~"
q~"i·r
i'I.>.
J.''i"
i"ll ~ kh yo d gnam la bU
khyoe naam la ta zhin do blta bzhin 'dug
og You are looking in the sk
y,
y.
T:"-
3. jii'E' a;'i
a;' ij'f.
j'(.l..Il
l,.lt:..
lc:.q~"i
'q~"'r.>
i'IJ.'i"l
. '1"1
~ . ~ kh o ja tsha po 'th un g bz
kho ja tsh
Isha po thoong zhin da hi n 'dug
doag
og He is drinking hot tea,.
-""-
4. t;.'
c:.·~·
~'''"iI
iIi'i·f
flj'll"
'l'~l~ff q~9' q~'
Q~'i'''l'il
v i! ng a tsh o rgan lags bs gu
nga tsh
Isho ghen lak ga gookak day yoe g bs da d )'o
yo d
We are waiting for (our)
'Jo ; ,
'''}: teacher.
5.
5. -tj
.tj'Q'
·Q·~'~
~·~'~·
·~·-'l
.or'q~q~d
.l\\·r
'1J.>..'i'i99
~ sh a ba de tsho rtsa za bz
sha wa de tsho ts3
tsa za zhin hin 'dug
iu da
doog The deer are eating gras
.'''}
.".~ s.
6.Qllf~~·'qQ'~
'~'' i''
i·"'lc
lc..'~
·~··1J
t:\.5'5"1
'1 bU
bl ta
a sk or ba de tsh o yo ng
ta ko r wa de !sh
Isho ya ng gi 'dug
gi da
doog The tourists are coming
.
8.3 Pa st Pr og re ss iv e
Th e pa st progressive. ten
se is used to sh ow wh at
,'e:
.'" Th is is formed by addi wa s ha pp ening 'at a specific tim
ng iIi'!
ilill'q
!l'qll!'i
~'i'' na s bs da d e' in the past.
be tw ee n the pa st
,;
,. auxiliary verb, ten se verb and 'the appr
opriate
'.', 1. t;.'
c:.' ~''i'\l'~'9·
'9'~tI
~'lj·
r Ql!
v ~
Q'!l'iii''\I'
*1' q~'i
Q~'i''
'''l'l,'\1\!
nga de du e yi ge zhig dr ng a de dus yi ge zh ig br
ee nay day yo is na s bs da d yo d
yae At that time I was writing
a letter.
2, 6'\S
6'\Sil
ilic
ic::.'Q
.'q~l!l
~'!l''
'''i'i'
l!l'
!l·q~,\
q~,'IJ.
\·t:\'
'i''
i''l l~ khyo d da na ng bl ta s na s bs dn d 'dug
 1 L I
khyoe da nang tay nay de doog You were looking this morning.
3. flC:' r5c."l' il\~' Q~,\'r:>.
flC" .t·~il\·'\jc.·E.·J::r5c.><l· 5"1
Q~,\·r.>.5"1 khong tsho nyin dgung ja btung s nas bsdad
'dug
tsho nyin dgung ja tooog nay de doog
khong !Sho They were drinking tea in the afternoon.
8.4 Futur e Progr essive
be going on up to or at a
The future progre ssive tense is used to express future actions that will
betwe en the main verb and
certain time in the future. This is formed by adding the word ~~. rtsis
the appropriate auxiliary verb.
.~i'~~'~
c.'~'~'r:>.~i"
1. c.'~'~'r.> il\11
~~'~il\ nga yi ge 'bri rtsis yin
nga yi ge dri !See tsee yin I will be writing the letter.
><l' :<',\1
[9,\' Q'll"' ~ "l':<''\1
2. 19'\'Q'll bIla rtsis red
khyod bila
khyoe
khybe ta !See tsee re You will be looking.
><l':<',\1
c.' ~ "l':<',\1
jli'E.'r.>.~c.'
3. jli'E.'r:>.~ kho ja 'thung rtsis red
kho ja thoong !See tsee re He will be drinking tea.
8.5 Futur e Cond itiona l Progr essive
shown below describe conditions that may happen in the future iljl
The type of conditional clause showo
il\' nL
the conditional particle ill'
one condition is fulfilled. It is formed by keeping the last verb between
i
i .
"I" ya .
and the particle "I'
'-'., tsha,. na yi ge 'bri ya yin
il\·ill·iii·r.>.Q·"r~i
c.' ;t; .... il\·iil·tii·
1. c.'il\r::.'~c.' \1
r:>.Q·"l·~ill\1 nga nang sbyong tshar
tshar na yi ge dri ya yin
nga nang jong !Shar If I finish my homework I would be writing the letter.
·;t;"'·~·A·
.·~r::.·.>J;t;... ..r:<',\1 khyod nang sbyong rna tshar na
r~c.·"r· ..I':<.'\1
·~·A· ..I'~c.·"l '0 rna 'thung ya rna red
2. 19'\·il\r::.
[9'\·il\r::·~r::.·.>l·
khyoe nang jong rna !Shar tshar na ho rna thoong ya rna re
If you do not finish homework you would not be drinking milk.
;t;...
3. [§'\'~c.'~c.' ;t; ...·~·Q'lI·" I·~'\1
·~·Q'l/·"l·~'\1 khyod nang sbyon g tshar na bila ya red
khyoe
kbyoe nang jong !Shar tshar na blta ya re If you finish your homework yon wonld be watching.
pede ct Progr essive
8.6 Prese nt Pede
1- _
·Q~,\·L.I·"lil\·
S><l·~><lQ~,\·L.I
This tense is formed with S"l·~"l· as nas bsdad pa yin (red) added to the prgen1
("''\")byas
·"Iil\· ("''\)by .
I ,
interrupted at all. This tense i~
participle. It emphasizes the continuity of an action that has not been .
often used with a time expression:
L.I·fll·ni·~·~· '1' .ll.>l'Q
1. C.·'\9~· L.I·nJ·ni· '£'''l'
.lj.>J·t.r£" Q'/ljil\1
S><l'~><l' Q~,\' L.I·/ljil\1
><l· S"l'~"l'
nga dgon pa la Ia 10 nyi su tham pa ehas sbyas nas bsdad pa yin
nga gom pa la 10 nyi shu tham pa choe jay nay de pa yin
I have been studying Dharma in the monastery for twenty years.
j
 J..L.U
..lL.U
I'"
/
2. 6'i' 'i;'l'i'''
6"· 'i;·l"·"II~i'I'
~i<I· .....t::..
.....t::.. ~"riJl"l'a
~q·iil"l·a:i"r
:,,"r q~,\" q'
q. :<','\\11
:'-,
khyod chu tshad tshod gsum gsurn ring deb 'di klog nas bsadp
bsad pa
a red
khyoe chu tshoe soom ring deb 10k nay de pa re
You have been readin g this book for lhree three hours.
~-~
3. FsaF~·~'
FsaF~la;t::.w
· ~'l a;t::."i<I"
4c::qi5' 4e:.·i·~'''I"
qi5". ~Q~'i·q·:
~rq~'i·q<''i1
·:<, 'il
;t.'-'¢
kho snga thag
thog tshang rna shing bead nas bsdad pa red
:!-'-¢
kho nga thok tshang rna shing che nay depa re
g,
He has been cuttin g wood the whole morning.
}.~-:;:'
}.~-)
8.7 Past Perfe ct Progr essive
This tense is forme d by adding ~~'Q.:1I'i
~~.q.:1l".~C::.
'~e:::' ("1.:<'''"
(Q':<''i") to thepa
the past
£- .. sl perfec t form to expres s an action
compl eted by a certain time in the past. It empha sizes the contin
length of period: uity of a p~l
p~t action for a certair
~~:<'
1. e::::ni'''
c:::ni·"II~''I'~'~~
~"I·~·~~""l1fFe:::'
I1fFc::·iiit
ij" .ljQ'
.\lq. a;e.'''f~.J
a;c::."f~.J:,'
:,. q'l~'
q·l~· Q'
-Q'jje::: .~~.-Q~'i"~C::./
C:: '~~'Q~'i' ~e:::'1
nga fa
fo geig gi sngan sngon la khong gi thab tshang gsar pa tshang
tshong btang nas myong
bsdod rnyong
i
nga 10 chik gi ngon la khong gi thab tshang sar pa tshon tang nay de
i7
7 About a year ago I was painti ng his new kitchen. nyong
:2;;
m; i§".(.\~.:3.
2 i§'i'(.),~' i<I.cJ:ic:::
:3w cJ:ie.'Qf.\ ~ili ·nr~t::.
-Qf.\.' ~ili'nl"~t::. 'q' S~· ~'1rq.:1l"
.q. S~'~'lI" · ~C::.
Q.:1I'i'~e -Q. :<'' 1
.' Q':<''il
khyod 'di ru ma yang yong ba'i sngon la zhing pa byas nas bsdad myang
L
I. myong ba red
kJiyoe
kIiyoe dhi ru rna yong way ngon la zhing pa jay nay de nyong va re
~~;:-;
~~;:'i
you had been worki ng as a farmer before coming here.
3. Fe.'lS~e
Fc::·lS~:::' a;nr~f.\· ......
C::· ~"f~r a;nr~f.\· JJ.5i~.~~
~'JJ'5i~' .q.:1l'i.
~~'q.:1l' cJ:i".q.
i'cJ:i'i' q' :<.,,'
=<-'il
,,-, khong tsha
tsho da nang nags tshal de'i ri rno mo bris nas bsdad yodpa
yod pa red
khong tsho tha nang naak tshal dei ri mo dree nay pe pe yoe pa re
/
This morni ng they had been making a drawing of that forest.
8.8 Futur e Perfe ct Progr essive
':'
~'--
This tense is formed by adding ~~'Q:l!'i'
~~·-Q:l!,,''l'1ilili
·"r1llili·'q'cJ:i'i'
q·cJ:i,,· (will have heen)
been) to the verb. It shows an actior
actiO!
that will happen in the future:
future:
ft-,·
it-'· 1. "f~(.),'~'
"f~(.\.~. i'I'nre.'
i<I·nrc:: g. ~c:: ·rll·~e:.·
£·~e:::·n r~e.· -Q-9". ~~.
Q4'i'~~r -Q:l!"·"I
Q:l!'i'' 'l'~~' trcJ:i,,·/
·0l~· trcJ:i'i"
gza' nyi rnama la nga tsho tshona nang ng fa sgrung bshad nas bsdad ya yin pa yod
zaah nyi rna la nga tsho nang la droong she nay de ya yim pa yoe
On Sunday we will have been telling slories stories at home.
2. i§'i'l'~e:
i§,,·l·~e:::. .~~' "f~·"I~Q·rll·Rie:.
.~~. "i "f~·"I~Q 'nrRie."Fl"
yrQ'je::
-Q'jC::.:' "i~'
"i~. Q:l!'\ur
-Q:l!'\ urUl"i·
Ul"i'q'cJ
q·cJ:i"1
:i'i1
khyod tsho sang nyin nags gseb fa gling kha btang nas bsdad ya yin pa yod
khyoe tsho sang nyin nag seb la ling kha lang
tang nay de ya yim pa yoe
You (PI) will have been picnic king tomorrow in the bush.
3. Fe.'
Fe:.· "f"ie.~'
"f"it::.~. ~"i"
~"i.. ~~'
~~..lje:::'
.\lC::. (.),l!f
(.\l!f "i'''I"
"i~. Q.:1I'i'''l
-Q.:1I'i""I·Ul~· q.cJ:i".,
·Ul~· q'(;j""1
~ ~
khang
khong gangs nyin gos thung 'khru nas bsad bsadyya a yin pa yad
yod
khong naang nyin goe thoong too nay de ya yim pa yoe
/t
He will have been washi ng his trousers day after tomorrow.
 129
8.9 Conditional Perfect Progressive
This tense expresses what would have happened in the past if a certain condition were fulfilled.
This is formed by placing the last verb between the conditional particle "I' na and~'
and~' "''\' ya red OJ
~"l' "''\' rtsis red
l'F"l'~"i '''1' a; ....'l'
1. c: l'F"l"~"i <>/•.q.q"l'
LJ' <>/. "l' "',\1
,q,q"l' "I'?'~"I' ~ "l'"''\1
nga tsho khas
/(has nyin ga char charpa pa ma babs na rta rgyug rt~is red
nga ISho
tsho khay nyin ga char pa rna bab na ta gyook tsee re
We would have been racing horse if it had not rained day before yesterday.
S,\·I1j·p.~·I1j·Ui,\·"i·4c:.·~"I·p.~·l·p'§"'·"i"l·I<~·"r"',\1
2. S,\·I1l'p.~·Oj·"i'\'''i·4e.·~''I·p.~·l·p'§'''·''i''l't<~·''r''''\1
khyod la ]0 fa la yod na shing tog 'di tsho 'khyer nas 'gro ya red
khyoe la jo la yoe na shing tok dhi ISho tsho khyer nay dro ya re
You would have been taking these fruits if you had a bag.
I
fic:.·,\·"Ic:.·<>J·"i·"i·~.q·I<~·.q"lj·"r
3. fie. "',\1
"'i'"Ie.'aJ' "i' "i'~,q't<~. q-lj'''l'"''\1
khong da nang ma na na deb'di bshu ya red
khong tha nang rna na na deb dhi shu ya re
He would have been copying this book this morning if he had not been sick.
8.10 Vocabulary
fiic:~r.q'5c:.·.q·
fiic:~rq'5e.'l;r gling bu btang ba to play flute
,qe.',i;i!i'
.qc:.',i;"i' bang chen messenger
~;p'iji!i'
~;p'ii"i' bulon debt
,q~"I'LJ'
.q~"I''l' btsogpa dirty
f'l·'\LJ...·
fI·'\'l ...· khadpar telephone
:;j'\.'l ....
:l!'\·LJ...· skaddpar radio
6"1''''''1' khyagsphag ice block
.q"l"l'iii·
,q"l"l'iii' bsam blo thought
iij'~
iii'~ yige letter
~
1<1;.'11j'
t<1;.'I1l' ]0 la
]ola bag
S"l"~"1
S"l'~"1
~
byus tog interference
a;q tshab representative
"",q'
"".q' reba hope
'i"l"l"LJ'
'i"l"l''l' dwogspa doubt
~ ~
- ~
flc:.·rJ·
f'le.'rr khong khro anger
ilj"l'LJ'
iij"l' 'l' gompa walk
~11j'''f
~11l'''f yalga branch
iii' <>/.
OJ. <>/' loma leaf
~'.q'
~',q' maba root
iIJ'
, "I~p.' ilJ' gya'ma slate
 ~
~ ~
~ v
.q;
.Qf"l .JJ'
;f"'r"r
bt sa sm a halVes!
"I~t:' est
gzong chisel
i'l'~O
'~OJ"l
J~''
kha ch em s. : will
fr:.:
rdzong fo rtr es s
. ~' OJ,
OJar;O J~'
-;OJ~f
sa mt sh am s bo rd er
~'~'
sp as e , pa ss (visa) ,
';;~J!
~J:Il'.Q"
"l"lIrl
CIJl''
dmigsbsal special
r.l.~.x.
~.x.'q'
'q'
,'.-.'.
i·--\
'gar ba to take time
.q,
.Q'",'"' ';;'
"''; ;' ba r ch ad
ob stacle
"Ii
"I"liO
i.-J'~
r~' ' gn amgru airoplane
:i,j.
I.l.Qq'lf<\f
CIJ(lj,;
Jl'C,rn
IJ'r
ph eb sla m la on th e wa y
llll j'tj '
th og pa to take time
~~-.
~~--
r.l.~'" ~"I"1'
'lr 'gro rags
fo1'
fo1'..q'
Q' , trave lling companion
~
~ zh ub a
~<>
~<>l"1
to ap pl y; req uest
l~''<'1' ~llj' '1'
ga
gontS pa rg yagpaa. to go walking
"l1'r bs hu ba
r.l.6"'
to ea py
6"'.Q
.q''
'khyer ba to ca
.i:'J"1''
"l''11'' rry
carry
sh es pa to kn ow
~
~
.I1"l""!"rl' thugpa
~J:
to meet, touch
~"1" r
Il"r
sb as pa to hide
"I~c::'r
"r gt on gb a to send
~,,
~,,'
'qq
nyarba
r.l. ,q,
A§§.x.x..'q' to mind, lo ok af ter
'byar
or ba to arrive, receive
r.l
r.l..~a
~<>JJ~'
"l''
<.r1'
'd em sp a to select, elect
"11"''1'
bk od pa to appoint
~d i'q'
do ng rk ob a' to dig ground
5" 1't
5~ ti'j'
rgyaspo detail
aJ
!j.-,fQ
rQ'
sb am
ompo th ick
~,,'Ji'
skyur mo So ur
l:l~~f
'l~~fQQ'
' bsdus po br ief
8.11 Co un tin g over
100
W he n co un tin g mo re
than 100, on e ad ds th e
added am ou nt,. wo rd ';;C
';;<:"
:: do ng me an in g 'an d' be tw ee
n 100 an d the
101 'lS'
l:lS'';;
,;;rI:.'
:.''''I~
'I~'''l'l
10 2 brgya dang gcig
q5'''I
''r:.'''I~~' ~~'
205 brgya dang gnyis
~~'
~"P'l~
'l~i''
i"<t:'
:"~~
60 7 nyis brgya dang !nga
:i"l' 'lS
~
~
qS',\r
',\I:.'q"",'
~
~
drug brgya dang bdLm
 -
l.I.'::lleb.&b'r.&bl'7.'rl'z
'-
.~l'£> .~'f>.'r b,tu.!'
'::lleb.&b'r .&bl'7 .'rl'z .~!'£'
' - ;

b~'tJ.ib.'r1;
b~ .~'r .b.!qt;
'tJ.ib.'r .~'r.b
-
£'tu.i>:zDl'7 ,Ie.'tJ
b.tu.l'£>tu.&bl'7.le.
.l'£>~ .'eJD
.lqB" .!'£'~
-.~<;l?'F.
lr:r .~';I? .'F. Ie.let;.tu.'::lie.
Ie .let;.tu. '::lie .du.l'£>
du.!'£'·O
....., I;
'- -~"...
- ~"... .....,,,..
.....,,,... ....., .....,- '01I
1&1'z.~'r
........
.........
.~m.I'z.~.bl:l.'r .&'::lb.&Ie.'::lle.~
l&l'z.~'r.~m.l'z.~.bB".'r.&'::lb.&Ie.'::lle.~
---....., - '-
I

lle~.m.~tJ.b.&b~'tJ.'t .&':Jb.&'£.'::lle.~.;!' .'::llle~.&btu

lle~.m.~tJ.b.&b~'tJ.'t.&':Jb.&'£.'::lle.~.;!'.'::lIIe~.&btu '6

1&1' .~m.b.tbtJ.b.fDb.~.
l&l'zz .~m.b.tbtJ.b.fDD.~.
,.... .....,,....
......,,.... ...... '::l~.3?
-,...-
'-
'::l'r .~h1..-
I~'r .l'£>.&.~m. '::lm.'::lb.&tu.b'eJ.l'z.'
.!'£'.&.~m.
'-",...
'-",...
:lm. '::lb.&tu.b'el.I'z.
.....,
'::l%. '::l~.tu. '::lle.~
'="..... "- ~..... "-
'8

I~'r .~m.m.fDb.'r
_...... .b.tu&b.&bl'£>~.tu.
I~'r.~m,m.fDb.'r.b.tu&b.&b!'£'~.tu.
'- "" '::lle.~
'::lle,~
"-

1~'tJ.1'z .~m.ib.'rb'tJ.b£:b.bf;.Ie~b.
1~'tJ.l'z.~ ,.........,.........,
"-
Ie.til'tJ.& Iele.b~.I'z
m.ib.'r b'tJ.b£:b.bPi.1e ~b. Ie.tiI'tJ.& .. -
.&l'£>b.~.'rb.
.b~.l'z .&!'£'b.~.'r
,.... .~.'iP..''::l .L.L
b.''::l:lieIe.~.';2 "...
"-

-~
- ~

l~'r,ib.'rb'tJ.~tu.
I~'r .ib.'rb'tJ.~tu.
--.....,... lefO.1e .lil'tJ.&Ie .l:7~.l'z
......... '::l'r.lefO.1e.tb'tJ.&Ie
'::l'r.
.....,...... .l:7~.1'z .&I'£'b
,....
. "-
l~m.m.lil'tJ.&Ie
....., -- .b~.1'z .&I'£'b.l~
l~m.m,Iii'tJ.&Ie.b~.l'zJ>:Zl'£'b.l~~
,....
~ .&!'
.&l'££>;Pl'
';P!'£'>.& .tum.tub.<;l?
.&-.tum.tub.';I?
,.....
'::l '9

-
"- "-
l. '::l11.!' '.b. ~.&'::l:~!'£'.~m.b.IiitJ.Iii.!'£'leb
:lG.l'££>.b. ~.& '::l:~l'£>.~m.b.liltJ.lil.l'£'leb
...... _-.....,....
"- "-
l&b.b~ tJ.b.liltJ.lil.l'£>~b. ''::l&.
l&b.b~tJ.b.Iii'tJ.Il;.!'£'~b.
~~
~~
::l&. '::l~.& Ie.tufO .tub·~
Ie .tufO .tub'~ ~

-
"- "-

J~'r
'-
.&b~.
J~'r.&b~.
- 'eJ.tu.b;P.'::lbJb. tJl'£>.~.tufO.tub.&.~
'el.tu.b;P. '::lblb. tJ!'£'.~,tufO.tub.&.~
.....,.....,.
.....,....., ......

-
-,,.
.;;-
- .......
"-
J~'r.&b~.bl.b.b.&.r&.Ie.!btJ.tu.~b
1~'r.&b~.bJ,b.b.&.r&.Ie.Il;tJ.tu.~b
.......,... ,.... 'v -
I~l'£>
I~!'£' .&b~b.l'£>.&
. ..&b~b.!'£'.&
......,....
. ...,- ~b.fD.~.l'£>
~b.fb.~.!'£'
....., .&b'r.1ii'
.&b'r .lil'tJtJ
.....,,....,....
.....,,....,...
ll'z.~m.~;p .b.!'£'.&b'r,1l;'tJ.tu.'::l'r
ll'z.~m.~;p
--
"...
.b.l'£>.&b .lil'tJ.tu.'::l'r .~h1 'f:
"..
"... .....,
.£
..- - -
l~'r .~m.l'z.bm.I'z.I'£'~.'::l!b.3?
-.- ..-,.... .fub-b.l'£>~b.&
."
~.~
I~'r.~m.l'z.bm.l'z.I'£'~,'::lIl;.3?.i>:zb-b.!'£'~b.&~.~ -
-
'- .
"-
I~'r .~m.~tJ.b.&b-b.l'£'leb.tu.~b
I~'r.~m.~'tJ.b.&b-b,l'£'leb.tu.~b .&~.~
. &~.~ ·Z
'- ....., ,
,- - - '-

Ilem.m.!b'tJ.tu.~b.tu.
llem.m.Il;'tJ.tu.~b.tu.
"..:>,.... ".,.. tJl'z.le~b.~
'::lie. tJl'z.Ie~b.~
....., .~.<;l?
.~.';I?,,... '::l
.....,,...
......
"-
llem.m.lil'tJ.&
llem.m.lbtJ.&
.....,
.b.tu.~b.;p .~h1
- ~ .b.tu.~b.;p
-""" '-
'1

gV.1llt! wnq,) 3pg

(mq 3v.1l(d gpg VA vs .~b'.b~.rt't:tJ
.~b'.b~.rt'tltJ b~b.tn.&·
b~b.tn.&' 0000001
201p) 2!:>2
(umq, 2ol(:» 2!:J2 gV.1lJd
gV.llJd wnq,
lUnq, .rt't:tJ.b'f b£-b.b~.rt'StJ
.rt'tltJ.b'i' b£-b.b~.t£>t;tJ 000001
~ ~

(vd WDl(l
UlDlJl !J1[Jf
!.11pf 21l(:»
21lp) mq 2v.1lJdgu01s
2v.1lJd gu01s .h.rt'ts.~.b,!, .§b'.b~.~~
.h.rt't!.~.b,!, .§b'.bf;;.~~ 00001
2n.1p
fJn.1p v2u mq v2Ul vtfiJ.1q
vtffJ.1q S!AU
fJuols 21l(:>
guOls
SJAU guols
guo1s g!lJ:>
g!lJ:J
2l1p ', gp2 gV.1lJd guols
b~.~.§b'
- -
b~.~.§b'./(,.~b'.&~.~If..b'f
./(,.~b' .&~.~If. .b'i'
.~~ ,b,!, b~b.bf.7. ~~
~ ~
~
9~Z1
9~ZI

0001

TrT
 IjL
(b) Repeat the following sentences by filling in the Tibetan equiva
lents of the English phrases:
1. He would have been cI imbing the mountain yesterday morni
ng if it had nOI rained.
he yester day morning rain not fall if mountain climb to . go would have not
f"" f'~"" ~,~. if,-';''-I'
a;-,;'q' «Pl"l<l f"i'
«l"l"l'!f"i' "l","r":(.
"l"''!r'':l.~"l''j'
Q~''l''j' (.l.~'''r3'
~
Q~'''r3',,'1I
'\1
,. leller,
writting the letter,
(Conditional Perfect Progressive) meeting my uncle,
sitting on this carpel.
wearing this hal.
2. We will have been singin glndia n songs on Monday.
we Mond ay on Indian singing song will have been
""g.
",.g. ",!,'1Q'i
",!,'1(.l.'iij'''la'
ir"la' ~"i' (lj'''l-';'S
(lj'''l-';'!! ' "ll'l<l/'''
j' "ll'l'!l'''ll'j''''
'j'''' "i"r"l!!!'
"i "r"l!!!,\
1'a:'UlJ
'u:'!lj"i'j''-I'U/'11
q'U/'\1
eating pork. pork,
(Future Perfect Progressive) hiding this old hat.
copyin g his will.
playing my new flute, flute.
3. I have been working as a secretary in the govern ement office for five years.
I govern ment office in year five during secreta ry ofwor
of work k have been
"""II'l",'1
"""lI'l""11j' 11J"/'B""
~
flJ'!I'f!"" "i"" iii' 'l!.a, :l;",'
'l!..a' :>;"" ~",'Uj"l'~
~",'Uj"l'~'flJ'!I'''
'I1J<lf"l'I' :,/'lI'Jj'll'
!'j'!l'''i'!l'''I!!!,\'q
Q!!!,\''-I'!lj''i1
'UlJjI
~
digging the ground
(Present Perfect ProgresSive) listening to this story
drinking cow's milk
wearing this old boot
,
4. We were singing the Tibetan national anthem on the roof.
, we two house roof all Tibetan nation al anthem sing were
<::'
C:::' "I~'lI'
"l~'!I' flC:::''-Ia·
fl<::'qi:\' Il"l'fl-';' i'i'\'!2'(lj
q'\'~'(ljf1"l'i!j'''I'j<::'
l'i!r"l5C:::' 'ji'll'''l!!!'1
'ji'!l'''l!!!,\'Ui'\1
'Ui,\!
"'""'
reading this new book. book,
(past Progressive) looking at the sun. sun,
doing
doing our math home work,
minding our three nephews. s,
(c) Transl ate into Tibetan:
",
~'*'
1. He bough t fifty three horses,.
2. They have ninety nine pigs.
"j.
,:, 3.
3, He has been drinki ng sweet tea for two hours.
4. He is a clever tea merchant from Darjeeling,
5, I was cleaning this old Englis h table this mornin g,
6, They will be copyin g the Tibeta n nationa l anthem ,.
7,
7. We have been hiding those new socks under the door. door,
8. Sakya Pandita was born in 1182 AD,
9. I turned nineteen on the 6th of March,.
10. I will meet you at 10.45 tomorrow morning,
I
(d) Express the following into Tibetan: '
<,;;.
<,;;
57 65 102 531 972 2531 46 109 198 28 79
18 66 108 211 502 1945 57 707 818 52 97
 .L
.L _' .J
_, .J
8,13 Extracts from the Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
rF4nj"
Il::.iI)' [.r '4[1r if,~' ~I::.''lJ'~iI)r
~I::. 'llJ' ~iI)l '~iI) ''lJ~iI)
r'lJ1::. '~O)
IllJl::. '(1j' l;J'lJ"\'.C,j~'
'llJ~iI) '[1r l;JllJ"\'!..I~· 51,,\1
51"\1
f:1' I) "~r J)''lJ
r:r1)~' J1'llJ~I::.' r,If:1: a:J
~I::. ' ~~' !..Ir.1.' ~1
a:.r~J 1~''lJ~1::.'llJ~iI) W(:l.l;J,,\'iI)
~'llJ~1::. 'llJ~iI) '[1rD.l;J,,\' iI) ~'(:l.~"'1
~'D.~"'I
Wicked people usually blame others
With whatever faults they are themselves responsible.
The jackdaw diligently clean his beak·
With which he has eaten excrement, in a clean place.
e-..
c-.. _ C'...
co.... C'...
co....
~ ~
FiI)'.C,j' '~~'.q;:S~'~~'~I::.·1
E. '~~'q;:S~'~~'~FI
FiI)' !..I'E. I ~I::.' -Cl~O)'
1 -Cl~iI)' -Cl.=::ll::.'.C,j'(:l.5!I::.'
-Cl.=::ll::.' !..I'D.SI::.' J.l'
J.!' ~"'I
~ ~
__ C'...
co.... c.... ...,.-
~ ~
1~(1j'
I~('lj'.q'
q' D. q,,\'"\'
(:l. .q,,\' .q~~' iI) '~I::. 'I
"\' q~~' 1
Ifl' "\llJSlJ~' -ClW
f!' "\'lJSrr~' "\' '" 1
-Cl'J.j' ~ "\''"1
~
However much one mends a wicked person,
It is impossible for him to sustain a good nature,
nature.
Although one has assidiously washed charcoa4
Its colour cannot possibly become white.
I
~ ~ ~ ~
- ~
~ I::. ' .=: l '"
~ I::. ''~I::.'.=::l
liil' ~I::. ~('lj' -Cl
"" ' ~(1j' ~' I::. a:.r
-Cl~'1::. a:J~1~1 IllJr1j'I)' zqJ.l' iI)'9'510)'(1j'(l.fll::.'I
JllJ[1j'1)' '4J.!' iI) '9,?iI) Wt:l.f!1::. 'I
~ .
-I!lr ~ -_....-...-'
1~~W(:l.a;llJ~'0)'(:l.Jq-Cl'
1~~WD.a;llJ~' iI) 'D..lq-Cl' ~ "";ill::.
"";;]1::.'I'I IllJ~I::.'~~'51~'Cl)'\lillJ'·Hjl
IllJ~I::.' ~~' S~' iI) ')ljllJ"Hll
- -
The small-witted is easily satisfied with minor victories.
Ifhe
If he is defeated, he quarrels with (his own) friends,
When at meetings he instigate conflicts.
If there are any confidentail matters he discourteously disclose.
e-..
c-.. __ _
...,., -...
-....
_c...
_c.... _ c...
c.... -....
-...
liilCl)'.q(:l. '~O) ''50)'fl
lliJiI)'!..ID. 'Ujil) ~'D.51il)'1)1
''5i1) 'f! ~·(:l.51O)'1)1 J.!f!~'!..ID. '~O)
Ii1-lfl~'.C,j(:l.
1 '1)0)'fll::.S
'~iI) '1)iI) W,I
'f!I::.S W\I
~ ~
_ c...-....
c....-... _
~ ~ ~
- ~ ~
l~llJ' a:J'
a:.r' ~ '~' ""D.;jl
'iF ""(:l.;jl 1
ICl)~'~' ",'.q~
iI)~'~' ~I::.' "" D.5!I::."'I
q~ llJ'~I::.' D.SI::.
~ ~
Fools speak boastfully oftheir
of their virtues;
The wise hides his virtue inside.
inside,
The straw floats on the surface ofthe
of the water;
If One
iJne places a jewel on the surface, it sinks to the bottom.
 13 4
/'
LESSON NI NE
q\
ffiq·' ~~'~'lj' q!
~
9. Fo rm ati on of Ad ver b
Ad ver bs are wo rds that are used
adv to modify oLa dd to the me ani ng
:~~ erb s, phr ase s or wh ole sen ten ces ., As English adverbs are formed of ver bs, adj ect ive s, othel
and -all y, to adj ect ive s or nou ns, Tib
by the add itio n of -y, Iy,ly, -il)
eta n adverbs are formed by adding eith
don particl es. In Tib er of the sev en f1l'"
f1l''\"a;' It:
Ie
/'
eta n, adv erb s are form ed from nouns, adjectives and pro
placed mo stly before ver bs and nou ns and they an
adj ecti ves they qua lify ,. The particles ",'
freq uen tly use d for num ero us adv
",. ra, f1l1a, ~Jsu, 'J.·tu etc. an
erbial expressions. The locatives
place,
ce. The re are som e loo se form s
are no dif fer ent fro m adv
of adv erb ial exp ress ion s in spo ken Tib eta n wh ich we wil erb 0:
this lesson. But they do not pre sen l deal if ir
Tibetan t any extr a pro ble ms as they are placed
adv erb s are pla ced . Neg ativ es of adverbs are formed with negativ exa ctly wh ere the c1a cJassica
e prefixes.
~:,~.
~:'~'
Note: Fro m here m
i
bn ther e will be no tran slilq at0n s as students
ems are expected to be able to read
scri pt without having to rely tpan and write the Twetan
um
the Rom aniz ed transliteration.
'.,'.'
"".' 9.1 Ad ver b of Pla ce
Adverbial expressions of place com
,,~

e after its direct object:

.;""'"
1. q"f
q.>J' S"l'
S"l·')·f
')'fl~·,
1~,,sQ·a
sQ' a;r:::
;~ ·"fR
f1l'RE(f1
. , ~
E(f1l·l' q ~'11
~ kitten the hou se of
The kitten entered the house. ofiins
nsiide
de ent er did
k,,"
k'-'
~f.l·f1l"l
2. ~f.\' f1l"l·4q·'
'4q'')·~,;
)'~.>.r~ra
J'~ra;~;~ ·",·J
~
'",'Jj'''S
~
j·"S'!'j ~ my gloves the box of inside not are
My gloves are not inside the box,.
':";~'
~·a:;·~·"\
3. ~'£' ~'''"I·f1
i9WRl·R§i
§i'~·~·Jj
'Jjiil)1
l)1 we China to go will not
/' We will not go to China.
,."
4,
4. fi~' a:;''
g''''''§''l
§''l'''l'',:
'l''!!"i4 q''''!
:ri4q jj' <>I'
'~r!! lw ~'11 they that side to gow ill not
They will not go that sid e.
\).>;,'.
\l.»"';
9.2 Ad ver b of Ma nne r
'"
'." Adverbial expression of manner are
usually placed after an adjective and
spoken Tib eta n the phr ase 9"1' bef ore a verb. In
9"1'<,,\""
3)"1' bya s nas is added between the adjective and
see its usage in other grammatical ver b. We will
expressions later.
~'g
1. ~. g'Q
'Q "."\
". <3)"""I
"I'''1'!Ol'
' iOl '9"" "I'!ljQ"r9'
9"1' a; "I'ilj iij,,\
r9'!lj<3)1! we her e from slo wly rea d wil l
i""/

We will read slowly from here, e.

i',"'-
'1~·ili"
2. '1~'i \·§"
li"i· I·"I
§"I'' '1~~' ·<f"l"l·
~~"''f<r' 'l''1q·9~ r,,\
,q'9' ,,,·
'r''i ''l'~ Jj·P'S"l
~·~·'~'Jj 'RS9 [tea
,teacher by said properly hea r not do
I do not hear properly wh at the teac
;~,
;~'" .. her is saying.
3. S'Jj Q""I'
S'Jj''Q"" ''It'
I''' \''''
1l'\ ~'1'~
''r~ "\'q'
'1'~ ''i'
9''1'
q's',,,''
'l'" fq')~
,''' '9'R,
Q')~ \''1
'~'R '\9 girl this by son g rt;e
rtielodious£v sin g is
This girl is singing the son g melod
iously.
sly,
/'
 ,
4. c..g. "'I§"I""q'8"1'.3) ~rr:>.§]·~·iil.3)1
c.·l·«I§"I"'rq·s"r.3)"'rr:>.§]·~·iil.3)1 we quickly go will
We will go quickly.
9.3 Adverb of Time
Adverbial expressions of time are added to the adjective or noun before the verb. The la
fa doll
fa dOll
particle ra is usually suffixed to the last syllable of polysyllabic words otherwise any la
particles governed by the rule discussed above (see 6.1 lesson six) are applicable.
Noun I Adjective Adverb
"I-'Jr:>.'~'''-I'
"I-'lr:>.'~' «I' Sunday "I-'Jr:>.'~''''1'''''
"I-'lr:>.'~'«1"'" "I-'lr>.'~'
"I;jr>.'~' "'I'''l'
«I'r>!' on Sunday
'i!:~'
'I!:~'
- early 'i!:~ .....
'I!:~"". 'i!:~N
'I!:~N in the morning
'e','r.r
re>:r.r fifth :,.<1.....
1'I'!.·rg· l'!.·qN
1':,'<lW at five
. ~-
~'q' late ::/.<I.....
::f q.<: ~·qN
~'qN late at
'i"l.q.
'1"1'<1' permanent 1)"1.<1.....
1)"I'q",,' 1)"1''1' regularly
iij·S....·
iij'S"'" sudden iij'S"'S iij·S....w
iij'S""w immediately
¥l.3)'
1l.3)' before ¥l.3)S
1l.3)S ¥l.3)N
1l.3)N prior to
~'5"1'
~'5'\l' that time ~''l",.~.
~'':i'\l'~' ~''l''1W
~'':i'\lW at that time
~· ..r.ll"l
..r.ll"l immediate ~. «I'l!"I''1'
~''''I'J:f''l''1' ~·i'r.ll"r
~'i'Hl"J' immediately
r:>.§]·fIl· r:>.§]·fIl...·
r:>.§]·fIl ...· r>.§]·fIlw just befOre
before going
,before going
'\c..q.
"c..q. first '\c..q....
"c..q.... ";c.-qW at one (first)
"rqW
~'«I'4-<"
~''''I'4'''' sunrise ~''''I'4''''£rili'
~'«I'4""£rill' at sunrise
"'I§"J"1.q.
«I§"I '\l' q' quick "'I§"J"'.q....
«I§"I'\l' q-<,' quickly
"J'iii'
"I'iii' slow ."I· ...·
."riiiiii-<,' slowly
1. fiic."-'l·fIlc.wl)"I·q
L fiic.' -'J·fIlc.wl)"J·q...·Uic.·CJ·"'I' "'''il
...·Uic.·cr«l· "''\1 he eat house in always come Ilot does
He does not always come
corne to the restaurant.
2 c..g."'c..~.3).~.
c.·l·'\lc.·~.3)·~· q...·~"l·"'·(1m§]·~·iil.3)1
q-<,·~r>!·'\l·(lm§]·~·iil.3)1 we tomorrow early city to go will
We will go to the city early tomorrow.
3. 'l"'·I)"J·q...
':i'\l'I)"I' q...·51·"-IW~CJ"1··~f"'l~P:1
·51· «IW~q'\l"~f «I~P:I time always guru to refuge in
ill take
At all times I take refuge in the Guru.
i
4. c.'r>.~' :3·~·q·"'I·"J~"J"'·Uic.·~·
:3·~·q·«I·"I~"I'\l·Uic.·~· .<Jilil
.<JilIl I here at late except come will not
willllot
I will not come here until very late.
dJ:§]"I'\l·q·ill·s
5. d ...·':i·r:>."i~fl.r
J:§]"I"1·q·ilj·S...·'l·r:>.'\-"1· "',\1
'-I' "''\1 my friend suddenly die did
Suddenly my friend died.
6. c.S'If
C.S'lf -".<:.·~·<1i"Jwr:>.§]·~·iil.3)1
.>:.c.·~·<1i"lwr:>.§]·~·iil.3)1 1 now very outside to go will do
111011'
At this very time I am going outside.
 ~
'--- 9.4 Vobaculary
"I~'''i'
"I~'''i' "I~'5.'
"1"-'5,' ~~"l':i'
~~Qr:r where
"i~'5,'
"i~'5.' "i~'''i' "i~'n:)"l'')
"i,,-'n:)"1'') inside
~
~'''i' ~.~. ~'n:)"I':i'
~'n:)"I''l' outside
«15,<Ii' 5,'
<Q5.<I\' 5.' Jj)"i'''i'
a.J)"i'''i' <Q)"i'n:)"I'~'
a.J)"i'n:)"I'~' in front
~ "1"1"1'"i'
"I"l"1' "i' "I"l"l' J~!,
"l"l"l'~' "I"'''l'
"1"'''1' S"l"l'~' right side
~- ~~'''i' ~~S
~"-S ~~'~"I"l'~'
~"-'~"I"I'~' above
~
W 01« r'r"l'''i' ':;:"I'~'
ii:"I'~' r'r"l'S"l"l'~' below
~'.
~~'.t' "I~'.t' "1'5,"1'
"1'5."l' at that time! when
"',
7"1'~' 7"1' q.o;' ~"i'~' always
Jlj,\'~"I'~'
JlI'\'~"I'~' ~'a.J'lij"l
~'<Q'Jil"l iii's.o;')' immediately
.;' "",~-'
~"i' ~"i'.t' ~"i'~fll''S'
~"i'~I'>l''S' formerly
5,"l' 5,"l' J~r
5."1'5."l' Jlj(J"l'~'
JlIq"l'JlIQ"l'~'
jij(J"l' 'i"l'JlIQ"l'f.>.
'5:"1'jijQ"l'P."1.0;' occasionally
Li<c-.,
l·..i<_-., +-D"1Io"
+-,,"110', Cl,-tfY'
Cl,.tfY'
~'S"l"l' South ~~'6.o;'
~"-'6.o;' city
C3<Q'
C3<>f Q,\"I' landlord ~"I'Q' rich
Pl' god "I"ifll'Q'Q')q'
"I"il'>l' Q' Q')(J' prayed
G«I'lijQ'
§Jj'JilQ' wife Q,,'lj'
Q,,"l' was born
bom
~'--'
I
Q')"I"l' , named (J,,"f~"i'
Q""f~"i' celebration of birth
S'Q~'~.o;'
S'Q~'~.o;' in order to ;')'.>1£.0;'
;,)'.>1£.0;' to the ocean
:;:,~' - ~.o;'f:rii1"i')'
~.o;'~riil"i')' to fetch jewels il"l"l'
ll"l"l' took time
r ~~'Q.o;''S'
~~'Q.o;''S' until then 4"i':i'
4"i''Z' extremely
;'~:~"
;'~:~'.
&'\'~"I"l' <l"l'
&'\'~"I"l' '-l"l' force of growth fll~'£'
I'>l"-'£' youth
~"i' ripen p'~,\'n:)"1'~,\'q'
f.>.~'\'n:)"1'~'\'q' to cohabit
~"l'<l'
~"l''-l' said 1!!"i'~"I''2'
2!"i'~"I''l' together
w;':<i:
w;.:""
,\"If.>.'
'\"If.>.' happy P.5,'Q'
f.>.5.'Q' to see each other
P.~,\' wish (ij.o;'n:)"I"l'
fij.o;'n:)"I"l' return
~";,
-.. ~/
-.. <11/
fij(r~',?'
(ijQ'~',?' Q"l' about to arrive ~"I' wait
"
"I~,\'~"I'
"I~'\'~"I' kill is''l'
is''I' Q~r'r' thus said
/
. ,:\, ~'(J~"i')'
~'Q~"i')' "I"l~ 'fll<Q'
"I"l"-' 1'>la.J'
accordingly secret road
~Q"l'
~(J"l' ..,."-r" f \lbout to :]"1':::"1
:]"1' :::"1 cave
~a.J,q,
~a.J,q,
..:~~:, ili"l'''I~'
ili"l'''II~l torch tight
(J~~'Q'
Q~~'Q' to hold ~"i'fl'
~"i'I'" danger
f,\'(f
f,\'<r to find ~'Q'
hope
.<i
~'~"I"l'
~'~"I"j' preparation "I~~:
"I~c:.: depth
P.El"l' ~a.J' icycle liifll' <I'
"iI'>l'(J' curtain
{-"
a.J'
"I~.o;' "f sacrifical cake §"l'
§"l' <li' blessed water
c."i'<I(
r:'."i'<I( gift "1"lf.>.' J:i(1J'
<l"lP.' discussion
",,,'C-
:;;:';--
icii0'.~'
".~'
c::.~"\.
;:::'~"\' introductioo
9.5 Classical Tibetan
Classical Tibetan refers to the literary Tibetan, however it should not be regarded as an unspoken
book language.
language, Literary Tibetan tij"l"lll\
tij"rJ~l\ yig skad or i"'l~~,,\' chos skad is the language of the learned
and of the scriptures.
scriptures, The literary Tibetan follows a very strict grammatical rule set out by Thonmi
Sambhota in his ~~'i!'Q'
~61'i!".r sum cu pa and "!"I~r~to.~"I·Q· pa, Here onwards we will discus:
"!"I~r~to.~"I'<i' rtags kyi Jug pa.
some grammatical rules of the classical Tibetan which will complement our understanding of the
previous lessons.
lessons,
9.6 Verb To be in Classical Tibetan
There are eleven completive terminations in the literary Tibetan which are formed by adding the
vowel sign a0 to the ten ir"'l·o.~"1
ir"'l'o.~"1 and 'J. iii ;:::
c:: ~ ~ q<I ~ i5, ;;;: !'Piii "i»I and i) are frequently
used with the present, perfect and future tenses. tenses, The preceding syllable need not to be a verb, it can
be either be a noun, pronoun or an adjective.
adjective, By merely repudlicating the suffix and adding the vowel
sentence, As they indicate the end of a sentence, they are called
oa sign it become the verb to be of a sentence.
~"I"'l' senten'ce, As a ~"I"'l'
~"I"'1' £"1 the final and completive terminations of a senten'ce. tc
~"I"'I' £"1 tennination does not have te
be formed from a verbal base, it minimizes the use of auxiliary verbs.
verbs, A sentence which ends in 0.
suffix is not reduplicated but the vowel sign '0' is added to signify the verb.
verb, All sentences which end
in a vowel should be understood as ending in 0.. Technically no sentence should end in a vowel
except when~"I"l'£~ used, Now -a-days sentences which end in "'''
when~"I"l'£~ terminations are used. "'"' and ~ are
reduplicated but in old orthography they are replaced by 'J' and the vowel sign '0' is added to form
,\':1"1 rule.
the verb according to the ,\':i"l rule, (See the above section on post suffix).
suffix),
ir"'l·o.~Q
ir"'l'o.~· "I c. '\ Q ~
6l "l ", ~ 0.& Vowels
'" ""'
,
~"I"r£"I1
~"I'>r£"I1 iii I ;c::: : I ~~ I ql
<II ~I
~l »1/
"il ~ I ;;;:1
~I !'iiI
Pil i'i.
1_ ,\':1"1
,\':i"l i) o.',,\c.'J.l.ljo.'.i),\'
lI o.·WJ.l.llo.·-'l,\· -~-

I 1I ,-- -- ..
9.7 Examples of Completive Termination
r:l.:;"l·S"l·.IlJ.l"'l·i5')·Jj'''!''riii
f.l.:;"l'S"l'.ljJ.l"'l'i5,,\'Jj'''!''riii compounded all not permanent is
All compounded phenomena are impermanent.
"Itl", '~' ':ii)' t:j'~' ir "l' ~'iij,\',>:,c. ';:::"
"It'\",·~·q"·<:r~·ir"l·~'iij,\·~C.·C::·1 other's happiness to after mind rejoice do
I (we) rejoice in others' virtues, virtues.
'\·~·4'''lC.·Jj·o.§\~1
'\'~'4'''lc.'j:m§\~, not regret do
now as to die even l10t
now.
I do not regret even if I die now,
p'FC.·9"l'q'9,\·Q'.\jJ.l"l·i5"i'q~""~1
ic.' 9"l' t:J'1,\' 'J' .ljJ.l"l' i5,\' t:J" ",'~' he by said all
ali/rulh
truth is
 Everything he (she) has said is true,
"It'\"i'5''''''i''\'
'''''i',\·,\~'q'@jq'
,\~'q'@jq'ZiI
ZiI other's purpo se for virtue practise do
I (we) shall practis
practi see virtue for the benetit of others,
l'
C\~'~
t:\~' ~ ''''11:;'
'""e:;' '\"1' Qr.;:'
qr.;:'Ct1l.<J'
1l.<J'.;J1 this as to perfec t ofpath
ofpath is
This is the perfect path,
"I1'I"i'iil
"1t'\"i'iil.<J"rij~'
.<J"rij"rqr.;:'.<Je
Qr.;:'.<Je:"i'ij~r.<
:"i'ijq'.<JJl:;il:r
e:;f'l:1 other mind knowl edge offore -know
offore-kn ledge
owled ge there is
He has the clairvoyance of reading other peoples' mind,
i
~~'''I~I:;
~q'''I~e:;'ll''Jr.;:,~
~''Jr.;:,~-''.,-,<:
-''.,.'( (i])
('7) thus said as it is
Since it has b~n
been said thus,
<>.~,~'
"i'''i'.<Ji''f''l~''J-nr
.<J-nrS"I'C\i6
S"I,t:\,boriii
oriii (i])
('7) rare excelle nce three to homage do
I (we) pay homage to the Triple Gem,
C\
t:\~'l1l'\'
~'~,\' ~"r~~'
~'ll' ~'ll' "il thus say did
It was said thus,
~'.<Jir.;:
~'''Jir.;:, "I'
'" .'(C1l"),~ "i'~
-'<:t1l")'~"i' ~ ('7)
(i]) ocean other shore went did
(He, I etc,) went across the ocean,
,,~:
",,:
"iiij'q'''
"iiij.q'''II'I''i'~'''
It'\''i'~'i'q~'q-''.'
''i'q~'q.,t:\!]-''.'- ('7)
::C\~-''.,'<:.'((i])
~ ~
merit other purpo se ofded icate
of dedica te becom e
The merit will be dedicated for the sake of others,
~.;,
~.",
~ ~
~'''I~«I'
~'''I~«1q'J~'~''
I'1q 'J'll'~'
'i~':':!'
"i 'll':':1"1't
'I'C\i6C1
:\i!'Nt1l
l'C1l (7) door three respectfully homage do
I shall prostrate respectfully from my three doors,
-',c,;
',-,.
9.8 Class ical Tibet an Readi ng
_
...... ..... _ ...,.,"_
....... ...,., .'....... -_
, _."
. ."
.,- -... 'c-.,.
'e-... ...... ""-
.............
-~ 'rr ~'" ~"i '~'l:lj"" <;!f ::1l:lj""
'~'I:lJ""<;!f ::11:lJ"'r:I.r~~
l':I.r~~ '6",'a
'6,·'l::a;",'
;"i' q":i;j'~
q":l;j'~' ",'«)""1
-...
"i'C')">l'' ~p:r ~p:J' ",r "if 6<1-1'
6"'1' .Q';;9'
.Q';;9' ::19'q'
::19' «)l:ljW
q'C')I:l JW ~r
...,., c-... .
_ e-...
I c-...
e-... ........
......... ...............
_ ......." c.... . c...:'
......._ ....... _
<1-1';;'
"'I';;' '" ~'1)I:lJ'' l)'g{Of
"i ""I''e)l:lj 7'grfll'll:lj""lf1
:lJ">lflj'.Q'j'.Q'.Q.Q7,q' 7,q'q" "l' ~'.q'.q
q~' ~'.q' ~''''''''
.q~'''i 1'6<1-1'~
~'6'''1 ' .q'f1r
~.q'fll S'«)l:l
~
' S'C')I: j'.q~""
lJ'.q~~ I'71
'7f ';;0.'
V.l.' <1-1~
"'I~ '~' a;",' a;"i' q'
-
-.... . . . . " _~-
_~- ...... ,
,,-, - . . . . ......
-.-' . c.............
c........... .......
-... _ _ .........
-... _
«)""1'
C')">l' S'.q "" .ql)l:lj"
.q71:lJ"l'
~' ~l
-"fl ';;0.'
z;;r:r .q~""I'
.q~">l' ~",'
~"i' ~""I'
~~' q",'q",' S'
S' .qO,'
.qr:l:!j""L;j
!j"" l;l'' ';;'~' J,fa;
_ e-..."'"
J,fa; ""
"" '""i "" S'Oj", S'fll "i''';;' ">l~' .q'
';;' ""I~' .q'~
c-..."'" _ _C'...
_Co... -... e-.......
c-... ...
....... - C'...
: . . . .....-" -...
-... c-...
"e-...
OJ''''l'OjJ,f' ~w
fll~'fll"'l' ~'fll' .q~'l:lj,
.q~'I:lJ,?""I'
?">l' ~l:lj""l'''
~1:lJ~'''''I1
>lf ';;0.'
';;r.{' .q",'~' "'4""2
"'4"i'.'~'"
2:~'" ~9""1'
~9~' q""l'Oj
q~'fll~'
~' a;'~",
a;'~"i '7' "'~ 'l:lj'a:.1 W
'1:lJ' a:.)'fll'
o'",,,'rl
r.{",,'rlil:lj'~';
il:lJ'~';;';' qW~9"
q'fll''5,9~'
"1' ~l ~Q'~' <1-1""1'
"'I~' S'f1j' ~~'qf
S'fll' ~""I'ql S'§"' ~' ';;~'~'';;~ '~"i" '~l:lj'2.
'~I:lJ'2''''l:ljo'
''I:lJr.{'
~~ 'O,,,'.q
'r.{ ,,'.q""0.
""r.{ ~ '" '""i 'i§"'~'
-..;:>
-..;:.
'i§,,'~'L;j'~'
l;l'~' <1-1
"'I a; 'OJ""I,m ..:l::rlil:l
'fll~' (ij"::rli j""l''"""
l:lJ~' "i~'I'm.q'7 .q""l'f1
fllJ,f
, ' . .
m.q'7......,'i~'.q~' jJ,fSS ~l:ljW ........,
~1:lJ'fll' L;j'9~
l;l'9~';;'';;' ~l:lj'
~I:lJ' ..............
-....
-... ..............
-- .......
-... "... " . . ..... .... .....-
J,,',
'-;.',
'5""1'
\'S~' .q~0"
.q~r.{f S""I'~
S~'~~ ~ .q«)",' ';;' S""I'7''
S .qC')"i' ';;'S~'7''''I''''I~
l~~'fll'OjJ,f'
'''l' ';;'L;j' .q""l';;'
.q~,;;' ';;1 ';;'l;l'
~
~
';;f
" "
Semi- Litera l Trans lation
I
Previo usly - India - South of- city big - Vamn a - so-cal led - at / landlo rd- rich-a to -son not
having -always - god to - praying through - month s -ten- (time) - wife
born / its name - Mahadeva - was given, to the- son - son - was
Its birth celebr ation - lavishl y - in order to do- the
father - to the sea - jewels bring - in order to - went -through- on the
road - years -twelv e - it
".j
0-"
took.
took, Until then - the boy - extremely - due to growing strong - youthfulness - ripened
- to one's mother - to cohabit - he proposed,
proposed. At that time - the mother - by - to the son - said -
son you - and 1-
I- together - happily - wish to live -~ if - your father - sea -from the- returning
back - close by - to arriving - at a roadside II and - wait and - kill the father - thus instructed - the
son also - accordingly - having done - at a secret roadside - father kill- did.
did,
9.10 Translation
Once upon a time, in a big city called "Yaruna" in South India there lived a wealthy landlord,
who did not have a son, By praying to the deities continuously, after ten months his wife gave
birth to a boy who was named "Lha Chenpo," In order to lavishly celebrate the boy's birth, his
father went to the sea to bring jewels but his joumey took twelve years, In the meantime the
boy having reached his youthful age of puberty proposed to engage in sexual activity with his
mother, At that time the mother said, " You my son, if you wish to live together happily with
me, you should wait at a roadside before your father reaches home and kill him on his way
when he returns from the sea," As instructed the son murdered his father at a secret roadside
accordingly,
9.11 Exercises of Lesson Nine
(a) On Visiting a Cave (participation Drills)
........
....... "" ."., -,,~
-,,~
1. El~' ~~~r ,rC<'tGj'l)'r.<1;!r~q2~r
-o'C<ljGj'l)'r.<,;!r~Z;F~r S"":2'tl.l~r
S"":2'tl./~1
~
.......
........ c...e-..
C'..." "" ...... . ....."
......" .".,
r::..~'~~~rtl.l'Gjr.<' ~Gj'C<ljGj'~'r.<~'~.q~'S~':2'tl./~1
r::..~' ~~~rtl./'Gjr.<' 5JGj' ~Gj'C<'tGj'~'r.<~r~.q~'S~':2'tl.l~1
........
........ ____ ...,.,
...,., " , _
" ," ___ ,,,-...e-..e-...
,-... e-.."
2, ~Gj,,~p~rtl./"" qr.<'J,J'''''
~r::..' ~Gj~'~'tl.l"" qr.<' J,J'",' a:;'r::..~'
cb'r::..~' ~'tl.lil)' ~'r.<~Gj
~'tl./il)' 4~':2' ~'r.<~Gj
~
~ . cc..."
..." _-vc
d\Gj'E!r::..'tl.lil)'¢'r::..'r::..
::JGj' ~Gj' a; 0
Gj'E!r::.. 'tl./il)' ~r::.. r::.. ~''S'tl.ld\'~' ~I:Ir::.. 'or::..
~'-o'tl./a;'~' ~I:lr::.. r::.. 'f'I
.."., ...... -... ...,., .......
............
q~'~J,J'l:.r S~' d\~'
3,I'IlGj'GjC<lj'(1.JGj' q~'~J,J'l:r
3,I'IjGj'GjC<'t't11Gj' 3\~' J,J' .q~r::..' a;'
d\' -"lIlj''?d\'tl.l~' ~~!
-"lIlj',?a;'tl./~' ~~l
~
......
....... -_ ..;"
.".,,, -... ,,-... -
r::..'nrfijGj'Iljr<j'Gjtl.l~'
r::..'nrfi]Gj'Iljr<j'Gjtl./ :r,,' J,JFil)':!IGj~' .q'tl./~!
qr.<'~' q'tl.l~l
q'C<ljGj' ~S qr.<'~'
J,JFa;'~Gj~' q'C<'tGj'
~
........
-... ....... -.-'...........
-_ ..... ."-
" . ".,-...
.".,-...
4.
4, El~' ~r::..'F'~r::.. 'r::..' o;'~' I:ld\'tlJr::..'il) ~':!I':!IGj~'tl.lGj' q' S~'~~'q~l
El~'~r::..'F'~r::..'r::..'cb'~'I:Ia;'tjFil)~'~r~Gj~'tl./Gj'q's~'~~'q~1
"-- -... .........
-................ ..,..., ....... -...
....... ........
r::..r.<'fijIlj'GjC<'tSF'
r::..r.< 'fi]Ilj'GjC<lj SF' ~r::.. 'tl.lr::.. °F~'r.<El ~'tl.l'.qE.~'
'tl./r::.. 'F~'r.<El ~'tl./'.qE.~' il)~' E. ~W~~'
~w~~' L:jC<'tGj
L:lC<ljGj
~
5, ::JGj' ~Gj'~'Gj~t:'
~Gj'~'Gj~r::..' ~r::..'r'ii""tlJ' g""u:j~',
~r::..'r'ii""Gj' g""u:i~' '1'~'u:j,\' q~1j
5'1'~'u:i,\'q~lI
,,"
"c.... ,," ."., -...
-... .".,
"
"....... ......." ._ . .......
......,-...
::JGj' ~Ilj'Gjl)r::..' 4~'''''t11'r~rL:jC<'t'
~Ilj'Gjl)r::..' ~r::..' 4",r .q~'C<lj''E!.' ¢,J,J'tl.l,\'q'
,,\'(1.J'r~r L:lC<lj' L:j~'C<'t''E!.' ~~l
~J,J'tl./'\' q' ~~I
~
~ ~ ~
6, 5JGj' ~Gj' a;r::..
d\r::..W"'Gjd\'7!j'D.EltlJ' roGj'Gj'tl./~' a;1
W~Gja;''lj'D.El9' ~J,J' if>Gj'Gj'tl.l'\'d\!
~
....... ...... ..............
......-...
5JQj' ~Gj' d\r::..W~'
a;r::..W~' J,J,\' q q~·r.<ElQ]'
..<:,:r.<EltlJ' ~J,J' roQj'
if>Qj' ~.q'tl.l'tl.l'\'
~.q'tl./'tl./'\' J.r .J;.~l
J..!' ~~I
(b) Fill in the blanks of the following sentences:
1. f.l.~ili'~iJ.'ilic:.' , , , ., ·~·~·"I%"I·f.l.€:nr"i(::
f.\~i!i'~il.'i!ic:.' ' ,
'~'~'''I%''I'f.\€:nr''ic:.' .. 'I'1
2, Q'ijili·f.l.~ili·nj"l~m~·c3··
Q'iji!i'f.\~i!i'nj"l~m~'c3" , T.lQ~·q·~'\1
.,' ,..' T.lQ~rq'~,\1
3, c:.~r~'Ji'f.\~'~c:.'9'~"I'
c:.~'~·Ji·f.l.~·~c:.·9'~"I· .' , , ... ~nr§' ..
, , , ~nr§' " 'I'1
4. ' , , , , 4c:.;~(J>'~·'ij·~"l'''I~'\'~'~'\
4, ~c:.' ..... 4c:.;~c:.'C\~''ij' ~"l'''I~'\'~' ~'\'.., , I
 /

r.+-'T
 141
(c) Repeat the sentences by substituting Tibetan words for the main verbs:
1. ~'<r~'
~-<r ~- g"l'~' :i;c:'\5f1lPF"-f1l
g"l-~- :i;c:,\5f1JPF"'flI g,y q7c.'~' :<''\1
g,yq7"'~' :<',\1
jj'~"l-PSf1l-~:<',\1
jj'~"l'PSf1J'~:<''\1
iiif1l-q- q~.>;'§'
iiif1J'q' Jj-:<',\1
"1~'>;'§' Jj':<''\1
"l~ '" Jj'PSfll'~' <!"ll
Jj'PSf1l-~- :<.'\' '-l"ll
§"l'
§~' ~'''I~.>;,§,
~ '''I~.>;,§, a:J':<''\1
a:J- ~,\I
t::.i'\-g'rl'jt::.·~"l-"lt::.-~"i-t::.W"l"rq-s~r"i~r
2. c.i'\'g'rl'jc.·~"l'''lc.'~il)'c.W''l''rq's~ril)~r ~c.'~"I' "14,,'5)":<''\1
~F~"I' <;)4'\'5)':<''\1
:<',\1
<!,~~,~,~- :<''\1
e:il)'"i' '-l'~~'~'~'
:<',\1
Uj"l'''I~''I''l'~q:~- :<''\1
Uj"l'''I~''I''l'~q:~'
(~'\'''I''ic.'~'
(~"'''I''1'''~-~,\1 :i'.'\l
3. B'\'
B"- qa:J'~rc.i'\'['lc.'q.>;'~' q'S"l'''i''l'
qa:J'~rt::.i'\-I"t::.'q.>;'~' q'S"l'il)"l' "1~"1"1- .o::"I"l'''I''ic.
q~"I"1' .0::"I"l'''I''1t::. 'I"
"I~f1J'''' a:J,t'\' .o::"I"l'''I''1t::.',
"I~f1l-'" a:Jl,\'.o::"I"l'''I''ic.',
q"jP'J:ifll'''Iil)c..
"1"IP' JiCll'''I''it::...0::"1
.0::"I"l'''I''ic.',
~-"I"1 t::.-,
"I~Jj' .o::"I"l'''I''ic.'!
.o::"I"l'''I''1q
(d) Repeat the sentences by substituting the Tibetan equivalents for the English:
jkg,
1. fit::.' 4~' §"I~-~'
g' q,\' 4~'§"I"l'~' p~Cll'<r
. p~flI'<r :i'.'\1
~,\I
farmers
monks
rich landlords
nuns
carpenters
thieves
photographers
(e) Translate into Tibetan:
1.
L There are five apples on the table,
table_
2. He is a better Thanka painter from Lhasa,
'.,~ 3. I am the best student of my teacher.
4. She is my eldest sister.
5. I would have come to see you yesterday,
yesterday_
6. He ran quick!y
quick! y towards the market.
7. There are sixty nine nuns in this nunnery,
nunnery_
8. How many dogs are there in your house?
garden_
9. My neighbour's house is nearest to my garden,
10. Once upon a time his grand -father was a school teacher.
 142
J' 9,12 Extra cts from the Elega nt Sayin gs by Sakya Pandi ta
~
,G:I"i'')
lli:/"i '') 0)' ~"i' "i'~' q' ~"il 1""1'
IJ.!' q~~r L:J~'C.t.j
q~~r L:J->;' C::: ->;C?~·
Ulc:.' ~c:: ',?~'Q
r:l.~1
~I
c-...
e-... ~
........ _
........ _ C'...
C'-. ~
e-..
c-.. C'..."¥"
C'>..."¥" C'-. _
Il:i'~"i J.!'')
:i'~"i'' ""1' ')'=lJ"Q]'~F
~c:.' ->;c:.'U
~c:: 'C.t.jq
lq ISc:.' q'~"i':
ISC::' q' ~"i ':;)' ibQ]~'
;J' ib Q]~' ql'l"\' 'Qfl~1
qi<1O)r:l.fl->;!
If one has qualities, everyb ody will come (to you) by themselves,
Even if one does not gather them together,
;;.
;,. .. ,.,-
,,,- Even though the fragrant flower is far away in the distance
The bees will swarm aroun d it like cluster of clouds.
, ~ ~
~ ~ ~
1rJ.lQ]~
1n.jQ]~' q.J1~' S~' L:J·l"lJ
L:J'l"IJ' 'rJ.l~'~
n.j~':!JCc:.
:: 'I l""1fl~'
lJ.!fl~L:J' il\""1~'
' L:J' ill J.!~' ili'UlI::. ~'.l~rn.j(f\1
ili 'C.t.jc:: ~'.l~rrJ.l(f\r
Co...
c.... c.... c...
eo... ~ ~ ~
l:i'I'l""1
1~'fcjJ.!'' ~F
~
ili'~'
St::.' <3)' ->;' ~Q]~'~ I
~Q]~':!JI 1Q;l q'n.j~':
Iii;!'' q' rJ.l~'~I
!JC:: ~'n.j"i
::. 'ill' ~ 'rJ.lilill
~
~- <-
Wise peopl e thoroughly accept
~,~L Elega nt saying s even from children,
If it is ofgoo
of good
d fragrance .
One takes musk even from the deer's navel,
~ ~
1~'.q-l
@, q'lJ.! ""1'L: J'~l'~
' L:J'~l'~ ->;'~q
~':!Jt:: . 'I r~l' L:JQ'/S ,,\'L:J->;
L:JQ.'/S,,\' L:J~'})d"
'g,J"lIJ'J'L:L:J~'
J ->;' a;j~
J.!~~I
~I
~~
--...C'>...
~£\- ....... ....... ....... ..._
1""1'ili'
IJ.!' ili' ~ -"S fl' q'i}<3)
~
q'i}ili 'Ulc:.
~
'C.t.jt::. '!'I la)'~'§ <3) SQq-
1J.!'~':;Jili >;' q'
'l'Q q~' q'a;j.ijl::.
J.!.I:lC:: 'f'r
~
~
~l If a sublim e person experience misfortune,
His continct will become exceptionall y beautiful.
Even ifone
if one holds a fire downwards,
One will see the flame blazing upwards.
!S1t
ii.i-t
/
t.
 14 3
LE SS ON TE N
ffi .cr a; il).
ili ..q §. q)
~:r q!
10. Co nju nct ion s
The re are num ber of imp orta nt gra
pre ced mm atic al par ticl es wh ich are ind epe nde
ing syl~
syll lab
ablele.
_ _
For ins~.
tan ce, we nt of the fina l of the
thE _
~ - I will disclJss
~. I
uss con jun ctio n in this less on wh
f, par ticl es E.~·f
E.~·r.>.!>
.l.!>"I·nr «l·\\
"'-\\ ,"r(J
,"r(J
ich is ind epe nde nt
nl
f.l.·
r.>.· ~')·"
~')·" 'I::·
'C:·' ')ql:
)<lC: :·i5"
-i5o; ·i'wh ich do not hav e to adh
syll
syllab I
ablle.
e. Co~uction ere to the fina l of the pre ced ing
ions
s are use d to join words, phrases and sen ten ces . We
co~unctions ns wh ich are dep end ent par wil l also inc lud e her e some
particles. es.
~,,,-,
. ~"- ,
10.1')C
1 ')1::':· is use d ma inly to join two
or mo re words or stat em ent s:
/
1. fii·
fii·')I:
,)C::·c.
·C·"·"I~ ~~·~
I~~-~·~~ ·"'-
·~·« "I~"
I·"I '·§·
~«I· §j"~
~~·"
~·"ll·4C
·4C.·"I~
·"I~,,·~
,\'~Ujo;
Ul"iI' he and I two by day thr ee afte r wo
Mt er three days he and I wil l cut od cut wil l
wood.
~:'.~ 2. ~'')e
~'')C::~
. '~'')I
'')d
::j'''
'Jj'''jiC:
c. .~. =l'
-'l' qi5~ l'\' -".1:
<li5~-' (J'Uj,,' -".I:.·C..(,:-I
god and ser pen t and hum an and sme
ll-eater along with min d rejo ice did
The gods, serpent s, hum ans and inc
'":;
.~~'":;
luding the smell-eaters rejoiced .
~~
~~~ ..
3. «I''ie
"",\C.'«I'7
- :' "''7'd'J' 5.·~
';r5. ,\·d
" '~,,· «I'q
a;;-"'. 4'iJ
<l"J -
'iJ she and together talk not do
Do not speak wit h her.
* 4.
4_ ~I::
~c: ~'~
~'~~'')C
~'W:'I
I J:~·"
£'~'''iC:
jC.·1-I ')iff
')ifr.>.l.5. "i·a;
. 5.0;- d'J~·
.l\"' ~''\"i"
,,"ioi·d'JJ:"I·
;'«l£ '''I'''I
"I'3«'3''''
1·JJ!Jil
Bud dha and Dh arm a and San gha are
~~l:
flf: rare excellence three are
. Bud dha , Dh arm a and San gha are
the, three precious jewels.
10. 2 'il::'
,\C:' use d for cat ago rizi ng or distinguishing one from oth er com
ft4
¥:4 pon ents:
1. f.l.~
r.>.~·q:<' 'lr::
·q~"I''I'\ r::i'
i"l·~
'l·~r
r 21'')
21'')<::"1
1::'' ~'d'J'
~
~'«l'Ul"i',
Ujo;-\I::"
"C:'I J4.'\<
J4.,\<::'f
::'/ ,\,\·r
",,·r.>.~·
.>.~·',)C:·
)C.·1I Ul·~"
~
Uj'~"I~·')
I~'')C.·1
C:-' 'i:i(
,\:1(.•'.r·<:
.r.(:r.l\«
r.l\"I~·~'
'~-~'
livi ng bei ng rac es six as to gods,de
L;.;;
L;\ s,deJni-
mi-godS, s, humans, animals, hun gry gho sts
Th e six realms of sen tien t bei ngs (co nsi
nsis and hel l are
, gho sts and hell beings: sts
ts of) god s, dem i-go ds, hum an bei ngs , ani
ma ls, hun gry
:,'.
,h\
,t:.\ 2.
2_ f.l.'4
r.>.T,j"l~''
"1~''''l.<j'
ld'J' q~"i
<l~o;'' (J' qlii'~'
<l1ii'~1 "I"i·f.l.~
"Io;-r.> .~Fq
Fq~"i
~o;·
· (J',\I
(J'"C::'!
~ ~
:', ~"l'
~""<q~"l
~
l~"l'' "l~"i
q~"iq~o;' (J'')1
(J' ,)C:'
<l~o;'' (J·,\t ::'1, f.l.9"
r.>.9",·l· (JI\'
(Jr.t
nob lep
le pat
athh truth four as to ori gin truth, suff (J'",C:;,'1
:', "ld'J
nr«l''~'q~
~'q~o"i'(J
;'(Jit>:,
J:,
ering truth, cessation truth and pat
The fou r nob le trut hs are : Th e trut h h truth
:,
';::
. of the origin of all, the truth of the suf feri are
ces sati on and the truth of the path
.. ng, the trut h of the
10. 3 'II::'
"C:' which sho w reason :
1. 5.·q
5.·.c·d'J. ljt:;,·q·'\I:
:r«l.ljc:·< l·"c::·"I·"
·-'l·"i'\·<J
i"·<J...·4~i
-4~i smo ke see as soon as fire hav e
On acc oun t ofs known
of see eeiing ng the sm oke , the existence of fire
was known.
2.
2.l'r
fl·"l
nr"l·
"l·-'
-'l~·
l~·'J
<J·"i
·"je.
c:·"'
·«I·S ·"I~'
·s·"I ll·"l
~~r"l ~')·E
~')·E!"I foo d eaten as soon as mo the r sonlWO
Hav ing eate n two sleep fell
the mea l, bot h the mo the
therr and the baby fell asle ep.
asleep_ '
 ..l ......-
'"T ~r
lOA '\"'.
'\"" which expresses the notion of time:
iir iif'lq"l' <1",\'" ·.>JE'Df,\~· ::J[lj·q·"1<li1
1, !il·iirqq",·<r,\"'·.>JE'(1r,\~·::!r'rq·"1<li1 teacher arrive as soon as meet scarfoffer
scarf offer did
I offered the scarf as soon as the Lama arrived, arrived.
2. a;~'<j'qq",'<r'\""~'''I'l''l',:!ql
a;~·<l·qq"l·'r'\"'·~·"I'l"l·,:!ql rainfall as soon as umbrella open
Use the umbrella as soon as it starts raining.
10.5
1 0.5 ,\1::: which expresses order or command:
1. "I~:Fq"1,\'iii"l""
"I~:Fq4,\'iil"l"l' <j~'~~'
<l~'~~' ,\""1 speech saidproperly
said properly listen do
Listen to the lecture carefully.
"r"'1'A~'~'~"l'''I')Q''\''''1
2. "r"1'A~'~'~"""I')q''\''''1 apple this knife the cut do
-- -
Cut this apple with that knife.
,
10.611l
10.6 [lj used simply to join words and ideas:
f"'·~"'I·"'·(lf"l~",·q~·E.~·Q·~·"l",w.iS·q·"I~"I·AS."I
1. f"'·~"'1'''''[lr''l~",'q~'E.~'<j'~'''l",was'q'''I~''I'AS.''I
he by I to give that which present the light and big one is
The present that he gave to me is light and big, big.
2. Cii"l""<j,,,:: "w')'f~w"1'\'[lr q~",'~"1
Cii"l"'l·<l"·"q·?·f~w"1,\Wq~,,,·~"I
/'>
properly carefidly listen and mind in bear do
Listen carefully and bear it in your mind, mind.
10.7 Disjunctive Conjunctions
Conjunctions which show choice and imply inquiry are formed by reduplication of the ten
suffixes and') which are added with .>J. "I.>J' "'.>J' ,\.>J', ~.>J'<l.>J'
,\.>J'. ~.>J' <l.>J' .>Jiij'
.>JiiJ" ON ~.>J' 11l.>J'
[lj.>J' "/.>J', ')"l'
"l.>J' and ')iij'
expresses 'or', 'or else', 'either.....
'either. .... or' and 'neither ..... nor'. They are used to enlist particulars oj
a specific catagory, express a doubt and form interrogatives:
1,
1. ,\q",'<:j'~'~1 J:i"l'''I''l1 ~A.>JI.i,'qAiijl
,\q",·<:j·~·~1 J:l"l'''Iiij/ ~A.>JI.i,'qA.>J1 ~A.>JI ,?!",'q;;",'~/
,?!"l'q;;"l'~1
organ five there are lry!e, lryie, nose, ear, tongue and body together are
There are five organs. ,They consist of eyeS, nose, ears, tongue and body.
2. ~'''I~iil'~1 C?l"'l'''l.>JI "-"I·,,/.>JI
~'''I~M~I ,?!"""'.>JI t:: "I·"I.>JI "1'\' q'W~1
"1,\' q"""~1
door three there are body, speech and mind together are
The three doors consist of body, speech and mind.
3. ~q'iij.ljA'~'
~q' .>J.ljA'~· q' Q~' 'iiI
~I S' qA.>JI iij~'~'
Q"I'~' qP,.>J1
S· Q"/'~' <lA.>J1 ~.>J""
.>J~'~' <jP,.>J1 ~.>J"l' ~iij' <lA.>JI '\3'iij'
~"l' <jP,.>J/ '\3' "l' '-1'
Q' q"""~1
qi'i"'l'~1
doctrine exponent four there are particular exponder, Sutra group, mind only group and middlt
together are
The four (Buddhist) schools are: The Particularist, Sutra, Mind-Only and Middle way.
4. §'\' Q,\'I1l'
Q,\'fll' q~,\' ~ "'. Q,\'~'\'''l''l' <:j'
"l' G,\'~'\'''l''l' ~t:: ''''.>JI
4"" ~"-
<:j. 4"1'
you Tibet in lived having Tibetan language properly know did how
Having lived in Tibet, did you learn to speak Tibetan well?
 145
;:;- .
5. ~. a;Q~dT~''r~'f'l~
a;Q~dT~''r~'f' l~'
' qQ' ~'Oi"l"r
~·Oj"l"r~~fQ5,''r
fQ5,''r''''l<>l1
l<>l1
- our cat baby the house ofouts
of outsid
idee at is what
Is our killen qUlsid
qutside the house?
-l
-1- 6. "i"l'1lJ
"i"'·Ill"I"r~"r~
"l"r~"r~
' ·~~·a;~· r.r QQ~rb'r
~~. a;~' r.rQQ~rb 'ra;~·~<
a;~·~ <>l'''l':
>l·"l"!F!F~'Q
~·Q5,"I
5,"1
teacher by today rainfall will it how say did
'The teacher is saying whether it will rain or not today.
k. c-
10.8 Exam ples of conju nction s of contr ast and similarity
{<
{, . '"~.
'"~' "'~.
..J "'~' and Q~' signify 'bu.t'
'bu. t' , 'still' , 'yet'' .
'howe ver' , 'too' , 'also' '. 'thoug h' ,'any'
' . , 'in spitE
spite
of, 'however' and 'nevertheless '. As they belong to the depen dent
apply: partic les, the follow ing ruI~
rul~
.
Q
Q
"I "l "i'5;"1
"':;"1 ~~'
~ " JI
""I:
"l JJ " 1lIIIJ "'~'
Q
Q '"
JJfF,i)"i
JlfP-,il" QC::
QC::
(\J
(\:
1.
L fi~'~'''''
fi~'~'<l'lf~~'~'iii'
'~~'~'ili"'l'''I«r~'
l'''I«r~'<
<>l'''-'l'
>l'''-'l''
'l'~~'a;''
l'~~'a;''I
I'Jl'Q''i'
'Ji'Q''''I
'l
//. -. -
his uncle's torch the down fall although break not is
";; His uncle's tor~h tOfJ::h fell down but it did not break.
2, ~i'i. '§j"l"l'ij'Q~' ~'4"l'~
~'4"l'~'' 0S1~ ''''l~ '~"I'
'1lI"I'Q"lJJ'
Q"lJl' .!;-<:r"J
.!;-<:r"l~"fa;", '"
~"fa;", "I,
&~:. my friend this as to knowledge span small but sincer ity great a have is
This friend of mine knows very little, but he is a very sincere person.
i,;
iii 3,
3. ~"l'j!jJJ
~"l'j!jJJ'·"i'~·4"l
''·~·4''l''r..r~:f"
r..r~:f'''
'~'~' JJ.ij~' JJ'S~"
-
[ by marke t at face know who ever see not did -
1I did not see any body in the market who I know.
4, jii~'~'~
jii~'~'~""Q""I
"l·Q"i"l'~~'Q~"
'~~'Q~"II"l'Oj~
"l'Oi~·.'.jj"']
jj"i·il""'§'Q5, '
'§'Q5,"I"I1
his sponsor also stay time not have say did
l.i
l. His sponsor also said that he has no time to stay.
5, S"l'q'p, ~"l'''I' g,\,p'~
§"l'q'p' ~"l'''J' g",p'~ <:r~~'ii:'
<:r~~'n:' JJ"
JJ' QQ"l'~'
QQ"l'~' Jl.p'5,"1
Jj'p.5,"1
rL",
L. baby this by how suck ever milk come not do
In spite of how much this infant sucked, there is no milk forthcoming.
~u
~hl 6. ~ "l':ij,\',!
"l':ij"'.r;;"l'ij'S" l'''l"l'
,,,' ij. S"l'", "l' Q4'\'~~
Q4"'~~ 'ii'i:i"l'~' flQ·Jl'P,
-'jQ·Jin "i"l
""I
//.
- -
[ by voice loud doing by explain even then grand -fathe r hear able not
is
Even though I explained it loudly grand-father did not hear it. .
?/~
?}*
7. fi~,·tOi'''J·g'\''
fi~' .tOj'''I· 'i''l$·'i''l'q,,'~
g", "i"l'~c.' ,,· "'1lJ'P,§j
<)"1' q '" ~". '~'p,5,"J
"wp. §j'~'p. 5,"1
they year how age even if always circumambulate to go do
f~~' They are old people, yet they circumambulate (the stupa) every day.
8, §'\'''~
§,,'''~ '~'~' JJ,r;,\'§
JJ.r;,,'§j~ ''''~. Jl"l'<1i
Ji"l'<1i 'Q7~'
'Q'5~' "l"l'
ili "l' z:q"l'.ij"l'~'JJ ~"I
z:q",'.ij"f~'JI ~'"
6,'{
?i,'{
i.~.
 <~v
your relative die even if eye water shed by benefit not there is
Though your relative has died, it will not help by shedding tears,
<I'i!<!i'(\E:<!i
9, <I'i!"i 'o.E:"i 'Ujt:.'(\~'''I'J:i<!i' ,,'§'o.5"1
~""'§'(\5"1
'<Alc"o.~' "I' Ji"i -:~
Tenzin also go not say did
Tenzin also said that he will not go,
10,
10. ~.>I"rJ:.l'
~<>I"r!.l' <I-"It:.'Ujt:.'3;"I"l'§'\'!3<1'Jri\it:.',
<I-"Ic"Ujc,' ~"I"I' §'\'!3<1' <>I'i\ic,',
mind good even ifhelp if help do able not did
In spite of his kind heart, he could not he!p, help.
11. rq'"!,,,,'(\~' "IfJ.'Cll<>I'<AlC,·<1"1"1' "lt1"1'~,\'
rq'''I'''o.~' "lfJ.'C1l.>I'Ujt:.'<1"1"1' <lt1"1'~,\' J:.I'p.~,
!.I'p,~,
there go place road a(so prevent do it seems
It seems as if the road to there has also been,blocked. been.blocked,
I
12. C1l '(\fl"'Ujt:.'JJE'.C1l'fl'I1'"l'P.5"1
12, ,\5Cll 'o.fi"·Ujc,' a.JE'.Cll'f·I1' "I'P,5"1
Mandala also see request there is
One can also view the Mandala, Mandala.
~-~
13, "I':':jCll'
13. j,f' ~"I':':jC1l'Ult:.' "l'JJfl<!i'
"lc',<I~ "I' a.Jf"i' j)- P.5"1
P, 5"1
flower offer even ifaccept if accept one who not there is
Even if I offered the flower there is no one to accept it.
14.
14, fic'
flt:.'~F'I~'~'~"I'<!i"l''i!(\t:.'<I~''l'5'J:i'p.,\''1
'~c, '''1~'~'~''I'"i "I'<1!o.c,' <I~"l'5' J:i'p' '\"1
he siclatess
sicmess hetlvy owing to food also ~at not does
Because of the seriousness of his illness he cannot even eat food,
food.
10.9 Vocabulary
,~"
'~"
~<!i'''l,\''1
~"i'<l,\"1 sponsor ~"lW after
Qi' gods 5'-"1' smell-eater
@' serpents .' iij,\'""t:.'''l'
ill'\'''c''<l' to rejoice
~'\.
~'\' a:,
a:,. talk ~'q'
~'<i' late
''It:."l':!i""
"lc' "l'!!i"" Buddha ilj's""s
ilj's"s suddenly
i"l' Dharma ,\ilj'(\'\<!i'
,\ilj'o.'\"i' Sangha
~
~"I"l'~"1 six realms of existence <l"l<>I'''I'5"i
"l"l.>I'''I'5<!i'' Sall1adhi
Samadhi
v
JJ'iij<!i'
iii' a.J'ill"i' demi-gods 5,\'(\:')
5'\'o.~ animals
iij'':i"l"l'
ill' ':i"l"l' hungry ghosts ,\~C1l'<I'
,\~Cll'<I' hell beings
"l~<!i'J:.I'
<l~"i'!.I' truth ~"I'"l~C1l'
~"I' <l~Cll' SUffering,
suffering, dissatisfaction
(\~"I'J:.I'
o.~"I'!.I' ceasation S"l'J:.I'
!J"l'!.I' infant
JJE'.[1J''\'"
a.JE'.[1j' '\ '" Tibetan greeting scarf ~'''IS''i umbrella -":.'
-":'
"I~FQ4,\'
"I~FQ4'\' lecture t:."1
c'''I speech
iij'\'
ill,\' mind <>Ifi'\"
q~"I' .>Ifl''\'
q~"l' one who accepts
~"''''''
~"'''' circumambulation ,\5J[1j'p,fi'"
'\5J[1J'P.fl"'" Mandala
~t:.'''I~'
~c""I~' illness
 I' 147
',,:
q")'pr
q"l'pr to block, prevent, stop Ui')'[1f<!lJt:.'Q'
Ui,)·"f<!lJc:.·q· to bear in mind
-'l''j""r
-"''r<'f to fall J;''j"''J'
J;"l'q' to break
(4"f<.r
(4"fq' to recogn ize J:j''r<B'''li)t:.'q'
J:i"l'<B'''li)c:.'q' to shed tears
<.J"
.:t:"l"f 51,,' <,r to help ~.>J"I' q'q"e:.' <j' kind -hearted
~"l"l' q'q",Ji'
", 4"1'~'
4"1' <Be:.' <j'
:~j" <Be::.' q' one with little knowledge ~"l'q"l.>J,a;",'<i' s lficere
~"l' q"l"l' a;",' <:j. Stncere
I' 10.10 Classical Tibetan Reading
.....
_ _ ___ c... __ '"'\,
'"" t
, e-....
c-.... -...
~ 'II
~'11 ~a;' 51L;.
51L;, '~Il.J' P.fl:<"
(J.fI.J:,· amg, ~1l.J'.q'
'5" ~Il.J'
a:m~ "I' '5' q' til' P."\'i5 cTj' S'
(J. "\' .:5 '~r 5p::me:: a:j' ~J RJr::.w
RJL;, '1l.J' "\qr::.'
"\ .qc, . ;;:p::mE:: 51"\'
~ ~
e-..
c-.. _ ....... __ e-..
c-.. ....... "'_ _ e-..
eo...
.-\,-
q'"I-o"l'u.j,,\'q'"\
.q' '!f~' I.:l
"I-o"l'U.j,,\' .q' "\ ~r ~"i '~'~' I.:j t)"I~p)' 011:;: cT!'iilO)'q',,\r::.'
t)"I~p)' a;c,' I.:li5~'
J.I' iiIa;'.q' "\c" I.:j.:5 ~r.q'
q' IjcT!~'
IjJ.l~' .:5,,\' I.:j~~r O)~':<,r::.
-0"\' .q~~' a;~'.J:,c, '''I' ~Il.J'
~ ~
~"\'~cT!~' -Oil)' IjcT!~W\w5jr::.~'
~"\'~J.I~' -00)' IjJ.l~\'5,,\w5ic'~· ~'~ill'
~f~il)' q'fl~'
q'fI~' iilr::.~'.J:F "\cT!' .qi5~'~l
iiIL;,~'.J:F ,,\J.I' q.:5~'~1 <)0: ~.&,.q, i'.lr::.~'
L)O: ~,&,.q, I".lc'~' q'
&.- :
&. ....... ..",...., _C'...
_c-.... co...
eo... __ -...
IjJ.l~' '5').
IjcT!~' -3S q:g,~' .J:,L;,' .o:,L;,' "It:.'(;\
.q:g,~' :<,r::.'.o:,r::.' ')')WIl.JL;. ~'
"Ir::.'(;1. ,,\,,\WIl.Jt:. il)1
q' illl
!j"\'"1' I~W';'jO)'l;JP"
"\(;\'';'jil)' l;J(J.' UlO)''5O)' flc' ~'
J.I~' flr::.
tl.lil)''5il)' ill cT!~'
-.. e-..
c-... e-....
c.... e-.."""
c-........ .."., _
...... co...
eo... co...
eo... co.._e-..
eo.._eo...
~"I~' '50)'
~"I~' ~iIi ' ~ill
-0 iii '~ill Jq~r
~il) ';;J~' J:l~r p:r ~"I',,\"I'''I ~'7T)ill'
fl' ~"I'''\''I'''I ~'7T)il)' ill~'
il)~' "\~"I~'l;J~' '''I'~ili' .J:,c,'
.J:,L;, '''I'~il\'
,,\~"I~' .q~' :<,r::. q' E.'9!.J:,'
:<,r::.'q'E.'9!:<"
iL ~ ~
~ "
D:~,,\' q~' J.I"I' I.:j.J:,' ~~'
l;J~' cT!"I'I.:l:<" ::'l~' q~'
.q~' iil'cT!f.i:
iiI'J.I~' ~cT!'~'''I~''I'5j\
~J.I'~'''I~''I'5i,,\, q'~'
l;j'~' cT!i,,\'~' q,,\9' trr::.O)'~~'
J.li,,\'~' q"\!:lj' t1'c'iIi'~~' ~O)'~r::.
~il)'~c' '''I~''\'
'''I~,,\'
~
-....
........ ...,.,
...... .............
.............. -.... c-..
e-.. e........,.,
e-......,., eo..._
co..._
:<'
:"-":' ~r::.'
~c,' cT!')' ,,\'B,,\'~~S~Il.J'
J.I,,\' O)'B"\'~~' ~o: .l:lq~'
"\' ~Il.J' fl(;1.' 4<11' ~cT!~'
.l:j.q~' 4<l!' ~J.I~' 4tlj'Il.JI
4tlj·1l.J1
Semi-Literal Translation
~~ . ,
Formerly happened - town - in Khormojik - king - Chandraprabha named - in the world - one
who ruled - there was - by him - former - examined causes - family members - together with
~:~'.' ministers - all - summoned - his - ruJership
rulership - to all sentient beings - completely - give away -
promised and took a vow. At.thattime
At.that time - people - all poor - were assembled - each of them -
whatever they so wished - enjoyed - at that time - his - popularity - qualities - arrogant - one
with pride - Bhinsin - by heard - he - due to jealousy - thoroughly - disturbed by - his - for a
long time - whatever - by desire - satisfied by - teacher's Brahmin - there was one - he was
honoured - I - being saddened by misery - sleep also - do not havehave·- by you - it
il - a means to
remedy - think of,
of.
!,~, .
Translation
f;;.;~
f::..~
the town of Khorm6jik
Once upon a time in Ihetown Khormojik there was a king named "Moon-Light", who ruled
the world.
world, Having examined the former causes, (one day) he assem ass em bled his (royal) family
members together with all the ministers and (before whom) he promised and vowed that he will
<.",",--.
"",-,,--.
give away the entire royal wealth to all sentient beings. At that time, while each and everyone
of the poor, who had gathered there, were enjoying themselves with whatever they had
popularity, Having been
wished, the arrogant and proud Bhinsin heard of his (Moon-Light's) popUlarity.
;\-:,,:L
;\A;L thoroughly disturbed by his jealousy, he bowed to his Brahmin teacher, who he had made him
happy by providing everything he so desired for a long time, and said, " As I am suffering from
depression I have had no sleep, please think of a remedy to dispell this.
b;~i_
iiii.
10.n
IO.n Exercises of Lesson Ten
(a) Repeat the following sentences by substituting the appropriate phrase and
..,.-;.
"..-;. translate:
L Fd;·C1J"I·")''''''I'''Ie:.'~",' ~.<:j"",.
~'<i,",' tkjr:Oj',>J'
1. ik g 'Ol "1"'1' '""I' "1"-.~'". tkir:Oj'N :<''\'1
",,"'i
g,""i
 14',1
14'01
4. ~. Jj
Jl ...... "1"1'
q"r S' '1'',"'\''lf), '''I~Jj'
S···" .... '1'',"'\''If), .~"i.Jj,I;,\'
."l~Jl. ~& '~"i' :<',\1
Jl,I;,\. :<''\1
j/ 5S. fir::.' q~. qil········\lJ.·nf
OJ' q~'
fir::.· '\~f '.r1i. q"l. Jj'Fq'
qil········'i'.·f1j· "1"1' Jl·Fq· q~~,". .....,
2'2·q~~,"' ·····1
,
(d) Translate into Tibetan:
1.
L Those keys are either my uncle's or his brother's.
2. Is Nyima younger than Pasang or Tashi younger than Pasang?
3. Tsongkhapa was born 89 years ago in Eastern Tibet.
4. There are also some apples, oranges and radishes in the kitchen.
5.
S. I did not show this radio to my mother. (use completive termination)
6. I will meet you at 10.00 am next Friday.
7. This is the best bamboo I bought from the market.
8. She will be slowly climbing the hill tomorrow morning.
9. As soon as I washed my shirt, it started raining.
10. There are nine and half kilos of potatoe in this bag.
~-~
/
~ ,
~>~-
~~~
~r
"7'
~t~
I
"c;
i'.-"i
~~
i-}
f}
f~i,
f~f!
 150
10. 12 Extracts from the Elegant Saying by Sakya Pandita
~ ~
1Ilj "'l\5
- ili .~ [11'
",!\5 ili. [11" Ilj;J 1:::r
- c>J' f111
t:. Ilj' r.< EO. c>J'f111
'::r t:.Ilj'P- 1c>J' qt')Ilj~'
Ic>J' qt')Ilj~' q~' c>J' qt') ilil
q~' Z;;;''''!Z;;;' c>J'qt')ilil
~
...... c.....
"'' 'l' '
...... "'-
1J,j'
1J.l·~JIlj~Ilj~' ''''!t:. 'I
!JIlj~Ilj~' c>J~~'~' ~ili ·'''It:.·1 1"''''l'r' Z;;;Ilj' iE>ili ''''!ili
Z;;;'",!'f!' ;J~' "Ilj'iE>ili''''liliI
~
~ .
1
The crafty who displays a good conduct and speak gently
Should not be trusted until he has been examined.
Although the peacock has a beautiful form and melodious voice,
It lives on great poisonous foods.
foods,
"'- ¥ ...,., ....... ~ ~
~ '"
Iq~ili'5!~'l"r q!lj~'~'I1~1
Iq~ili'5!~'l"r ~f11' qlij~'~'I1~1 q!il.~'
1~c>J' ili' ~t:. ',?Z;;;. q!i1~'
ili' .'?". J;.j·"'lilil
~ ~
~ ~
'" ~ ~ - 1:.r"'!ilil~
llf11ili'Ilj~Ilj'
f11 ili'Ilj'5Ilj' ili'5:~r
q~ ili' 5,'~' L,rz;;; ~I
·.r" Iqz;;; ili'l:.J~'~~·~t:.
Iq"ili' ·5Ilj~'l:.J·~1
J;.j~'~~'~t:. '5Ilj~' J;.j·~1
-,
-;.::
-."::
If one thinks, 'I have tricked the others with a lie,'
Then one has indeed, cheated oneself
A man who has once told a lie, I
(itz other's mind) even (when) he tells the truth.
Will cast doubts (in
~ -~
-~
1 '" qz;;; Ilj' t;,j'I1'
I~[1j'5!'
~f11'5!' q"Ilj'l;,j'I1' ~t:.' "'!t:.
'''It:.''I1 1~'f11' "IljP-'
I~W Z;;;IljD.' q~' q~ili .~ q~z;;;1
'~'..q~"1
~ ~ ~
'" '" ~
~'f11' iljt:.
I~W i1jt:..'l:.J'r.<~Z;;;'5!~'
J;.j'P-~"'5!~' ili!ilil I~',?"W
1~',?Z;;;'f11' ili'qiJili'J;.j
ili' qiJili'l:.J'' ql1ilil
~
t;<.'
Even if the OWfler of the land is wrathful
One should happily live in his accord,
;:c.
Just as, ifone's
if one's feet slip on the ground
oneselfon
One has to (nevertheless) support oneself on the ground itself;
~,
"".,
--
 r
L'l
1-) I1
.,
~} .
g
'i '~ LESSON ELEVEN
~ ~
L:.J!
' ctil)' q:§'llj<5llj' L:.J1
mq "etil)"q:§"llj<5llj"
~. ,"
11.1 The Continuative Particles
In Tibetan, there are three suspensive particles known as ~"I'Q;s"r which are another form of
conjunctions.
conjunctions, The three ~"I'Q;S~' particles~' ~. and ~. are attached to perfect and present
root verbs as well as adjectives. As dependent particles they are governed by the suffix of the
preceding syllable as shown in the following chart.
I,· .
I'· ?~'(>,!>"1
?~'fl.!>"1 ~"IQ;S~'
~~-.
~~".
.l)'<;I1J~
.l)'<;i1J~ ~
"I ~ Q iJJ
ill (>,
fl. and Vowels ~
.~
L~ _____ --------- - ~
"
11.2 Generally continuative particles~' ~. and ~. have three major uses. When used as
conjunctive particles as 'and then', 'thereafter' or 'having done...' done .. .' in English they are called
~, iJJa;iJJ~·~'<;"~"I'J:;j~~·. ~~·§'.l)·~·~·i1J·Q~"i1 (Having worn the clothes, (he)
illa;ill~·~'<;'~"I'L;j~~·. For instance, in the sentence ~~·§'.l)·~'~'I1J·Q:'i"1
sat on the floor), the particle i)
1) joins the act of wearing clothes with the act of sitting on the floor
in the order of the occurrence of the two actions. We have noticed that in the spoken Tibetan the
~~
>~,;;,
use of these three particles were largely expressed by d)~' i.e. ;g"l'Q'~"l'I1J'S'Ji"'d)~'~'Cll'''l~Cll'J:;j"Q')J:;j1
;g"l'Q'~"l'i1J'S'~"'d)~'~'Cll'''l~Cll'L;j'Q')L;j1
"Not having (a) son, a wealthy man prayed to the gods". This sentence will have the same
I
meaning if we replace its .l)~' with ~. i.e. ;g"fQ·~"l·Cll·S'Ji"·.l)~·~'I1J·"l~Cll·Q'Q')ql
;g"fQ·~"l·Cll·S·~"·.l)~·~'i1J·"l~Cll·Q·Q')ql
11.3 The other form of ~"l'Q;S~'
~"l'Q;S~' known as "iJJ'q;S(>,'~"l'Q;S~
"iJl'q;Sfl.'~"l'Q;S"f 'the suspensive particle of
promise' is used to add or fulfil a promise made by a preceding phrase. In the sentence ~iJJ·.I1Q·
~ill'l1Q'
Cll·S·Jj·~"l·J:;j;5~·~·fi~·9~·"~.l)'~'<;·iJJi"·r.lSCll·S~·~1
Cll·S·Jj·~"l·L;j;5~·~·fic:::9~·"~.l)'~'<;·illi"·fl.SCll·S~·~1 (After (his) wife gave birth to a daughter, (he)
~, },-~, made offerings at (the) monastery), the particle ~. facilitates the sentence to continue by co-
~~
ordinating the relationship between the first phrase "~iJJ·.I1q·I1J·S·Jj·~"l·Q;5~·
"~ill·l1q'i1J'S·Jj·~"l·Q<>~· (wife ga~e birth to a
daughter)" and the second phrase "fi~·9~·"~.l)·~'<;·iJJg;,\·r.lSI1J·S~·;;:j1
"fic:::9~·"~.l)·~'<;·illg;"·fl.Si1J·S~·;;:j1 (he made offerings at (the)
monastery)". If the particle~' is not used, the idea could be expressed in two short sentences,
but they will not express the relationship between the birth of the daughter and offering made at
the monastery.
Q;I"l'Q;S~' particle stands as a punctuation to, facilitate the cOntinuation
11.4 In other words a Q!"l'Q;S~' continuation
of the sentence. It has almost the same use of a colon in the English language. The
continuative particle used as a colon helps to itemize. In the sentence, .l),;rS~·Q~·~1
.l)';P'i"l·Q~·~1 ''is'<;'['l'''~'1
~d)'['l'''~'1 "~d)·"I',\C.·1
"~d)'''I'''i~'1 ,,!l"·"I·Q.:s~·;;:j1 (there are four seasons: summer, autumn, winter and
spring), the particle~' functions as a colon and faciliates to list the four seasons. The particle ~.
expresses a promise to list what the four seasons are. Furthermore, these particles are also used
as a conjunction to express contrast, purpose, reason, interrogation and choice.
 1) L
11.5 Examples of Continuative Particles
1. 6.<J·XlqTll':J"
6.<J· Xf'rnr:l" "i'~"l'
.jJ'~"l' Qil''\I·~·fC.
Qil''\!·~·fic. '~'\I' '1-';'.<J.L".t:\ snr
'~'\!' "~il)' '1-';'.<J.L"'t:\ snl' S'\I'
S'\!· ~I
wife to daughter a having born he by monastery at offering did
After (his) wife gave birth to a daughter, he made offerings at the monastery. (choice)
2. i'i"'fll'.L'\I'r;j"l'\l'
i'i".Cl!' .L'\!'r;!"l'\!' ,I;",'
<'f;",' ii'q~'~1
ii'Q~'~1 '\I'~I
'\!'~I "~'r;j"l'\ll q"F q~"1
"~'r;!"l'\!1 Q"F tt;,w Q,W~I
Q~"I tt;.·.<J· Qo'\!'~1
Tibet in Dharma traditions great four there are: Sakyo, Sakya, Geluk, Kagyu Nyingma they are
In Tibet there are four great Buddhist traditions: They are Sakya, Geluk, Kagyu and Nyingma.
(promise) .
3. ~''1'S'\I'~'~'if,'\I'~'''l-';'~il)1
~''1'S'\!'~'~'if,'\!'~'''l-';'~il)1
monk done having monk robes buy in order to went
Having become a monk, (he) went to buy monk's robes. (reason) :--:-_.•..
4. '\I.~C..~'\I.~."
'\!.~c..~'\!.~." -';'~"l' ~c.·ii·~"l·
~c.·ii·~"l· q~"l'\ll
Q~"l'\!1
earth ditch dug having flag pole long a installed
Having dug the ground, he put up a long flag pole. (reason)
"~,,,·~c.·~·"S-';·f'r~1
5. "~,,,·~c.·~·"S""·f'r~1
winter cold but summer warm
It is cold in the winter but warm in the summer. (contrast)
~ ~ "--
S'\!I
~,,·r;!"l··ifaF~c.·.<J· S'\II
6. ~"·r;j"l··ifaF~c.·.<J·
lazy due to home study not done
Being lazy,
lazy , (he) did not do his homework. (reason)
7. Oi·n;·<i:-~·"~il)·<g·.<J·S"'1
Oi·n;·.t·~·"~il)·q-';·.<J·S"'I
laziness great due to monastery to not went
Due to laziness, (1) did not go to the monastery. (choice)
8. i§"'>lj",'ii'ii:l",
i§"'>lj,,,'ii't'l:j", '~'i§,,'~'\I'
'~'i§,,'~'\!' -';'';f''K(Ui''l'~''f Q'\!' ~I
-';'';f'K(Ui''l'~'" .<J~c.' q'\l'
- .-
you thief are as you by goat stealing my eyes by saw due to is
You are the thief as I saw you stealing the goat with my own eyes. (reason)
9. c.i:l.':l'
d:l::r~' til· .<J·fll·
~·til· ""·~·~Q~>I'~.<J·~'\II
.<J·Cl!·""·~·~Q~·~.<J·~'\!1
my daughter Lama to faith having refuge vows received /
On account of developing faith in the Lama, my daughter took refuge vows. (purpose)
1O. c. '\!'fi'"'"j"l'\!'
o. c.'\I'f' ]"1'\1' Q~"'~' :il",'","f q't'l:j",1
"l' ~"i'<rii:l"'1
I by he strength generate having pulling by expel did
I expelled him by vigorously pulling him out. (purpose)
~'Cl!"l' q'\l'
1O. ~. i5' ~'fll"l' '\!. q't'l:j",1
.;J'r.>.~ '\I'<rii:l"'1
q'\!' "l'r.>.~
that why hand by not hold did
Why did you not holf! it with the hand? (interrogation)
,
 153
11.6
11,6 ;St::.
;St::' ~t::. 4t::' The Gerundial Terminations
~t::' and 4t::·
f
These three particles are widely used as participle terminations in the classical Tibetan and
signify --ing in English.
English, They are frequently used as conjunctions and also co-ordinate phrases
"" 00
as by, and, while, being, but etc.etc, as in English.
English, Although they may also be used as aLL'l:iliary
au,'l:iliary
verbs, they do not end a sentence unless followed by completive terminations.
terminations, As dependent
<
particles they are added according to the final of the preceding verbal syllable.
syllable,
~-
r
~"I'(J.~ "I
~"r(J.~"I ,f;"I< ~'\' I
a:;"1< ~".
"I '\ 'I ,\':'i"l
"':'i"l i5t::.
i5t::'
t:: "i
" JJ (J. ~ fll
OJ and vowel endings ~c:
<\I
"I 4t::·
4t::'
".-.
~"'--"
11.7
11,7 Examples
1. t::<\1'01"1'
t:: "1'01"1' q<\l'''I'iil~'
q"l'''I'iil~' ~"I';SI::.'
~"I';SI::.' q,,(J.'~"I' '1')1::.' q'il:j"il
q,,(J.'~"I' '1')1::.'q'Uj"i1
r'
~::
L I by hand by slowly touching signal a send did
By gently touching with (my) hand, I gave(him) a signal.
2, I::.<\I'fii'
2. I::. "I'fii' ::Ffii"l'nr~"i' JI"I' "l,\';Sdl"l'~.Jj~'
::Ffii"lw~"i' JI<\I'"l"';Sdl"l' 'I' JJill::.'~t::.,
~'Jj~' q'JJijl::.' ~t:: 'I
I by he chest on nail with scratching eye water shed see did
I saw him shedding tears while scratching finger nails on his chest.
~~
3.
3, ~. jj'i\' ~"I·q~t"~q·nr"lq·k"r~·~·(J.:S"l
~'jj'i\' ~"I'q~t'!)jq'(lr"lq'k"l'~'~'(J.:S"l
cat the wall ofbehind
of behind at hiding earth diggmg
While hiding behind the wall, the cat is digging earth.
earth,
4.
4, "l1::.·~I::.·"Idi·z;r
"lI::.'~1::. '''Id/'z:r ~1::.·~·JJcb"i·~'i·~'
~I::. '~'JJcb"i'~'i'~1
~ .
t~·A light and moving wind ofcharateristic'areof charateristic<are
Light and moliility are the charateristics of wind. wind,
/
5. '3'JI'r:>.'"
5, 'I "I~"I' q8"i·r:>.
JI'r:>.,\' "I~<\I' q8"i 'r:>. ~<\I'''I::.'~''i
~"I',\I::.'~"i '~I::.' JJij'q''il::.'<lI"i'q'
~
JJij'q' 'il::. '<lI"i' q'a:, JJ"IW"I"I'f'j<l"l'.t'q'r:>.,,"1
a:.JJ"l"fll""I<\I'l'j<1<\1'.t.q'r:>.,,"1
~ ~
girl this two diligent andpossess and possess high and seniors to respectfUli respectfUl! are
These two girls are diligent and respectful to their superiors and elders. elders,
L 6.
6, SI::.·
SI::.' ~<1'
~<l' ~JJ"l' "q"l<':5":5" ~wi)"I'
~JJ"I' "q"l';S-';S-' ~wi)"I' 'l" q:ii,\' q' q~JJ'~1::.
l' q:ii". q~JJ'~1::. '~"I<\I' ",EO".
q~'.>.Ie::
'~"I"I' q~' 'I,,' '" ~I
Bodhisattva by mouse the to always patience practising heart loving do
While always practising patience, the Bodhisattva loved the mouse. mouse,
7.
7, Uj,,' ""I(J.'~I::.'''I'\rq''lSF
il:j,\' ""I(J.'~I::.'''I''l'q''l'
~
q'~ff'j'fll"l"ll
"OF q~fl'j'fll"l"ll
~
~ -
t~ mind happy being respectfUlly happy receive show do
Being happy we respectfully welcome you. you,
R !)jOj'
~fll' q~' q'll"i'q':i:."i' q,.t'
q'll"i' q' :i:."i'q..t. ~"I"l'''l''i'')'''·":~qlq·
~"I"I'''l''i'')''' ,,'~qlq' q....
~ ~

·S....·~,
q"'S"'~1 ~
-- ~
victorious one's doctrine precious direction everywhere flouishing expand did
The doctrine of the victorious one flourished and spread in all directions. directions,
9.
9, !if
!ir.>.1'' 1::.' .>.I~nr~t::
"",\1::.' "'~fll'~t:: 'Uj".~. 'I' 'ic:~"i
'il:j,\'~' q' 'it:: '~ili .~t::' q"l'l;jq"l'
'~t::' 'I''!" i;jq"l'qq .....
,,' S~·~,
S~'~I
,.
"
Lama and meeting mind joyfully restful became
While meeting the Lama, (he) became happy and restful.
/
>;;,.
 154
11O• .>JF~r'1
O. <>JF~r ~'i;j'~"
'1~' £'~"l'J'~~'4~
~~'4~'' 41:;. 'iij' q-<.'
41:;, 'ilj' q-<.'~~"J'~'
"l'~'~f
~f ~''1' .;),,'
j.J'\''1i'
'1('\'!jj~'
\'!jj~.q~'
q~' ~"I~' '1-<"
~''I~''1-< ..Jj.
J)' ~
~"l'
"1' ~I
learne d by intelligence with wich hlOwi ng able is study not with fool by realis e no able
This can be understood by a wise person with intelligence and unders
tandin g but it canno t be
realized by fools who have not studied.
11.8 Instru ment of Reaso n
Although the instrumental case itself is dealt in a different section, we
will discus s here the
instrument of reason which is somew hat similar to the continuative and
gerundial particles we
have just seen in this lesson . The two specific particles used for instrum
ent of reason s are '1~'
and q~'.
q~', They are used both in spoke n and classical Tibeta
n and primar ily signify: because, due
to, by, through, since and therefo re when they are affixed to the
past and perfect participle form.
When affixed to nouns and pronouns they also express comparative.
! ~"l'r:>.~ "1
~'>j'r:>.~"1 nj~'~f;rz:r
f1l~'~f; rz:r i
!
"I ') ~ q<>J"
q.>J'>lj
')'~"1
')'~"1 '1~'
i
I:;.
I:;, r:>. -<. nj
f1l and vowel endings q'>j'
q"l'
I
1. ~')'-<.c
I, ~')' -<.c;, '~~'f1l"l
;.·~~'nj"'l''1~'(~r q'<1i~'r:
'1~'(~r q' >.~~''1~'''
"> ~'r:>.~~ It'\<1iW
' '1~'''Ii<1, ,> w ,K.>JW
a;1:;,' <>JW.i'j-<.'q' ~,)I
.i'j-<.'q' ~,)l
elfby
yours elf by hand with handle from hold therefo re other to all not lost is
Becau se you held it with your hands at its handle, others could not take
away all of it.
2,
2. f\~'''I~1:;, "J''1"J'U
;. "l' '1"l·iij,)·fl
l')'fll'r:>.E "I~r '1-<".>Jif
l·r:>.E.. "I~' ')';\"1
'1-<" <>Jif'). iS"I
thus said since mind in bear make do
As it is said thus, please bear it in your mind, mind.
3. nj'>j'''l'a
f1l'~r"l' a;-<.' ~ '>j'<1i L:; 'fll'ni"l'
;-<.' ~~·">L:; ,wni"l· '1'>j''lI''I
'1~''lI''I'' ~"I'''I~J.I'')I:;.'!:l
'')I:;,'!:l''l
''l
work finish having home at retun by tiger baby three and met
Havin g finished his work when he returned home, he met up with the
three cubs,
cubs.
4. t::')'.l\
t::') ..l\ J.I~'§')
J.I"l'§')'~'
'~' '4''!.ifll'7
'4·'!.ifll·7·r:>.~·
'r:>.~' q"l'''II:;,
q"1'''1I:;.' q~-<.'Ul''
q~-<.·UI·"i')·
'i')' ').>JI
')<>JI
we your father land to - -
£0 go since what send to have do you?
Since we are going to YClUr ycmr country, do you have anything to sent with us?
5, I:;.~'-6i''
5. I:;,~' -6i'''Tr:>.~
'Tr:>.~'' q"f
q..cr q~ ~"I' ¢o<
¢'o< q~"I':<:"I
q~"I':<:"I~'''I,,>I: ;.'I
~'''I<1i1:;,'1
- -
I by stanza this copy therefore little while wait help please
As I am copyin g this stanza, please wait for a little while.
6. q,)"I'
q')"I' q~'''Ii<1'
q~'''It'\<'>1i'''I~~'
'''I~~' ''1-<"
1-<" q~J.I' Q' 4~''j'''I
4~'7'''If''1'~~I
ll' ~~I
self than
£han others dear medita
medi£a£e
te to extrem ely import ant -
is
It is extremely important to meditate to cherish others more than onesel
f.
7. 41:;.
41:;, '~q/'
'~I:;.''lI' ~~'qi5')''1~'Ul''1''
1~'Ulfll'''I'iij''l'
'I'iij''l' J.liijwgzl:;. ~I
l:;, "ll
wood trunk axe with cut from branch a head Oil
all fell
head,
On account of cutting the tree with an axe, a branch fell on (his) head.
 1::>:'
8. ~·q·<!i<!i·§~·s~q"r~·~·<!i"'1
~·q·"i"i·§~rS~(J"r~·~·"i"'1
< ,•
request repeatedly doing by grand-mother said
By making repeated request, the grand-mother said:
9. <::.iJ:llr".l":;;<::"
e:.iJ:!lr J,l":;;e:.' .Il"l.~.~. J:i"l' ~~. "14"1' q~·riic:.-
a;JJ' Jl"l'
.Il"l'~'~' a;Jj' q~'riic:.' J. Jl~'
.>l~' "I"1~' "1"<: 5!~' ~I
--
my mother and meet to doubt not have thus said from they happy became
-
Mter
After explaining that they will definitely meet my mother, they became happy, happy.
,.
?
10. Oi·"I~Jl·q~Jl"'-I~·~(1j·q·SJj~·'-I·"I<::'"Jj"JjENq"r~Jj~·~rrl
0i·"I~.>l· q~.>r ql~r~rlj' q' SJJ~' q' "Ie:. 'Jj' JJEJ'lj' q~'~JJ~' ~il:1
year three meditation doing victorious MaiJreya Maitreya and not see therefore mind sad
He was saddened since he did not see Lord Maitreya after meditating (on him) three years, years.
11.
1L <::"q~'fic;:-:J"I~'<fl<::"1 (I than he powerful small) He is less powerful than me,
e:.·q~·fic:.·-:J"I~'~e:.·1 (J me.
"i~' and
11.9 The use of <!i~' (1j~'
Ol~' for Ablative of Reason
Of these two particles, <!i~'
"i~' is primarily used as ablative of reason, motive, cause etc,
etc. which
f:~ : is associated and used identically with the things we have studied in this lesson,
lesson . It is used to
express reason or cause = 'because of, 'by', 'through', 'on account of and 'owing to', to'. It is
[::,
also used to express 'then'or 'thereupon',
'thereupon'. For instance ~'"i~r is affixed to the perfect root of the
[".
W,:;-
$,:; verb as well as nouns and pronouns to signify 'from',
'from'. (1j'll'
Ol'll' is used to express ablative of
comparative 'than' or any words which have comparative meaning,
meaning. They indicate the source of
~~:j any action described by the verb which can be time, place, thing or person,
person.
~;
,
I, q~Jl'''l7<!i'''I7Jj"q-'l<::''~'ii~'"i~'~~~'
1. q~.>l·"I7"i·"I7«rq-'le:.·~·ij~·"i~·r.l.~~· Jj'q~"I''-I~'~§j'q'
JJ'q~"I' q~'r.l.§j'q' "'''II
~ Samten news good the hear after here not staying go did
,.
I After hearing that good news, Samten left here. here,
2, l·f Jj!>.'
2. JJil.' Q"I~'(1j' JJ''7"i'"i 'Il'mQ'~~''7(1j'
q"l~'Ol' Jj''7"i'"i 'Il'ruq'~~''7Ol' Q~"I' '-I' ~"I1
q~"I' q'
parent's command to not listening school at sleep did
Disobeying his parents, he slept at the school.
3.. "I~' q' a;~'qi3"1'
a;~'qi3"1' "i~'''IJj''l'''I<j"i'~'
"i~'''IJJ''I'''IQ"i'~' Q"1~'~1
q"1~'~1
enemy destroy having military commander to appoint did
~~i After crushing the en~my, he was appointed as the military cammander.
4, 5<::""1<::"5'Ji'c' "i~·"I"/r.l.·c:.0l· &"i'Q'
4~'q'''I~''I':'Jd)'i' "i~'''1"1~'<::'(1j'
5e:.·"1e:.'5' Ji'c'4~''-I'''l~''l':'FJ:i'i' "'''II
~c:..q' "'''I'
&<!i'<j' ~f'<r
Hong Kong in people face know one even not having difficulty great arise did
Because there was nobody who he knew in Hong Kong, he faced great difficulties. difficulties .
5.. <::"(1j"ffi<::.'
c:.·Ol~fic:.· q'i'~"I'''l''l'''l'
q'i'~"I'''l''l'''I' 4~''-I'
4~'q' "''II
JI than he Tibet language better know does
He speaks better Tibetan than me,
6, Ji!>.' J:i'(1j~' ~<::"~'~"I'
Jiil.'j:j·Ol~' .Il(1j·~1
~c:.·~·~"I·.IlOl'~1
other's fire than one's own ashes warm
One's own ashes is warmer than other people's fire.
 LJU
7, ~(1f"l1'\"i"~
~(1j""I1'\"i'~ "r'.!.' <I'[1j,,!""l"i"ij"l"
?' ~d\' <!'[lj,,!" "ld\'ij"l' JI,,' <1-<-" ,>;'fii"l'~
'1-<-' ~ .J;"fii"l"~
land other a to went from benefit not having back return did
Because of not having benefitted from going overseas they returned back,
J;f.\'i~''2!''I~'[lj~'ii:j':r
8, ['1' J;f.\'i~''2!''1~"[1j~'ii:j·:r
"If"' 'I' :<'''1
<I':<'''1
,Il'",,'"
Islam of religion traditiontraditwll from Christain
Christaill different is
Islam is different from Christianity.Christianity,
9. 5'<1'
9, 5' <rJ.lijc:: q'[lj~' j:j.tJ:j".
J.lijc:.' q"[1j~' 'I-<--:I'j~'
jI'tJ:j,,' <1-<-' 4~' ~I
smoke see from fire exist know did
On account of seeing some smoke, the existence of fire was known.
known,
10.
10, ~'J.l£·"i~·~"·S·o.Sc:.·1
~'J.l£'''i~'~'''S'r.>.!:FI
~
ocean from jewel arise
Jewels originates from ocean. ocean,
11.10 Vocabulary
J.li,,·o.SC1l·
J.li,,'r.>.Sn.j" offering ""Io.·q~f
""Ir.>.'q~f welcome, reception
~[1j'q'
~[lj'q' victorious ones q~"i'<I'
q~d\'<!' doctrine
Sc:.·~q·~J.l~·"<lo.·
~F~q'~J.l~'''<!r.>.' Bodhisattva ~"I~' mind (hon.)
§"I~' direction :<..
"i' :<.' said
J.l['1~'
J.l['1~' <j"
<1" ,-
wise, learned ~c:.~'<f
~c:.~'''l' education, stud y
~"I'<I'
~"I'''l' wall @d\'ij'
@"i'ij' fool, ignorant
~"I~'<I'
~"I~'LJ' realisation ~'~~' intelligence
il £J.l"
~'£J.l' doubt Jij'",\'
"If",,· different
i~''2!''I~'
i~''2!''I~' religious sects -<-'~"I'
"'\ -<-'~"I' flag
'1';0.'
q"r.>.' signal, sign ~q~r~J.l·
~q~r~J.l' Refuge vow
'\'\' LJ' faith ~'a;~ monk's robe
"".<f
"i" :<..
0)' :<: said ~'''I' stanza
'\ -<-' q'
"-<-'q' to spread "I;S~'<I'
"I;S~'<!' to cherish
;.~.
;~.
q1i,\' <I'
<I' q~J.l' 'I'
q1i", LJ' tg practice patience sq'LJ'
sq'<I' to pervade
~c:.'q' to fall "Iq'<I'
"I q'<!' to hide
ill,\''\"I().' q'
ill,,·""10.'q' to become happy 'j~'<I'
'j~'LJ' to be respectful
~,\'LJ'
~""<I' to scratch ~O)'<!
il"i'<I . to pull
n(q
ffJ'q to steal i'll'\'N'q'
ill"'N'q' to be happy
~
q"l'f;jq~r<!'
q"l'f;jq~'<I' to be cheerful ')~r<l'
,:!~'<!' to be able to
:<'' 1"<I'
:<'''1' LJ' to touch ~c:.'~'q' to dig a ditch
~,\'LJ'
~"'<I' to expell
expel! ~'\''2!''I' "1"
~"''2!''I' to become idle
q~"I~'<I'
q~"I~'LJ' to pierce, pitch, stab
 i'lUl)j
2uDj - JO W10J gql gq) U! X!S qllM
ul - xls q)IM - :ljSOl
)jsn) - :lllqM jUllqd;)13 :;Hn
;»)lljM - jUBqd:lI3 ::lql 0)01 SIl -P;);)P - UOI)d;):mo;)
SB -P:l:lp uOljd:l:moO) - U!
S,lgljlOW - PUOO:lS
qWOM - S,lgqlow PUOO;)S - JO gAFiMl
gAFlM) -sp:l:lQ
-Spg;)Q 'p:lAl:lSqO
'pgAl;)SqO - 01 0) :lAIJ
;)AI] - :lS:lql
;)S;)q) - lAgpeABW
IAgpeAIlW - l:lqlow
l;)q)OW -
pue - .to
JO l[nBJ
J[OBJ :lql
;)q) looqllA\
)noq)IA\ - UO!lelgU:l2:lp
UO!lelgU;)i'l;)P - :lUoq
;)uoq -pUB
-pUll - leAOl - :lO)el
;);)el pue -ed!Apoqwef
-ed!Apnqwef - PUB[ PUIl[ - pue -
P!lJuoo
P!lJUOO - El;)
Bl:l : :lAlJ
;)A!] UOI1BAl:lSqO
UOI)IlA1;)SqO - :lql
;)q) 0) SV 'PIp:lq
01 S\f 'P!P;)4 - pu;)O)sgp
pUX)S;)P - :ll:lq
;)1;)4 - wIe;u
wlE;u uewoq
uEwnq - ed!Apoqwef
Ed!ApnqwEf
- U:l:ljBjJgptio
U;»)jEjJgptin 2U!Aeq
2U!AEq - :lAg
;)Ag - UOljBAl:lSqO
UOI)IlA1;)SqO - W01J UJIB:ll
UJIIl;)l IlA;)P - Il)!qsnl,
BAgp Bl!qs0l, :01 SB :0) SIl - JO sp:l:lp - PU:l::>Sgp
spg;)P PU;):)S;)P
- 1l)lqsn.L
BllqSOl, UJ01J jSlg
UJ01] - )SJU - JO ;)AI;)M) - SP;);)Q ;»);)[dUJo;) - ;)PISU! - ;)A[;)M) - SP;);)P
:lAI:lMl Spg:lQ ':lle :lp[dUJOO) :lpISU! :lA[:lMl SP:lgp sgUO lUBjlOdUJ!
';)le - S;)UO )UEjlodUJ!
jSoUJ - AqdB120!q
)SOUJ Aqd1l120!q - S,Bqppog
s,llqppng ., :lSB:l[d
;)Sll;)[d - U:ljS!I
U;»)S!I - AUOP1BJ
AHnpleJ .'lj:l) l!:ll lI!M
I1!M - II ];)!lq - Aqde120!q
B - P!lq Aqdllli'lO!q
- s,eqppng
s,Bqppog - :lW ;)UJ Aq - P;»)jSB
pg:JjSB seM - II:lj
II;») - A101S
A10)S :lUO-
;)UO- lU:lPOjS
jU;)pn)s :lUO;)UO - :lUJ 01 - AepOl
;)UJ 0) Aepo) - SlU:lPOjS
sju;)pn)s
uonlllSUll.l~ lll.l;/m-!Was
UOnll\SUll.l.L lll.lal!l-!Was

I~ J,,~tr.rtr.'f~tr.1':1.&b~.ttl.1'f'.'f~"cJ.&blt;.
l~ .I'»~tr ::rtr.'f~tr.l':r .&b~.ttJ.1'f> .'f~'cJ.&blt;. '::lin. 'fkJb. ':J~.1'f'
':J1n.'fkJb. '::l~.1'f> .;!,'cJ.&.l':r. 'fiU. ':J~
.;!,"cJ.&.I':1.'fiU. '::l~
~ . ~ ~

.I'f>.~ .'fs .'fIn.G:.~1'f'.~G.N?.&~

.I'f'.~ .'fIn.G:.~1'f>
..... -...:.- .~G.N?
,-
.&~ .lb.'fs:.tr.'£
.lb.'fS:.tr.'£
~--
.bttJ.G:6- .S.ttJ~.trlt;.'£~.G.ttJ~.&1':1
.bttl.G:6- .s.ttJ~.trlt;.'£~.G.ttJ~.&l':r
,....
......- , . . . .
'
.'flt;"cJ.'fkJtr
.'flt;'cJ.
~--
'fkJtr
~
.I'f>'~:r
.I'f'r ~ ~
~
~ ~

.ttl.1':1.&b';£'
.ttJ.l'
:ro.I':1.&b&.ttJ.'
:ro.l':r .I'»bl'»
-
.~.ttJ£'.~.l':r .&bl'».ttJ.~ £' ."cJ~1'f'
r .&b5£' .~.ttl£'.~.I':1.&b&.ttJ.~£'
;..0-
.'cJ~1'f>
....., .!'it '£. 'fklb.
£G.FD.'£.'£klb."cJG:6-
...... .ttJ. '£G
...... ...... 'tJG:6-
..... .....,
,....,
~ -
............

~
<l ~
]'£.1':1.~
I,£.l':r.~ ~1'f'."cJI':1.
.....,.....,
I.':Jh.ttl(¥ b~. ':J'.l?l'.e.;s.bs:.'£FD.':Jh .I'f'~ .~tr
~I'f>. 'tJl':r. '£~tr.rl':1
'f~tr. ':rl':r .ttJr.&fh.rtzl"cJ."cJl'
.ttJ':r
...... .&fh.':r
.....
,...

J1'f.>.e. '£~tr.l':1:ro
tzl'cJ. 't-..",,....
.....
....., ...... '£~tr .l':r :ro
~
'.:>

.I;;.&tl,b.~tr.l':r.~~N?I
.I;;.&tl,b.~tr.l':1.h~N?1
,....,
....., ...., ....,
jS.~
Is.':r
.....
~:rl':r .&tzll'f'.ttl.'£/:.&'£.
...... ~.rl':1 '£~:d,I'f>.l':r.1'»
.&tzll'f>.ttJ. '£1:.&'£. '£~.~kl'f'.I':1.&
..... ':Jg.rS.':Jfr. '£~.I'»~
'::lg.':r S. '::lfr. '£~.I'»~
"'-.;>

.l':r.&In.'cJI:rN?I'»'fb:~l':r.b~
.1':1.&In."cJkl'f'.I'»'£b:~I':1.b~ b~.tr.~b
l.':Jh.tr.~b b~.~tr
bh.~tr b~.b.~.'fsb bs..~.':JIn.'£kJb
bs..b.~.'fsb 1.':J~.~.'::lIn.'£kJb
~ ~

bh.&£'
bb.&£' ......,
I. '::l~ .&b':r .bln.& 'f. ':J~:CJI'f'.h.'£l':1h.bJg."cJ1':1
I.':Js..&br.bln.&'f.
......,
':J~:CJI'f>,b. '£l':rb.bIg.'cJl':r
.... ;>
....;> v
.&tzll'f>.ttJ."iD.1'
'.ttJ."iD.1'» '£b.
......
'£b."cJ1' .
......
.b~.1'»
'......,tJl'::1r .b':r.1'»
,....,
~
. . . . " . . ......
....., ....., .....,

.~
.s.
............
'-
~~b.l':r .I'»tzll'
j'£.l':t.b;:Jl'f>. 'cJl':r. ~ff,b.1':1
j'£.h.h;:JI'f'."cJI':1.
- . . . : > . . " -.""

~
"
~b. '.....,......
.ttJ,& ~b."cJ
tzll'f>f'.ttl.& t::b.1':1.klb
cJ t::b.l':r .klb .r;;.&tl,b.~b.l':r.~ ;:J1'
.r;;.&tl,b.~b.I':1.S.
.....,...",....., ~I'f>I
f'1 .....,..... .....,.....,....., -
Is. ~~b
.....

.':Jto.r b.':r"fh'
.':Jto.':r b.~ fh"cJ.17
cJ.17 .ttJ~. 'cJb.':r Rib.
.ttJ~."cJb.r
..........,
..........." "cJttl.~
...... , . .tzlu
&b.'cJttJ.':r tzl'tJ.
"XI,.............., .I'»b
...
"kJb.~
"
. , ':J~.l':r
. . .~..I'»bkJb.S..ti?hl.'
. . ..ti?hl. :Js..1':1 .&~.& ':JI'».'£.':JG ""
':JI'». '£. ':JG ,S.b':r .I'»r;;.....,
.S.br
~ ~

.1'»»1'1'f>f' 'f'f.l':r
.1':1.&tzll'f'.ttl.I' » rt.t::.I'f'D
.&tzll'f> .ttJ.l'»rt.t::
...... .I'f>D lttJ&b.
JttJ&b.
.....
...... ~';£'
~5£'I'f>.1'» s: .blb. ~ ~b .&~ .ttJ~.&
1'f'.1'» ...........
............ .ttJ~.&r;;.b)n.
r;;.....,....., ':Jl:t-.&'
....., .J:::rJn. ':J6-.&
....... ':Jfi1"cJ
Jfi1'tJ

~
"
.Ie"S.b.'£hb
bb .'£"~b .~~b.b
.b~b.b s."cJ.1'
"
~
" "
.~1':1 .bs.1'f'.ttJ.ttl6-."cJb.
b'cJ.1'f>f' .bl':r .bs.1'f> .ttJ.ttJ6-. 'cJb.
....., ..... ''£~tr.l':r
':rtr.':r.
rtr.r. .I'f>b::r ---
£s.tr.1':1.I'f'b.rkJb
..... kJb
.....,
.....,
.I'»b~.
'-' ......
,,~
':Jl:t-.&I'f'rt,b
':J6-.&I'f>rtb
............
....... -- '-

':Jb.I'f>.~ .I'»rt.'cJb
.~ .&S:tr. ':Jh.l'f'.h.l'»rt."cJb
....., .'.r~
:r5£' I'f'.':J.bk.1'f'.&bt::b.rtzll'f'
I'f>......,....,
.........., .I'f>~.& ~.& ;3'cJ.&
':J.btr.1'f> .&bt::b.':rtzll'f> .I'f'~.& b.b~
;3"cJ.& .....,.....,
.ttl.bkJ.b.hJln
.ttJ.bkJ.b.ltJln
,....,......,
~

"-...:I
.....,
~~.s.'fG.~ .ttl';£'
.b.':J6-. ~iiJ.S.'fG.~
............
"'0 .....
.'cJbb.'cJ~.b .I'f'to.&'f
.lu5£' ."cJb~."cJ~.b
_-
' ......
.....
.l'f>to.I'»'f
1
I
.~.':r&.':rhl.
.~.r&.rhl.
_ ......
'::llt;.I'f>.ttJ~'cJ.~
'- '::1lt;.r-e.ttJ~"cJ.~
.....
,...., ......
.....,....., ,....,
.....,
.I'f>~ l'f
.I'f'~ .l':r.b~l'f>.
I'f. ..1':1.h~I'f'."cJ1':1
...,......,
'cJl':r ,0-. ""........

. "- "- ~ ~

.l'»l'f'rtb.h
.l'»l'f>rtb.l':t
" .1'f>~b.r;;.I'»tl,b.~b
.1'f'~b.r;;.I'»tl,b.~b.l':1.h
....., .......
~I'f>I
.l':r.b ;:IN?1 ..... ~I'f> .'.rl':1
1s..h;:J1'f'
Ib.b .&bkJ.~.ttJ ':J1'f>.1'» 'f .I'»lnb .Il:l.
:rl':r .&bkJ.s..ttJ':JI'f'.1'»'f.l'»lnb.Il:i."cJ1'f'
,.... '......
cJ1'f>
.....,
..ttJ~'cJ.~.I'f>~.I'f>.
..... ~~b .'."cJ1'
ttl~"cJ.~.I'f'~.I'f'.~~b
......
c.....,Jl'.....:1.':Jt.
r .':Jt......,
~s:.l'»bgb.l':rJrJ~.I'»l':r.I'f>~
~s:.l'»bgb.I':1Jr.J~.I'»I':1.I'f'~
....." ." .."."
.lb.~IB.b~.b
. ..lb.~!B.b~.b
", .'P.l?r-e .rluh.ttlk.'
1'f> .':rlub .l? b. ':J1l:i1
.ttJtf. 'P
....... ,....
J1l:l1 "-
~ "-
~

]'f.I':1.h
l'f.l':r.b ~I'f>. 'cJl':r .l'»bkJ.~
~te."cJ1':1
.....,....., .l'»bkJ.~ .&I'f'FD.lb.l'f'~b
.&I'f>I'il.!b.I'f>~b
.....,.....,
.....,,...., .&tl,b.I;;.&tl,b.~b.l':r.b
.&tl,b.I;;.&tl,b.~b.l':1.h
.....,
,...., ....., ~1'f>1
;:J1'f'1 1"cJ1' ..l'»bt::b.ttJ."iD.~.1'f>
tJl'.:r1.l'»bt::b.ttl."iD.h.1'f'
I',,.........,......,- "-
~ ~
"-

.ttJt;'cJ.~.I'f>~ b~.l':r
.ttlt;"cJ.~.I'f'~ .bl'f>.~~.
bh.1':1 .s.I'f'.~~."cJ1':1
..... '.....,
cJl':r .&1'f'tl,.t--2;; I.':l~.&b':r. ..ttl~.&br
.&I'f>tl,.t--:.-;; I.':lh.&br
'-
.ttJ~.&b':r
. .".,,..........,,bh. ':l1l:l.I'f>;;'cJ.ltJ~
... . .':l1l:i.1'f'~"cJ.hJ~
bb. .,
~

I.':lh. ~lil~£'.&~
I. ':lb. ~li3.h£'.&h
..... I~ .fi\.I':1.l'»bt::b.ttl.h
....., .fiI.l':r.l'»bt::b.ttJ.b
...... .....,
....., --,.... Ib.b~1'f> .':rb.I>1'cJ.':r
Ih.h;:J1'f' .rb.I>1"cJ.r
,....,
b'cJ.ttJ~.'cJI'f>.
s."cJ.ttJ~."cJI'f'.
,........., --,....
'':JIH.G
.....,-...:....."
.1'f>~'cJ.I'»~
:JIH.G .N?;:J"cJ.I'»~ ,........., '-:>'.:> ......

.&bt::b.fi\.1':1.&bt::b.&'f.&
.l'»bt::b.fiI.l':r
....., .&bt::b.&
,....,
....., ~b.'tJI'il.
'f.& ~b."cJFD. ~IB. "cJbh
....., ~iU. 'cJbb 1'f.I':1.s.
l'f.l':r.b
....,.....,~I'f>. 'cJb.1>1 "cJ.&'f.'£li3."cJbh.l':1.':lh.r;;
~1'f'."cJb.1>1 'cJ.& 'f.,£IB. 'cJb~.l':r. ':l~.r;;
,,,.........,
"... ".........,

.&tl,b.~b.l':r
.....,
.b~N?I Ib':r
.&tl,b.~b.1':1.h~tel Jh~. ..b.':J';£'.
.b.':J5£'.
...., '::l'f.&l{,b.~b.l':r
.':J'f.&l{,b.~b.1':1
...., .b;:;I'f>.&I'f>~ .&6-.
.s.;JI'f'.&r-e~ 'P.~b.':rtf.1'f> ~ .r;;.I'»~.&
'.l?~b.rk.1'f'
,.... '-..... .r;;.I'»~.&
....., ':l& "...

I.':l'fb.l'»br.
I. ':l'fb.&b':r. ~&b.& 'f~ .&G.l':r
;.... 'f&b.& ,.... .bln
.&G.1':1 1~In.b.t;.bs:b.&~b.':r
1~In.b.tJ.bs:b.&~b.r
....., .....,.....,
...... ..........., ~I'f>f'.rk.1'f'
s.1'
,...
...... ~ .r;;.I'»~.1'»
.':rtf.1'f> ~.r;;.I'»~.1'»
....., ':l&
~
~ "-
~ "-
~

':l.&b.':r ............
.1'» ':l.&b.r t::.&br ,b6-tr.b6-.&~.ttJ.&b.bs:b.bt;.trIg.ttJ.
t:: .&b':r .h6-tr.b6-.&~.ttJ.&b.bs:b.bt;.trJg.ttJ.
.....,,.........,.....,,
............ ..... :1. ':l':r.b
'::1.':lr.s. l~ .bt;.bIgI
I5£'
-....,-.....
.....,,....
.bt;.b~j
..... -...:>""" - -...,-...... ......
I!. ~
II.

L C; I
 1) (5
Shuddhodana's - queen - molher
mother - Mahadevi's- righlright side - from - womb - entered.
entered, Deeds -
twelve of - third - birth - deeds of - as to the: mother - Mayadevi - city Kapilvastu - from -
Lumbini garden - to - having sel set forth - tree- a branch - by hand -held - sky to - as soon as she
looked - wondorous omens -many - together - was born - four direction to - stpes seven - each -
touched - wherever to - flowers lotus - eight petalled - seven - seven - blossomed - by father -
prince Siddhartha - thus - was named,
named. Brahmins - omens (signs) - who were expert - if ordained
- will become enlightened - if stayed at home- universal monarch - king - will become-
predicted. he royal kingdom. Deeds - twelve of - fourth - sportsmanship - skilled - become -
deeds - as to the: thereupon - knowledge - five fields - learned - tutors - many - from - many
written scripts - astrology - furthermore -lingustics - philosophy - arts - medicine - knowledge -
fileds numerous - time- in short - study - completed - in all - became learned. Deeds - twelve of
- fifth - queen - attendants- enjoyment - as to the: Shakya -youth - Devadatta etc. - five hundred -
together - jumping - and - swimming and - archery - etc. - sportsmanship - many kinds -
respectively - through competing - prince Siddhartha - having won - Shakya Dandapani's -
princess- woman's qualities - many - who possessed - Gopi - and also Yashodahara - etc. -
received as his queens.
11.12 Exercises of Lesson Eleven
(a) Fill the blanks with the correct continuative particles and participle terminations:
1.
L fir::. ·"I~"J·r::.i:l·§j"l~·q········1 -<.<l·,\r::.·1 <l'
·"I~"rr::.i:i·§j"l~·q········1 ~~. -<'''l·,\r::.·1 l)·r.>.E:il)·,\r::.·1
"l'11;'ili·r.>.E:ili' ~."l' "lo~'
,\r::.·1 ~'''J' <lo~· ~I
~·"·~·t1r::.·~·.>l,?.>l·,\·r.>.§j'r.>.~,\······?·C1l·~·~"l·~"l~·S"·~'r.>.,\"1
~·"·~·t1r::.·~·.>l,?.>l·5·r.>.§j·r.>.~,\"·"·?·clr~·~<l·~<l~·S'\·~·r.>.5"1
-
~~. ". 3\.>l~r"lil\"l·Cll· "lic....·.... ~"Cll"~"I.l.l-<.. §,\·~I
3. ~~·"·3\"J~r"lili"JW"J.iC""""·~W~"I·l.l-<'·§'\·~1
-
".:.;
4.Qiliil) ...... "I~-<.. q:~i:l'
4.Qiliili...... "la:;il)·~,\·~1
q:~i:i. "Ja:;ili'~,\'~1
Y.ll"~.""'" .>lE(C ~·l.lP: ~ili'
Y.lf'l~"""" ~il)' q' "J"I-<"~r::.'
"l"l-<"~r::.' "l"ili·r.>.I~f
<l"il)·r.>.I~f ~'~C1l' ~,\I
~'~Cll' ~'\I
6~ ~.I"'l.l-<.' Q')C
6~~'f'l'l.l-<" ...... '\.~. <l-<"Cllil)
z;l'JC...... Q-<"C1lili
I ·fl.S". Sr::.·1
"J'Sr::.·1
·i'J.S"."l' _
I ~
(b) Repeat the following sentences by filling in the ,Tibetan equivalents of the English words:
1. E:,\·t.l·S·"I~~·
E:,\·t.I·S·"I~~· ',\,\.l.l~.
<>i,\',\"Ir.>..~r::. ',\,\'l.l~'
<>i,\',\"Ir.>.'~r::. r.>. ~·§,\·Cll·r.>.SCll·a:j1
r.>.~·§,\·"l·r.>.SC1l·a:i1
we father son two mind happy and faithful this you to offer
While being happy and faithful (to you), we father and son will wiJl offer you this.
living in Lhasa and rich
being tall
taU and kind
being young and strong
being Losar and your birthday
,\-<""<l.r.>.~'~<l';k'''lr::.'<l~'
2. ,\-<'·-'l"l·r.>.~·~"l·kUlr::.·"l~· '\'~'§ili'~'J1ili'~1
'\'~'§il)'~'Jlil\'~1
silk this fine and light therefore now wear not will
As this silk is fine and light, I will not wear it just yet.
As this cott0J;l
cott0I;1 shirt is cheap and heavy
As this shoes is beautiful and expensive
As those hats are old and cheap
As that shop's gloves are thick and light
3. J1·"~'-<'~·~"I·"IUl"l·~r::.·
Jl'''~. -<'~'~"I."I"l<l'~r::.' ~·[1J·~'gj·r.>.~·Q~ili·r.>.'\"I·Qj
~"Cll":<: gj.r.>.~' <l~il)'r.>. ,\"1' Qj
~
man that by cloth waving earth Oil all drawing is -
While waving a piece of clOlh, cloth, that man is drawing on the ground.
 1:J'7
1 :J'-;J
While playing flute and standing on the roof, that man
While drinking milk and lying on the bed, that man
While listening and writing a letter, that man
:~ ,
"'. 4. fi~·~'~f~<rii\"rq';Jl'~r<j'Sl' JtJli::.'ii,Jt'\"lQ·q-'>;·~-'>;·~1
fi~·~~f~<rii\"rq';JJ'~rq'Sl· JtJJ~·ii·Jt,\"lQ·q~·~""·~1
he by book a wrote since people many not happy became
'c-
\< Many people became unhappy with him since he wrote a book, book.
".;
By singing Indian national-anthem
national 'anthem
By showing a picture of Mao
Since he is a thief
As she read his story
By meditating three weeks
(c) Answer the following questions by using an appropriate phrase on the right:
~;.
~;' --
f"~·q·Q,,\·£·~~·ii'i'\·~,\1
1. f"~'<j'A,,\' £. ~~'iii,\' ~'\I "I'Sl~'q'
"I'Sl-'>;'<j' ~~. q'~.~"1
~~'<j'~'~"1 ').~,~.
').~,~.
~i~~
~:~~
2. ~~'§-'>;'A,,\'6i'll'l'l"l'~·ii'A5."l'''l'Sl
~~'§""'r:>.,,\' 6i'll·ll"l·~·ii·r:>.5."l·"l'Sl l'l"l' ~~' ii' l'l"l'l'l~'.l:l~'
ll"l'~~'ii' ll"l'll~ 'IF J.i'Oj'~I'\' 'llW
'Il'£1l'
~
t: ~ ~q·:2"l·r:>.,,\·~I'\·~,\1
3. ~q':2"l'A"\'~i'\'~'\1 Qiili'£1l"l'Sl'
--
~f.('fjJJ' Jlg'Sl'
Qjil\'£1l"l'Sl' ~I'\'fjJl' ~"I'Sl'ii'
JJa;'Sl' ~"I'Sl'ii'
~j
4. fi~' £1'\'ql'\"l'll''ll'''l'q'
~
~,\I
£1'\' ql'\"l'll''Il'''l' q' ~'\I §'~£1l' H~' ji)'ili'~'
jil'il\'~'
§,\·",,~·~·jj~·(lr"l·~·~~'~·cJi,\
5. §,\',>;~'~',k£1l'''l'~'~-'>;'~'cJi,\ Ae::Jl~f,\SC-'Sl'
r:>.E::JJ'Sl',\SC-'Sl' ~£1l'Jla>ili'
~£1l' JJibil\' ~ili'Q;K'
~il\' QlK'
6. Qiili'£1l"l'SlS'li'''l'
Qjil\'£1l"l'Sl''\''lf''l' ~'''lili~'~'A5.''l
~'''lil\~'~'r:>.5.''l "I~'\'E;"l
"I~'\'E;"l f"'£1l"l.q~'
f"'£1l"l'q~'
7, ·a;JJ'Sl·~q·ro"l·~·r:>.5."I'''IJJI
7. fi~ 'a;Jl'Sl'~q'ro"l'~'A5."I'''IJlI f"'<j'>;''?ili'<j'
f"'q""',?il\'q' ii1'~'A~'Q'
iil'~'Q~'Q' E::'Q8~'q'
e::'Q8~'q'
ji;;~
ji;;S<
,,;:5<
8. ~i'\'£1l"l'QI'\'6i~W"l'~'A5."l
~I'\'£1l"l'<li'\'6i~"£1l""I' ~'r:>.5."l ~'''I
~'5 I!!Jl' <I"'"
"I~'~,\' Q.>;'
I!!JJ' "J~'~'\'
""
6,\·£1l·')·'ll~·~·ll""·JJ·cJi,\·q'Sll
9. 13,\'£1l'')'Ul~'~'l'l-'>;'Jl'cJi'\'<j'Sl1 ;j;ii'
JJ~'ii' f"'''9'Sl' q,,'q,\6i'
P<'4'Sl' qil'q5.6i·
- ~
[:;:£·"I·'S.'Sl'~·ii'i"lWQ~'~'~,\1
10. [:;:£'''I''S:~f~'iii''lWQ~'~'~'\1 i!i'£'\'''l~Jl'<j' JJ§"I'Il'ii'
i!i'£'\'''l~JJ'q' Jl§"I'll'ii'
(d) Render into Tibetan:
~l
I 1. They will be washing the patient's clothes this afternoon,
afternoon.
2. I have been eating bread for two hours.
3. We will be coming to see your kind friend at 5.45 pm.
4. She saw my two neices at the restaurant this moming,
moming.
5,
5. Do you sing the Nepalese anthem at your school?
6. Do you have sixty two dollars to buy a pair of trousers?
i,i 7. While cutting this wood he held my arm.
8. These are my three brothers, Tshering, Nyima and Dawa,
Dawa.
9. Since I am old I cannot walk to the hills.
10. As it is cold in the winter, I bought this woolen hand gloves for you.
i (e) Copy out the sentences, replacing the verbs by changing the infinitive form of verbs given
t~ on the right into the appropriate tense and terminations given in the sentences.
1. fi~'llj'Sl' -'l'Sl'<j'£1l'Ul"l'
fi~ 'llj'Sl'll'Sl' q'£1l''ll''l' ii' 8~' :<:"l'Sl'''lili~'1
:<:"l'Sl'''lil\~'1 "l':J~
"l':J~'Sl'q'
'Sl'<j' '?ili'<j'
,?il\'q' Q~'q'
'Il' q":!'Sl'q'r:>."\'§'\' ~'nrJl~~
2. ~ 'll'q":!'Sl'<j'A"\'§,\' ~'£1l'JJ~~ '~'Ulilil'~'t'ijil\1 A~'q'
Q~'q' Wili'<j'
Wil\'q' "IUl-'>;'Q'
"l'll""'Q'
3,
3. A"\'
r:>.,,\' £'~
£.~ 'Sl' QI'\"I't"l~<r q't'ijil\1
QI'\"l't"l~z:r <j'Ulili! ~'Q'
~'Q' q'
ii'\' <j' .'l'Q'
ll'Q'
~
:
J.i'~'Sl' ~.~."l'll~. Q' ~,\I
ii\'J.i'~'Sl'~'~'''lUl-'>;'Q'~,\!
4. iii' "l'Sl'\'<j'
"l"1,\' q' q-'l~'q'
qll~'q'
~
 .tdtJ~b
.0 .ltJ~O .o.'rt<lb
.b:rtnb .h.~lI.o
.1>.l;>l1.b I~'r.h
...... .'rg\:J.f,.~~.ltJ_~_~b::Jt1I.~tJ
........... ....,. --.., -6
.I>.tf~
.h.tf~ .0.~tltJ
.b.":ltll:J .0.1;
.b.t: b!?_'rS!' .":l~lf.P.~.i';,~.~.i';,;f
b!?rsP _~~fi'_ .~'c).b.1:t '8
P.~.~~.~.~;f .~\:J.o.1:t
.b.":l1ib.~
.0::J1io.~ .0 -
.b.":l'Plf
.~'l'tf
,
1~~.~.~b.~.i';,t:.ItJ.P.I\l~l:J.!! 'L
1~~.~.~o.~.~I;.ltJ.P.~~tJ.!! .L

.b.~
.o.~ .I>.~~
.h.~~ 11;>t!>.t<l.~l:J.bltJ.aI.ItJ.€J.I\l":l '9
1~t!'.t<l.~\:J.bltJ.tzl.ltJ.€J.~~ "9
.b.ltJbl:J.I>.~!lf
.0 .ltJbtJ.h.~!fi' .0.ltJS!'\:J1G
.b.ltJsPl:J1G 11;>.l;>l1.ti.~.ItJ.tf~b1'Plf.l;>lu~
1~.~lI.ti.~.ltJ.fi'~b1'l'fi'.~Iu~
..-....... . - .~
..-...... ".--"."

AAT
 ~
11.13 Extracts from the Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita
Co\.. -v" _ Co\..
~ ~ C'\.. -v" -.... C'\..
I'~' I,,\IljD-'tAl'tAl",'7<3)'Jl,,\' J,j~' a~il)!
a~il) 1
!U'.jil) ',),,\ '~<3\'
ltAlil)'')<3\ q'U'.jil) '')il) 'Cll!
'~il)' z:,rtAlil)'')<3\'flll 1,,\"ID-'U'.j'U'.jil) '1)il)' JJ,,\' a; eJ,j~'
~ ~ ~
fQ~' q' J1'~Ilj'flll
!Q~' ~'D-EA' J:.!' J1'~"I'Cll! 1 ,,\"ID-'U'.j ,..11' Q~'"\'~'
',,\IljD-'tAl'4' Q~' "\'~' J.1il)1
L
t Those with knowledge are fond ofknowledge
of knowledge
But it is not so for those without knowledge,
knowledge.
The honey bees show delights in the flowers
~,
~- .
:j But it is not so with the bluebottle flies.
_ ..... C\..,.""- _..... ..."
..... ~
~
-.... ..... c-.."'"
f>.
0;.: I~~'
!~~' eJ,jct>Ilj' '''I'~il) '(lj' I;J~I
J,jd>"I' ~~ 'Ilj'~il) I;J~! w f~'I;J'~ il)' q'''It'\il) ,~il) 'D-c&flll
I~'I;J'~ il)'J:.!'Iljl'\il), 'D-c&Cll!
~ ~ ~ ~
lJ:(S'~~'Ilj'~~W'7Ilj
!iffS' ~~ '''1'~~'Cll''7''1 I~il)' S'Iljl'\il) '(lj'~~'~ il) 'Ilj')~
S'''It'\il) w~~'~ '''I')~ 'I
~;;
The wise look for their own faults;
Knaves seek the faults of others.
~:~~ The peacock examines its own body,
(But) the owl signals a bad omen on others.
,
~r§
}r§ e-...
~;;: c-... e-...""'"
c-...""'" ......
!S'I;J' cE<3\'
IS'I;J' r:i'I;J~I;J' J:.!f.i'.3;1
cEil)' r:i'I;J~I;J' qf.i' d;1 ID-I;J"\'
ID-I;J "\' J:.!'tAl~'
q'U'.j~' "i2\'~Ilj~'I;J~~ 1;J'iJ<3\1
'~"I~'I;J~~ ''l;J'iJil) 1
C\..,.
e-....c-..
'c-... _ _
~
/, ........... ......
-""'
- ......
f:'~ Iil) "I~' ibfll'ct>il)'
f<3\ Ilj~' q'
ibCll' d>il)' J:.!' J,j~'I;J~"I~' <3\1
Jl~'I;J~Ilj~' il)1 Ifi}~
fi}r.. 'l'\Ilj'';),<3\ ~'':l]''I~'~' ,,\Ilj
't'\ "I ,-is' il)~'':l]Ilj~'~' "\"1 ~I
~
r\d
When one has to accomplish an important task
One should diligently rely on good friends.
friends,
When one is setting a large forest into fire
It definitely needs the wind to associate with.
~
b
 /
LESSON TWELVE
~ ~
l;.Jr
<bO)' .q~' "lj,?~' l;,Jr
~L:r ib"i'l;J~'l:lj,?~'
,-
We have already seen the use of syllable "\ "i in locative and durational cases ofr>J'~"\' In an
ofr>J'~"i' in
'-
earlier lession.
less ion, In this lesson we will see some of its other uses which expresses emphasis,
condition, reason, doubt, hypothesis and interrogation, Generally added to the end of the verbal
phrase"\
phrase"i is used to express though, although and other similar expressions in classical Tibetan,
12.1 The Use of "\
"i to Emphasize a Special Point
1. i<J~''':Ql!f"i1
i<J~"'Q~f"i1 i<J~"'-'"i1
i<J~"'"i1 In brief
2, ,\<)'.:r;Qf"!'l"i1 '\<)"'"il
,\<J'i£;Q~'l"\1 ,\<J"'-'"il For example
3. 'lJc:r>J'lJZ\r~'"i1
3, 'lfc.'r>J'lf'lr~'"i1 Because
4, qi'\''lJ"i'\I'r:.!'lJ~-r"l'lJ'
,\e:~r'11'qi'\''lf"i Z;'fjZlr q'Ul"i'"i1
Z\l'r:.!'lj~f"l'lj'ij'fj'lr<rUj"i'"\1 If I were to explain properly the actual situation
12.2 The Use of "i to Express a Condition
'l'. 1. '\I,.q"i'Q?Q'"i'o.Q'\l'S'~1
Z\I,q"i'Q?Q'"i'o.QZ\I'5),~1
seed sow iffruit
iffruit grow will
If one sows the seeds, it will grow.
grow,
~ ,
"I"ii<JW~"i' <1'
2, "I"ii<JW~"i' q' J:j"i'"i' q''lj'I1I'QQQI
Ji"i'"i'if, ""'" 'r'lJ'flI'QQQI
k,',-
k-",'
sky in cloud not have rain how fall
,;;.;- If there is no clouds in the sky, how will it rain?
3.
3, ~,\·J;"i·q'~Q'"i·~c.,g<\j·~'8Q'~'~"i1
~'\' J;"i'Z;'~Q' "i'~c:.,g<ll'~'8Q'~' :l'."il
~i1
ill voice loud make ifthey if they hear able will
, If one speaks louder, they can hear it.
~:~ 4.
4, 1:
~'\''lJ~'\I'flI''lf~
,\,'lj~Z\I'I'll''lJ~ "'-'~i<J'''I~JJ' ''II'" S"il
"'~i<J'''I~JJ' ~"i'"i'~ ''Ii'''-'
we two
rwo to gold coin three find ifwlzat like do
What shall we do if two of.us of ,us found three gold coins?
~i
5. c:.W~I1I'f'l'IjQ'"i'f!i"i'l1d"i'q'~,\'~'Uj"i1
5, c.W~flI'f'l'IjQ'"\'f!i"i'l1d"i''-J'~,\'~'Uj"il
I to victory gain ifyou
if you to present give will
~;.;;~
prize,
I will give you a present if I win the prize. I
I
12.3
12,3 The Use of"i in Interrogative Reasonings
~~
1. '\~'>1i"i·~'\I·~C.·~4'\1'"i'mQ'~"I·~'\I''lJ·nr4'\11
'\~'>1i"i'~Z\I'~d1'4Z\1'"i'mQ'~"I'~Z\I''lj'nr4Z\1I
teacher by also not know if student by how know will
How would the students know if the teacher does docs not know?
,~;;-~
,~1;.~ 2. Uj'~'iil'lj'~c:.' i<J'4'\1'
2, Uj'~'iij'lJ'~c.' J' 4Z\1' "i'Q~''lJ'flI' 4Z\l1
"i'Q~''lj'I1I' 4'\11
,-,~
letter read even not know 1000W will
kllow if write how !mow
If he does
docs not know how to read, how docs he hc write?
-:~~
 163
3.
3, r!",'r.>.~'t)"l'::J<:;'
r!",'r:>.~'t)"l'::Je;' .<6j''I"0;'qe::S"l',,!'nrIi"!
Jj'lj"r 0;' qe:: s~r"l'nr li"l
load this horse by also not carry if donkey by how carry
If the horse could not carry the load, how could the donkey carry it?
4.
4, ~'~<:;'~' Jl''-'l''j"q'.'J" Q'i!o;' o;'<:;'r.>.~'~'
~'~e;'~' Jl''-'l''fq'Jl'Q'ijo;' o;'e;'r:>.~'~' ~0;1
today sun good not shine ifI if I go will not I
I will not go today if it is not a nice day,
12.4 The Use of 0; to Express Contradiction
1.
L '1,,!'r.>.
'1"1'r:>. ~'fl' ~<:;
m'lr' ~e; 'ii)'nr' i5o;'~"I'iii "i''r.>.:'J"l'aio;'q,r.>.
"i '~' ~'<li iii :>.O'J"l' aio;' q,r:>."\"1
"1"1
~
~ - - ~
student this yesterday lazy with a though today diligent is
Although this student was lazy yesterday, today he is very diligent.
2. ~'i.l' ~'''li'\'Ric:::
2, ISff.l' ~'''li'\'liic::: ~o;' ~'"r
'~filr ai'<I'~"fU1o;' "i'Q' ~"I"l' Jle;'
<I'~"j"U1o;' iIi'Q' r:>."1"1
Jl<:;' q- r.>.,,\"!
Africa's continent famine great a though cow many have
Africa'S
- -
Although Africa is a famine striken continent, there are many cows,
3. 0;"\'
3, 0;"1' 'r~'
LJ'~' a;' Q' ai'<I'~"I'o;' >lil'~e;'~'Jj'r:>.)"1
j;'<1'~"1'o;' olil'r.>.:F~'Jj'r.>.)"I
patient the fever high a though water drink not is
The patient has high fever but he does not drink water.
;.::;;'
;.:,,'
4, ~fo;"I',,\<:;'q"\'''I~''l'~o;'~''I''rq'U1o;'o;s''\~rq''';S",,'i)1
~f 0;"1' "Ie;' q"l'''1~''l'~o;'~''1''l'q'U1o;' o;s "I~r q''';S-';'i)1
China and TiJfet Ti1fet formerly friends are howe:er howe'"ver now enemy become did
Although China and Tibet were formerly friends, now they have become enemies,
12.5
12,5 The use of 0; in Making a Wish
"I't1j'e;i'\'B"I'ljQ'fll' S'~"I'
1. ,,\'t1j'<:;i'\'B"l'ljQ'nr S'~"1' ~<:;' o;'''I''1r:>.' Q'fll'ijK 'I
~e;' o;'''\''Ir.>.'Q't1J'lfl<:;'/
this year my wife to son a become happy how
How happy would we be if my wife gives birth to a son this year?
2, ~,,\W~<:;'U1"1'~'~"I't1J"l'~' "I' ~'I
~"I'fll'~C:U1"1'~'~"1'fll"l'~' ijQ'o;'~' "l'
you to secretary of work the obtain if what not all(Jw
How wonderful if you could secure that secretary job?
3, ~"l"ri5O;'lj"l"l' Q'''F Q~'Qi'\'~',,\<:;'~o;'''i'~'
~"I"l'i5o;'lj"l"l' i5"Q~' Q"F Q~' Qi'>.'~' "Iq~o;' iIi'~' Jl' ~FI
sentient being all happiness and happiness' cause with endow endow. what not allow
What if all senteint beings possess happiness and the causes of happiness!
~"I"l' i5<l)'lj"l"l'
4, ~"l"f i5.J) 'lj"l"l' i5,\'~"I' <I'i!.t1J'"\<:;'
i5,\'~"1' <I'i!.nr ,,)e;' ~"!'
~"I' Q'i!.l1r~'~' "\<:;' 5Jfll'
Q'i!.fll'~'~' ,,)e;' 5jl1f o;'~' ar :3q
~ ~
- - -
sentient being all suffering and suffering's cause and separate ifwhat if what not allow
What if all sentient beings become separated from suffering and the causeS of sufferings,
12.6
12,6 The use oro; in Expressing Doubt
,kfl<:; 'r.>.~'
I, ,kfle; Q5l<:;'Uj<:;'<:;"l'Jj'Uj<:;',
Jj'''Il1.J) wfle; 'Ill' Q')e;' 0; '~' Q-'le;
'r:>.~' Jj'''Il1<l)wfl<:;'IlrQ')I::.'0; 'Uie; 'e;"I' Jj'Uie;'I
shop this people other to rent away profit will or not will
I wonder whether it will be profitable to lease this shop,
 .10"+
.lO"f
2,
2. c:.
e:. '''f~r'I''r ii'''I'nf'l 'fa;j'[1
'''f~r'I''r .ii""I'nf'l 'f a;j' r1rq
r<:J(
t. iliiii 'r,I'~"I'
'r.j"~"I' q~""".l)'(.
<:J~""".l)"(~r.;'<Jic:
(.(~,\'<ije.'c:.ilfJj'
:.'e:.ilfJj''ic:.
'<iie:. 'I
J by post by on mothe r to presen t a send ifreac
if reach h will or not will
I wonder whether my present will reach my mother if I sen! sent it by pas!.
post.
3, ~r.;'~"l'fii' [11'
~,\'~"rfii' (lj" ~r.;'
~'\' J;
J,' ~"I''14r.;'.l)
<:J-.Cj,\' iii',?.l)'Uic:
''?iIi'Uie:.' c:.a;j'J:i'c
e:.a;j'.1:r "ie:.' '5"9' Qr ~r.;1
iic:.' 'Y9' ~,\I
you by he to talk a discuss ifliste if listen n will or will not know will
If you talk to him you will know whether he will listen to you or no!.
not.
i 12.7 The use of.l)
of iii to Expre
Express
ss Certa
Certa inty
1. QI"l' q~r.;'
2I"r<:J~, \' .l)'J:i"l'
d)'J.j~'''lr~'~''l1
l!'~'~~1
~,
god by pay homag e ifhum if human
an by what need say
If the deities pay homage, what is need to say about human beings,
i}:;- 2, ik~"l'r:::
ik~~'e:.'[1r"l.l)c:
(lr"ld)e:.'.l)'c:.
.'d)·e:. "l''11'~''l
~''l!'~~' ":r~,
.<i·~1
/
he by JI to give ifI
if J by why not accep t
If he gives it to me, why would I not accept it?
V·c_O:
'.""
12.8 ~'The
~. The Emph atic Expre ssion
'\' ''..-
,",,-"
This particle is used in several expressions which have several English
equiva
the meaning something like with regard to, concerning this, as for this, certain lents which has
comes at the beginning of a sentence after the word it is emphasizing,. ly etc,
etc. It usuall y
:kk ,
1.
L q~.l)'r,
<:J~d)·L.j·<:J~·~1
rq~'~1 ~"I"'1'i!.[
~"I''1'i!.(1j'q~.l)'L, .j·,\c:.'1
lj·<:J~d)·LJ'r.;c:.', 1.l)'P.~c:.
1d)·p~c:.·'1~iIi'L.j
'q~.l)'L,J'·,\e:.·,
r.;c:.', (.(9"1'L,J
(.(9"1·L.jf.\·'1~d)·L.
i:\''1~.l)j',\r::.',
'<j'''FI [1ja;j'§'
(lja;j·§·'q~ili'L,J
1~iIi·L.j~~11
Ii
truth four as 10
to suffering truth and origin truth and cessation truth andpa
and path
th truth are
t,~~ The four truths are: the tmtho f suffering, the truth of the origin (of sufferi
cessation and the truth of the path, ng), the truth of
path.
~,,::;-
~!S 2. ,jj[1j'
,jj(lj'~d) ~'(.(~' .l)"l'.I;"
~.l)''~'(.(~' d)~' .I;~'l'Il"l':<'c :.'1::1
Il"l' :<'r::.'E:,
Melbourne regarding this from very distance far is
Asfor Melbourne, it is very far from here, here.
~~,~,
~~,~j-
.3,
. 3. r.;L,J[1j'''
,\L.j(lj'~'&'L.jf.\'
l'&'L,Ji:\'::!i(lj'"", l'~'
li[1j'"",q'''1~'~'
glorious Sakya's genealogy regarding
~ Regarding the royal genealogy of Sakya,
;'
4,~r.;'~ '''Il'\.l)'[1j"l''18
4.~'\· ~'''If<\iIi '(lj'll' '18.l)'(.(ij"l
iIi'('( ~~ '.I;r'5:,
..I;i>:,
you as for other than diligent great is
As for you, you are more diligent than others,
others.
".-' 5. ~"I"l'Zi"l
~"I'll·Zi'll·"I~r: "l' L,J'~'4.l
'''I~c:. :.~'L.j'~ )''i'q~.l
'4<l)·'i· )'~'
'1~d)'~'
friend by said as to. very true is
What my friend has said is extremely true, true.
'~..i
'U~
6, c;:~'Uic:.
e:.·~·Uir::'~',
.'~',
JI as to come will
I will certain ly come,
tr)
\0
>-<
~ . ~ .
.
•• ."'7 •
"'7=
"'7= I {Q .
e!: <y.
,,<y.
.."""? ll?
t7 ;q
;q •. !I'"'
!Ie F-""
F-'" to e!:
C! I{
f{ .
~ IwIw' irir 1:7 Ii!'II!' ~? ~ t1JJ f:f3 !1- GiiI
GiiI [I?
[!? W?
g<?
,;'f» ~? I~ ~ Q e!: ~ Er P: ""?'
"'"?' 'r.
W 1:7 f{I{ }::7
H~ Iir-- 10 l(T? lIT? 11.1
IL1 ~ ;q '"
10 iC10 it' }~ :" . . to ll?}2"
ll7}2" i.f i.J i~
;q i:JA
0.0 r;;
,-...
~.so .S i.f
i.J ;:;.
~ }IZ...
l8:.... Lf ~}m:
~ lm:-- P: ;:;. ~ if!' :f ~
I:: ~
V)
oc ..0" V) .- 0..
0.
tn ~ P: !7P !7'P I>(? ~ ~ to ;q r. .?
"@ ~ o
J:i """
~ ~ B I~
l~ t7 iii ~ ~ io
'C: 8
E to iii 1r?!'O
ll? ~ ~ ~
c:g
cL)
~
,....
C\l
C\I
'--' c cc:: § 8 ~I~ ~ . t7 ~ ~ ~ Lf
~c:>
~c:>.d)
.d) '"
""
... .Q ~
!:5 i7~ §e · f{
I{ iii ib ~ • . 'r. II i.f
i.J
.!l 'a ~ 1:' .~
B:9
:9c::" 1:7 ii8 8 1.(7?
L(7? >7 • V"
Lr'
E V) - c ",,,gl
,,§
;;J
E 8 _1<1 9V) ..0::l8 -0~ '" ~ 8 Q) == B ~}~
~ l~ cr}
""" 0 ;;J ~ ..c:: 0..
~ J:i 0. :> "0 B5'n..
n..8Q9
8Q9~~ cr l~ ~ ~? ~ i1-
if- ~ i~,~ i:f ~ Er
'r
'r.
t7
1:7 i~
,~ ;q
iii [r-.?;N
ir--?; N ~ i<9'
~,~ ;q
iii >J
'-" ;,;-
;,;- q-?
I'(
'"
IO?!' cr'
:;'" !'O
~ 1:7 '" cr
Er cr" '"
'" .
Er I>(? t7 ir ~ fo?};q ~ !.!~ '11)\
>11)\
'0 III !.!
~ 'r. ~ }.n
}>fl cr t7 >J
'-" Er?
Er7 III
~
= }1:7.
}1:7' '" 10 'U
'U }IB
}IB .' .," ~
ib •.
Li . 10 im:-
,m:- ib
~ ib
~ :7 .,,-?,
'7? If!'.
if . II
Ir I~ io fo" t7
,if . 111"
In' '6'
;;r ~ iu--. ir
Lr e! ~
e!: ib >6-
f-6- u'
i~ tc ~ ~ •. "" .. .. U
C! .' 1 f1fT
T •' if?
If? }2!r
" err· tn t13 C ii1 q 1fT
uITT • Ie!: (8))
}2tr ie! an lirILr
ill
iii ~ 'U1 li i.J W }~ >!7ll ;
lu If?
Lr If! l,€ "~ ic
c I~ tn lr i;- ;;r
.. ~ it' '!>v ~ . ' .£ · :7 ~ 10 II!'
ib ill
iii II!'" ~ib if{
'6' ilr t7 "iF lllj)
IIIj) ~'liF
~'I" II{ cr ,r? '-'
"'!jE'
"'!lE' lc I'"ic
1,"" ;w :n I"
c: t717 '''' liF 17t7 IlL 1>6 t7
17 17
t7 IT
U t7
uto 17
iIt71
om C!
"
17
t7 ''''
iWr'<:1'
17
t7 111'1
In'
;:3 ::r -_ fo"-
to- ~ :7 i{
i( ill iii - li i.J I>(?
I><? ir if!'
,~
4>
i.J }!'O
II i.f I~ "'7 :7 •.
1t7
}t7 t7 II i.1 iJ I!TI
l!'IT !",?
J:i
..c:: II
Ir iii
;q ir iii 1"'-
. 1'7 ir E;Jl
E:J) i8
..." '* /8 cr
· i{~ i!'fll
I!'fl> I~
lib i~,~
i~
,~ Lr? ir? III lif.7)I
lif.7ll ~ ~ ~?
o= iQIe!: q--e
erE fo" to cr' i.f i.J ir ir cr ib ~ Ie IC'
!OJ)
~ iC:
Ie: ;N}1l
;N}I\ !' ir ~ ~? 'U1 'UI ~ l!U'}~... II£" ir?
II£' Lr?
= ~? 4m:-
,m:- ~ ir i!& '!& i.J i!'1
'!'1 ~ ::r
::r 10 li
i.J it;
;; • t:7 1:7 cr 48"
,8" Lf Li Er f{ I{ 10 tuf }ii/< }iif< t:77
f!'? ~ !W? l;;C
iW? ~ }'ic! ? II
Ir t7 I~ l~ ¢P: i.f i.J Qe!:
.~ ~'" ~ cr cr'~ lir
i~ fQ lir :f it; i.fi.J iC:
,e: I!-, 1.(7 L(7 IC:
,e:
·• };'f»:-
};'f»:<, ~ II Ir cr II£"
II£' en? 'CI 'C]' Li
Lf W 10
c
"~ ~
(!.)C:: >-., 4,,)~ 0.0
~ ~ ~ " = ::riC
::r,e : ilB
'IB cr iC:
,e: . fo"
4,,)~0)
0) ..... C c:: ..... -ogf
-ogjl 'E to [r-.?
ir--? i~ If!'
,m 'f!' 10 'iu
0..9
0. ,9 t c;;J
8E u -;:;
;::;;J .t:: V)
't:: V) 8E e;; ~ 0 c .Q
~ cr?
cr ? ~ Q e!: i/lf
,/If ~ Ill!'
E",
E", ,,~
,,~ 08V .!l ..c 1.(7
L(7 I{ f{ cr 1-6'
::r::r1'6'" If!' II\.C" i:7 iii ~ i!'fll
'!'fl> lir
Iir ~
" ::l :>
08V )"' )""
'' "8.
"'8 ."" ::=..
::=" 00&
""0& I~ ir I{ f{ 10 I{ f{ .
c x: .-::: 0
-@ "0 "
ro 0) 0g B
~ b 0) ::::::
~
;:]
::l
5
""Cc::
>. ~ ,-
" .- E::
E::: i~ (iiI__
,~ liiI__ ~?It'
~~ V) o..~
o..~. >< 10 1tS
lts U .~ ~?i' iii liB lIB ir? lir!7 (ir!7 (!'O
"= ..3 I~
.o
o o....c 0.. V) co rn"c 11) bOr.f.l
tlOr.f.I Q"l.o
Q"1.o ~ ...... t{
iii i( :- io
fo" Lf !&? !&? ~ ib ir
::l - Ie!
,e!: l~
}~
, ~ '~(8)
1<9' (8))
) Lf im:-
,m:- !.!
~ e C' illiiI, 1<9'~ (1Ij)
11Ij)
.J:l
..0 IB?
!'1 i.J
!'1 i.f !.!
~ 1:7 IIIr i.f i.J 10 lir ir
ir;q iii
U ~?}~ !7 ~
'C" if
~? l~ ~ li
i.J }p
lp 'iP ir ~ I~ '!'O iFfT
'i'f7 t:7 - I>(
1:7"
;> IT .,
~ ~ II!' 10 f{
I{ cr !'1 !'1 illl
,Ill 10 'CI 'C]' II!'
(I!'" I~ ib
~
., lr cI T if. .'
c'
., ~ :7 IT I{)
I{> IN II><ll>< • I t(t7
>(17 • ~
iii i~!7
,~!7 iii t{
~ 1I ~..
~., .. ,.., ~ W ir ~ iii lir
WiF lIT' !lE'
.,tn,!jE'
;" tn· .. 'i' if t7;,
t7;,,~ ,~ ~
~~u~ u. . WI
-=..... ~II cr _ ~ C /If i;'f» ,;'f» Lf ::n t7 10 ir ir
~,
~. ~~" '" . u >tl u
Li .... .ITI
ITET~c
"
'" •, ,
. lt7
1t7 . iIt71
om t7 IT
Er
IT ..I r~c, · ~
~,. . ,
, .Er N Itt
Itt"
,..,NI"" '6'1 lillfl CIt' ~ IL t7 l(rl
Ifrl I>< I>< il1(I
ill(? ;Iillr
;Iillr'cr '!N
I!N W 13"
,cr i.J ~ !.!?
~? i:7 ir >u1
ir >uJ !.!
~ ii!C 'tlI
'U1
l;r cr tn InlIfTIcr iii
'* Lr
,..,..... _ cr i.f
II 1:7 4m:-
,m:- 8" ;'f» 1:7 1:7 1:7 W'" ~ ib
 >vv
9~9'9'r:<et' q'l~l'~'~r::.
'Qj'2jr::. '9'~' q' q~l'~''''1r:<' q'
9~!lr9·r:<ct· L:r q~", '~~ ''1j'2jr::. 'C:'r:<E:",'(1j" d-!'?d-!'l:P;
l~l·~·~r::. '2:'r:<E:",'(1j' qC<19'Iij
d-l,?",r t:p; qC<1'l9
-...
-.. ~ "" .....--
~q~f",.o:,·Uiq·
~q~f'" ~'Uiq' .:;j~'9~(''''r::.' 4:2' r,J' a:.I~'
.:;j~·9~(·"'r::.· 4:;)'q' ~'~C11' Sr:<'(cjq~'r:<::F'
a:.J~' "\ ~'~C11' SD,'fCjq~'r:<::F ·",·QjUiQj·'i!.·
a; q7r::.· q'QjfCj",:
",'Z<jUiI:!j''i!.' q~' q7r::.'q'I:!j(cj",:
Q ~
e:-....
c:-..... _ ""- C'>... .,..... ......
/'
a:.I~' ::l"':
J\J\a:.J~' mZ<j' or::.'a:.I''i!.'(cjq
:;l"':mQj' or::.' a:.J·'i!.·fCjq~·D,:Jr::.S q~l''''1
~'r:<:Jr::. S q~l' "'I
~
Semi-literal
Semi -literal Translation
Deed - twelve - of - sixth - becoming monk - deed as to the: thereupon - prince - palace from -
outside - set out - city - Kapilvastu - of - direction four of - east, south, west and north - gate
reached when - old-age - sickness, death of - suffering by - suppressed - human beings - from
seeing - cycle of existence - suffering of - self nature - having seen - mind rely - devoid of -
knowing - mind - sad become
b=me - immediately - northern gate - reaching - peaCe subdued - mindful
- endowed with - Bhikshu - one seeing - just like him - become monk - mind - intending - father
Shuddhodana - to permission - not given - even if - royal rule - renouncing - horse Kanthaka -
riding - Candaka - attendant - taking with him - stupa - Samyak - in front of - having come -
horse-.ornaments - to Olndaka
Candaka - dispatched back - at that place - became monk "SO "sohehe did.
Deed - twelve - of - seventh - six years - asceticism practice as to: thereupon - heretic - teacher
-Lhakcho and Ringphur - and others - from them - meditation -learnt - peak of the universe -
dissatisfied - by this - Nirvana - will not result -
upto - meditation realised - however - mind- dissatiSfied
thinking thus - left.
left, Then - Brahmins - cemetery at - went to - than those - double up the effort -
finally - river - Nairajana - bank of - six years - upto - sesame seed - juniper -.rice grain - one -
sustained - speech cut - asceticism - meditation into - entered into.
into, At that time - father
Shuddhodana - and the Shakyas - prince's - attendant - servant five hundred -_sent sent - most of
them - were sent back - five men - attendant remained,
remained.
I
12,11
12.11 Exercises of Lesson Twelve
(a) Make short sentences by selecting appropriate adjectives from the list on the right and use
with the noun on the left.
"It'\~' ~c..q.
",c:::<:j' '\"I";'<:j' ~"i.<:j.
1. "It'\~' ""I",,'<:j' ~<l\'<:j'
..'-,
'-,
2, '7'
2. <)' ,\.>J";'<:j'
"JJ",,'<:j' "I~";''l'
"l~""'Q' ,\.>Jr:>..q.
,,\JJP"q'
3, Jl"l'S'
3. r:>.E<.>J' <:j.
P,E<JJ'<:j' J;'q'
o;'q' ~<r<:j'
~"r<:j·
4.~~·~~·
4,~~'~~' "l~'
"'~'a:i' 'l:1~'E' Uj~'q
-'l ai' 'l:F'E'
5jj<ro;<l\'
5jj<rJ;"i' "I~";''l'
"I~""'<.r ~"I·m·<:j·
~~'m'<:j' ~"i.<:j.
~<l\'<:j'
~
6, ~'JJ'
6. ,?'.>J' .>J~ ..;' Ji.
JJ~",,'a:i' "l~'a:i'
~~'Ji' 0;'
J;'q'
q'
~
7. "ilr'li<l\'
7, ,\"r<li"i' ~"I'q' f~'q'
fc:~r ~'q~'
~f"1~'
F~'q'
8. F~'<r .>J?~rZj·
JJ?'lrZj' m"i·
ma;,'q'q · ~'''l~JJ'
~'''I~.>J'
~
.L<l\,<:j.
-
9, ~c:§",,·
9.~~·§"· ;t"l'Zj.
:i"l'Zj' '!j<l'<:j
'!j<rZj·, '"'''i''l'
- I
(b) Transform the following into interrogative sentences,
sentences.
1. "p:r~,g'~'~"I~'<l\~'Ui~'<l'~"1
"r"1'~' g'~'~"I~'''i''l'Ui~'<I'~,\1
2, ~~ 'm"1' ~"I.p.~. g'q.!<l\·P'''l'sr.L<l\'<:j',<j'P'''''I
2. ~~'mq'~"I·p,~·' g. <Ii"i'p' ~"r .L"i'<:j..<l'p''\"1
~ ~ ~
3,
3. jii~'''l~~'
jii~ '''I~~' q~<l\'
<I~"i' ~"I"~"i' JJ"'".>JE<
~"f~"i' .>J,,' ~,\'''I''i~' "I'
~'p. ~"'''I<l\~'
JJE< nm ~,\I
"1' ~"I
4.
4, '\''Ii' ~.g,\'''1~''\~'~'\'''f~''i' ~.p'~"l
""If ~,g"'<l~'''~'~'''''I"~<l\',<j.p'~"l
5.
5, ~~ ~'S"l' <l;5JJ'I1ia;,'p'''\'Sl'''jJJ'q'
"1;5.>J·Ili"i·p.'\"I'Oj.>J,q· ~""'&' <I'Ii.>J"I' 'l'
~"'&' <i'l!JJ"l' ~'il
Q' ~,)1
~,g,i'i,\'~,\'~~~' "i~'~' .>J·~"I'tij"il
6, ~,g'q"\'~"\'~~~'a;,~'~'JJ'~"I'tij<l\1
/'
 167 c'.""
7. f~'l'~,\'(l1" "i"rUie:: 'li'\'l~
,)"1"1' <li"rUi~
fie::'l'~,\'(l1" ')"1"1' 'li'\'a;e:: '!'-.J':<''\1
1' :<',\1
8. f~
fie:: .~. "la>a;,' C1l' ~'~"I' $"1" J.la;<li'C1l"l"l'~'
"la;a;, '!1l' "la;"i'!1l"l"l'~' 'l':<' 'l' :<','\\11
9. r.>.~·"I~"I·f~·~',r !.J':<''\1
'l'jc: 'li'\''l", "i''-1'
r.>.~·"I~"l·fie::·~"l· 'l'jc:'li'\''ll:-<li' :<',\1
.--;
--.J
e::'a;'''I~''I'9''l'"i'''le::'~"i'Uie::'~'Uj"i1
10. ~'l'''I~''I'9''1'<li'''I~'~<li'Ui~'~'Uj<li1
(c) Give the opposite of:
1. c.'''I~''I'~'~'
c.',,!~"l'~'~' ~·l.,\i<:l~'
~'a;,\i<:l~' !.J"·.I'l"l·~·Uj<li1
'-1"'-'1,,!'~'Uj"i1 ~
2. f~·g·'~fUja;,·~~·'j·~·~·Ui'\1
fie::·g·~·Uja;,·e::~r'j'~·~·Ui,\1 ~rfi
~rfl
3. 14' J:'B'\'~' ~"I"l' :<.'\. '-1"l1
g'B,\'~' 'l' ~"I"I'~'\'!.J~I
4. ~.g.C1l'~'
e::' g.['lj'~' a>C1l·<>I~·q·t:\'\"I·"I~1
a;['lj' <>Ie::·lj·t:\'\"!·"!"ll 7'~71
""71
~
5.... ~.~.~·C1l·r.>.gj·"r
5. -".'~r~· ~·['lj·r.>.gj·"r :<','\\11
e:: "l'liI~'['lj"!"r~'!l'''I~e:: "I'
6. ~~'liI~'rlj"l~'~~'''I~~ "l'q'''l''l'q' 'j'~'~e::'1
q'''l''!'lj.'j'~'~~'1
-~.~
r·~
(d) Make short sentences by giving the Tibetan for:
1. on the 9th of March
e_'"
rc'.'"
'-.-)
"-;;
2. on Friday the 19th of 8th lunar month
3. in April in 1987
4. on the 6th of January
5. at the meeting in the school
6. in the early of this Saturday
7. in his house with my aunty
8. on the 15th'Of 4th lunar month
;:~
!Ii
9. on the right side of his shoulder
10. with his uncle and nephew
(e) Fill in with the correct continuative particles and translate: ?-5·f
1. lS<>I' <li"I·"I4"1"1
lS<>I'"i "l·"!4"1"l··· ..·.."II1<li·rlj· ij"l'<>1£:<'
··"!11"i·['lj·14r.J"i<li·'il"!' <>It< ,\1\1
g;~ ~
2. g"f ~-".·~"!'!l·
~"I~ ..·..·il"l·ij"l'<:1"1<>1'a;<>I'
<:I'!l<>l' a;<>I' '\"1' 9"11
,\"1' :I"ll
3. IiI'<>I '\'\ ..... ~. i\!<>I"I'
IiI' <>1-".''\'\..... g;"lW'l~-".1
i\i<>l"l'g"lW'l~"'1
4. "'-rll'~'
-".Cll.~. :-J"IW 'l~<>I"f"" ..c:~rr.>.S'\1
'l~<>I~'''' Jj·>1j~·ffl
Jj·>lje::·ffl'c:~rr.>.S,\1
5. ...~ w ~'\ ......"II1<liWUi'\·!.J'" 4"11
-".e::w~'\""""!I1"iwUi,\·'-1"·4"l1
12.12 Conversation/'between
Conversation/between Prince Siddhartha and his charioteer
....,., ........ ........ "-
Ifl'll.j· q~.:z:.' q'"l'
Ifl·n.j' q~.=>::.' q' "l' '=>::'~',?"l~r~C, '«Fl
.:z:.~',?"l~r ~I:.. 'I'Fl !'9'~'l]'l1j"lW
1--9'~Qr~"lW ~~'!2lGJ~'~' ~~'~~~I
~~'!2ltlj~'~' ~~' ~~~I
~
- -..... ........ ..... "_- - ........
............. ....,.,
f"ll:ljSTJ'=>::"~'
f"ltljSfJ.:z:.·~· "l~'l;]z.:'l' .:z:.L:r~"l~'~f
0)' .=>::.q'l1j"l~·ll.jl
"l~'!;]z.:'l' ili' lD.fl.=>::.'q'qt']ili' "I:..' "l'
Il'J.fl-".' q' q t)O)' "C,' q~'I'J.E! -".'r.l.~~' '2i1
iJ.l' q"i'D.E!'=>::"r.l.~~' '2i1
o charioteer! This man who is frail, weak and whose thin flesh,
Blood and bone are wrapped up by his miserable skin
Has an extremley slim body without teeth but with some grey hairs.
Who is this man who is uncomfortably wobbling on a walking stick?
" ........ " ........ " ..... ...,........... --
II)ftlj-o;.b.""l'I'J.~'ijj'
1\15''''1-0;.\ qz.:'l' ~Il.j'~~'
l'D.~'ilj' qZ'l' O)O)!
~~'~~' iliili! ~ qc..
I"i r.r,?a:.I~· 4t:.·
ql:.. 'r.r,?a:.I~' 41:.. 'li1:!tlj. ~q~',?iJ.l~!
q~~' q.g "i' ~q~',?a.I~1
1:!GJ' q~Il.j'
~
 IDo
loa
?
___
___ C'...C'..
c-..." -....
-.... "".....
..... __
.......
-.... <:'...
<:> ... -- -....
-.-' "
""'-
-...,.. ......
.......
ItlI'?"i ':;J'~' q~fq%"'l''9~'
I'l/'?"i ':;)'~' q~fq%"'l''9~' "ltll"i' "ll'~-";I
"l"l"i' "ll'~->;I fl"i' Q'3ll'"l'
Il"i' 'lj~'~l"9(" '')1->;'q->;I
Q'3ll' "l' "'~' "i "l~'~l"9("' '')1-'';' q-,,;!
~
of old-age
o prince! This man is tormented by the suffering ofold-age
Suffering from the deterioration of his senses, his effort and power has collapsed
Overlooked by relatives, he has nobody to protect him;
Unable to do things.
things, he has been abandoned JUS!
just as trees in the forest,
forest.
"" ....... e-..c....
" " "co...
" " ....... -:-,e-...
-:-,,, -....
-.-'" c.... -
-"""
" , """'-v'
__ c...
,. fQZ::;;'Uj~'
!QZ::;;'Uj~' a;~'QZ::;;' ->;'1]~'~'C'lil)'
-";'1]~'~'Uiil)' 6)"l'Qil)'l)'
"i"l'QiI)'1)' "'I fr:<~',cmZ::;;'lIlil)
1D-~',cmZ::;;'lT!iI) '(lrC'l~
'(lj'Ui~ '(:lS~Z::;;'
'(:lS~Z::;;' Z::;;'~~'
Z::;;'~~' '9IlJ '9IlJ
II "" '" ~
I£tlj'Q
I£'1]'Q ~'C'l~ ',,)Ilj'g' q~il)'
~·Ui~ 'z::;;tlj,g, -";' "" ~~'4"l'
q~iI)' ~~ ->;'Z::;;' ~~' 4'lj' "'~ '['I I~~'"i~'~'
~~' "i~'~' q~il)
q~iI) "i 1I11'Q~'~'~(lj'q~il)'
1(lj'Q~'~' ~rlr q~iI)'
'i:\
'" ,,':!:l
"'~
q"'l"ll
Is this condition caused by his caste or why did this happen?
Tell me ifthis
if this happens to all sentient beings,
Tell me in such words which expresses the truth as it is in its reality
Having heard i~ [I shall properly contemplate on its meanings,
meanings.
"
"" " ......." ..,..,...,., -.- "-
IIJ5'QZ::;;' .:l;.Ilj~' a;~' a:J'U-./il)
IIl5'Q Z::;;' .:l:.tlj~' '~[1j'QR.:l;.' a;~' a:J'Clltlj~!
a:J'U-.liI) '~Cll'Qfl.:l:.' ~r[1jIlj~1 I~f q'2/"i '~~' q'~' q~'
'!!!~' '" ->;'Cll' qq~' "J'~'
-";w
QE'a:J~1 1§""~C'lq'
1§""~Uiq' "'C.:~a:J'
"'C.:~a:J· "'C:~Stlj~6)'
"'C:~S"l~"i' g'1]~'~c:.
gIlj~'~t:. 'I 1~'Cll~' cr.J' £1-";' Q~'
l~'[1j~' cr.I'£1->;'
~ ~ ~ "'"
"JQ'
LJQ' £1q~'
£1q~' "i 'tlj~"i' a:Ja;~1
'''l~''i' a:J' a:Ja;~1
,
o Lord! This is neither due to caste nor due to regional factors
All the people are destroyed by old-age in the prime oftheir
of their youth;
Even your own parents, relatives and all the friends
Are not free from old-age as there are no ways to10 escape this.
_ C'.. "'- -.." ...... "
I' - " ,,- ...... "
IflW q~.:l;.' q'J.!' ~.::r~~'~'
IRW q~.:l:.' ~.::;r~~'~' a:J"'tlj'c'''i'CllI
a:J"'''l'c:.''i'[1j1 '"qc:.'l;j' Q""",?cr.J~' '9c"
'" qt:.'.I;1' £1a:J~' Q''''',?cr.I~' -";'::1'
"'S9~' "'~F ->;q'
'9c:.' Z::;;S9~'
~ ~
" - / " " " "
c.... "
1)',,\'T)(:l,!
7'''\ IT!r:l.l lC'lO)'Clltlj'lIl"i' q*a:J~',¥' q~' "'~tlj~'
lUi"i '[1j"l'lT!"i' q*a:J~',¥' "'~'l/~' '9c:.',?a:J'
'9t:. ',?a:J' £1tlj'~
£1Ilj'!!! ->;1
-";1 I->;c:.'tlj'tlj-<5"i't')Ilj'
I-";t:. ''l/''l/Q"''i' 5'l/'
-....:>
-....:. v '" -...:> -...:>
-...:.
~ ~
~ "" "J(:l,,tljil\ "i 'r:l. ,,\llj'
qr:l. 'Iljil\ ~' "i'(:l, ,,\Ilj'(:l,
r:l. Z::;;'
")' ~ I1 ~
'"
and poor physical complexion
o Charioteer! With a rpugh andpoor
This man's senses are'
are" all impaired and he is having great difficulty to breath.
He is indeed mi~erable
mi~erable as his frail limbs are shakened by his abdomell.
abdomel!.
Who is this man who i~ sitting on the foul place amidst his urine and excrement?
"
"c .c
".c....c .-
. . .". "" ........ c....c...
c..." .......
........ "
19rtljQ'Ilj'a:J'(:l,"'.'9"i
19r"lQ""l'a:J'r:l. "'. '9"i'7' ""~~. ql)q'"J'
'7' "i ""~~' ql) q' LJ' ~I 1"i;;;;':2·r:l.E.tlj~'
l"i q',?' q.:l;.' Clla>~'
r;;;'~'(:l,E. Ilj~' "J',?'q.:l:.' .z:.1~fr:l."la:J·[1r
Clla>~' .z:.1~f(:l, £1tlj
£1Ilj
-...:> ~
" -
tlja:J'nj' ,.., ~ -
'" ~ ~
....
........
"'"
"" c..._
,,- _ '"
1
Iil\"" a:J"""l~' q~ "'.a:J'
"i "" a:J""tlj~' "" a:J' Jla>
"la> "'l'~q";r ~c,' LJ-";',?a:J~1
~c:.' J\ a:J' "J->;',?a:J~1 1a:J"lJil\'
1a:J"ljil\ '",c,' ~ q ~. z::;;c:.'me:.'r;;;e:.'
'" c:. '~q~' '" t:. 'me:. ."\ e:. .Z::;;:8e:.'
'" :8 e:. '
~ ~
Ilj'?"i'a:J' J.!a;~r[1jtlj~!
tlj'?"i' a:J' J.! a; ~r Clltlj ~I
o Prince! This man is in an intense pain from disease
And due to the fear ofdisease
of disease that has raged him he is about to die;
Even without disease, there are the collapses of glory and power
There is neither protector, nor refuge, nor (a safe) island
~land nor any saviour.
"
 169
c...
c.... e-..
c-.. '" C'o.,. <="..
1<>1"\' r-j'CAje::,''Jj'D.jJJ'
ii "\' r~'CAjc'
1a:1"\' ii'\' d>j' ~' ~',,\e::,'
Jj 'D.jJJ' di'~'~' ,\c,' JJ~c' 2:;{1
JJ ~ e::, J:;{j 13)
1"\ "':9' QE:.l:lJ2:;{'l;J'
,,\';9' 0,E:. l:lj "'I' .z:ro.,\·~· 4d>j' 7' JJ' -Q-"l ,,\'l;J1
Q,,\'~' 4di'1)'JJ'-Q-"l'\'l :.Jl
~
-... C'o.,....... -....
@~r:::1' JJ~J:;{'l:.g:'r
JJ~2:;{'l:.g:'r a:So'~'
a:SQ~' JJ~c,'JJ~e::,' ,,\'E:'~' S~l
S~I !!~w"I1j(.r,\c.·~9'l:.JQ·Q5·4"'1·-Q~"·l:.J~·
~w "-\'1]('<' ~c.' ~9' l;JQ'Q 5' 42:;{' -Q~"-\'l;J~'
Q~.J:'1
Q~.J:'I
~
Not having a disease is just as (seeing oneself) playing in dreams .,-,-,'-t,
:-,"'-t,
of disease is indeed very ferocious!
This fear ofdisease
If wise people saw this state of woe
How could they find etijoymem
enjoyment from the fondness ofplaying?
ofplaying?
f'-:l?!
~ '~
'--.;,
--;,
,
':.1;
 \.
I. I 'j
LESSON THIRTEEN
~
;'
I' (ijI:r <til)' G:if9~J.J· ql
ct"i' G:if9~J.J·
13.1 Abilitative Forms
Tibetan forms abilitative verb forms by adding :]"r
:,I(r or ~z:;r :,Iq'q' or ~'\r
~"r or t4". of the infinitive :]"r<r ~2\r
q'
<r or t4"'q'
t4,,"f to the present or past root of the verb; thus the formation of these verbal expressions
signify can, able, could and daring, In the spoken language it can be followed by any of the
auxiliaries we have discussed but in classical Tibetan they can end a sentence by using the
completive particles as we studied in lesson nine. The following examples are according to the
abilitative forms in the spoken language. Various continuative and gerundial terminations in
lesson eleven can be affixed to the abilitative forms.
forms"
13.2 Examples of the Abilitative Forms
c:.2\I'rli'
L .::. 2\I"rll' q~' "C'.' ffi'
Q~" ,,"-" ffi" <r ~"I'"\ "S"iI"i""l"l"
~"I""i 2\1' "S'""\'''l''l' Q'IJ.~'~<r~'U!"1
Q"IJ.~·~<r~"Ui"1
I by year four and month six in U-chen properly write able was
I was able to write the U-Chen script well since four and half halfyears
years ago.
2. !1j"l'
OJ''l" a; '~'IJ.~.>I'\I' o'l;:c:.' a;2\I''\I'''I~C'.
Q"Ui,," 0'1;:'::'"
"~"IJ.~.>J'II" Q'U!'" a;2\I"'II""I~"-'-:~,c:.'Q'~' .Ilq":1"-"1.·I
~.::.' Q'~" .Ilq'SC'
~ ~
tool varieties available therefore we by earth depth long dig able were
I'
Since there w~re many kinds of tools we were able to dig the ground deep, deep.
3.
3" c:.'9~ "1'\1'Q'
'::'"9~ "I'll" Q' q~' q"Ui,,":s2\I"g.!""I,§M 0'.>1'
Q~" Q'U!"':i2\I'g,r"l'§M 0'.>J" J.liC'.
J.l£<~q.~" "-"\1
'8q'~' "-"II
1 body well have when cubit three about jump able am
-;.:
-;-:
I can jump about three cubits when I am in good health.
4. §,,'""' "~2\1" ~"I'II" q'S2\I'"\
§,," ""- '~2\l'~"I'\1' <)"~'''I~"i':]Q"5j" "-"I
"f2\l" <)'~'''1~"\':,Iq'5)'
Q" S2\l""i 'f2\l'
your by help did ifhe if he by horse the ride able will
He will be able to ride the horse if you were to help him. him"
5. ~'.'<.C'.
~"~"- "Qnr'Qnr(j'io;'q'U!"I'o"C'.·ika;2\I'f'lC'.' '-I""I""~"" 9"'8(j'.>I'
q"io;' q"Ui,," o'('ik a;2\I"!'l"-" q'''I'''~''' !J"\"~q".>J" ~C'."
~"-"I
today busy great is therefore they house clean do able not did
Due to the busy sChedI,lle
schedI,lle they were unable 'to clean the house today.
," :
6.
6" ~'''I'<1J"\'q'~'
".:.~....,
"':'~"'"
'II' -9"1'11' ~2\1'"\'
~'''I'<1J"i' '-I"~' .i'\I'"1"1'\1' ~2\I'"i" '\I'"4"1'"Q.... .Ilq"~" "-"I
'II" '4"1' "q........,.Ilq'~'
children older those by strength did ifearth if earth block carry able will
If the older boys worked hard (we) could move the bricks, bricks"
c:. '\I'r.>.~'
7. .::. 'II"IJ.~' "'~1·"Idi.>l'~'~·"l"l' q".>IljC'.'.Ilq'ii,
o;~1""Iili.>J"~'r~""l"l" q'
~
J-llj"- ".IlQ"iil
~
~ -
I by this from sky boat the properly see able am
,. I can proper!y
proper! y see the aircraft from here" here.
8.
8" :'j"d'a;2\l'
:;JJ-l"~' a;'II" ~'l","I~"I'~' il)C'.' i'''I'r.>.~di'8q' iii
~"l"""I~"l"~""i"-'l'''l"IJ.~ili"~q"
Brahmins hour one within rites chant able are
The Brahmins
Brahinins can perform the rites in one hour.
/
 171
9. c::"I~"r
c:.·"I~"r"l"i<>l·
"l"i"r .!1c:.''''''ic -\l<r;;il
Jjc''''''ic:. .J). -\j<r qf
~
-
I two sky plain to come able are -
\Ve two are unable to come to the airport.
~:r~'a:J.r
10. ~:r~' a:J.r;"i.jJ
;"i.jJ.r.>.
.r.>.~'
~'a.r'!i"l·
a.r'!i~·~~·fil""·"i<
·fil"'·"i:::C ''S' r1J''l'9
son the night go IWt /Wt daring again home to return did
Being unable to walk in the night the boy returned home.
~ "}
F'}
11. ...
....nr~·OJ· :<'''I'''i''l
:t."I·"i~·'<>lFili
a:JF"i·.;rw::F
sc:.· q"l'~""'~
q~'~""~~''';;f
"l''';;f
~ ~
swqrd - -
sword to touch dareh e who not become therefore there remain did
Since nobod y dareq to touch the sword, it remained there. ~:
12. ff~·'1I"l·,;j~,;
'·a:J~a:j·'S·8'1
J·'S·8"i·jJ·~'1W
·jJ·~"iw'!i"l·~·
'!i~·~·~~""·Q~·"
"'·Q~·";;;1
;f
.,-'":1
-,
dog the tiger together play do IWt /Wt daring backward run did
Not daring to play with the tiger the dog ran away.
jii"l'J1j"i'nJ"l~'OJ
13. jii~'9"i' 1<iii
nJ"'~'OJ''1< '-Q4'1',;
"i·.q4"i :<''11
wj' "i~' q' :t."if .1
~ ~
he ieache
teacher to lie tel/IW -
tell/Wt dare did -
He didn't dare to tell a lie to the teacher.
.,
~"i' .q"i''r~'
14. ~"i'-Q'1' '1'~'~''i
~''i 'OJ"i '''l'';;''l
.",..;;~.'~''~' jJ.'j"i'"i"l().'
~,,~. jJ.'j"i''1"lr.>.'-Q.... ....·i)'
.q...·~ ... ·i)"11
sponso r's kindness repay able being people all happy become did
Being able to repay the kindness of the sponsor eyeryo everyo ne becam e happy.
·,0
15. r:.
C. "fll'l' a:J'OJ"I
,;j'OJ"I~~~
~ "l..;;....."I'S-Q'r.>.~'
"'..;;.... "I'S .q'().~' ~"i' "'J'
a:J' 74,,·~·r.>.
C4".~.(). ~Q 'Q"I"r
'Q"I'1' ~"l'
~~. q~"I·q·Uj"i1
j"i1
I by mothe r to ring this show not daring this ofund of under er hide did
Not daring to show this ring to my mother I hide it under this.
16. r:.'
c,' g~·q,\
g"l·q'~~r'l!
\~~r"@r·~'Jlf'1'
~'llf"i' ~"i'l:f S"l'"i"l'-Q'jc'<>
S~· "i~·.q'j 1'74,,·<1':<'
c· a:J'C4"'< ;~':1~
r :<',',\1\1
we by Tibetan national anthem voice loud sing IWt /Wt dare did
We did not dare to sing the Tibetan national anthem loudly.
13.3 Expre ssions of Oblig atory Form s
'19"l'q
"i9~'q'' ~. t~· and .\j-Q"l',i)
.\j.q~'.il,,\'q'
,,\'q' are used to express obligation or duty, what is expected, to give
advice and to expres s necess ity, which are equivalent to have, should , ought to, and need to in
Englis h. .
1. <:::.
c:.' g."lC':~
g.~C":~"i
"i '~"I'''I~' '1!' .q'{lJl:;'
'~"I'''I''l''1!' q·OJr:. '''iilf''l'~' cii''il
'''iilf~'~'cii''il
we tomorrow morni ng early wake have to there is
Tomo rrow we have to get up early in the morning.
2. ~'::<.t::r:.
~. ::<.c:<::: ~·iJj'9·
~·iJj·9·r.>.~·Q"l·
().~'Q~· .r;....
.r; ...·.q·§"i·"
·-Q·§"i·"i9"r~·cii
i9~·~·cii"ii
"ii
today I by letter this written finish do have to there is
I have to finish this letter today.
3. §".....
§,\' ...r:.<:: '''f~''''<l l'1'-Q'S
'''l'~'''''<li'i' i"i' "i·q...
.q'S"i'q ...·~.q·{r"
·~-Q·{r'1i9~·~'D. S"i
9"l·~'D.''S"i
yours elfther
elf theree at hour seventh arrive need there is
You must arrive there at 7.00 o'cloc k.
 4, pe. .il,,' :<""1
"ro~' Xjq'T .il,,"
(iie. '~' "91:: "rr:>~" ~"I
he tonight not go means not have there is
He has to go tonight (there is no way that he does not go tonight),
§'\' ""-
5, §,,' "i'0 ~~'r1l"
-'l:J:. 'ilj' qi"ior:> q'li"l" "i 'r:>~
~~n1r q'l!"r 'o~ "i '~(.l'''ie. §le.' "Ie.' lj' .ljq' "9"1'~'
'~i'l'''ie. 'C§le.'"e.' "'''I
"9~r '>1' :<'''1
yourself ofdiligence
of diligence to look if class in grade first gain ought to there is
With your diligence, you oughtto come fiist in the class,
6, ~'"Qjc.'~'
~'"Qjc.'~' q'~'t'ii"l'(1r
q'~"r'ii"l'(1l" Q~,\"~'$j'urUi,\' ilf :<'''1
Q~,\"~"I'Ul"Ui,,'ilr
tonight late outside at stay need have not there is
There is no need for you to stay out (Jut late tonight.
7. -'c.''''I'
7, §,,' "e. "f "li'l' Q"1(J:(1r~"i' "~'$j' QQ'Ui"1
"l(.l'Q"lr>.'f1l'~"i'''~''I' 'Ui"I
your parent ofcommandof command to listen should have there was
You should have taken your parent's advice, advice.
8.
8, c.e.~'iQ"'oriQ"e.
~ri'i'ori'ic. '~(.l' £"1" q,,' ~'" Q'5e.
'~i'l' £"1' Q'5c. ,,,~"I'
'''~'$j' ~e.',
~e.'I
I'
I by he to hatred of word use do had to
I had to use harsh words to him,
9.
9, ~'" &'~' :~J::c.i'l:
:~.c:c.fi.' "l~"l,,,'Uie.'
"l~"l,,,'Uic.' ,,~"r~r.>.
~
"~'$j'~r.>. ""I~
you today my together come need there is
You people ought to come with me today. today,
10, i'ic.'
iQ"e.' il\"l~'fllIl'I'~'
il\"l'>1'flIIl'I'~' "i ~''lQ~~' "'''I
"r'lQ~~' :<'''1
they road the from come have to
They have to go through that road,
11. §,,'o~'
§,,'r>.~" 3'Q'55 '!!"I'''Ii5''1'QI5.''I~r''r :<'
3' Q'55 ~"I'''Ii5''1'QI5,''I''1'Ul' ,\1
"'''I
you this to seven set one stay to is
You are to stay here for one week,
12, c.'
e.'"e.'&''i''l"Q'" ~'fll'r:t~'''~'$jw :<'''1
-,c.' &''7''1'Q-'' ~'f1l'r>.~',,~"IW "'''I
we always mountain to go have to no there is
We do not have to always go to the hills,
13.4 Permissive Expressions
Tibetan permissive expressions 3e.'Q'
3C.'Q' Qil"l'Q'
Qil"l,Q, i"l'Q' and '?"i'Q'
'?"i'Q" are added to the root of the
verb, They are used in expressing permission and seeking permission, whether it is granted or
refused, The latter is used more commonly in speech than in writing:
1. ~e.'''I''i~"~''i'~'~'f'l'f1l''l'.'l'.<l' 3t::'(1
~c.'''I''''>l'~''i'~'~'F'fll''l'.'l'.<i' 3t:.'(1
fasting day afternoon fOOd food eat not allow
On the day of fasting (ritual) it is forbidden to eat food in the afternoon,
2, "la;"i' Ji':!I'f1l"l'R,,'!ll'"
!!I'f1l"l'R-,'!lj,,'~,,' 3C. 'ilj' JJ' :<'''1
-,' S'" 3e.'ilj' "'''I
night road on shout do allow not is
/ It is not permissible to shout in the street at night time,
 173
3,
3. <1i'~'-::J'
<1i'~'-::J' JdOj'q~''1;lffir:.'Oj'~J.I'
J,' ~"i·lJ~·'1;liilr:.·9·~J.I· <r~' :3I::-' lJ ''ll
Oj':?''1'q''ll
:3t::-"i(?''1'
year twenty not reach Bhikshu of vow receive allow is it
Is it ailowed
allowed to receive the fully ordained monk's vow before reaching theage of twenty,
twenty.
4,
4. (Qr:.'
(Qr:.'..J\J.I"l"
l\ J.I"l"~'1' ~ ~'~'
~.~.!J"I'o. i"l'J.la;"i'~Jil'q'
~'Ul'01' i"l'J.la,0j
!J"I'o, ~'Ul'''1' '~lil'lJ' :?''11
they SwitzerLand
Switzerland to relative meet go for permission note apply did
They applied for the permission (visa) to viSit relatives in Switzerland.
5. '\~"\'lJO;'~'o.'1"l',\r:.' q~-<'·I1IJ.1·S· "1'\'
'\~"\ 'qr.;;.~.o,'1"l'''r:.' q~-<"l1IJ.1'S' "1,\' ~"I'''I~''I'.Jl'
h"l~"I' Ji'i"l'~
monastery ofnear of near by and circumarnbuLatory
circumarnbulatory path on rubbish throw notpermitted
not permitted ,,-.
It is prohibited to litter around the monastery and on the circumambulation path.
6,
6. "I"\J.I'~O;'
"I"\J.I.~r.;;. "\r:.·;:F"I"\J.I·~Q.' J.I"I·r:>.fi"j· cJ;"I'''r J.I' :?''\I
"\r:.·;:F"I"\J.I·~Q.· "l"l"l' .ljC.S~f J.I"I'r:>.f)ili'a;"I'''rJ.I' ~'\I
~,~
~\~
sky boat ofinside
of inside sky boat of landing ground on cigarette smoke permission not is
Smoking is neither permitted in the aircraft nor at the airport.
".":;:
'\9"\'qr.;;. "ie;·<1il:lJwl'iJ.l·~"\·~"\·~· J.I':?''\I
7. 'i9"\'lJO;·<l\c;·<1i'T"11'!J.I'~"\·~"\·~·J.I':<''\1
monastery ofinsideof inside at shoes wear allow not is
You should not wear shoes inside the monastery.
.-~-
8. S~f lJ'.J\J.I'Il'
q' .l\ J.lq'.Q'\'E,
.Q,,'E. '' 1-<'' q'!Jr:.
2j'!Jr:..~"\ ,~.
'~w J.I':<''\1
:?''\I
children Tibetan tea strong drink allow noi is
';i;
';l;
Children should not drink strong Tibetan tea, tea.
9,
9. r.::.'J:j'<!i·i"l'lJ'G'11
r:::J:j'"\'i"l'q'G"11
II die if wish could
I wish I could die.
1O,~ :?;;;.
O.~ t:."l'§'\'
r:. "l'§'1'~t:. WUl''''' '\t:.'
~e; W"l'''I' ,\r:.' q~"\' <r J.lt:.'
J.lr:.' Zj' q1jt:.'i"l
q'jr:.' i"l
I by you to letter andpresent
and present many send will
I shall send you many letters and presents, presents.
:~.
1L ~J.lq·i5"\·IlJ.ll";r",\·q~·q·'\r:.·q~·"lr.;;·~·,\q~"\·"\·~·
11. ~J.I'Il' i5"\'.ljJ.l>;ri5'\' q~' q''it:.' q~' "lO;'~''\t:. '~"\'"\'~' J.I' ~'I
sentient being all happiness and happiness cause ofendow of endow if what not allow .
,'- ~
How nice would it be if ail all sentient beings possess happiness and the cause of happiness, happiness.
12, ~·~·.ii,\·q~·1l1e;·Fr.;;·"\r:.So,§j·"lBQr9·:?,,\·qql
12. ~'~' .ii,\'lJ~·1l1t:. 'FO;' "\t:.So.
~
. §j' "lB"I'Oj':?',\'lJ'Ill
pass without having garden inside at go allow is "
Is it allowed to go inside the garden without a pass?
13.5 Causative Expressions
Causatives are formed with the suffix "lB"I' or S'Il'
sq' of the infinitive qB'''P:,j' S,\·<.r
q~Qr';.r and S,\'<r III
conjunction with fa 01'«"\' terminations which are put in between the root of the verb and
La don "1'«0\'
the causative suffix, formation are the appropriate use of the fa
suffix. The principle feature of its fOrmation La don
particles according to the final of the verbal root and that the causative suffix can take
terminations such as continuative or completive or any auxiliaries to end a sentence. All the
verbs ending in vowels insert ~ or:3' before the causative suffix: e,g, e.g. o.~'
o,~' 'go': r:>.~;"qB'''1
r:>.~;,.q~"1 cause
to go;:l" q~"I is used in imperative mood the application of La
go;:r 'eat': -'l'~'''lB''I cause to eat. When qB"I
 i ! 4
don is not required as weshafl see in a future lesson,S"!'
lessoil, 51'" is the perfect form ofS,\'<j'
ofS,\'<f also
signify cause to do,
L ~'£'~.'l.'''\~'f1J'p.g<1l''2,'q~''l'''f''i~'1
~'£'~.'l.'''\~'f1J'(l,g(lj''2'q~''1'''f''i~'1
we water ofinside
of inside enter to allow not did
We were not allowed to go inside the water.
2, a:j'''li'\''\'Q'
a:j'''1i'\''\' q' £.~"\
£'~"\ 'r~' q~"i·'5.·q;a"r~·p. '5."1
q~"i''5.'q;a''r~'(l,'5."l
year younger ones first sit to allow do
The younger ones. ones are allowed to sit in first.
3.
3, ~r <1' a;''1j,\·J:i'p.~'~''I''l'qr:r
~'<1' a;''1j,\'J:i'(l,~':<'''I''i'qr:r ~'q~"l'~'<>I'
~'q~"r~'''I' ~'\l
~,\I
monks show this kind watch to allow not do
Monks are not allowed to watch this kind of show. show,
f
4. JI"I"i'~'\' J:j- ~ "" q;a"l·~'fJ.F.:,,\·~·f1J·<ii'~·.>r~~'1
4, jii~' JI"'l"l' q;a"1'~'fl.F.:"\'~'f1J'<ii'~'.>r~~'1
they play game allowing class to come not did
Being allowed to play, they did not come to the class. class,
5.
5, qgili'Q'~'
qgi!i'q'~' £, ~·fJ.Il~·,\'<>I'q~"I'~'~<>I"r,,\"l'
~'fl.IF'\' "I'q~"r~'~"I"i',,\"i' 4 ~,\I
4'" q'"1' ~'\I
--
prisoner those water drink to not allowing thirsty from die did
Not being allowed to drink water, the prisoners died of thirst.
q",'S"i' ili"l'Jj'nff"i'
£'oli '~"i' q~'S"l'
6, '? '~' .t'ol) i!i"i'Jj'(lj'f'l"i' ~,\'fJ.,\"1
~,\'fl."i"1
fISh those water ~ not having die about become -
There being (made to be) no water the fish were nearly dead,
13.6 Idiomatic Expressions of Genitive Datives
There are numerous Tibetan idiomatic expressions which signify purpose and reason. reason,
Phrases such as ~~.
~"" ~~.'\.
~""'\' m"iS ~ili'nr
.......... ~i!i'nr ~ili""i'
~"\S ,3;'\S lind
.3;,\,,\,
.........,. \md a;,\w which all mean ~for
'for the sake of..
'because of, 'in order to', 'for the purpose of, 'for the benefit of and 'fdr' can be referred to
as postpositional dative expressions. Such constructions only occur at the beginning of a
sentence or in the middle of long a sentence.
sentence,
r LfJ.
l,fl. ~'nr '<i!i' !1~' "'I~ "l'
~'(lj' '<ili' "i' ~"l'fJ.~q'
~"i'fl.~q' Q
q ""4l"l
sentient being benefit for Buddhahood attain may
May I attain Buddhahood for the benefit of sentient beings.
beings,
2.
2, ~~'~'&j'\'f1J'iij"'l"r
~~'~'&j"i'(lj'iij"l'll' ~ ~'~
""~ "l'fJ.~' q8 JI"l1
"i'fl.~' "18 JI"i1
oneselfmind
oneself mind to familiarise for I by this wrote
I wrote this in order to familiarize my own mind. mind, (Shantideva)
3, ,,:[W!!)'~
":[W!!)'~ili' '<i!i' ~"'l"l'
"\' 'S' '<ili' ~"I"i' Ji"i'Q"l'f1Jili'Q'&jili'
~"i' Q"i'f1Ji!i' q'&ji!i'~f
other ofpurpose
ofpurpose benefit intention not having fault is
/ It was an error since it lacked the motivation for the sake of others.
4. ~.'l.'i1j'\':i'fJ.~'~~
~.'l.'i'lj'\':i'fl.~'~~ "l'Q""s~1
"i'Q""s~1
that offor
offor the sake ofthis of this send should
This will be sent for its purpose,
 ...
-' 0
having eaten his food
having found his pen
having seen my mother
having dug the ground
having washed the shirt
will not tellm the story.
sat on the throne.
stands with the students.
will be buying ink from the shop.
will be coming to see your
yotir father.
I'
2. qnrih:>'~·£·.Ile.·a;"i·~·
q(lrih:>'~·£·.Ile.·a;"i·~· iil·~·r.l.~·.ljQ·!.rJj·r.l."i"l
~ ~
will be unable to sing.
will be able to lie down.
will be unable to return home.
will be able to sleep.
will not eat the apples.
Not having a good pen Tenpa
Having a headache Tenpa
Being a farmer and a father Tenpa
Having lost the paper and ink Tenpa
. Having met my uncle and nephew Ten pa
3. e."r~e.·~"i·<i·~"I·Q4"·Q'~r
e."r~e.·~"i·<i·~"I·Q4"·Q"r file..
file. .£."I~,).~"I..ljQ.
..ljQ.Jf ~e..,
~
she was able to forget her father's illness.
my mother was unable to cry or sing.
, I was unable to remember your father's name.
Since the baby was playing
,~-,
~~-, Since I was playing his new flute
4. !;r~"I"f
!:r~"I"f ~"l"l.
~<>I"l. ~."l.
~.<>I. ""l·~F ~ .r.l.~e..,,"i"l·1!t
"ilj"l·1!t ~'\,
have to go outside the house.
/
must be able to walk to the fields.
must be unable to jump high.
Although she will be eating
Even though I have eaten
"
 177
~'~c:.,c.::'r:<E
CN~c;'~'~c:. :ili'(1j'
'C::'r:<E:ili '(1j' ~'7~' .q..>;.' q!'1<lr9
.q..,:: Q!'1 1
tlr91 1)9'.q qz:;;Z:;;'.
,)9'.q'' QZ:;; I)' q'5(1j'q
.q'5(1j' f.l.'
qf.l., ~~",'. q.
q' ~I
"-:) ~
il),cr
""cr ~
_e-........-
_C'>.......-. C'>.. ...,.,. "..:l
"..:I
.......
-...
c.... ....,.
..". ~.
~
'"'"n: ~I)w Q,,\
n: ~')W qz:;;""
"" i1i<lf'5'
i1i tlr'5' '5",'
'5il)' ~~~.
~ ~~' ~F' ~cr ~~~. ~~~' I) ~~')'
z:;; .q~' ~~ 1)'1:.l:.lW~
1W~' ' q;;jl)'
~
q3ilZ:;;'..q-l:.'CA
q..,::CAiZ:;;'
jI)' "9'"'7
"9 il) '7''
.......
........ e-....
c-.... ~
.......
........ c-...
"
"- ....- ~
~
r:<§9~
r:<§9~''5'
''5'q5
Q5S:2'
s~r"' '''~9'
~9''''''~F
'~F",.q9'Z' ~"" .qr:<'Q(1j'.q''
(1j' .q''i'i' ~~'q
~~' q~r
~r q'",c:.
q'z:;;c:.' ~,bO)' '~' a=;Il[~r
~a=;il)' (j, '~'a)I lj~r..qQ' .'~
~
(j,">;"
(j, "'"
J<jq~;:2c:.'
J<lq~;: ~I:;.'
2c:.'~c :.'~~ q' ~~~' I)
'" .q~'
.q~r JJ' ",JJ9~'.qf.i.'
.qf.i.' ~c:.'
~I:;.' ~~' ",'l:Jf.l.
~ ~r ~ il)' l:Jf.l.,'JJ'9a
JJ'9aJJ'qf.l.'1 :;.'2:'
' qf.l.'l)l)c:. '2:' r:<E: il)' (1j'
",'(1j'
-... c... c-...
e.... e-... e-.......
c-....... .-.: c-....
e-.... "._. -.......".
-.....,. .-
~"9'59''5'
''5' q!'1Ilj~ c-... ".."
" '''~t
'''~:t
q!'1Il[~r
~

.qr:<'SO
' .qr:<' Sil)')' ~q~':
~
~q'~r:2~'
2~' J,J,b",'
~a=;il)' (j,Q' a;",,'
<1;">;" J<jq'.q
J<lq'.q' ~J,J~'
~~~' '5')'J;p
'51)' ~'7Il['Z:
)Ilj'Z:;;c
;;c:.'
:.' q~' "9~'.qQ'
Q'
..,.,
..,., _
..". e-....."
c-....." ..".,. .
..".,
-..".. c... ,,-._
" . c...
-l:.' "'~'
~~' ~'5 "'" ~d:S .q'Z:;;I:;.
il)~' J,Ja;",' .q'');::.'' q~')'.q
q~I)'.qr:<'
r:<' z:;;c:.
Z:;;I:;. ~'.q ""'5"'"
-l:.'5-l:.' q~' q')Z:;;'
ql) Z:;;' ~Ilj'7'
v
~Il['7' '5",'
'5il)' ~ J,J~':2
~~'~'I"Ilj~(1 Tl.j~'
l[~(1jjTl,l~'
~ ......- ".;<~
.y<~
a;~' .q..>;.'
ill~'.q q..>;.'~,,>;,'
"'" ~(1j' q""'~" "'~r ~I
~
~ (~'j
13.
13, 11 Exerc ise of Lesso n Thirte en
(a) Answe r the following questions in Tibetan on the above readin gs:
1. ~c ~r~~'5'O
~r~~'5'o<le;,\'<l'
<Ie;,\'<''I~'
p'I~' ~'q'''I'l'\'~'\',\
'\'~'\',\6J1
6J1
2 ~e:.~'3~
~e:.~' 3~'~'''lq
'~'''lq''
''!JJ.f''
!JJ.f''l~ l~~'~'6Ja
~'~'6Ja>i )ili
li '''Ie:.'01ili
'''Ie:. '''1ili 'ili6lJ ':·-"1
':-"1
3. Se:.' <li q'~6J~',
~6J~',\\qQ<lQ'!:fQf!J.c
'!:fQf!l.C. ~''!Jnr~
~''!Jnr~cc'§.':~"
.'§-<.'~-,'~· <,'~' ~,\'''6J''
~,\'''6J'''Ic
'Ic.'Ulili' ~~I
4. 9C.'~q'~6
4, :;Je.' J~',\qr.l
~<r~6J~ ',\.',\"IQ'I
<lr:l.''\''I?("i'ili~ 'J.fr.l.Z
Q'I?(i!i' ili~' J.fp.i;i'
i'qi'i'~i
qi'l'~ilili''\'''I
''\'''I~''
~''I~'q'' e'.'''I~'
I~' <l''e'.'''I 'I~'q'
~''I~' ~6J~'Q
<l' ~6J~' ~r
Q~r -",
~ -~.-'
5. ~c.'qi'i'
5, ~c' <lQ' ~:rJ1'~
~:rJ1'~~s~e:.'~tl'~
se:.' ~<l'<>l~'"qr.
~<>l~r"l.'(lr"lc
<lP.'C'1'''Ic'
.'~nr!r"1
~C'1' <r01ili'ili
ili'ili6J 6JIr
,
_"_/35.
(b) Fill in the blanks with the correct expressions:
1. c.'
C' a;'/'l'~
a;'fl'~c.'<1jOj'
c·<1jOj'fll"l~'(
C'1"1~W~lr~F~'q4
F~'q4'\''\'J.f
J.f ' , , "il
2. c~'p.~'l
c.~'Q~'l'''Ic.'U
·"Ic't1ij''i'4~'
i!i'4~r ': , , , ~'jj'Q5
~'Ji'Q5"1
3,
3. itic.' ~q'Q~'a;'
a;~'c."1rr~<l'p.~
iiic.' a;~'c'rl ''I''l-<'
'a;'''IU l'''w
'6J' ,' , ~I
,~
4. 4fll',\J.
4C'1',\J.fp.~Q·'h9
fQ~i'i"h9"1'''I'a;
"1'''I'a;,\'lJlili
,\'Ujili··q')r
q')r ' , ~'~,\'<l"
~'~,\'q"ll
5. C'''Il'\il
C.'9I'\ili'(lJ'''ili
i'C'1'''il'~<>I~'S'\
i'~<>l~'S''\'., , Ul'\1
"i,\1
":1
(c) Render the follow
followiI)g
ing into Tibetan:
,1
tall.
1. Althou gh I have a friend, he is not taIL
2, I have three cats, they are Rani, Nyima and Pasang
Pasan g,
.
3,
3. You should come with me to the market on Sunda y morning. g,
4, I was unable to show you my drawings this morni ng.
5, These medicine is for your sick aunt and sister.
bread,
6. Since he does not eat fruit, he ought to eat some bread.
7. If she is happy, she will be allowed to sing a song on my birthday,
S.
8, It is prohibited to eat food in my mothe r's bed room.
9,
9. I can tei!
teU you a brief life history of Sakya Pandita,
10. Will you be able to jump five cubits high?
(d)
Cd) Repeatl the following sentences by filling in the Tibeta n equivalents
of the Englis h phrase :
1.
L Ji"l'
jj"r "idC!":f1 "l~r
,\d'l":f1JJ"I~r i "1'9""
01'9"" q~<>I"'
q~d'l"'~~'' Q'S'/'lc. §"I'<1'~f
Q5'fl~''§"l'<f ~,\I
~f i;jq",'~' ~'il
 179
13.12 Extra cts of Sayin gs by the Budd ha
~ ~ ~
........ c... "'-...."
" '_ ........
!.q~r' 9~r~r
!.q~r 4~r ~r di'~
CI\'~ '[l.j'
'Dr ti-<.',,
ti-<.· '"' Sdil
SCI\I r,,'
I'" -<.~'~ 'nj'.g'
'[l.j'.g' CI)'" il\'e:I;il
'" "
'r.\ !31-<'
iii' c:I;iii\'(:\ ~-<'!1
...,
~ ~- " ~ '"
r,,~~' ,,~' .q-o~'
I"~~'''~' .qu~r qr:r.q ",,'"I'.q-oa,r' di~'~r
qr.r.q",,' "i'.qua.!'CI\~r~1 r~F "a,r'q'
I~F ~.q'
~.q' "a.!' q'r<r.q
t<r.q'' -<'I:!j'q- <.'(:\5-<
-<'''l' q-<"r.\ !]-<'I
'" ..., '1
'"
Oh! Sw~ti
SW(lStika!
ka! Quickly give me the grass
Today the grass will have great significance for me;
By subdu eing the troops ofthe
of the Maras
I will be reaching the sublime andpe acefUl
and peace fol enlightenment!
""
~
c... ~
c... ~
c...
c;o.".
r~i!\'
l~iIi'r(:\,,~'
.\"~' .qZ:;;I:!
.q"i"l'9'Qj~
j'9·Qj~'' i!\' .q~a,r
iIi·.q~ a.!~'~~
~'~~'· ~r::.'1 Iq9~'
~r::. 'I Iq9~' q' ~~'
~~' q''9'
q'4' qa,r~'
qa.!~'f1\"l' ~~'~~'
~I:!j'~~' I
~~ 'I
........
........ C'o...
C'o......... ....... C\..
C\.. e-.... .............
c-.... __ ............. '"~
rq~[l.j
1q~nj''a,rr::.'
a.!r::.' %"'Z:
%'" ,,'IF;;"FS~' ~.q' a:r a:J'x:j.q'.q- I~"i'(:
l::j.q'.q-<'<'II I~"\ \"'[l.j
"'nj~'
'r.\ ~'i!\ 'Qj~' .q~z:;;'
iii .q~,,' a,r'Sf"),
a:J'
SP.I I
Even if my body become dry . >!
Even ifmy
if my skin, bone and flesh falls apart on this mattress;
I shall not move my body from this seat
:, -'{~
Until I reach thefnl ighten ment which is difficult to obtain for many aeons.
,
-;:~
~. 1i,
'ii,
 16V
LESSON FOURTEEN ~ ~
q~p::j«r
:w::rr ~ a:;' q~'
:w:: 'CWP·ll
I.l1
I'
14.1 Various Auxiliaries Used in the Classical Tibetan
As we have become reasonably familiar with most common forms of auxiliary verbs in the
spoken and written Tibetan, now we can introduce Some some additional
additionai forms of auxiliary verbs
generally uSed in the literary Tibetan,
Tibetan. They include: "'cr.>.'
a:Je.r.l: a:JifAr
.<J:E~' :lie.' "I')P.' t:l.'
~F "I,)fl.' r:>.5,"1
5,"1 ~')' r:>.ibnr
"I;;;~' t:l.ibnr
~'). "Iili"f
[lj"l~' and
fll"l"l' "111"1~r.
Q~"I"I'. The following sentences all end in an auxiliary verb but it can still be suffixed
with the appropriate colnpletive suffixes known as 11"1"l'
1i"l~' .j;"I. In order to express negative of these
auxiliary verbs, the two prefixable negative particles ill'
a:J' and ~' i.e.Ma:Je.r:>.·, a:J'a:J£"l'
~. are used i.e.M.<JCt:l.', iIl'.<J:E~' and
in some cases ~;;;'
~ili' and ~'" ii'i·r:>.ibnr, .<i;;;'Cll"lZ\[
j)'i' can also be prefixed i.e. ii"'t:l.ibnr, ~ili'Clj"l"f etc.
5J1'l~' 'Jr.t
1. a:J!'l"l' '''iili''jili·5,·
<Jr.t '''i;;;''j;;; ''5.'..ill'r .<Jc:.t:l.1
a:Jc.r:>.1
learned ofquality
of quality many IrUlny are
(}-Je) endows many qualities of the wise.
(He)
2. "1~'~C ~'i' <J"l'
Q~' ~e. .,~". 'i"lr.l:"Clj'''Ie. '''le.'
'J~"i"ft:l.'CCll'''IC '''le.W a:Ji5 "II
iIl'.<JiS ~I
well and happy therefore difficulty whatsoever not there is
Since I am well and happy, I have no hardships Whatsoever. whatsoever.
I'
3,
3. «1F;;;'
«1flili' q~r~' <11' >.j.J;''JR' .<J~'iii"l'~ilj·
q"l'~' "hl'>;'<JR' ~C'!
a:J~'ili"l'~i!j' :lie.'!
abbot by Pratimoksha ofSutra reading is
The abbot is reading the Pratimoksa Sutra, Sutra.
4.
4, ~"·Q~'i"ilie.·5,·~·"I'ifl.1
~C'''1~'i';;;C''5.·~'''I"r.>.1
fall receive (begging bowl) inside what there is
What is inside the begging bowl?
r.>.~' ;;;C'')«1'
5. fl.~' 'JR,g;'>j'~'~'~'
ilie.·')«1' <JR' .<Jc·q'''1I1''1'>j!
g;"l'~' ~'~'.;:je.' q' Q~"I"I!
thiS inside
insUle sacred ofDharma ofDharma volume many lie
Inside here there are many sacred Dharma Dhanna volumes,
volumes.
6. ~'S'~'i'<J'>;'''Iifl''ll
6, ~'S'~"·'J.J;'''Iifl'>jl
what do to not having remain did
Without anything to do, he remained (there).
7, Q')"I'f"l.j'
7. "1')"1' [lj' .;:ji(f.\' ii'i·fl.ibfll!
il\ 'i'ii",r.
.>J iti:\' il\'" >.ibf1J1
I to leprosy ofdiSease of diSease not have do
I do not have the disease of leprosy.
/
~''l!'>;':!jflf Q' :<'''I'>j'\'!.R'.<Jibilj'
8. ~''l!.J;':!iflf''1' a:J"I'Cll"l"l!
.l\.<J~'f1J"I~1
:<'''I''1·'I!.R· i<libil\' .l\
that like victorious ones race five of names are arc
These indeed are the names of the five Buddhas, Buddhas.
 181
14.2 Exclamatory Expressions
Vocatives or interjections are expressed by the intuitive voice of surprise as in most languages
associated with 'a', 'ha', 'oh', or 'aho'. As no exclamation mark is used in Tibetan, the
exclamatory expressions come mostly at the beginning or end of a sentence or phrase. However
when at the beginning of the sentence the single stroke 1 known as 4"i' is used to denote this
expression,
expression. r.>.q"i'~
r.>.q"i'~ which literally means "vocative" is mainly used to address people or to
express extreme emotive feelings of surprise, grief or joy. Exclamatory expressions are rather "-",
sentenc~s for
amorphous sentences for anybody who expresses a strong feeling do so without logical
consideration of his ideas but adequately draws the attention attention of his hearers. Due to the
emotional character of amorphous sentenceS sentences the actual meaning of each depends to a great deal ::_'.1
on its tone. The exclamatory expressions
expreSsions included here are used both in the spoken language and
literary works: li'j'JJ'51 and 11'1'51 are both used to signify interjection expressing pity, sympathy
workS: ijij'JJ'51
and joy. Some examples of conventional "interjections"in ThankS
"interjections" in English such as alas! hurra! Thanks
alot! Nonsense! Poor fellow! etc. might help us here. Grief is expressed by ~'JJ'~''2''i' in songs
and writings but the rest of the expressions shown below are used mainly in the spoken
language. Emphatic exclamatory expressions are formed by reduplicating the final of the ~"~
auxiliary or main verb and when with comparative adjectives it is further augmented by or i.e ii'
r.>.~'''I''r''ror
r.>.~·"I"r"r~· "How nice is this person!"; §"i·~·Q"I·ii)(rr.>.~·~i>l·JJ'(lr
§"i·~·Q"I·iil(rr.>.~·~JJ·JJW "Your bread is indeed delicious!",
fic: ~'Sl·i'lr::.·l.I·~~ra;"I'Sl·l.I·::<'''i·&·Q·t'11
fie:: ~'Sl·i'lr::.·l.!·~'Sl·a;"I'Sl·l.!·"-"i·&·Q·~1 Their house caught on fire, how pity!"
1. ~·JJ·5·t'1·~· JJ<f...·.E1 Il.I"i·JJI3.·~·'l~r::.·~'Sl·~r::.·ii)"I'SlJ
~·JJ·5W~·JJa;",'.I;1 1l.!"i'JJI3.'~·Q~d'Sl·~r::.'iil"l'Slf
Alas! wondorous! lotus ofsmell of smell permeation by all means good.
Oh! How wondorous is the aromatic smell of the lotus flower!
.--::;-;
2,
2. ~'5·"I~"i'i5"1·~"i'.I;"i·JJI
lI'I'5'''I~3\·~''I·~3\·.E3\·JJI IJJ·~r::.·SW ~'Q'''I~''i1
IJJ·~r::.' Sw~' Q'''I~''i1
Oh! listen kind-hearted mother! not distract son to ear lend do
Oh listen my kind mother! Do not be distracted and pay attention to your son! • ,.',. -,-~,:;;,
':-:;;,
3.
3, "f~f.\·~·~·~·i!ir::.·Q·orll'll
'<l·~f.i.·~·~·~'i!ir::.'QW~1
there ofparrot
ofparrot the small how
This parrot is so small!
4.
4, r.>.§"I' J:rr1j.
Ji-r1j. If Q·~'''i''1!·Q~''I'Sl'"i'''i''lr.>.'QW~C.·1
\f Q'~·"i·'1!·QI1"1'Sl·"i·"i"lr.>.·QWll'lr::.'1
Drogmi Lotsawa he now alive if happy how will be
How happy would it be if Drogmi Lotsawa was alive now!
"
1'~'''I~"i'~"I'~'JJ~"i'~'
5. 1'~'''I~"i' JJ't'1"1'Sl1
i5Qr~'JJ~"i'~' JJ'(lj"l'Sl1
hi! listen mind compatible Nyima
Hi! Nyima, my dear friend Listen!
6. 1Jl'
lJl'UlI
' l1 ,iQ'Sl'''i Q3\·t'1' 1'Sl1
.iQ'Sl·"iQ"i·(lj"l~1
hi! horse master
Hi! Mr. horse trainer!
7,
7. c.' ~·i'l·l.!"'·'?"i·5·Uj"i'''i1
r::.' ~'i'l'L.J""'?"i'5'Uj"i·"i1
we voice listen will
We are listening to the radio!
 8. "-"-',>J§ri
',>J§r'1""rq·~·n;"
rq·~·n;"IIWt:\§j·9
Wt:\§j·9'·O:;"i·,\
O:;"i·'\1 1
on
I quickly afterno at go will
I am soon going our! our.!
14.4 The Imper ative
Imper ative expres ses the idea of reques ts, cdmm ands, orders or polite
sugge stions which are
genera lly implie d throug h the tone and facial expres sions of the
speake r to be exact with the
meani ng. There are numbe r of impera tive signs exclus ively use-d
in the spoke n langua ge and in
the literar y. In the literar y there are three main imper ative signs
which corne
come at the end of the
., senten ce which has to agree to the suffix of the root as shown below.
They genera lly expres s a
"comm and" or "order" from the senior to the junior . In the spoken
langua ge, polite reques t is
expres sed by adding :<:"I"r''1
-'<:"I"r''1''iI::.' (help do) to the root which signify "pleas e help me do".
The
writte n langua ge impera tive form is accord ing to the follow ing chart. As in most Cases, Tibeta n
imper ative verb has severa l forms, each of which are used for a partic ular kind of social
relatio nship or standi ng the speak er has with the secon d person , the hearer . The major
differe nce is with the comm on and honor ific expres sions. The
root conson ants of the verbal
root which have either the suffix "I, Q or <>J <>I are made imper ative by adding the letter·'
letter ,"l Ujl::.'
\l as a "ll::.'
""1>"1 'post suffix' which are listed in the Tibeta n diction aries as impera
tives. (See the verb list
. at the back of this book). Prohib itives are formed by prefix ing the approp
riate negati ve particl es
to the verbal root.
~~rQ1>"
~~fQ1>"1 QlI!"l"¥;"1
Q~flj"¥;"11
,, "I"I
"\"I Q "i'~"1
".~"I is,,!,
is''f
I::. <>J
<>I Q flj
"l
I
OJ
"i Vowel endings ~,'r
~''r
'lj
~
" I
4"1' j
14.5 Exam ples
Ordinary Hono rific
1. l::.·i·~·
l::.·i·~·"iQ·Q~'
"iQ·Q~'~1~/ ,,-'i·~·~
"-' i'~' ~Q'
Q·i;jQ'l1
i;jQ'll''<.r"l"iI
~ .~/
<f"l"il::.::.·~' Let us go tonigh t.t.
2. §"\'Q~': 3'4"1
§"I'Q~':3'4"1 ~"i'Q~':
~"i'Q~' :3'i;jQ~' j,.z:"Iq
3'i;jQ'l-Z:"I'll' "lOjq
"f"il::.'! Come here.
3. "l§"I'lj'
"l§"f"l' q'Q ~'l?ll
~'l?l/ "I~' q' I:jq,,1'
"I~·q'Ljq" -Z:"f"l'''f''
r.z:"l"l'' 'I''iI::.·
iI::.·11 Go quickl y.
4. ~·"l'r.>..s:j
~·"l·r.>..s:]I::.·!§!1
l::.'l§ll a;q'~'Qii\'
a;q'~'Qii\'ll1'':<:''I'
l'':;;:''f'''l'''I''i'' /
l'''f''i''-'-'1 Have some milk.
5. f'l1::.·<
f'l1::.·<.r~·~~·
.r~·~'lj·a;··;Q·s
a;"·Q·S'l~/j' QI1"1'l1'f
Q'1"f'll'f'lI::.'''f
'lI::.'''I''i'~''I'~
~ ~
li@'''1
Q'q'""li@'''i/
''i'~'lj'~Q'Q' Finish cleani ng the house.
6. 1::.·"I~"l·"I·'1,r<li'
,,\·'1r<li'Qiljflj·~1
Qilj"l'~1 <':"\·"I~
<':"I·"f~''l1S'1ra;
llS'1ra;Q·Q·q>1jl1J
q>1j!1J·"f·"I"iI::.
"iI::.·i)/·i)1 Let two of us swim.
7. fiil::.·Q~
j'ii1::.·Ql'!"I·"l·W"i' Il'l'!
"\·'lj·W3j'll'r/ fi"-'~'Q~
fi"-'~'Q'1"f"l'''I'W''
"I"l'''l'i'-'<:''f''
W3j':<:''l'''f''i''-
I'lj'''I3'/jq Please show me where lives.
8. <>J'~'3j·I:
<>I·~·"i·I::.·l1J·r~Q' l§l1
:.·!1J·r~Q·!§!/ <>r"l'l1"i·O
<>f"f'll"i·"i·I::.W"f~
j·I::.'l1J''I::.·-'<:"f
'I~I::.·:<:'"I'''f''i''
'I''r''l''i'-'/'-'I Please tell me if you canno t hear.
9. ~'~'<>J'Q
~'~'<>I'Q:;I::.'~"
:;I::.'~"11 "Ill"l'~~'
"Ill"l'~~'<<>rQ:;I::.
>fQ:;I::.''·':<:"I"l'
:<:''I''1''''IOjI::.·
'I''iI::.'/1 Please do not bang the door.
10. ~"IW~'
~"IW~· a;'M"I~,,\'i5"1
a;'M"I~"I'i5"1 ~"I·"l·~·
§"f·"l·~·aa;·"I~"\'
;·"I~"I'''''l'''I''
l'''I''iI:iI::.':<:
:.'-'<:''I''I''l·''
''I·''I''iI3jq)leas
q)lease do
e not kill those ants.
11. "l~iy?:i
"l~il)·?:·nr""Ir.
i·nr"i"lr>.'Q~f~'
.>.'Q~f'1
lj·4"1
~·4"1 ;;j'<>J~"
;;j'<>I~"ii'''l''''
'flj'''i'''IQ'Q~'I1
lQ'Q~''1'''':<:"I'll'''I
:<:"I"l'''I'''iI::.'/
'iI::.'' Please greet the guests .
12. :<"Ji'&"i
:<:Ji'&"i'''''i'~'
'''3j'~'QQ~Q'll'4'
~Q'l1'4'''fl
-
:<",ij'&"i
:<".ij'&"i·"3j·~·q~q
·""i·~·q~q"l'':<:''l
-
"l'':<:''I''l'''I''i
'll'''I''iI::.'I
I::.'1 Please rub the mistak en drawin g.
13. f'l'C1.j"l'
f'l'!1J"I' ibl::.· a1'~'~"l
a1'~'~"f Q~'lj'l1J
Q~"l'!1J9' 9'ibc:"l
ibc:"l'q'q~>;j'
~"l' ':<:"I'lj'''I
':<:"I"I'''I''i''-'1 Please eat all the foods,
foods.
14. W,,\·~I::.'
W"I·~I::.''''I'l1-''.'
'I'll'''<rnq'n~'§''i',,\I::.'1
~'§''i'''II ::.'/ ~n'O,"f"l
~'D.'O.,,!,9'll"'!,j
'l1"'!,j''Q~'''li''
n~'''li''l'''I''i'' -'''FIP
\'''I3j''-·''F/ Please
lease wear this new shirt.
 lO
UJJ
jec tiva l and adv el"er'bbiaiall cla use s. of time
14. 6 Th e Use of var iou s Ad
. In the fol low ing
and adv erb s in our ear lier less ons by dou blin g the
We hav e already dea lt adjectives me d
ectives (mainly qua ntit y) are for
exa mp les we wil l see how som e adj adv erb ial
li' particles in for ming var iou s
Cll'~i3i'
inant use of the Cll'~
syllables and wil l note the predom a
the auxiliary verbs expresses the ide
ous., The reduplication of the final of
and adjectival expresions ;~.- ";~
g. >-~~
g,
of "I wa nt you to know" as a warnin
l.~e:.·' ill'
,,!~'f:>.~c:.
C:9~·~· a.;z~rr j~''I~'F'a
",' <N''1j~''I '')1
' ~"i''
;'lr~'~''i
~'F'a;llr~ 'il
1. E,' ib·q'
L E.' ib,q'i1'~e :.·'Ze:.·9
,,·~c:.''Z
k ifu nles
if unl esss mo uth bur n it wil l ,
tea hot the little little by doi ng drin
little, it will burn your mouth.,
Unless you drin k the hot tea little by
,~
)1
~'). 'i1 ;,.:~
...
2..
2 ih~Cl~Cll·
..ih :i.a.;'!·'lQ
~il.'n.·:i.,,
l·fl.r:>.~ "l·:?:?f,)
~""§"l'
'lQ'·~""§ ''l'~"i·"
·7"l·
f?'1j'1j''5
pap er roll this ofp ofpric ricee rup ees sicty exactly it is
exactly sixty Rupees.
The cost of this bundle of pap er is
'-~
'.J
"e:.'~'"'
N~·~' Q' "j' <ic: ~.::
~' ill~' i"l'C
::l"l' ll~'n
Cll~'C tlQ~~'
ll'ri.lQ <N' "ie:.·e
Q'or
·l.r :.·1
~c:.'c:.'(
lSI' o.rC
3, lSI'
3. iil<N
j"l~'~·~<
<N'(1ll"l
work to go not did
mo the r min d extr eme ly sad bei ng rk,
not go to work.
Bei ng very depressed, mo the r did
4. c:.~·'-'4'1j1j·ii
e:.~·'-'4' 5i"r~·
·ii·~·'~·~" .I'lQ·
r~·.I ~·~·r:
'lQ·~ ·~'fl>.,,\' 'r''l
.,,\''r''l
- - e is
I by pro per very hea r abl e not ther
I cannot hear it very clearly. rly,
'i"l'''ll
rr:>.'i"l''' '..;~,,:,
.'3,
5. fiic:E
fiie:.·1ij·j' S"l·
S"l'"q~~ ~·fl
""Q·'''q
~q~~""Q' "i·~
,,\' QI'l""rfl.
'''· i!i~'Qe:.' QI'l
soak did it is
his boo k new the totally wat er by
water.
His new boo k is totally soa ked in the
i':;.:t.
i""J.
·"\"! ...·gc:.
fie:.' g. 4Cll ·"\"J
6. iiie:.· · Q....'S. "''?''
·ge:.·Q Jl''i-r>.§·
<N,?'·'i-r. ur ~"I
.>.§·''f
will be
the y She lka r Do ng upto equ al at go ng,
lkar Dzong.
They will be going together upto She
'·Cll
.~·~"
1j·r>.~·~"
~<N·(ll·r> ·Q"l·
"(1j· Q"l'f >.e:.:.·fl
'nlr:lr>.e
flc=.!C.'n ·Ul"'1i1
~·~~·Ul"'i
·r:>..~·~~
e:.~·~"'·C
7. e:.~·
also go wil l be is
I by ma rke t to go while pos t office
ce on my way to the shop.
I am also planning to go the post offi
"-IF"!';·"',?
8. me:.' "'fla. 1j' 'l~')
~',?(Cll' "lW :r~'''l' Q'P.'i"l
ljQ"lW
'l~'i' Q~illQ
boy the whe re is
beg gar the sleep remaining tim e at
was lying down?
Where was the boy when the beggar
:.' g. <J'l·fu
~;r~'e:.·
9. :r~·e 2\'Cl1j'~"
Qil..g2\'(
J'l·fuq· Qn.·g · ib....
l·~"ll' Qto,'1j
ib .... QIO," l
had did
boy the we not reach bef ore escape e,
hed there.
The boy has escaped before we reac I
r>.~"
?'>1'(1j'r l·~i:
>.~"l l.·.' ",e:.·
'~i:l ili·~~'q'
nrfuQ· 3i'~
",e:.wfuQ ~,\I
~·q· :i;,)l
1O. ~e:.'~e:.'
0, ~c:.'~ '<.lnl.'.. ?'>lw
'l)e:.'l..li
c:.' 'l)c:.
bel l ring afte r class ofi nsid
of insi dee arrive if late it is
s after the bell rang.
You are late if you arrived in the clas
')'qp:
:y'i·~II' o.· ~e:.' a.; "l'1' "'...
~.~.a.;''
~c..~'''' :;:"I~>1·"Ia:
ro"1' :<:"I'
"-I-"-'·ro"l' c.·1
r"Ia:,,C.·1
iijc5">i"
11. iije:.'
d help do
abo ve at exist nam e list fro m rea
 •
Please read from the above name list.
/
12. t;..
12, t;.',or;-<ft
ir;- <ft;.';.' ~'JJ'7~''
~'JJ'7~''S'D.~"i
i'D.~ili''~'§''l'
~'§''l' q~'~"'I'f ll'~·q<1j
q~'~"'l'[lJ' ~'q<1in-f§
o.f§'ii:j"
'ii:jili'i
i'i
we all equal at cia~s cia~s finish after at water bath will
''Ie
','Ie wiil alJ all swim together after the class is finished, d.
13, "- '\rD.~·"i
~rD.~' ili "'l""I'
"'1'''1' a;')'q'l
a;,,'q'lJ"f~F§il ' "i'
J"f~F§"ii' ili"f
>{' ~~"-' ~q'~' j)·D.'l"r
j)'D.'l"r"ll
I by this from howev er many look did even if see able not it is
I canno t see at all despite how much I try to look from here. here,
14.7 The Alpha betica l Notat ion
Just as Europ eans use notationotati on'
n" by means of Roma n letters , Tibeta n works use the
alphab etical enume ration in association with the short
short and
and long vowel s if the enume ration
excee ds thirty. Althou gh cardinal numbe r can be used when referri
ng to
schola rs and masters, they are usually marked with the alphabetical order. the works of learned
In citing the volum e
numbe rs, the alphab et is affixed with <J~' or <I'o.f
<J""-f or <18'0\"-
<J~'0i"-'' which expre expr~sses ses "in" of the
particu lar ordina l number i.e.
i,e, the sixth is expressed by t:i"."..
by t:j,,' ".<£"r
<tor or t:i,)·i];·1;J
t:j,,'a;'1:jr.;.·O\t:.·
r.;.'Oit:.'notr asa;'
asi];' is the
sixth letter of the alphabet. Likewise:
1. ''r 31. lTr 61. J 91. '1' 121. ",. 151. 'JI' 181.
181.~'
~. 211,'!j
2ll.,!! 241.~'
241.~' 271. ]' ].
// - 2, J'l' 32.
32, fl' 62. ('1' 92.
92,~'~' 122.
122, fi' 152. r.r 182. It1[ 212, F.lr.'l 242, F,l' 272.
272, ~.
~'
~
3, "I' 33. ~.
~' 63.5'
63, "I' 93, ~' 123, ~'
123,~' 153.
.....
153, "I 183. ~ 213,Qj
Q,
q
t:t
243,~' 273. ~
213.~~ 243.~· Q. Q,
4, "-' 34. 2: 64,
64. r;; 94,
94. 2:' 124, (- 154.
154, ca'
~' 184.
184,~'
~' 214. ~'274
214, IiJ 244. 'i,' 274. ~'
. ~.
14.8 Voca bular y
'7"-''7"-'
'7"- ''7"-'
~ ~
few ')"1"'')''1
')"/"'')''1 exactly
"5' is"-'
"j"iK very ~'5i"l very
4"i'')'
4ili'?: ~
extremely :2"1':2"1 crooke d
"
,. q')''\'
q,,'''' totally ii l<fClJ'~~
"'''l.~~.'
: almost
......'S.
«'<;''1' untillupto ~'7"l''l'
~'7<>JS together
~iliW
fZ"i W before ~"'IW
~"'lW later
i'\.<;w
ii\"'w while doing ~<::'S.
~C:::''i' above
/
"I4~''S'
"I4~S below ')"'I''>{'
~ ""'l'~'
~
~
~ at the time
~Q"'IW
~Q"'l'nr at the time Q"-'
QC:::' '"')'
-"'" little
'1S"-'q'
QSC:::'Q' to bang ~'Q<1i"l 'q'
~''1<1j''l'q'
to swim
~"I'''l'
~"I' <>J' ant "I"i'1' <J' to kill
&Oi'oOi'
&O\'iSO\' mistaken q~q'q'
q~q'<r -- to erase
"It:.'''lt:.
"IC:::'' lC:::'. anytljing ~'~' volum e
JJF-'
a:Jit' leprosy "lJ'lO\'t:i
<>JJ'l0i't:j'' abbot
~'''i'.lj~'<JiJ.'JJ
iii'''i'.lj ~'<Ji'i:a:J~'
~' Pratimoksa Sutra ~t:.'q~')'
'J{c:::'q~, ,' beggin g bowl
3"l'~"-
3ClJ'~C:::'' cross-legged a:Ji"l'r:: '''I'
JJ,J,'''I'r::"'l' offerin g substa nce
"i~' i'JJ'lr:\'
ili~'i'JJ'l r:\' sky q'S')'~'')'F
q'i')'~'' ''JC:' troops of maras
/
 .~.6h'::t.G .ltJ~6.~

0--'1 ::!..1 87. .Jil 7 .l:J ;:i ...!'!

'-.J1 U;!7 }I ,j;! ,~ iii 1' 7

01) 2: &I ,..J 1). Ja 2:, L1

!~.~;J1'f' :rh .~6 v.ltJ.l'f'ltJ.[t;.tuU;.\e~.b\,)..h~I'f'

...fi JTI. i!! 1:i i!! ,)J JI) .Ja L1 1

u)
.Ji
~
. .li .2 12
3i)
_.:0:1? ~
~7

2
_9-!
i'
U1? ~,~ i!!1 jl

I:'.
...J] 2) ~
_l:l,
·l:r.~.k<~b.£.b'.17 .~~I'f'l

..J1 ..9-li --'1 ~ ~ !Tl<1 f,

2 }I 2:\ ~ i!! u:i I~" 1;

...Ii { 2: 2:1 ~ i!! 14 ' ~
-

~ l:(! "'r.
2: .2 ' )J ?:. :; '1'l. 2:, .J]
,.;
}J .z:; Jl' ;J -~ i]
.J]

I:'.
.......

JTI. >'! -..:il 7 ".. !i

16j ;:i }I'

C
~~~j~~j-'l~~~. ~LJ~tea
~7

*
\l::! 7
... ... .
"'"

11
--. .:> ""'
lsJ

r: &i,;:i ,]
14 1:i >'! 2: .~ ...9l . . . . . . . . . .~/'

1~;J1'f'
~

,--'1 ~I
~
~-...:>

.'rtxh~ .les: .b.&'J1'n.&/;

jj ;;

1'l L:! ~ % _Zl { q UJ, ~ J:j

'.t: r .ltJ

1:;
tJJi

~ 2:
'¥ .'rh .~6l

~I ~~ ~ ~7'~ ~? ~I ~
.'r!!;;b' .'rtlh~'.l? :tJb './;. 'rb .l'f
"""13\ !,j
.....,

L:! J] 11 2! '1'l ~'

.:w \

}I

.'.ii 7 ..J1
)J? i!! 1'l '1 J0J)
i!!

.
......
}I = \..r n

.......,....
>'!

".. 'v .......

.~b-,,.I'f'f!l.h .'rb .ltJ.

-:8 \ ,J] ~7 2
"... "...
'rtzkJ.lU.k<'.l?

;:i ~ I:'. ~ 1:; i!!. JI.! i, ' JTI.

.2,
1:i .J] .(--'1.2
}I ~.l:J
. \e~ .Ie~ e'P. b'r

% ;;7 ~
l? :tJb .~1' f' .~~ 'Jfi. .VI 'f'.1 ,...
.'rb'.'rl\ib' .'rtlh:J.~'. I'f ' ,.. _,.. ...,
D { i!!

I:'. Ul JTI. 11
""" ",,, ,,,,, ,,,,,

l
'0"
11

• ,..J1
,....
~

,
'- -..:>

~
.b''P. 'JG .'r' r.vh. 'J~.~i£,.G.~.\e\')b'.
...... ...... -...:>

..fI t,.J ] ui ~ ~
"....

~ I~
,t
~

~.~I 'f'~

)Ji
Ji'

1; s2 ~7 .::ll!'.n.<1 ~, ~
.G. ltJ ~b. ~6~ :l:Jh

.
I:'. UJ, ~..J1,
.ltJ.~l'f'l' .b.~~'tJ.~lt J. b' ......
'Jlb "'..... ..... ....,
.5

-..:>
1'l -

.......
~

~6.g..~ .I'f'~ .~.~'.l? .'tJh .b&b

"....
'... fi \\li7 p.iJ ~ Jl

.~ 1e6. viD. I'f'

'0 14 ~,~ 14 il
~1e .'£ G.~

9-1) ui7 ..Jil:...fi oi >'! 1:; ,2 ~ .li,

'f'. ~ 1e6 .'r G~.

~
.~~I

Ji' -
1& 'J~6.~'.l? ::lS

~?...fi ~ ~I >'! .t;{ ~

i!! i!!
-...;>
: .......

r'
Ii!! vi7 ~~

9-1, ,.2
i!!

-.....
11 ...9l >"" -'" 11 ui7 i!!

,...
......,
,....
til1' ~

'11
.ltJ~b.rb.'rWV.h .&6&.ltJ.b .1b.ltJbv:

11, ~';:'
.l:J
.'J &b' .~. ~ it.6 w .b.~ I'n. v!;m .G

~ -
fn.~
,....

.\eltJ.\e~ .1b.l'f'
,... "'..:I
.....,....
2:
.2

.
........ ';)
.....,....,.......

~I'f' .'rb' .'r~tr .ltJ. 'rtzl'tJ.~.&'.l? .'tJIelb'.h.1

e ~tr
.

L1 ~7 11 I:'. .J] ~7 1:'.,

l~. ~

>!
"" .b'~ . 'J~ . ~

>'!
\e'e Jbl _

l
.$'

., 1'l ,j;! 11
.'J~.b. 'tJ'r .6-.b'.l? t:e. 'tJ1' f' "Xl .,;- -":>-...0
,11
...Ii ...Jl

.....
,.; ,...

..J i cHi7 ,..Jil

.....
2:
1;

.....

.f?,.'rw'tJ .f,)eG.~.& 1e6.~.&b~.'r

• ~

..J 1
-..;:> .....
'

=b.~
.....,.... ,

'1'l
.b. 'Jt=

'2)

}l7 2, L1 L1 P 01) 1...:1

~. 'J~.I e'eJI l::l. 'J~
-
~
,-.Ji

.b.'J~. dub' .ttl.b.~ t:e

til
1:; '}I
"""13, 11 L:! >! '0 ",",:7 .2

'ri
'tJ.
.

'rtzl
JF

.ft. bb -...:>
)J
>! L:! }I 11 ...!l »

......,
-":--
L:! i!! i!!
•

. .2
'S! ~, }I ,i!!"

............
11
~
J:j\ ~

.ltJ:rtIhlU.&'P .~Ie .ltJ~ .\es: .":lft..b 2'.lt

'v i.- fi 2: 7»

.....
J

~
.......

b'. 'r~ b

\l::!7
l&b .'r
..9

il
.tt
.....

b'

.::!!,!, i!!
~tr.

~'
e .Ie~ b' .ttl .b.D -'l
.J1 ..J1 0Jl

~' ~ jilt ~ -] 2i jl 1;7

.b' .'J~. 'J&.":l~ .~I
L1
-...:>-
,.s2

i!!,
>'! 1;
,....
.2 oi . '~ ~?,~• ...D7

. 1:; 'l:(! I:'.. i!!

- -...:> -
Jl D \ L:!

..... ~
.....,....
. ~ i!!
i
,';J

- 6~.'rh .&b\,)D

:ih
. ,'::l ..J1
........
tJi5 . ..b.&
.ltJ

Ji _ J]
D~.'

~7
.....
,..J1
~

'::l~.b.~ '::l';P .b. '::l

i!!
~

.'r b.~ bJ. G.l tJ~ 6. . . . .

~

.
2

10. &b .":ll 'f'.l es: ,

.'rtz.....l'tJ.1b. .....'r&
L:!, 9-1,

.
i!!) ...fi D\ i!!
;:i
>'!

,.... ...., .... ,

~7
b!i .b. \ef f.. &\e.~l ...b.h
lle. ...'.'tJ
..,;Jl1 ., b'

~7,lUI
2: >'! 11 '-.J1 .Ja ...D? 1'l ,..J1
u.&

--'1) dJ{ ~ -9! l¥l -'l JTI. &I, Li

.~t
~

b'.' r
~

b.t: e.~' .l?. fJ.. ~bbl

"-: .J]
.'rh.~":l~ ......,
14

:l'P
2

S."
-.Jil

i!!

..... ...: JTI. w' JTI. i!! L1

14

'-

;ill'f'l l~.~ pl1'.'ri'.7.leff.b.'::lltJ.'tJtr.'r ~'tJ

. i!! Jl 1:i
. ~ . 11 -""'
>'!

"....... ....

;.& ~6. ~b

jil ~ .21
b' .r;

L1 .Ji ,~
bs: b.~

1;
.b.

L1 -.l; l'.3 l7
~'.l ?

l:!
.lU.
,~ ..Jill L1 ,~ -

*-
>'
~?

.b.h
11 ... ~ .li I:'. ..Jil

!
\l::!7 B7 ~? lvi ~ 1:ll

-....:>
'rw 'tJ
~,j)~' ~,,~ ~ ~I 14 ~I j ~ ~ ,j

.'rl\,....ib'."....ltJ. ..... -...;:>,.....

.::!!,! \

14 14

......
-
'
.c; ,
1:i
~ ~ I..J] 1:i ~...J'1

J.'tJb'.ltJi7.Ml. '::ll:b'.leb.b.\ebh.":l~ .~.

......,
>'!

....., -..:>
.

],

&\,
J~~
,~ '~7
1;
til
b'
-±i7

Jb.~ \,). .ltJ'e

~?}; _~7
.~ .&~.& '::l "'.. :I" '" ~.'t lb-. &b JD
1:i
.<2!

g.':: __
1

.":lS 'tJ.2 '.'::l ..... ",....

,~
(\.gt

,...
'14 14

...., ....., ...... -...:J

1'l

.6'eJ.b. '':It:e.~.~.ler;;
• 91 -"

£-:::JG

~
.'rb .Ie!.{;.~ .b''
...! l'.. Jil

l1'

UJ ~ 'JTI. ;::i
1~;il
,..J1
4

11
bb'

2!
b.le .l
d

l6-. ttl.
T!
.ltJ ~.":
~

:tJ~
,\Vli )J 7~?

' .\eb b ...:>-

'1 ~ }I 1:i Jt.!i,

U'l . ,
..nl ~ 11 i!!

. .
~

.1.1 .
.&6b-b
;:J ,Ji

....

'" :J
,.;.j

'-'}5?
......
Ieb.6.'':It?. ":l~.b .ltJ~. tJ1H::Vb.rol 6 '.l?'cJ
~

.....,

re
---
.~. &

&1
)) 1&1 """13 lUI7 UJ I:'. )J j;! i!! JTI.
biD
'A
l~b

j
il
'1'l -'l ~ - Ii!! ~ ,91 /.1-1 ,01

r;;. ~
-'"

'tJ~. §;
L1. i!! Ii!! -.l;l

b.b

'~
i!!

-.'r

'
::l6
'
D7

'
1; -±i'~ \\li7

;.
>'

.... .... ..,

bblb'.1 .":l§
-.J11

'

.s.& -. "='
14

. LJ )J
!

b'.'::ltr.&6~b.'r b .1'f'~'cJ.I'f'.Ie~ .ttl.'::16-.D'P

....., r""'"

~ ).;7 1:'., 1'l 1; ~"J] L:! ...fi 0

,..Jil

........

.l:J
11
lfl7

.;::i ,Ji ~ I:'. ~ 1'l ~!. ...;i7

1:

.2
2!7 )l >'! ..J1 }l? __J;l 2:
%
~
~

;.b'
}1

t:e. ~.r; 1& 6bJ

~u:i

.'rb -.'r b.W b'I -..:> ....,

L:!

;P
, ••.1

.ltJ.'rb'.'tJ' -...:> -...:>

..,
2: lui

"' ..: 1_ ... .., ...

il
>'!

~
. }I

7..J17 ~ ~,

~ ..J1
1~;Jl1' .'rb .6'.l?'tJ.~.'::I'r. ":1[;.ltJ.&l1'W
1

2:
2
11 1; 2: .Ji 1'l ~ i!!
dJ ..J1 ]
.

&I i!!

.1'f'~6
~ ~ ]7 S7

tJ.&
~

'r~' 'rb
1 : ' . . , i!!

~b'. bfg. ":l.

%

.ttl
11
>!

J.
>
}I

.-...:
.":lG .~'e ;.'rl :rt:e
u:i

":l/
2i
il I
1; ~7

~
'2:

"'-.,:)

I~'P t:e .&lU.&1'f' Ig .i5.'r b.":I~.1e hb'./b

~ L1 ...;i, . ' 2: u:i L:!
1;

........
87 2i ~7

1:i
b.& ~bl
~7

../b. t:e~6 .":If f. .'r

~

,i!!
""'J

":lff
-..:>
...9l ..3il ~ &i) IJ] oi .J]

I:'.
>'

~.6 l?
-.11<) 1:i ::2!
-"\ .Ja .

.'tJb .Ie'. .....

~ 1...Jl

:J'tJ
. . . , e . . . . ...., -...:1_ '-
,;........,
.L!\ ~

.1b.1
1)!7

» 7... Jl I:'. 1:i

;::i'...9l ~ !Tl<\ 2: iCE) ,I:'.

!
•

".... -....:.
-...:l

,&I 2: )1 1; .li ..J1

~

'tJtzll'f'.l'f'le.'tJb ~ .&t:e& .b''£ .":11.1

1;

1;
e-..
I'f'W.
i)
":I1h.~.&":.... I~.&....
11

~
2,_~ ~

'.
:.:
~.

e.~ .'rb
J]I ..n7

, C'-..

J.&I 1fJ. .'rrb

LJ L:! i!! 01 :.:; ~7

~b' .b'e
"-
>'

.1e
u:

1.1e~b'. bf;; ...,

-9!

'9I
!

'- . . . -
. . .Pl1' , ' .~.'
l?b,.....,h. ":Ih.bfJ"......l1........'.'tJ
tJ'.-.....
~ I:'. . J1t 2: 1:i

. .~.~'
~.~ .& ....., b
j

.&b .&b
~?
1:i/i

;"

.l:J' ,i;
911 ~7 m7 1;1

.'tJb
~
"1

&I ,.Ji 14 ~ ~
2i
'<

i!!
~7

.":IG
-,.
i!!

-.1J ;.b''P
Jl
~ ...Ii

ltJ. ":16 -...:>

.l:J 1:i
~ .J] ' ]. ~

tr.' rb. &6 ....

14

Mi .....,... .., . . - .
J;!

........
7'"

.":11.1. '::lh.&~.&'::l&.'tJ§:tr .&6/;.&b.&bl>I'tJ

l:J

ji
14
.Ji

.b''P
Jl ~

Jhh .&l 1'&

i!!)

h.'t
2!

'.":I
...Jl

.&6- ::I ~.~ b.& S:b

>"
...Jl

,....

?.&
<J.l

.h'.l
..n 7· .-f it

i!!

itb' - -...:I
j

'1 .2 )J? ~
14

- .....:.-
. .1

... ~
;<:l

.IeWb.& 5?i::l. '::1t.ltJ~-...:>......~.

........
I~ ~7 ji ~

e'':It£>. '::ll>I'tJ
.....
-AI

....,

pl1'.b.1
)J ,2 ~
Jl?
,...Jl

...D117

5:.~
~

.t:e,
i;

'::ltr .'rb
~
\\li7 ..%

.fJ..
L:! LJ JTI.

'.ltJ
3i'.

- , ....
b.1e btl
.2
1;

.ltJ. 'tJtz lt:e. t:eI e.b 'l'.r

, N.

.....,,,
'0

J
Str .t';z~.M1~ .~.Ie :a'tJ.~. ":I~. !;Jb.&I'i'G.r-l.~1t
• 2: ...Jl

~
oti,
87 L:!

1;

}J7
~
~

.~ Ie
14

.ltJ
lsJ'

.~s: l'iz '::l'r .&

1!i }I

'i'¥.
J] ~?

.!l'!:~h .&t :elr .b.I

2: ...Jl)
L:! -n2

.Ie@ t:e
I:'. ,,,I

l
.&~.& '::l&.b.2b .lU.&~b.2b.h.~;ol'i'
'<J.l
. %

-..:il7
\l::!?
,i;
1'l ::;

;J1' i'
-2

J:j

.h.~
14

~.~ l
~

. l\e :tJb
~7 §

.'r
2:

.I'f'.&b';P. '::lhh.r;;.hhtr ~ ".;>

~
14

-...:I -...:I
-
. ">

~
:Jj

"""
Jg

~
\c
~
~
fr.
('l
[
~.
~
S
::;
;;.
;;
-
"
o
...,
.. :::'
'" ~
=
::r
c.
c.
I>l

GH
..!>t f1 )),..! >t

ne ]1l .&~.'f~
..9i
~ lJ\ ~ &i)
~
::::
~~rr."

.~.':,,,
.J1 f1 ..!>t f1
-'1)
'J

n. 12 1-" UJ
~

~_.
AnelOl
§",'"g0.,_ 0'
_

.'f~':,.':l~
...Ji "" Ii\
~

9\{ ~2::!

1ueq::)J'~l}'-.r
(i
(iI
::r 0 0
t;j
" ,..., (Il
-

.'ff!,tr::JW
ji

U01Plp;)Jd
..ci t~ ,&;
n'
o·
.....
::l

.t1.ItJ~.,JH
.

-.:!,.!:?-~
00

Slu:ldJ:lS JO '1luq
"0

t:;\ •
;;:J
c.'l
"...,
::l
t~

"&i"

J:lpunOJ lIV .1P;'.'ft,

e
a
t:!
::3
...,0.
"

sno!::l:lJd
;"'7
D.
~
c::
. ..b, .
~?

:l"Jl !qp og ·':lk·G·tr'P.':lS

~
tJ:j

r~
0.
0'"
.....
~
"
"
 ·
· _ C'.,.
. c--... <:'0....
c-.... .
....
....
....
....
....
.,..
....
. C'.,.
c--...
iI.l·~r~
iI,J';~r ~.~o; .<.j~rQ,
.~o;TT.<.j~rQ , Z;;Q,'J::J
z:;;r:>: qQ,'
r.): a:Ie;'\ l;,fil)f
a:Ie; '\ J:,r"if I
-~ r~''I,l~
f~''l,l~' ~9~ '11.)'
'11.1' .q~",'
q~",' .q~'
-
- ~
q~' K 9-39'1' 1' a:.r
9'59'n11'a:,r
.
!4.q.l~r
!4q.l~r
- .q~'
q~' "'·9~11.1·
)· 5T q~~ ·11.1~m
·11.)"~"'.l~r
m",~r J:,rnr~
qW~'' ~r.s.·F
~rl.·Fa:J~r~
a:J~·~~~·
' g;~. J:,j'
-
~ ~
q' ",c:,'
",C;' ~~'~.
~~.~. 6\!!;f"i'
6\!!:fil)' z:p::
q~' ~~.
C'.,. C'.,.C'.,..... ,... I ~
c--... c--...c--........... _ c
C'.,. - - . . . ._ , . . . . , . . . . . . . ,
, ...
................ e-...
c-... -...
.
~ ..q"'''''~Q,' .qqr ;jjI1.1'9i -....
;jj11.)·9J.i~·
"'i~· .q~' 6\!e;";;'
6\!e; "'. "i~'
il)~' a:J9:J:.'
a:J9:<:.· .qQ,' ~"'i' ";;'11.1~
",.11.)~'' .q~";;'
~
e-...
c-... _....... _.......
_...... c.....
'3r ~iJ.i' .q~""~a:J~'~
~a:J~'~'!:f'
'!;f' a:J' .q~~' "i~'
il)~r
- C'\...
c-... __
~"i'~'~I1.1'~I
I1.)'~I:", 'l'1~'~' 6\!a;ll~~ S '9~' ~w
~W ~~ '9'Q,'
'9'Q, '2Ja:J' \ ~
;;S' Sc.·
2Ja:J'""""":r sc.· ~9~'~
~9~'~'' .q~"i'
.q~il)' "i~.:it'
il)~.:it. -a'~"i'
-a'~il)'
~
~
11.1~.r:t"'~. !,jQ'
11.)~.r:t"'~. "Ii): ~11.1'.q
~11.)' q~il)'
~"i'"i
il) ~';jj'9"'~'a;'
"'~'a;' .q~Z;;'''
.q~Z;;'''''
'' .q~~'.l'
q~~' J'je.'
-S
jr.:.' ~~ ..q~I1.1'
.q~I1.)' "-Ie:.'
em::.' q.Q,T.)I
q·Q,T.)I1.)·
- -
C'\...
c-... v
,C'\... -....:. .....
...... '~'''''
1.1'~'''~·"'~S
,c-... co.... ....... '..:t
...... _ ~
_-....~ ........ e -.._
c-..._
'l,lQ,' q:J:.'
'I,lQ,' ""Q,E;.
.q~' ""Q,E;,
. . . .a:J' mr.:. '~11.)'
me. ~"i'
~il)' 6.1~'
"-I~' !,j~'
q~' a:Ja;~' il) '~~'l'1
a:Ja;~' t) "i '~~'l'1.q'
q' !,j-·::5
q~'5~~·
~...... . . , .'~11.1'
. . .'2J'RF
. ' q'1il) '5' a:J!;f~'
"-I!:f~' ~~ .
!,j''!j''i'5' S
"""'0. . . . .'-=> ,
, . . . . . . , . . . . . ."""'0
5~'~
5~'~rrH
~
-
14.10 Exerc ises of Lesso n Fourt een
(a) Transl ate the first senteh ce and repeat it by susbtit
susOtituting
uting Tibetan words for the underl ined.
1. Let us all go to the picnic when the sun rise tomorrow.
/1 ~.g"i.~.q.>;.
~.g"i'~' q.>;'
"I"~'~'
"I"~' ~''r''i
r"i.>I'
.>J.>;'
>;'
Uj,~.
Uj.~. ~"l' ib.>;·
iJ).>;'i!)"l'
i!) "l'
"I~"i'''l''i'"i
i'"i "l'
2. Please bringa clean spoon and afork from the kitche n.
Wq-~'~'
Wq-~'~' ,\c"~"I'
,\c"~"I''''I~a:r
'I~.>J'
,j)'i)"I'''I
,j)'5"1'''I;S''r''ic' ib·n;·.>I·
;S''I'''ic'' iJ).n;..>J'''I~''l
"I~"l·'
~'~"I'''I''l.>;.q.
~'~"I'''I''l'>;'q'~'~. g.
~
ibnr
iJ)flr!iF
~F ~c,' !,J'~.
q~' g.
3. Take those towel away and come here after one hour.
~·l'\'''I;
~'l'\'''I;S''l'llj'~ )·r.lr
s''l·or~i!i!)'rlr
"I"ic' "l'~i!)'
"l'~i!)'~i!)Si~'
~i!)Si~'
~c"~c,'
~c"~c,' qSc'·qQ·~"!·(l.j·
qSc,·qQ·~"I·(lj·
~'l"i'
~. g"i' ~"i'''lQ'?'''I"(lj"
~"i'''lQ'?'!'(l.j'
(b) Repea t the following senten ces by filling in the Tibeta n equivalents
of the Englis
, h words :
9·n;"I"(lj"q~"I·ql
1. ............................................................................9·n;"I'(l.j'q~"I·ql'":i'\· ~"il
:i'\· q' ~'\I
Being unable to eat the pork
Being able to sleep for two hours
Being unable to find the umbrella
Being unable to see his neice.
2. c,' g·~·"1.>
g·~·"1.>;·w;·w····
······················ ·..··..·..··
··..··· ··········· ······················ ·· ~~'~~'\'
·· ·· ·········;· Ul'\1
···~~·~~'\· Ul'\1
tomorr ow
summ er next year
~
" with your friend
after singing the song
 LES SON FIFTEEN
~ ~
!ill:r cb"i' .qi5'~' (JI
15.1 Verba l Comp ounds
In this lesson we will learn how Tibetan nouns are converted into verbs
verbal compo unds formed with auxili ary verbs or compl etive by affixin g special
termin ations , The verbal
compo unds signif:r -ize, -ate etc, as in "to moisturize" or "to fertiliz
e" etc" in Englis h. The
three most comm only used verbalizers are ~1<l',
~Qj'<r, "to act" "I~C:'''''
"I~C:'''l" "to send" and 9"i'<l'
9"i'z:r "to do".
They are used as independent infinitives as well as verbalizers, The
applicability of these three
depends entirely on the Iloun to which they are affixed and are not as
/ want them to be. I have yet to analyse linguistically what determ flexible as we would have
ines their applicability other
than my intuitive knowledge of their every day use in modern Tibeta
n, ~"1 is more comm on in
the spoke n language than in the literary where as the other two
are a comm on featur e in the
classic
cIassi callan
al langua
guage
ge.. The following list of nouns with both the ordinary and honori
the verbalizers are some of the standard expreS honorific
fic forms and
expressions:
Noun Noun Hon. Verb Hon, Trans lation
1. Mouth rr F' ~q'
~z:r Q5"i'
Q50i' to close a lid (to kiss)
2. Mouth '
F' t'jnr "Ii)'c:'
"I,)C:'
- "I"iC:'
"IOiC:' to criticize
3.
3, Saddl e ~
~ ~q"r~
~tJ"l'~ ~Q' q5"i'
Q50i' to saddle
4. Salt , ~ \l!"I"l' ~'
'l!"I~'~' xX xX to add salt
5. Moun tain pass nr nr xX xX to cross a pass
6.
6, Tea E:
e:' "I"inrE
"I"inre;:: q')c:' , I
\~.
tJ')c:' "I"iC:'
"IOiC:' ,to
to gIve
give tea party
7, Horse i]' ~q~'<l'
~tJ"l'Q' xX x to run a horse
8, Mouth f'
fl' I'jnr
I'\nr ~"I' Q5"i'
Q50i' to kiss
9.
9, Needl e fflQ'
q' ~"I'fQ'
!:l"l'flQ' x x to inject
10. Stand ~"1
:!l"l ~"1
:!l"l x x to put a stand
11. Shout ~"i' "I~,F~"i' x x to shout
12.
12, Cough iii"
m- "l'jnrm
"l'jI1l'm' x x to cough
13. Meditation ~.>J'
~"l' ~"l' xX x to meditate
14, Power .>fil'
d'fil'~
\l!"I"l'
'l!"I~'''l-
"lll'
'l' x
~ x to curse
,
15. Mattress "I"i"i"
"I"iOi' tJl1"1" ''Iw
ql1"1~'r"lW x x to layou t mattress
16, Photo graph q~'
Q.>;' ~'Q'>;'
~'q~' x x to take photograph
17.
17, War "i"l"l "i"l"l x x to wage war
18. Busin ess £C:' \l!"I"l' :'
'l!"I~'£C,k x x to trade, do business
/
19. Pain !l"l %"i'!l"l
%Oi'!l"l x x to feel pain
20,
20. Reply fllOi'
11l"i' \l!"I"rfllO
'l!"I~'I1l"i'i' x x to reply
21. Whistle :!"
:!' "j' x x to whistle
"J
22.
22, Teeth "i' .J;"l"l'
a;"l~' x x to bite
23, Call
23. ~"i "I~F~"i
"I~F:\I"i'' q')c:'
tJ')c:' "I"iC:'
"I0iC:' to call
24.
24, Boat ~'
::J" qQq~"
qtJ"f~' x x to row a boat
- -
 £,,' £"1' xx xx nt
paint
totopai
Paint
25.Pai
25, nt £,,'
,, £"l'
"It'"t"1' "I~~'''It'" t''1'
'It'"t''l' xx XX to sin g
to sing
Song
26.Son g "It'"t "l' "I~~''
26, ds
[1j"l"l'
j"'-l' xx xx ke han
shake
totosha hands
Hand
27.Han d [1Jo, ~"1
~"I
27,
E:'~[1j' q[1j'
q[1J' 9'1'
9"i' "I"l~'
"1"1~' totopro test t
protes
Protes
28.Pro test t E:'~[ 1J'
28,
:i;q-
:i;q- ~"I"1,~. xx xx hope
totohop e
Hope
29.Ho pe ~"I"I'~'
29,
[1j"1''']' ~"I"Ol"1'
l"l' xx xx to wo rk
to work
30. Work
3D, Wo rk [1J" I''']' ~"I'O
,).>J·cl' ,).>J·'l' xx totoact edy
greedy
actgre
Aggre ssion
n ').>r ef ')J.I" -l' xx
31.Ag
31. gre ssio
a;z:r ~'a; ~·a;'r
Q' Xx Xx res ent
repres
totorep ent
Repre
32.Rep
32, ressentat e a;<:r
ent ativive .,
par ee ~ ,-
Prepar ation ~'~"I Q~"1"1'~ "1
1"1'~"1 xx xx prepar
totopre
33.Pre
33. par atio n ~'~" I Qt1"
to act wit h con
to act with conce t
ceiit
~'~[1j'
~'~[ 1J' ~"1"1'~[1
~"I"I '
'~[1Jj' xx xx
Conce
34. Con
34, t
ceiit e ::-,.~
'i"1P'.q. 'i"lP"q' xx Xx to be fon
to be d at;
fond love
in lov
at; in .:-'.~
Love
35. Lov e "i"lP "q' "i"lP "q'
35,
Sente used with'
d wit Verba
h Ve mpoun
Comp
rball Co ds
ounds
15.2
15. Exam
2 Ex ples
am ple of Sen
s of ces use
tennces
'~"":~
~il:~tr q5'~\~"1' ~~'iOj"1'' 5lQ'''I~I:
']Z\l''~'~r5lQ'
j"l''']''I ''It1I:.'.'a;Q"5 ,'e:''~[1j'~Q'
a;Q'5,.e: ~'il
Lj'~"il
~r>l'~Q'Q'
1. ~f.i:
1. ~"I'q5'~\
~<:r ~"I' tl' ~~'iO
~"I'!j'l'
mornin Chine nessee emb
embas assy at dem
sy at ons
demon tra tion
stratio did
n did
studen seven by yesterday
yes terd ay mor ningg Chi '."ll
my stu
my den tt sev en by e Em
nesse bas sy,
Embas sy. -'.s
Seven studen
my stud
of my entts protes
s pro ed yes
testted yesterd
terdayay mo minng
morni g at the Chi
at the Chine ,-'""
Sev en of
fS,,'~"1' P.~iJ.'
j,jrp.~ ~q'~~ 'OJ'
iJ:~q' Lj'''I"\1:.
'OJ' -'' <:"1"1' Q'''I" .QQ'
\I:.'Q Q'~"I Z\l' .....'''1"\
~"I"I'.. P.5"1
.~.P.5"
"1"\I:.'~' 1
2. jill:.'
2, "IZ\l'fS"i'
jiil:.'"J"I' ~"I' jjr _~I'
mind d hop
hope e do _~I'
he by you byyou man
by ma n this ofs of study
tudy to hel help t!lo min
p
he by with h ,his stud study. y,
He is hopin
is hop tj~att you wil
ingg tj~a willl help this per person son wit
He
"--;1
~'p.:i"l
5"1 ''--;1
'3. "J'S '''IiOi'"\'Q' ~ "I'I:.Q'S a:j'P.QI:.
s'''IiOi"\' Lj' Z\l'I:.Q' S·'a:!'p Q'~'[1j''i
.QI:.' Q'~'r>l'''i'''lP. 'Q' §"i'
'lp. 'ii' §'i'~·P.
".r::: "I'
§"i' .".r:::
'3, §'1'
daughtter middle the to fond
er middle fon d of do
son young
yourr son
you you ngeerr by my daugh er,
Your son is fondfond of my middle middle daugh daughtter.
you ngeerr son
Yo ur young t;::~
4. a;'j5.>J'" QQ' ¥i."\'[1j' '4'.>J'''I~Z\l'
."\'[1J'I.f J.I'''I~''I'"\"1'Q(ljQ' S'<fl'
Q(ijQ'S' £"i'''l~''I'
~' £'1'''I~Z\ :ljQ'''I"\I:.'q-"'''il
:'i.I;: '''I"\I:.' q-"''11
l' :'i.r::::)jQ
1:.'a;
4. 1:.' "I'.;.rail:.'
'!5J.1'"\\ Z\l' .>rail:.'Q Q'¥i
advice hour
fro m advice two during
hou r two did
do did
dur ing do
we house from fro before at
come before
not come
m not at paren two from
par entt two
we hou se we leftleft the house,
the house.
My par entss adviseadvised d us for two
us for two hours before we
hours before
My parent
5. .... ii'~"I' a;';'q·ai'i·'1Z [1j"1·~·:i
''l'''i'']p.w'r
q'ai"i'''i\l·'1"]p'· ~':i''l' ~"l'.llQ'~'
"l' ~"I' p."i"l
jj-P.'i"l
.llQ'~'jj- ~
£'~' J.I'a
J.I!tl"\'~' £'~'.>J'
~'~"I'.>Jj'l"\'~' ~
5, \111l1"'" - ~-
have if
hot have ifd difficu
ifficulty very do
lty very do able not isis
able not
constructionn man
con stru ctio ma n those sun hot
those sun
When builders
the builde unable to
are unable
rs are to work hard,
wo rk hard.
Wh en the thesun hot, the
sun isis hot,
"
6. .>lj'l<li' P.~'P.~'
p.~':3'
"" QQ'
J.I'u:jI:.'q
:3'.>J.u:jl:.' ¥i."\'nl',?' "'' "'11' £1:.
iJ.'¥i."\'nl',? .>I!tl"\'"''
:lj"l'.>Jj'l"\'
' £1:.'':)j"l' 'il
"''11
:.'.'.>I
g;,~,"I~I:
6,g;.~."I~I !tl"\'p.~'
car driver this hereeat
this her notcome
atnot comebeforebeforefish fish seller sellerisis
car driv er seller.
Before g here,
here,this thiscar driverwas
cardriver was aafish fishseller.
com ing
Bef orecomin
~"1'ljQ'
ii·'I'll
'1''l'~'~' q'Q''Lj""'iZ\l
'''''i''l' a;"i'~'~"I
. ' a;'i'~'
''i''l
jj'P''1"1
:i"l''j,j'P' ...,....
7. I:. ~
'!ii' q""s~...,.>I''''1''1'
J.I'~q'Q"'S~.>J'
7. I:. '!ii':i"l'~'~'.>J'~Q'
:i"l' ..., ....,..
.... ..
,...
~
pro per
ionprope
tion r do doable tim
abletototime e ver
very y not
not isis
I year sixtyynot
I yea r sixt reachbefore
notreach meditat
untilmedita
beforeuntil age,
ofage,
yearsof
six tyyears
ableto meditateteproper
tomedita rea chsixty
beforeI Ireach
properlylybefore
I Idodonot verymuch
hav every
nothave muchtime timetotobe beable
·n.rj'l·
jj'''It'"t"\'!
8,8,j,j·"It'"t"\ ''1''1'
l' q')~'~'~''
'l1'!tQ')~'~'~' rJ'~'~"I'.
'1''1'.ti'~·:i"l' :<'''il
.;.r>r"''il
people other criticis
ple oth er crit iciseethe goodvery
thegood verynot notisis
peo ,
ItItisisnot notveryver ygood criticizeeother
goodtotocriticiz otherpeople people,
lf "\"1'
\ 'P.~"i''Jf "\"l'ElZ\l' "\p.~'p.§"
~"I'~q-"\P.~'D.§
-'l"l'"I'"l'~"I'!!!q- il'il"il
'i'i'Lj'Q'il
"I'~"·r:>.~'i'r
9,9,I:.I:."1'~"\
 I by medicine now on eat ifpain come even if regrta t have /lot
not
I will not regret if I feel the pain even atler taking this medic ine now.·
10. fir:.'
fir:.· g;·ml::rj
g;·ru"rjrr:.·
:.· S,\·r:>.~,\·Ui'\·d\r:>.r:.·mer
:>.r:.·ruc~.":r:>.~C
r~.":r:>.~1j·~·J.l·
C1l·~·J,j· ijer
ij<f ~"1"J,j"
~"1W '!l'\'
'!i,\' 'J" ~'\,
~,\I
they study do wish have even if school at enter place /lot not gain being not
/lOt admit did
Even though they wished to study, there being no places (left) they
could not get admis sion.
153 The Use of S'\'q
S,\·rr Verba l comp ound
"
Let us look into the literary Tibeta n verbal compo und S'\'Q"
S,\·Q· in associ ation with the tenses . S,\'
'.r
Q' meani ng 'to do' comes from the noun S-lf
S-<r "actio n". It is a widely used verbal compo und
which can be affixed with the auxilia ries. S,\"Q"
s,\"rr can also be used as causat ive when the princi ple
verb is postpo sitioned with'th e agreea ble C1j'~d\'
C1l'~d\' termin ative particl es i.e. "':
:<: .
Noun Presen t Perfec t FutUre
Future Impe-rative
s-q.
S-"" S'\' 9'1f
S'lf 9·
S' §"1'
S"1·
1. ~'~',\' ·C1l·~,\
~·~·,\·~~'C1j' ·Ji·~·q"
~"'Ji' ·S'\·~1
~''''-t,'S'\'~1
parro t the water in play does
The parrot plays in the water.
2. ~r:.·lJ·,\ "l·.jj·"5r
~r:.'Q''\''I'.jj' :.·"'~·~
"5r:.·q~ ·~"I·q9" l·~'
"l·<J"S"1·~I
farme r byizot
by not allow ofmist ofmistak akee did
The farmer comm itted a crime.
3. ~d\ ·S·J,jr:.·"'''l'
"1"1' S·~J.l"l· Ui,\·~r:.
:;r~J,j"l·Ui,\·~r: S'\'
.··S,\'J,j'.l;jQ'
J,j'.l;j'r q/
ql
~> ~
~
I
remem ber many by do mind have even if do not able did
Owing to many things to remem ber, I was not able to do even though I had
~,- .
planned to do.
4. Uj·~·'\·"I~J,j·r:.·U ir:.',\"l
~J,j·r:.·Uir:. ',\"I'~'~
'~~fr a;-t,.Q'§ "ll
0;,,' q' S"II
~
hitter the three I come time written finish do
Make sure that you finish the three letters when I return.
15.4 r:>.~-t,'Q
r:>.~"'q.' and r:>.~r:.'q
r:>.~r:.'q The Verbs of Becom ing
These are the two import ant verbs of becom ing predom inantly used
in the classic al Tibeta n.
It may end a senten ce .b.utb,ut it is often preced ed by an adjecti ve, noun or verb with the termin ative
-t,.'
" .' ..
Noun
Nonn Presen t Perfec t Future Imper ative
r:>.~-t,'Q
r:>.~".q'' r:>.~-t,'
~ r:>.~'" ~-t,'
~", r:>.~-t,
r:>.~" ~-t,'i5"1
~"'i5"1
r:>.~r:..q'
r:>.~r:.'Q'
- r:>.~r:.' ~r:.' r:>.~r:.'
1. ~".~Q" lJ.l·lJ~
~,\.~ q"lJ,j' Q~'·~di'
~di' .l;jJ,j"l'"
llJ.l"l"" '\'r:>.
'\'r:>. ~Q"lJ-t,·r:>.~-t,·
~'l' Q"'r:>.~ '" ~I
~ ~
your wish of meani ng all fulfil will
You will fulfil all the things you wish to accom plish.
I 2. '\' di "l'~"I"l"
"I.~"I"I. ~r:>.r:.'
~r:>.r:.. .<l'\"
-<l,\' l,j-t,·5-t,·
Q"·5"· d\ "l'~C1j''
"I·~C1l·"I'I(W~''I' '5' ct."!'
,",di '~"I.'5. J',"I' ~I
~
~
that from friend anybody not having become land other to went
Then, not having any friends , they went 10
to anothe r countr y.
6.
6, t;. '[lf 'f~'q'7:
'[l[l~'~' ~"l'
''\~'
q7t;.:"'\ 'I'~' ''It;.·q·~·'
~' ''It;.' <ii'\1
'':i''J'<ii'\1
q'~:i''J·
have
I to letter sen d nee d to many very
I have too many letters to be sent.
J-f ~"I
Q' J.f
~"J'' q. ~,\I
I
7, ",t;.· S"l"
"t;.'1irrS" ll· "l~'
l,q'f'fll'
l"l'Q J~t;
"'''J
"l~'~~""" .'~'
~t;.' o.~''~''J
~'o.~
goo d not is
sel fof frie nd to hea d spin to do this good,
y I
Telling lies to one's friend is not ver
i' q'"1
1'~"'\'
"l'Wl'1'~ 0 )"l'
Q' "17'7°) "I' q:ll, \''\9''i'
q~"i''\9 :<',\1
''i'~~'' :<''\1
"l~'~Ji'
8. "J-'lo.'~' "l~'~
8, .'~' "l'7"
Jit;.'~'
.li' .lit;
is
to happy doing stay nee d to there I
Sun day of day on peo ple of equ al ily, ,:".y
e to enjoy with one's family. ".y
On Sunday,, one ought to spend tim
t;.F~·o.
.·o.l
'a;t;'o.l1 '~'o.~'~ rLi'i' q~'~'<ii"i'
~·~''"J'L ~,\I
,\' "l' ~"il I
9. ~'''l'·'7''
9, ~'''l <l'''a;t;.
i)''I'1·q",
- ~
- goo d consider to hav e not is
day every on alc oho l drink to this ay,
g alchohol everyday.
There is nothing good about drinkin
,,")' ii"r
o.",'''ili' ~"I
ij"r~' "l' ~,\I
I
~" '"
fll'flI'l'''
l'\"l·l'fll'
,l:j'''J!'j" :'-'UfUfo.~'
·"{i)!{i)"," ~ '''I!'
o.~"l''I' ~' ~'fll.!:'-'
~' ~ffllo
''Il'\j~' ~~?t
~~~
1O. j:j·"I
1O. will
by sel f other who eve r benefit do not
peo ple oth er to mo uth sen d do this help oneself nor rior others, I
Criticizing oth er people will neither
::"li'l
?~
ssi cal Tib eta n
15.7 Be gin nin g a Sen ten ce in Cla I
ive pro nou n ".'" '':o-~
''''-~
g clauses which all share the dem ons trat
There are num ber of sentence openin which l
by single, dual or triple syl lab les
syflabJe
as the first syl le of the sentence or clause followed the points that wil l be ma de fro m tha tha t I
the justification of ~.~
seem to exp res s and emphasize err ing to t·"1"
sen ten ce begins wit h '" it is ref
sen ten ce onw ard s.s, As '" me ans 'that', wh en a a definite
be connected. It can be see n both asure of the
something previp viously mentioned or assumed to on the nat
etan, however it largely dep end s t~)!t
. t~)'tt
and indefin ite article in classical Tib examples beg in a sentence. ce, Mo st of the fol low ing
compounds., No t all of the following
demonstrative particle o.~':
examples can also be used with the
likewise "''Ito
"''1j'ili')' therefore
As to that "'\11 ''':
"''ll ''''
"'fll' thereupon
"''li' ~.
.ii,\,\'~'
"''ll'.ii, however "'~" l'
'" 0)"1'
"''II'S'
s' oft hat kind
"''Ir ".~!:,-, namely "'~,\' so ma ny " .~
"',, '~'
q~.lii'~'
"'''''q~J so it is "'~""
so it is "'~'" therefore
,,'9
,,'9"",,' for that "l'
". "1"1'
".q
"''l!" -'
,,~!:,",'
"''l!",~ yet
that much i'
"'~'\' thus
because ,,';>"l'
'" ;>"l'
"'~~'~""
"'~~ ~'Jii''
'~"'~'.l thu s far
at the time "·q~ li'1''
"·q~i")'1 similarly "'~,\'
,,~..ii"·fll·
"~' .ii,\'fll' "l'ili'
"';>"l'il) at about that time
from that t;.
I'q~t;.
"'~"l'q~ since then
"'fll"l'
"'\r q~r~
"''l!'q~ r~'' therefore
o.~,\ in this way o.~'' lf S'
o.~'\II' of this kind
o.~w as to this '!""
o.~'I,!""
;.' ab ou t thi s
o.~;fll'~t;.· further to this o.~'i5"l'
o.~'q~~'~' so this is
much ~~,~ "" than this
however o.~,
o.~'~~'~ -'-' what is this for o.~'q"l'
o.~''ll-'-
o.~''1 t;.''
1''''~'~t;.
"I'
,\'~"l' thus o.~'q
0.~'q~Ji 5.'
~.li''5: sim ilar to this
o.~.~,\, thus d~'~'\'~
o.~'~,\'
 r:>,~'a;"l'
r:>.~-;;'''l-''I:r:.
''I:r:. now onwards p.~'<)"J,J
p.~'<>J,J-'a;'
;;" at about this time
r:>,~'\r"l "l-;;'.
r:>.~-\r"l"l';;' owing to this
,..
/
Exam ples:
1.
1_ ~'nr
~-nr -"J:.'~'.l\
-".1:: ~- .l\d1"l-I1
J,J"l'!1l'l-i')" <g-"i''jD
%')' <g' "i'F"In
." "Ill.-"i11l
.' "i!1l'0.8"
-o.S-",-"'~·
~- .it',:!"!"
.it,,:!,,!,~-~-%"i
~,~. ~"i''
that to self we found to difficult leisure endow ment ofhum ofhumanan body that as to find did
As to that we have found the precious human rebirth with leisure and
endow ments which are
find_
difficult to find.
2.
2_ ~''lI-''.'
~-'lI-".- "I4"i' "I~;;' -.<J;;,
"I4"i-</<I'" "I~a;' -<Ja;'-"11]"1' "i~"i'!:l'
QI]"r "i~"i' "i~~r <I'
~r "i~"l' <r ~''lI'
~-'lI' <!i'~' ~"I'.ll"f "I~"i'.<J.
~"I'.ll"J' "I~"i' -<J' ~Q' <il
~q <if
that like explained true not examine analyse do need that like forn the time
being decide not able do
It has to be exami ned wheth er what has been said is true or not,
theref ore we canno t make a
decisi on,on.
3. 14'J,JfJ.
J.JfJ.'~"i':s."I
'~"i':s."I''~'''I3i
~'''I;;' "l' ~(1j'~''l ' '3' 4"l'l./"'"
~(1r~''lII'~' 4"l''-I-'','S"l'3i"l
S"l';;'"l'' t, 4"l'S"i'4"l
if,"I' 4~' S"i' 4"l'' <r "i~"l'~'
"i~"f ~I
paren t's happiness suffering ofsitu of situati ationon that like known having done conten ted do know need to
In
.In this way, knowi ng the state of affairs of one's parents, one should learn
!earn to be conten ded.
4. (2"i'-"J:. '''I'"Jt;..
f§"i' ~'''r"l<: '' <1'
'1' J;' '~F ~'<)"J,J'( 1j"l'~"i' l./....!I!J,J.
~'<>J.J'I1l"l'~"i' '1 .... !I!d1. ~a;.
~;;,. q'~"l'''I' :<:S"i-"1
<:i'~"l-"I' :i:S"i'''1
your feet big small that much only not having shof big that by what do
will
What are you going to do wi th those big shoes when the size of your
fee~ is no more than that?
-.. ;...."
.... " ,,;.. -.. ..". ..,.
;' 5. "i'a;"l' .q!jt;.'I!lJ,j'l./r:>,'~
"i';;'''f .Q!j<:"j!lJ .f'1r:>.' ~-' J,J"i·Q""·
d1"i·'1-';-~-".-71
~-".·71
thereupon since well of water not have become did
->~'
--,'.' From that time onwards, the water in the well dried.
6. fl'.q'QQ
6.fl·.Q· QQ'~r
"l' <1'~~'
<I'~il.' 5i"i'(1j'~
5i"i'I1l'~'' J,J'~.q'
d1'~.Q' Q-".'~""'
'1-".·~-",·5f
i)1
',',
'.',
snow fall that oftimeof time at SUfi sun cover becom e did
As soon as it started snowi ng, the sun was obscur ed.
obscured_
7. ~'~"i'''lr
~. ~"i'''lr:.
:. .~. J,JW4"
J.Jw4-".'
'" Q""'5."l
Q-",'5."l'' ~'~"i·'5.
~·~"i-5.·'lr:.·Q·~
lr:.· '1-~-"i"l-
·"i"l·r:>,
r:>.§-".·S
§-".·S·- J,j'
J.f ~"i' ~O:I
until tomor row sun not rise upto time uptil then businessmen arrive not will was said
" It was said that, "until the sun rises tomorrow, till then the merchants
will not arrive" ..
8. ~'llI"i·~
~·llI"i·~""l'~"l'<l .>.<:'·iiJ
l·~"l';;,rir:>.t;.· iiJ'~9'Q'
·~9·'1·~r.
~r:>.t;.'
>.<:'·d1·~
J,J'~'Q""
·Q-",·~<:'
'~t;.'t:'
·t:·1 1
thus say howev er understand smnd able whosoever not become did seems
seems .
Althou gh it was said thus, it seems that nobody were able to hear it.
9.
9. .<i')'f1J'
.<i')"nr r:>.~.
r.>.~- Q' -<In.':ii"l .ll<:.' ~"i'
.<J1l.' :ii"l-'.llt;.' ~"i- <r ~''lI'''''''l
~-'lI-",'''lt;.'
<:'' ';:"I"l'S"i'JJfla;'
';:"I"l'S"i' iQfl;;" S!1l'flQ'
sl1l'flQ'~'
~' <)"J,J'J,J'
<>iQ' J.J'~r:::t:'1
~r::t:'1
Tibet to human being ofrigh of rights ts not have that like however help giver countr y that
thai much not arise did
There is no freedom of human rights in Tibet, yet there were not that
many countr ies willin g to help.
help_
,..
/
 -.-;--::
15,8 The Three
ree Co Comp
mp leti letiveve Du Dualal Syl lab les
Syllab les
15. 8 Th e Th
4'''\' arekno wn asas'1"'''
known I~''l'r:>.'S.''l' "Du
'1"i'''I~''I 'r:>.'S.''I' al Syl
"Dual lab leleCom
Syllab Comb atio n".",
binination
4i'i:'
~i'i:' 4i'i:
iiii'i:' ~i'i:'
iiii'i:' iii',,\'
' iii',,\ ~',,\' and
' ~.,,\, and 4',,\ ' are
pletive ina tion we hav e dis
ation we have cus sed
discus sed
Althou first three iiii'i:' i-\i'i:'
e iiii'i:' 4i'i:'co
i-\i'i:' 4i'i:' comme under
e und er the
thecomcompl etiveterm termin
Alt hough ghthe thefirs t thre res sed rag ee
furthe examples lesof ofexpexpres ns wh
sions
res sio ich are
which arenot notexpexpres sed by byananaveaverag ". -,
earlier, they
ear lier , the y nee need d furt her rexa mp Un for tun ate ly the y are not
not
functi nin g asasaaver b totobe
verb be can
can exp
expresress .
s, Unfor tunate ly they are
compl etiveterm
com ple tive termin tion fun
inaation ctiooning Da s and H. A. J aschke. The
, Theyy
Tibetan Englis lishhdic diction
tion s
aries
arie by
by Sar al
Saral Cha
Chand ndr a
ra Das and H, A. J aschke
even
eve n list listed
ed ininthe theTib eta n Eng s sai d", or d" andand isis
indire speec
echh and and sig nify "is
signify said",
"is said ", "wa "was said", has sai
orhas said"
are used toto exp
are use d expres
res ss ind irecct t spe diti ona l ':"1
· and 4'''\ '
4',,\' are
are useusedd to
toexp res
expres s condit
scon ional
equiva lent the spokenTib
spo ken Tibeta eta nn:il.... ~. ~·"\
:il,",'~, ·A"\'\'
~'''\'~'' and
equ iva len t toto the , the y, she ,
being saidor orwil l be
will said and
besaid andthu thus s sig nifyy "if
signif (he,
this isis (he
"ifthis they, she,
interro
inte rro gat gative of what
ive of wh at wa was s bei ng said
you, said so"or
d so" or"if "ifthathal l waswassaid saidso" so",.
you , I)1)sai
perly mo rize
memo rized" soiUs
d", , so .
said,
itissaid
t'li,,'r>j'ill" ?kll"i'
>!l' <k! iiii'i:1
i"l' iiii'i:, have
"I"1hav e pro
proper ly me
1.1. ili"'r> j'iil"11>!1'
"Th
"The e bitc h isis ang
bitch ry,",,so
angry," so ititisissaid .
said,
is'Jft::.,
2.2, is·Jf ",'~n:1
t:....·~n: \ '"":~
.ii>!l'~>!I 4il:1 "Th
"The e tigr ess hid
tigress hidee it",
it", so said,.
so itit isis said
'ii'll'.ii>!l
3.3, 'ii'll' .~>!l. '4rJ:\
) ask ed "wh eree did
asked "wher did you go?"
you go? "
''F5.'L:! ~,\'i5'"\
·"\1 1 If
If(I(I am
am)
4;.4, ''F5.·L:l~,,·i5
If am, you
If(I(I am, asked
are)) ask
you are ed "wh
"who o took it?"
took it?"
~>!I'r:>.6
5, ~>!l·
5. '>:"~'''i1
r:>.6·'::~ ·"\\
ed "wh
asked "whenen wawas mixed
s itit mix ed??""
"\JJ'~"I'r :>.~'II' "il
!l' 4' "II If am)) ask
(I am
If (I
6.6, "\JJ'~"1'r:>.~> ;: :~
15,9 Class Tibet
cal Tib
ssiical etaan Readi
n Re ng
adi ng
15. 9 Cla
~'q~~'~
'~'~'
qa'~'
~'~~rrqa
l)'~~' q~~' q~'~C
~q~' ~'q~'",C-'
-'l.J''~'q~'
~~'l.J ",~'
~r~;r4 ~r!;lq
r!3 'L.r
q'L qO)'~~
",''')qi
-l'~~",'", l)'~C-'~ '5O)'~
'~'''5i .. .",.
_ ~
~
I~O) ~~ 2~r
l~O)''~~ ~;J'4~ Q ,,_
e-.. _ e-.. ~
~
"V!!'" Q c-.. __
~
e-... e-..
~ 0-1'> Tjil)' 1i1" l' ibc-'l.J''i!.' q~'l
Jl' "".Jj Jl''0)" C-'~~~'
J~"'~'
0) "l'l' J~"' C".'5il)
'5 0) '1i1~'
'1i1~' 51' qo.
qD-''a:,
a;o.!' >fI"i
...., '1i1"l' a:;~ 'l.J''i!.' q~'.J' q'
q" o.! a:;.J:.'
~'~'. 0-1ib
q" ~.~ .J:.' ~il) qD-'f11
~O)'' qo. 'f11Jj'") --... ......,
" ~
~
-..., e-... e-... e-...
..... e-.. ~
e-... I.." . -. _C'... """
..."
I..",
_" il)1
'V" Jj'9'5 9'9~'q
''l'''l~ ~~'0)1
' q~~' I
,)"l~ ~w ib~'q'' ibc-'q''i!.'q~' q'0 ."",',,)"l'
i!.'q~' q'D-", ,)9 ' Jl'''l'5
Ilj~~'~' Sc.: q' 0)1 f1~'''l'
flC-'''l' ~"l~',~"l~',,) "lc" ~'f11' e-...
c-... _ . I
~' SC, ,'q' il)l i'X> 'V" _......
Ilj~~' -...,'3 _. " "X> 'V"
_ -""' 3 e-... _. ."')'
-... q~1 ",'q~ "" q~''~~' C"~' a; .J'>Tjil)'0
a:,iJJl'>fI"i' D-"" ~
'" "l~'.J:.'D-~
l)~' ,,)"l~'q
q.J:.'''li''i~' :.' q~1
.J:.'
q .J:.'o.~.J ~
1,,'~f11 Jl,,\'
l'7 'iJ.J
q'" \q''l'), q(.l: q.J:.' ,,~f11' q.J:.'''l ~
~
I'" ~f11''q'",q ~
C'.,..
e-...
....".
.",.
~

"\'q o:q.J:.' "'~f11' .

_e-..c-...
" C"<.. ....-
_
_
_e-... __
_c-.. .. .. .- c'"
qo. ' '§J '~q' q .'D-~.J:
9'~'~q'q.J: :.' il)!
.J:.'o.~.J.'''i! ~'
i'D-""" q.J:.':.'Jl'D-~' i1C-'1
Jj'o.~'IIi1~'! q'll!.'q~' qD-''§
ibc'" q'\!!.'
ib~' j''l'~ -...
q~")'O
q~"')' )' a:,0-1'~,,
il)'a;Jl'~" ")'tlf11''q.J
\'o."')'''t1f11 c-.. _...... ......
...... . _ _ _ -...
....... ...... ......
-"'.... . -...
-.-' ..", _ -.-'. e-..
-..- ....". -... ...." "
til'~~' a;"i 'l.J~' a;Jl'~" i' "" a:,il) 'l.J~' a:,J-l''2il)S "
_
il) ~I q~")S
l~c'" E.' q~")
!~~' S til'~~' _
""lC-~'' "i~!
0-1"')'""l~~
~q~'Jl",'
~F' ~q~' C'...e-...
<tJf11' ,,)9~''~~'
o.~' ,,)"l~
q.x.,'D-:!j'
f11'q.x..' C'...
e-..
'""')'tj _ ,,""- -. .....
C'... C'\...
....... ib9~'~ 9~' J'q'
'Sc"'I'F
i>JS~'Ii1~
'L.l'Jl' '!I q~nl'l.J
q~nr o.'a:;"l~'
q"')",'~D-'
l.J''q"'iy~ ~"l~'l.
~
.q~")' q~l l~~' l~',\
~q'~Jj~',
1~C-'~q'~J \qo.'f "l'q'
11'~"l
qD-W~ ~ ~
.q~"')'l .J~1 ~ c.....e- .. e-...""-
e-.,.. c.... ""-C'... ""-..",
-..... .. -...
...... eo... c....
c-.. -.-' ...... "e-... -...
-... e-..
""- ........... ''9' ''l''§J9'q'5 "')'
e.... ..... ...... '\l.J ''''9''l~' 9~' Jj''
Jl''''''l '''l' '§jG]' q'5")'
~2)' "ii '\'~~ ~C"'f11'
'\1jl'~~ W Jl' \9'q'~"i'
Jj''"'''l' q'~",''5 'flc'"
1)'f1~ ' s~'SC-'~q' ~q'~Jl~' ~iJ.J~''" l.JD-o.''''''l''
~2) ' "'I '\'~C"'\1{ e-... -...e-..
..,..
..... e-.
c.. .....
. - ' . .....
- ..._
.. ""- _"
-'" ._'. . . . . ..
... --... ...
. . . ..... 0.'9"'0)
_. . . . .... . . . . '--
-- . . .J:.c. .' o.")"')'~'1)"l' q'JjZ::;' "1'' Jl' ' Jl""l.J Jj'~"" ~"\'~C~~' -'E.E.D-'''l''' ''i''
q' ")"i'
ili'"")'')'"'G]' q.J:.'~.J:
",)"l'q.J:.'~.J .''51 f1~'f11'
:.'1)l flC "W ~'D-") ""~'1) "l'l.J
.J:.~! (.l."i
q'.J:.,,)l o.il)'~~' '~C-''" ~ ~
~
~
'~C-'f 11~'q~q~ .q~q~ 'l.J~ '''\9' q.J:.'o.~.
'l.J~ '",IiI' q.x..'D- ~.x..'J:.'
q~a'~q' ~q'q~q~'l q~q~.J' ' q'" ")~'\c'",tJl' ,tiJ.J'~O)''2",'~'~O) ~'c"O)'~~ 'f11~' ..... _
~")qCq~"'~~' '~~'~~ ' q''i!.'q~a'
~C,,'l.J'\!!.' e.... _ _ -... ..... .....
...... .......
eo.... ......
c... e..... ..... _ . . . . . . .
_co...
_co. .. ....... '-'
c-.......
e-......... _...... a:,' q~' ~iJ. .J:.C,,'o.,\,\',?"
J~'.x..~'D- ,,\,\''7''i'1' '.'
l"'~' j'~Gj'f111'q~Jl 1'q ~ 'l.J' iJ.J'q '",)9"'''l'''' '"')C Jl''''Iij
~'-'Jj ' q',?")''l~'
' "\'iJ' q',?",' '9~'a:, ,q~'~J l~'
q'~O)'
q'~O)'"i! ",I l"\~'"i''''G",' "')Gj'~Gj'f e-.. -..
.....,
..... _...... c-.. .-....
...., C'>..
e-... _C'>..
-...e-...
_
~F~C-'o.~~·53' 0-1',
53'Jl' ' q'o.~.x.
,)9q'D-~.x
'\"l' q''')C-'J
..','q''')~' !
Jl~~' "'~' q'~",'"i''')D- ' S'~""Z::
",''')0.' ~r~")''' )''l' ;9'q'fJ;.J:.q'fJi .J:.·
' ~F~~' D-~~'
...... e-...
iJ.J C-~'q' q'" q'5~'J'~il)'
)C-'q'5~'l. c-... e-..
_
-.-' e-..
c.... " e-.. c.... " ....... c....
-... _ ....... 11'
-... q'" )9'u.j", ")o.'u.jff11'
'",'")D-'(J.j
j''i' "i'
~' q.J:.'D-
' q .J:.'~.J:.' qf
o.~.J:.'qr q.J:.'
")")q. ,,\''M,,\'4~
J:.'il)''M''i '4C"'1i '1i1"l'' 1"l''l'9'K K q' "'''l'(J. ~
q~Jl' '5")' ")"lj
.lqJj~''5")'")
'",'~Jl~' ~
~~
q''\~'
q~iJ.J'q' '\'iJil)' c-.. _c-.. -v-' _
......
C'.._
e-.. ."'"
c-... -...e-... .....
'~il\' D-WD-''
3\''')o. Wo.'')q' ~c''''i'
)q'~~'~ -~'q'q
·")'C~'l.J'
·~3\")'~ "," i'3\1
q"'1il)' il)!
D-",q' 'q'~3\'~
..-~q'~il\
l'r.;;;c~'
c-'z::;"lr")~' ",'il\''') ~~
o."')q'~~t:..s ~
~
;'
15.10 Exerc ises of Lesso n Fiftee n
(a) Repeat the following sentence..s by substituting the clause on the right.
1. fie:'!!"i' ",i"""1~
"'i"'·"1~",·<ij· <6 ..T.:
""<ij'~'~· Q')e:' a;.. "I"
,:ili "f 4·~"I·"I·r:>.§·~·<ij
4'~"I'''I' q§'''i"<ij"i·
''i'iis':;:,
li'l,
~:rJi. ~'''I~''l'
~'''I~''f'''' '8e:' a;.... Ji""nr
<6"" Q' ~r'\' Ji",'nr
fie:'ir'\
fie:' ir'\'' mQ'~r'\'
ruQ'~r'\' "'~"Wi' i'Q"I
Q"IIl.'
q 'Jirlf"l"i
Jirlf"l"ie e:'"i"l'
:'"i"l'
6"" ~.~.~"
i§",' ->.c: .~.~",.
,. ",a;"l'~"
",a;"l'~"l'1je:'
l'1je:' Q3"""i
Q3"""i""l'l'
r---
i
6",·~r'\·~·":~Ji
2. i§""~r'\' ~""~Ji"a:·J·r§"i·
J"§"i'~''~·"i'
'i' e: '(lJ'~'
'f1J'~' Ji'''l~''P!
Ji'''l~''rJe:'
~e:' ~",. q"l'~' ~"II
<j"l'~' ~"l' ~"ll
6""
i§",' "'~'''F~
"'~'''F'~'''' '~'"il
~' ~"""i"i'~'''il
6""
i§",'~r'\
~r'\' '~""
~ .... ",~
",~..,.
.... "'''l''''~''l'4'"i1
''l'4'"i1
i§",'''F
6"""Ie:'.~. ~..,.~..,.
~'~""~"" ""q§'~'' '"i'
""r:>.§'~'i'
3. Ii!'",r'\'
Iir",r'\''''j~e:
'I~e: "l'
"I' 'I"~''l!''''''le:'1
'f~''l!''''''lq ~Q' <>lr'\'<ij
<>lr'\'<ij""(lJ'
",w "I"l'"j"l''I"
'f~'''le:' "'. ~e:' Q
0." Q""
.... ~e:'
~e:. (,
ilfQ'''l''
ilfQ'''l''l'~''l'~'' J f ~'~-nr
j'~''l'~''rrJf ~.~"C1f "'''j'Qj''l
"'''I'Q!"~ ~I
k e: "I"
~~"'''l'~
~"'''l'~'l1
'!1l"i'<j
liJi' q'4"i''2 "'''lll.·e:
' 4"i''2'' "'''J(:(' e:nrii'l
nr iQIl
: 6""~"I'''
i§""~"l'''je:'''le:
Ie:'''le:''''''
'''' :ij"l'
]j"l' <j''l!'~'
q''l!'~' 9"" 'fll.~' :3e:'Qr'\
'I"(:(~' Jf :3e:' Qr'\'(lJ"
'f1J"l'l' ~I
('!)
(';') Repeat the following sentences by filling in the Tibeta
Tibetan.n equiva lents of the English words
gIven.
1. m'1"~"l'
~q.~"l' i'~'iii"l"C1f"
"j-nr"""Q~"'<g
Q~"'Q"""""""""
""""""""""""""
"""""""""""'"
""""" ........ ~"'.0''5.''1l
going to sing
going to pull the rope
! going to listen to the radio .
I going to help the old lady
"
e:'i·IVQ
2. e:' i-nrQ'ij"'ij"i·"l·..
i·"l········......··.....
·······_···.....··..··.
············.·....·......
············....··..··..
··············....·...... ···....qiS
·····..··.. ····· ...·Ul"·Q
..r:>.B..,·U "l1
i,,·<j"l1
many new and beautiful books
your parent's photographs
many old Tibetan coins and rugs
your
yOUT new pen and uncle's old hat
3. B",·..,e: '"ie: W~f1J'
is · e:'"ie: -nr~(lJ'"i"l' Q~'" ~-nr
Q~"'~"C ""jr:>,'q·
1f ""IP.' q·Ui,,···· ·
Ul" ··························· ····················.............
~
·· ... ""!D." q'Ul"1
""1(:(' q'Ui",
or to run in water
or to go to schoo l
or to play flute
or to learn Tibetan
(c) Identi fy the case marke rs in the Classi cal Tibeta n reading (15.9).
(d) Translate the following into Tibetan. '
1. I wili not meet your uncle if I am asked to give him your letter.
2. She will carry this bag and your trousers if you asked her to do it.
3. I am not fond of going outside in the sun even if it is impor tant.
4. Since my husband is not at home, I cannot tell you wheth er you can take his car or not.
5. If they are shouting at night, my dog will be barking early in the mornin
g.
/
6. May
Mayall all the poor in the world become happy on Monday!
7. You should ask me three questions before. noon.
8. I have leave here at se'len O'clock to meet my mother at the airport.
9. We have been learnming Tibetan for three weeks.
10. I still cannot pronounce your name Properly.
, ,-- '1
-~"~
• -<!
.~
,
~
,
.:~
.~
 15.11 Extra ct from the Elega nt Sayin gs by Sakya Pandi ta
...,. e-....
c-.... C'..
C>.. ....-
......
Iil\""
Iil\ -'" ~ ~r~' aT Ilj
I1j"'it:.
"\ t::. ~' '~f f'f<l1t l:1j'
t1j' Ulr.:;
uP:':; I l'7Ilj'l)' G~' G""
II)'ll)'G~' G~':.:;' lJ'
G-'" G~r.:;' ~I
z:.r~1
'> '>
~ ~
IG~' ,,\t::..
"'it:.. ~Ilj'
~I1j' G'i:!.nr .>:jCJJ~'
'>
l:lCJJ~' \)S:':F \) \:':F '\'I 1,,\ 9-'" "'\I1jil\'
1"'\9"" ':.:; Ilj ",' Gfijil\
Gfij il\SSGe.
GE. ''l:F·r.l ~ -"1
19' r.l..~"'J
~
'> '> '>
I
,/
./ Who is there that has not been afflicted by wealfh?
Who has always remai ned happy? '.
Allha
All happin
ppin~
ess sands
and sUffer
~~inging
Alternate like winter and summer,
r.
~
~
IUlili'7 ili'~t:.'
!Ulil\'l)il\' ~t::.' ~CJJ~·t
~CJJ~'t::. etl
:. '~f1j' ctl CJJfl~' lJ-"'~-
ICJJfl~" I;J""~"'"" il\'",\f1j G-"'Iljil\
il\' ':.:;f1j'"G""I1
'>
jili ~I
'>
~ ~ ~
I~'
l~" ~il\''7
~ili',?Ilj'7"'
9'l)''l
!j'~'~!
j'~'~! CJJct\'S
I~' CJJa>' \)'' \)'Ilj'
\)-I1j-nf1j'~9~
.r~I1j~1!
'> '>
Those who have small qu(1[it
qualitiies
es have greiit
great iJrroga
arroga nce
They will live in subdu edman
edma nneri
ner iffthey wise,
they become wise.
It is the small rivers which are always noisy
Where does the ocean make a clamour?
..... ~
~..."
. ..." co...._
!~'~':.
l~"~"':;'~
\"~ ct-Ui"'\
a>'Ui':.:;'~-"'I:J
-~""I;JI!\\ 1,,\''):j'
1r.:;"'):j":.:;'Ujil\
'\"U1il\"'l)ili
l)d\"~ili
'~il\ "~" CJJct9
'~' CJJetIlj
'>
~
..... ~
. ...... ~
c.... ..... ..... .
It:.'ct-
It::.',:b' QQjf1j'
QQjf1j" ~'Ulili 'l)il\',?':
~'Ulil\ "7ili
-.. ... . .....
.:;!
''7'''\1 !~I1j~'~'
I~Ilj~ '~' S~'l)'Il
S~"7'I1jl)CJJ't :. il\'r.l.Lqf
j7CJJ't::. 1j1
'" 'r.l.Lqf1j1
As long as One
one has shame
"
It is the excellence ofthe
of the virtuou s ornam ent,
ent.
If one's shame declin es .,
/
itselfw
Even the virtue itself will
ill spread a bad reputation.
~ ~
~ ~
1!~'Ujt:: .' G"\9'l:1
~ 'U1t:."G j'':.:;';1JUl
'" til' t1jSlr 'Ujil\·
ili'",t:.
':.:;t::. 'I'! fO- r.l.' Ujt::.''Q",\I1
p'lJ'lj r.l.'U1t:. Q':.:;Ilj'jWCJJ'S
n,J' CJJ' S"l
CJJ ~ ''f<lt~!
f'1 ~I
~ ~ ~
" ~ " C'-..
..... c.... ..... C'..,
c-... .....
.....
ICJJ"
!CJJ' SCJJ~' ili'Ult::.
d\'U1t:.''"'\'CJJ" ~I1j
'" CJJ' ~Ilj IG~"1
IQ~"1~~'iliS'
' il\S'7':.
7",\'r.l
:;'r.l.S':
.S"'I;Jr
.:;' lJr.l.'~
.l.'~f1j
f1j! 1
Even ifsom
if someo
eone
ne is unloving and dbes
does not like onese lf
One should not annou nce it saying,
"He is my enemy " ant/. "He dbes
does not like me",
me".
If one announces it, that in itseifw
itself will
ill cause disharmony.
I'
 LESSON SIXTEEN
~
/ qQ'~Qr',JI
a>ili' qQ'~Qr'"JI
~z:r a>ili" ~~
~~
16.1 The Passive Voice
As a rule, the subject of an active verb performs the action of the verb while the subject of a
passive verb receives the action of the verb" verb, .The
. The subject of a passive verb is what in the active
would be an object. In Tibetan since the subject is not necessarily mentioned, an attempt to
make a big difference between active and passive verbs seems to be rather superfh.lous superfluous except
when translating English passive sentences into Tibetan" Tibetan, The ergativity of the Tibetan language
makes it fuJI idea, The formation of passive is very simple as there is no change to the
full of passive idea.
root of the verb. The only difference is the shift of the subject into object. The agent through
which the action <;,f
9f passive verbis-done
verbTs-done to the subject is expressed by the instrumental case
marker.l\l"
marker~, For example "l"<>1l\l"s·nrS<>1"rQ·"Ii!)e:;."Q·~"i1 S'
"I'<>1'11's'nrS<>1"rQ'''Iilie:;.·Q'~''i1 "TIiemother loves (her) sdn" (active) and S"
fll"ll'l'<>1"1'S<>1"1'Q""I 0
fll'Il'l'<>1~'9<>1"l'Q'''I0Fe::-1
Fe::-, "The son is loved by themother"(passive) mean essentially same thing
and yet there is difference in the conversion of the subject, subject. The reason why passive is
sometimes preferred is that greater interest is shown into the receiver of the action than dne one who
performs it, Let us illustrate this further: a;e:;."<>1"l'S"Ji't1l'''1''I''i"Ji"4-''."''1"~''i1
a>e:;.'<>1"l'S'Ji'r>l'''1''I''i'Ji'4'''·''1'~''i1 meaning "Everybody
laughed at the girl", "1"I"i'Ji-..cj",", S'Ji' is "goverend by" or, as it
"1"I"i'Ji'4"', of course, is an intransitive verb; S"Ji"
may also be termed "the object of' the accusative particle fll"
fll, But it may also be analysed in
another way, fll""1"I"i'Ji-..cj"'"may
fll'''1''I''i'Ji'4'''may be called transitive verb-phrase having S'Ji' as its object. In this
/
way we can understand how it is possible to turn an active sentence into passive:
.,.~.
:~.
;~:l Active Passive
a;e:;.'<>1"1'S'JJW"1"I"i".<1"
a>e:;.' <>1"l' S' JJW"1"I"i'.<1' 4"'"
4'" "1""1' ~"il S"Jiw
S'Jiw a;e:;.'J./"I'"1"I"i"Ji"
a>t::: J./"l' "1"I"i'Ji' 4"'"
4"" "1""1' ~"il
everybody by gril to laugh did . girl to everybody by laugh did
Everybody laughed at the girl. The girl was laughed at by everybody,
..... c",.
C'.. l-..
"i<>1"1'aJ"I''''ii!)"
"i <>1"1' aJ~''''iili' <>1'~"
~ ,
<>1'~'
~
.
"1.K~"
"1,K~' ~"il ~
iilj"J./""i'''i<>1''1'J./"I'"1.K"I""'''il
"'"'iilj' J./'''i'''i<>1''1' J./~' "1,K"I' "'''il
~
army by thief the seize did thief the army by seize did
The army will arrest the thief.
thief, The thief will be arrested by the army. army,
,
~'<>1"1'
~'<>1"l' ~'JJ'~'§"I"q'~"il
~'JJ'~'§"l'q' ~"il ~"Ji'~"~"<>1"1"§"f
~'Ji'~'~'<>1~'§'If q' ~"il
Nyima by painting the.did
the,did painting Nyima by did
Nyima painted that drawing,
drilwing. That painting was painted by Nyima,
Q"i'q'Z<lnra;'"1"1'
Q"i' q' r.jnr,3;' "1"l' "i::"I"liI"i'iij'~'
"i::~'li!"i'iij'~' ~"il "i::"l"1iI"i"Q"i"q"Z<lfll'a;"
"i::"l'li!"i'Q"i'q'r.jfll',3;' "1~r~" ~"ilI
"1"r~'Qr ~"i
"r
Tibetan most by U dialect understand do U diaclect Tibetan most by understand do
Most Tibetans understand U-Ke (Lhasa dialect). dialect), U-Ke is understood by most Tibetans,
16.2 Relative Clauses
When an infinitive verb stem is followed by the suffix <>1f/i!)"
<>1f1ili' ('O"J./f/i!)")
(-"l'J./flili') it expresses 'he who eats
(ate), but when a past verb stem is followed by "10." (-"l~'qP") it expresses "that which
"10.' or qo.' ('O"l'qo.")
qo..
was eaten", In Tibetan, the equivalent of the English relative clauses clalJses come before the word to
which it relates, and a sentence i,e, 'This is the man who wrote the letter' will have the
following word order: Uj·~·"'~"<>1f/ilj"~"a'r~·D.~·~"i1
lil'~''''~'<>1f1ilj'~'a'r~''''~':<'''i1 'the letter he who wrote that man this is'.is',
/
 -'-"'1.
-'':'''1.
6.6 Deriv ation of Word Class es
of langua ge which is
As language consist of characters which signify words, the structure
q".~".qiJ.."l!jc
known as "grammar" q"'~,,'qi .' looks into the way in which those words are modif ied and
J.'''l!jc..
joined
jOined togeth er to express thoughts and feelings, s. We have noticed some words were given as
exampl~ both of nouns and adject ives, others
as nouns
notins and verbs, and others again as
additive partic les and the
adject ives and adverb s. Nouns and adjectives share some comm on
fll'~i!)· makes it difficult to look at the forms of examp les in injr~,
multi- purpose use of the seven r>l'~Oi'
the word classe s help us to Ii.
isolation. Howe ver, the basic structu re and knowledge of follow ing senten ce as an
unders tand the conten ts of a senten ce. Let us try to analys e the '",~.
liit
example: ,:::.
"it-g
~'q'''la ~~'~q'
"l~' ~'~
~·q·"la''l~'~' ~'~ q'''l~''l .§'<:~'J
'P.§
''l~''l'P .lS"l~' <I' ~~' tr ~'\' ~'f' J.l'<:P.5r
''':~' J.lS"l~' >l'q'
J.l""P.5fll· q' ~"I
Iil'l.l
!i1'
Having taken a book the tall monk escaped quickly but he fell down.
fei! down,
i
~.q', ~q'
~'q', monk, book substantives ~.
~'
9a9~'~· tall adjective ~
,
~
fl·
fl' he personal pronoun
I!fi
9~"1 a indefinite article rl!fi
~i
~~. by him demonstrative pronoun instrumental (ergat ive)
past participle ~.
r:>.§"' P.5 fll·
o.S""" P.5r>l' took:, fell
~ continuative particle
~.
~' having
~' but conjunction (expressing contrast) .~~-
down adverb of location J
J.l"'"
J.l""
J.lS"l~,q, quickly adverb of manner
"1'':<:,,' did auxiliary verb of simple past perfect
Now if we want to speak more than one, then the sentence beComes:
j;'p'§""~'
~.", j;~'" "1'''' j;'p'§""'
l~' ~''''
~'q'9a"l~' ~'fC.'l'
~' J.lS"l~' <I' ~~' q' .:<:,,' ,,'fc:: J.l""'P.§rfll'q' ':<:"1
l· J.l""P.§>l'q'
down.
Havin g taken those books the tall monks escaped quickly but they fell
',,~' and
'l~'''-c.',,~'
~'q·"la"l~':<'c. are chang ~·q'''Ia''l~'~
Changed into ~'q'''I
"'1',','' ,,,'l~'
a''l~,~''''l~'
Here in the above sentence ~'q'''la'
by suffix ing ii' as most
and "q~'l' this is to reiterate that these substantives form their plurals
substa ntives do, The rest of the sentence remain unchanged, ged. S'imilarly this senten ce can be
moods or by adding the :':\
chang ed if we want to speak of simple present or any other tenses and
interrogative or a negative
adverb of time instead of adverb of manner or with both or make it an in one contex t
senten ce,We :can apply similar tests to most of the words which can be a verb
ce.We ican .
r.
but a substantive in another or is an apjective in one and adverb in anothe
Subst antive s from verbs
iJ.l'q' to write iiJ.l'J.lj'l,\'
J.l'J.lfli\ author
..---
;J'''1'
,,'''1' to eat ;J'J.lflOi'
,,' J.lj'l,\' farmer
:J'(J'
:J''J' to copy J.lj'l,\'
:J'J.lfl<l\' copier
 Verbs from Subst antive s
"'1"1"1" strength "'1"1"1"~
:!"I"-r sCfcr strengthen
~<>;'JI'
~<>;"JI" thief ~"~"cr
~'sq steal
'qc:.<>;"r.r
1<:'<>;'<.[ gift q<:."\'q' ~'i'
qc:."\"q"~'i" give present
Subst antive s from Adjec tives
~~'~'l.i
~~"~"l.i"' beautiful ~~"~"
~~'~' kindness
P.§~'Q(d i'
P.§~"Q(<>;" wealthy P.§~'<.[
Q§~"r.r
:,::c
wealth
& ~~'l.i'
~~"l.i" clever ~~'~F
~~"~F cleverness
Adjec tives from Subst antive s
~di'fl'
~"i"fl" danger ~"\'fl'oO<
~"i"fl""">;'
i" dangerous
fl'q'
fl"q" snow fl'q'oO<>;
fl"q",,"i"' snowy
"I~~'
"I~~" gold "I~~'~'
"I~"'"~" golden
Adjec tives from Verbs
""IP.'q
""IA"q to be glad 'i"lP.'~"
'i"lQ"~"\"\'
/ blissful
"'l'q'
-'l"q" to eat "'l'~~'q
-'l"~~"q"' edible
,
," "I~,,"r
"I~,,"q" to sleep "I~'"
"I~""""i
00"\'" sleepy
Verbs form Adjec tives
.lj~"1:j"
>j~'1:i'
~ short .ljl:;
>j~ S"l~~'
S"l~~" 'I'
q"
~ ~
shorten
~~'q'
~~"q" long ~s"l~ ~~"q"
~"5:""I~'q' lengthen
"I~'JI'
"I~"JI" clean "I"~'5.' ''I~~'q'
"I"~"'S.""I~~"q" clarify
Adve rbs from Adjec tives
Qi"l'Jl'
>l!"I"JI" remainder Qi"l'JI~'
>l!"I"JI~" in the remainder
"I"I~'q'
"I"1~"q" n(!w "I"l~'q
"I"I~"q~'
~" newly
~
"1"1"1'
"1"1"1"q'
q" clear "1"1"1"
"I"l"1'l.q~"
i~' clearly
16.7 Exam ples
r>. ~'~i':\'P
A~"d":\" p.S"1"q"
.S"1· q'Uldi'
Ui"i" This is my offerin
offering"
g, (substantive)
~i':\'P.S
~~"AS"1""1'q's"l'
q"!!i"l" JI'
JI"§~
§~"''I
/ I have not made offerings"
gs, (verbalised substansive)
Ei'" ~~'~'~
EI"" "fQj"l'A
~~ "~">l!"fQ j"l"Q ~'''i''l'
~""i"l" q'~'
q"~" ~"I'P.""
~"I"P.""I1~
This shoes of yours is very beautiful. (adjec tive)
Ei'" ~~'~'~"
EI"" fQj"l'P.
~~ "~">l!"fQ j"l"Q ~'''i''l'l.i
~""i"l"l.i'" 9"1'
9"1" di"i "I'§~I
"I"§~' Look after this shoes of your properly"
ly, (adverb)
§,,'
§,," ~~'~'!1 I"fi\f"l'P
~~ "~">l!"fi \f"l"Q. ~'''i''l'r1 i",r>. ~"1
~""i"l"r1i""A 5:"1 How good is this shoes of yours? (adjec tival interrogative)
~~'JI'
~~"JI" P.~'''I~
A~""I"~~'" ~'''I~~
5:""I~~"''I Make this plate cleaner. (imperative)
 PA RT TH RE E
!
, LISTi, O F . VE R B S
A Tib I
eta n ver b can com e in two to foti
folir different forms to exp res sl the thre
imperative . In form ing diff ere nt ten e ten ses and the
ses and moods, the root of a ver b can be affe
the add itio n, del itio n or sus bsti cted eith er by
tuti on of a pre fix, the second suf fix '\I'. Som etim
Jett
letter is transforme d and the vow el
es even the root
all tenses and mo is dro ppe d. Exa mples of verbs wh ich onl y has one
ods wil
willl not be liste d asl
ast hey are unlikely 10 form for
can find the ir me ani ng in dic tion arie
to cau se any problem as lon g as one
gov ern the spe llin g changes of the s. In IJl spi te of the importa nce of kno win g the rule s wh ich
.students bec om e fam verbs for the tenses and mo ods it
iliarise d wit h the is equ ally imp orta
verbs. Th var iou s aux ilia ry verbs which are app lica ble for thent that
The lim ited unders tan din g main
/ ign ora nce of the way Tibetan spe aki of the cultural, historical and reli gio us con tex t and the
con fus ed and blame the ambiguity ng people think,w rite
k, wri te and talk ma
lan of the language. It is the inh ere ntke ma ny textual scholars
gua ges thro ugh boo ks and hav e no practical application of usi ng dan ger of lea rni ng any
Me morizi ng som e rigid gra mm atic it as a livi ng language.
unprepared to examine the relevan al rules written som e 1300 years ago is ina deq aut e if one is
ce
occ urr ed. An y system of theory of such rules.in the present day and wh y the cha nge s have
Fol low ing are som e of my obs ervatiowhich is not applied in every day pra ctice is red und ant .
ns on spelling changes of Tibetan ver
bs:
1. In for min g an imp era tive from a verb suc h as <1'1,
'l'1,',''\'\' which only has the inherent a in
root is cha nge d into ~'\. its present
by dro ppi ng the pref
pre iX
fix lOr and add ing the '\':;:
,\':;::'. Tec hni cal ly the post
"",\
""'\ suf fix ". sho uld be add ed but it is not used in practice since 11th cen tur y afte
revison. r the lan gua ge
2. In ord er to form the pas t from a pre sen t ver b stem like Q"I
r.l."I"f it is cha nged into'l"/'
4"1" for the imp \1' and fl'll'
<1,,/'\I' R'If
era tive . In doi ng so, her e the root letter "I" has cha nge d to ;'r and
bel ong ing to the sam e pho nol
nOl ogi
ogi cal ·fl· both
·rr
gro up of gut tural letters,
lett ers i.e. the pre sen t ver b ste
stem
ers. This rule also applies to subjoin
ed
m Q§]"
r.l.§]n-l'.r is change d into <I~(1 'l~flj"f and i!i"-
imperative resresppec i!i0ll'~"I
'~"I'' for the pas t and
ectitive
velylyf
.:'
3. The pre sen t stem ver bs wh ich
/ end in "I', c:,<
c,',<I'l' and JJ' suffixe s tak e the pos t suf
<I'IlJ J'Il' "l'll"
'l"lJJ"l' <l"l l'll'
"l"l' q~<
fix '\I' i.e.
q~'lI"f
'lf and "I~c;
"I~c 'Il'
,'1r in form ing their past and imperatives. Th is
necessarily apply with all prefixes. rul e ma y not
4. The futu re ten se form doe s not diff er a gre at deal from the present ste m exc ept
no allo wa ble prefix in the pre wh en there is
sen t roo t i,
i. e. ~'
~. its future form takes the pre fix <I'
prefix 'l' i.e,
i.e. q~ 'wh ich
gets dro ppe d i.e. ~'Il'
~"l' 4"1'
4"1' in the imp erative form. But there doe s not
consistency in this rule. no! app ear to be any
 '" v v
I
5. If the present root of a verb ends in a vowel, 'then the'suffix 'If is always added to form '
past and imperative: ~'~. becomes ~"f, Qij:j' becomes qij:j'lj',
~"r, qij:j' Qij:j"l', qi'j'
Qi'j' becomes qi'j'lj'
Qi'j"l' and q'll'
Q'II"
becomes'ij'lj'
becomes iij"l' etc,
etc.
6. The prefix 0: with present stem is usually dropped for the imperative i.e. A~l becomes ~"l'
and for the past the prefix A' is either dropped or replaced with q'
Q' prefix. i.e. A~C1f
A~Clr becomes
q~C1r.
Q~Clr. But there are verb stems which do not apply this rule and retain the prefix.
7. The past form undergoes more changes either by dropping, changing or adding a prefix or
adding second suffix, A' also changes their prefix into <'I'
suffix. Present verb stems withwith perfix A' Q' for
-r~
the future and "\' for the past tense.
8. The prefix q'
Q' in present stem is retained in aU tenses and mpods
moods in spite of other modification
taking place in forming other tenses.
"~''']
-'~
:''-;
::
9. The prefix "I' Q' for the past but is retained for
"I" is changed to q' for, the imperative i.e,
i.e. "I~"\'
"l~,,\' becomes
q",,\'.
<:1",,\'.
. ,;'_'7.;.
;-,)7;.
10. The prefix Jl' is neither dropped nor changed in forming past and imperative. Here
)j"'"'''"' "
follows a list of some important verbs:
English .., Present Past Future Imperative
7~l
~
-'t~{\
-'~~{\
apply medicine Q1'
'11' q1~'
Q1~' q'I
Q1" q1'1j'4"1
<:I1"l'4"1
honour '11...·
Q1'" q1...·
Q1'" Q1'"
'11'" q1"'~"1
Q1"'~"1
elect Q"j'
<1"\' Q"j~'
q"\~' Q"j'
'1"\' qiTj'lj'4"1
Qiij~'4"l (
hide Q:ljc.'
<I:;je:.' ql!!e:.~'
Q~C.~' q~r::
Q~C.' ~C."f4"1
~c."r-9"1
~
- ----
\
supervise ~[1j'
l!![1j' q~[1j'
Q:ljClj" ,q:;jC1f
.Q:ljClj" :;jClr~"1
l!!C1r~"I
~ '~
i"'"
-
wash q~'
Q~' q~~'
Q~~' ~~-r4"1
~"l'4"1
~
steal ;1'
'l' q1~'
Q1~' q~
Q1" ';1~-r
':I"l'4"1
4"l
send ~ ... q:;j'"
Q:lj'" q~ ...'
Q:lj'" l!!....
:lj"'~"1~"1
~"., ~
- - -
~t;:
~e:.' q:;je:.~'
Q:ljc.~' q:;je:.'
Q:ljc.' ~e:.'Ij'4"1
~C."l·4"1
supplement
boil ~[1j', (J~[1j'
Q~[1r q~[1j
Q~[1j ~[1j"~"1
~[1j'~"1
 /
b~ltJ~'tJl .tut~ .tu~~ ltJ~'tl
ltJ~'tJ (IBqWA;) AB[d
Aeld

b6-.~lb.rt:z.~
b6-.~1b. rt:z.~ ":lliltJ ..":liiJtJ
":liiJ'tl .Ii> ":liiJtJ
":liiJ'tl .":liiJ'tl UJoq
~ ~ .Ii> .":liiJtJ

bk~iiJ .tb .~tb iiJ'tl

iiJ'tJ qseln
qSBA\

bk·~biiJ biiJ'tl
biiJ'tJ ~biiJ'tl
~biiJtJ .biiJ'tl
.biiJ'tJ P!IJUOJ

b~.tutiJ'tlJ
b~.tutiJt .tu!iJ'tl
.tu!'J'tJ .tu!iJ'tl
.tu!'JtJ .tu!iJ'tl
.tu!'J'tJ IS!lnl
ISfA\1
~(

b~S~ .~!iJ
.~!'J .~Ii!
.~!i1 .!,tiJtJ
.!,tiJ'tl P~I
P~[

~ -
b6-.~blil'tl
b6-.~b!iltJ .b~b .li>b~b .blil'tl
.b!iltJ ;);)UBP

b"
b".tuF;!
~ -
.tu@'tl
'tJ tu~'tl
tu~tJ .tu91'tl
.tu9!tJ .tu§l'tl
.tu§ltJ p;)d.J;)ns
.
J,,6-.fllJ,,
b6-.t;,b@ @ .b~b .fllb~b
.t;,b~b
~ ~
.b~'tl
.b~'tJ (qw!I) purq
(qw!l)
t:--,
bk~tf@ ~tfhltJ
~tfh1tJ .Ii>tf@'tl
.li>tfF;!tJ .li>tf@'tl yo 1;)PUBA
1;) pUllin\
.li>tfbltJ

b~.r€l I
b~.r@ .r@tJ
.r€l'tl .r~ ..r€!'tJ
r€!'tl
. iiU!lq ';):J(BI
iiUf1q .'--

b~.rhJ .rl:b .r];;b l .rhl'tl

.rhl'tJ ADe;)
A1.W;)

b~.~!J'tJl
b~.~!Jt .~~~ ·~hb .~!!i'tl
.~!!itJ IfS
I!S.
"'
~

-
..bbJ.tulJ1
bbJ.tull1 .rulub .rulub ltJll1'tl
ltJlJ1tJ u!ds
Ufds
/
1

.,
b6-.~blli
- - b~b .~bllib b~ pe;)l

b~.ru91 .ru~~ .tu~~· .~u~~ (leqwA;) Aeld

b~.tu§ .ru~b .ru~b :ru@ (spooii) l;)A!PP

bg.r~ .r~b .r~b .r~ (sii'U!ql) ;);)UnOU;)l

bk~b~ b~b .",b~b b~ IIWO,,-

b~."':J~ .:J:;;b .Ii>:J!¥b .":J~ (sqW!IJ q;)j;)ljS

 '-,
'--
"
.... ....
-
to
"q <t- O" "0 ;:r
-"
0"
"0
....
'" S' is: to' Cl Cl 0 0
(') to 0"
Cl
n. ,-<,
0 '" r:r ()q (')
0-
....
" S' "0 ~ B,
9"
&l 0 0.
'" 0: ::l
:3'" '" 0
'"
0. ;:r '<;;' (')
;:r '"
?\"
it S' 'J>;"" ()q
"0
a
;:l
J>;" Jg Cl
-
to' ()q
"'"
"'"
0 J>;"
r--
i:JJ
.... '? 0
;;J '"
;:l
'-'
""'
~
;:r to ~
"
'<
'"
(')
:::r "
"'" " Cl
"
'-'
c-
'-'
'"
o.
'-'
,
~ j) j) j) j) ;:J j) j) j) j)
I}<I il}< il}< I}<, I}<, ;:J j) &< I}<
-']
I}< I}< I}< I}< I}< til I}< ..s ...!l
a-II
Ll Ll ..s ..s Ll ..s
-'1 T! L! }j, -'] -'] T! ..s .-'1 "'I "'I "'I 'OJ 'Ol "'I
~
-'1 1l }j ~ }j 1l -'1
~ ;:J Ll Ll Ll ..fl .tl I}<
&<1 ,9'
..s
'Ol
~
Ol'
f1
(l.j?
}j ..b -'] &l Ll
..b
Ll
Ol
I}<
..l;J
I}< 9< Ll Ll .tl ..fl ..fl Ll Ll
-']
~ ~ ~ -'] f1
~
. ..fl
~
..fl
1l
..fl
~
1l ~

Ol
.i-!
"'I
~
Ol
}j
"'I
1l "',~ .
'o.
~
o.
-'1
9-l
~ j) .tl Ll Ll j) Ll j) Ll
9<1 ,I}< 'OJ e'f1" Ol' 9< ..b 9< Ol ii j ~
9< I}< ..fl Ll Ll ..fl ..fl Ll .Jl
-'] ..l;J L! .i-! -'] -'] T! ..l;J ..l;J i ~ Ol
}j ~I "'I
.i-!
"'I
~
'OJ '0 a,\
-'J
~ ,9< ,9< 9<, ill' ..fl ..bl I}<\
9<1 ..s 1i! f1 Ll J1
9<1 j) illl 9<1 ill 9<1 ..fl Ll
}j -'] -f1 9< Ll ..fl ...!l
J1 ~ -ti, ~ ~ Ol' <Ii, ~ ...!l
...!l ...!l ..fl ~ - "'I "'I "'I "'I 'Ol
.tl
'Ol
ill1
..s
ai,
..l;J
..b'
-'1
-'1 ..fl'
-'J
-h' ..l;J ..l;J ""
..l;J -hI 1i!
1i!
-til
~
-h, ..fl'
~
..fl'
..s
}j
Ol'
2
ai, .i-!
Ol'
1i!
-til
1i!
-til
~ ~
-'J ..l;J -ti, .-'1 ..l;J ..l;J ..l;J ..l;J -'1 -hI -h,
..l;J -'J -'J -'1 -'J
 .~ hOg
hnq
.~

SS~lldX;J
sS~l1dx;J
b!i'.~i'D
b!i'.~i'D
~ ~
.~i'D .~~D .1,~
/
f :}ilueq::>x;J
:}ilURq::>X;J
.bk·l<>~
.bl:t-I<>~ .~D .t~~b .~

.l'i'~b
.l'f'~b .l'i'~D .I<>l'£':i!tJ
:i!\:J (hlII;JU;J) hOllS;)P
AOljS;JP
> ->
.bk·I<>l'i'!
.blt·I<>l'f'! .l'f'~b

.l<>b~D
.l<>b~D j!lds
l!lds
Mt·l<>b~
.bk·l<>b~ .b~b .b:i!tJ
.b:i!\:J
t.,---
.~1:7
.. :!iI!lII
::>II!lII
.bk·1<> :i!'tJ
.bk·1<>:i!' .~1:7 .1<>~1:7 .:i!'tJ
I
j:' -~-'
Ii .-
.bk·l<>b~ .b~b .b~D .10-03tJ
03\:J1 l!lIIpll
j!lIIPR

td~-
~d~" .bk.1<> :3'tJ
.bk.1<>:3' .:3tJ .tit :3tJ
:3\:J .?3'tJ
.?3'tJ Ploq

:!i:Jns
::>I:Jns
~'tJ
.bkI<>D'il'tJ
.bkl<>D .1:7~b ."'I:7~D .1:7'il tJ
.1:7~l::J
h;-
,
.bk·",b~l::JtJ
.bk·",b'il .",b~l::J
.",b'il tJ .",b~l::J
.",b'il tJ .",b~l::J
.",b'il tJ P!lllJll
P!BlJB

.b~b .b~l::J
.b'il qSIIOlII;Jp
.bg.b~ .bltD tJ
/
.h.l!i'D .h.l03'tJ
.tu03' gjnseglII
gjnS~lII
~J~ .bg.h.l:i!'tJ
.bg.tu:i!'tJ ch.lbJb
LtubJb .tu!i'D
.,-, j;);)lII
.h.l03tf
.tu03tf 1;);)1II
.bg.h.l:i!l'i'
.bg.tu:i!l'f' .h.l03l'fi'
.tu03l' .h.l03tf
.tu03tf
IF
.;.:,:;.;

."''i''tJ
."''!''tJ gmjdln:Js
gmldln:Js
b6-."''i'
b6-."''!'
~ ~
.~1:7
.~D ."'~1:7
."'~D ~

.'.'tJ!i'1:7 gjnj!jSUo::>
glnl!lSUO::>
.bk·l<>! .tIt~1:7 ."'!tJ
."'!\:J

:,:!'tJ jSlUjUg
lSn.llUg
.bg.tv! .tv!i'D .to~D

.r!l'i'
.r!l'f' .r!tf mopll
mopa
, .bg:r!1'L'
.bg:r!1'i' .':r!1'L'
.':r!1'i'
t •..

.'J!ti' dum[
dlllnr
.bk.1<> 'J!I'L'
.bk.1<>'J!1'i' .'J'i'1'L'
.'J'!'1'i' .'"'J!l'i'
.'"'J!l'f'

.~'l'l'i'
.~'l'l'f' .~!l'i'
.~!l'f' dlqSJOM
.bg.~:f1'L'
.bg.~:fl'i' \~ti'

ZIZ
 test "12";"
"I2"f '2Z:"-1"
'lI" "I'Z,f1j"
"I'Z,flj" 'Z,f1j"~"I"
'Z,flj"~"I"
L~ ..,·
.•
rub (leather) a.J~"\"
a.J~"'" a.J~"\r
a.J~>:\r a.J~,,\ a.J~"\"~"
a.J~,,\"~"I"
please a.J~"'" J.l~"'"
J.J~"'" J.l~"'"
J.J~"'" a.J~"'" 4"f
exercise a.J~ili" J.l~ili"
J.J~ili" a.J~ili" a.J~"i"~"I"
to be tired a.J~"r J.l~f1j"
J.J~flj" J.l~,,;"
J.J~rlf a.J~f1j"
a.J~flj" ~"I"
. ".'"
scorn q~",' q~",' q~",-
;:,.;; "%''''" "%''''" <Jt"'- "
"%''''"4''
q~""4"11"
~
discover ~"\" q~",'
<J%,,,\" q%",'
<J%,,\" q%",'~"I
<J%,,\"~"I"'
'"
~""
.pollute (water) %"1'
%"1" q%"I""
<J%"I"'" q%"f
<J%"f
/
%"1""4"
%"1"'"4"1"
1'
.~~
. "'"
follow ~"I"'"
~"I"" q~"I""
<J~"I"'" q~"I-
<J~"I- ~"I>:\j'4 "1'
~"I>:\j"4"1"
/
revere q~ili'
"~ili" q~ili'
<J~ili" q~ili"
<J~ili" q~"i-~"I
<J~;li"~"I"'
spin ~"\- q~",'
<J~,,\" q~,,\
<J~,,\ ~",-,,"f
~,,\-,,"f
--
~"'-
,
feed (baby) ~"\" qW",'
<JW,,\" qW","
<JW,,\" --
~"" ~,,\"""I"
~"'"""I"
reach (hand) ~q q~q'(f q,#q"
"~"'(f <J,#,," ~">:\j"4
~Q>:\j"4""11
.:.~
T)
1)
pervade "I,)J.l'
"I5J.J" "1').>:1""
"15"''''" "15"'"
"1'5"" 5"''''" ;'l"!"
'5.>:1"" '4"1"
bleed "I')'"
"15"" "1')"-
"15"- "I')""
"15"" "I')"'"
"15 "'" ~ "I"
overcast "I'J't
"15"" "I'J q","
"15""'" "I'J q"
"15"" q"'"4"1"
'J5""'"4"1"
/ touch "IZ"f "IZ"l>:\j'
"IZ"l>:\j" "IZ"l" "IZ"l""4"1"
"IZ"l"'"4'''r
I
chop "IZq-
"IZ"- "IZq>:\j'
"IZ,,>:\j" I "IZq" ''5,,>:\j"4"1"
5 Q>:\j"4"1"
"IZ"" ~I
cover "IZJ.l"
"IZJ.J" "IZ.>:I"'"
"IZ"''''" "IZa.J" "IZ"'"~" I"
"IZ.>:I"~"I"
to belong to "I~"I>:\j" "I~"I>:\j'
"I~"I>:\j" "I~"I'T "I~"I~r4"1'
"1"
send "I~"-" q'j"-"
<J')"-" "1')"-"
"1'5"-" ~"- "'"4"1"
~
 fight Q-\jq' Q-\jq' Qljq' Q-\jq'iS''r
join «1~')'
«1~'" «1~')' «1~')' is "I
/"
to become foggy Q~q' Q~<!"f Q1jq' ~'1"r4"1'
pluck Q~' '1'2"l' '1'2' ~"l'4"1'
meet Q~''r ~"I' ~"f ~"I'iS"I'
drink o.ljc:.'
v '1'2c:. "l' '1'lc:.' -\jc:. 'T 4"f
VI
compound (drug) o.~nr '1'2fll' "l'lfll' ~fll' is''l'
~
pick o.:q"f q1]"l"l' "l,)"l' li"l"l'4"l'
~
~
~ ~
exit o.-\jil\' llil\' o.:qil\' llil\',,"l'
confuse o.lj.>J' o.lj.>J"I' o.lj.>J' :q.>J"l' 4"l'
sprinkle o.lj.>;' '11]'>;' "l~'<: o.lj.>;'is''l
/" ,
-./
z::;
)}
open (mouth) "l"c:.' "l"c:. "l'
"; "l"c:.' "l~c:. "l'4"l'
.,
transcend o.Vr 0." "I' 0.,,0.' 0. ~ "l'4"l'
assemble 0.5' o.'S"l' 0. 'S' Q'S"l' 4 "l'
/"
bow down 0.5'"
.~
.. '1'2'" '1'l'" o.5"'iS"l'
negotiate 0.5Jf 0.,,«1"1'
~
0.5«1' 'S«1"l' 4"l'
subdu e o.5C1f <!'2fll' "l5!1l' ~fll'iS"l'
~ ~
chase o.~,,' o.~,,' ""'''''l'
~'"
sow (seeds) o.~'1"l' '1')'1' "1')'1' lj'1"l'4"1'
seal o.~'1"l' '1')'1' "1')'1' lj'1"l'4"l'
migrate o.~c:.' ~c:.' o.~c:.' ~c:."l'4"l'
/
 ·b~.rtl~

"Cl
.ttJ~tJ )j:led

IN
.ttJ~

m?
.ttJ~tJ .

~
()
0>
~

~
iJ
.bk~~ .~ .~~ )jse

V17

UJ?
.~tJ

;>,-
0>
til
~

iJ
I

MtMJ.'~ .N'~b ppe

.nEI
.~N'~b

.Ill!1
.N'~

0-
0-
0>
~

2j
2J
.bft·~N'~ .N'~b

.Jl21
.~N'~b

.Ill!1
.N'~

c.
(1)
d!l

~
lJ

21
.b~.~~
- -

..J]
.Ill!

..J]
.Ill!1
- .',,~ lIS
,,;;;.(j

.'"C<:b

til
~
~ .'"C<:b

lJ
~

"Cl
.bft·~b@ .b@b .

~
Auedw<=e

.Jl21
.~b@b

MJ

8
§
.b@

0>

0>
~

.q
lJ
lJ _
ih
.b%.r~

..-.Ill!
<f
.r~b

(M
.r~b .r>!: ssn:ls!p

()

0-
c:
c;;.
til
til
lJ
;,

J;
.
\'
,,":"'j,.~

:-~

.b%.r~ .r~b

,.Ill!
~'l:
.r~b

1.Ill!
'
.r~

1/
djg<}WOO

8
8
0-
lJ
J;

J;
.bft·~~
1M! .

,.Jl2
.~liib .',,~

..0
Jdnbuoo

..J]
.liib

::>
(1)

0
~

()
c:
~
lJ

.bft·~b~
..!l

.~b~b
.Jl2?

.Jl2?
...11
.bC<:b .b~ UdlBdJIjl

::>
f
~

lJ

'~-

.b\g.":l~ .":l~ djeq

.Ill!

.Jl2
.":l~ .:;~

0-
c;
0>
T1

T1
~;f:-
@;;i;
J121

J121
.bft·&b@ !.b@b .~b~b .b~ dU!qWO:l

8
S·

()
(1l

cr
0
~
lJ
lJ

.q
;

,
.bft·&":l~ .:;13 d)jeM
J12

.&:;lil .:;13 J12

R
0>
::;
.&~-
"~

T1

.bk&ln~
..!l

...11

.~b13b
A1

J12

.b13b )j:l!l

B·
~
.blil
~

rhJl
. -AI

.b~.ttJ~ .ttJ~
1

.ttJ~b .ttJ~b jsmq

c:
cr
til
~
~
~
1

~.;i'
.b%.r~ .r~b
"Cl

.r~b
A

.r~
AI

uddJeqs
;:l

0-
(1)

0>
til
~
lJ
J;

J;

.bft·&b~
"Cl

.b~b .~b~b .b~

AI

AI

dep
0>
U.
~
lJ

.q
lJ

~-

.bk&b~ .b~b .~b~b .b~

AI

AI
..!l

...11

llq
c:
0-
1J
~

.b~.r~ .r~ uopueqe

JlI

.r~
JlI

.r~tJ
;:l
0
::>
0-
0>
cr
0>
iJ
J;

J;

.l'J~
.bft·&N'~tJ .~N''"b
..!l
JI

JlI

.~N''"b .~N'~tJ jJnJjSU!

~.
~
()
c::
~

~
~

iJ
2J

2J

S'
'-'

'<

.b~.~~ .~~b (SJdAeJd) dll:ldJ

.J11
3j

JI(

.~~b .~~tJ
3j

(j
OJ

()
(l>

(1)
0>

~
lJ

iJ

.b~.~~ .~~b ;}5edjdJ

.J1\
3j

3j
JlI

.~f,b .~~tJ
(j
""e;
iJ
lJ

-
.b[,..~N''"tJ '
JI

.~N'~b
JlI

.I"J'~tJ
1f
til
"
~

N'"b lJ;}l"'S
~

lJ

iJ
2J

~
.,.£

",,-'--
or7
o
~

i'.
 tr tr "tr
tr Ir

, ~
'q- tr ,q- tr tr tr tr

~
~
'q- ,q- ,q- iq- tr tr tr

~
tr ir ,q-

~
if II<> II<> i~ iq- iq-

~
if II<> if tr II<> tr iq-

.b6-.'"
Lf tr tr

~
W W W t7 i{ II<>

~
,lIT Lf 1: II<> if

~
ir Ir lEfT Lf ivr 1," 1," 1," if ir WW II<> II<>

bk·"'~"d
Ir

.bg.~~
-

.bk·",b~
ir 1,"

.bk·&":J~~
":J~
C! Lf 1,"

b6-.&~"d
i{

-
Ivr V- HIT ~

.b6-.&":Jleb

-
.bg.l:r!ti'
vr' C!

.bg.r~lf>
i-o 1;Y

.b'eJ.tv~ti'
Ir

.b:?~'f
1," i-o

.b:?If~

.b6-."'":J~
.b:?~~b
1,"

-
.bg.~~

-
.bk-"'!t>'
1,"
If"""
.

-
.bk·"'t>'!
1," .,.-,
.,.-1 .~~

.btr~
1.,.-
.. ..'" . . V-

,vr
if tr li t7 i{ 1:
ir Ivr lin li-o ir ir ;.- i-o i{ i-o tr

.~~

."'~ i:J
'b~"d
1,"

.":J~
C!

.":JIii!:r
lii-

.~"d
lm C! li-o .,.-, .,.-, .,.-

.":Jleb
.!:rlel"£>
C! ;Y

.rlelf>
Ir

.tv~lf>
.!t>'
th

.~~t>'

.":J!b
.~!b
~ ff
.t>'~t>'
.~~t>

.!t>'
'" ff Ir If"""
.r~!:r
.~F:;!:r

C7
..'" .. ff .. ..'" C7 l7 V-

I-t)
if if if if ";7
If""" Lf if if li l7 i{ if if w if
'lIT ir Ivr EfT Lf Ivr 1," ir i-o W ;;; i-o i{ i-o Ir

."'~"d
.~~
.&b~i:J
l(rl

.&":J~
~ 1," 1,"

.&":JIii!:r
C! l~ .,.-,

.&~"d
C! l7 lIT .,.-,

.":Jleb
.,.-

.&!:r'fl"£>
;Y

.rlel"£>
C!

.ll.l~lf>
Ir

.&!If>
;;;

."'":J!b
.~£b
.~~t>'
."'t>'~t>'

ff If""" If""" ;;;

."'!t>'

'"
..~~!:r

;;;
.r~!:r

l7
.~F:;!:r

'".. C7 C7
.. '" ff V-

if ir tr i-o i-o li t7 i{ io
Ilrr l(r' Il(r Il(r Ivr lin li ir i-o 'io

.~~"d
tr

.'" ~tJ
1,"

'b~"d
.~~"d
.1e~tJ
C! C! ir 1," 1," 1,"

.~"d
C! C! li-o i{

.":Jleb
C!

.!:rlelf>
C! i.-

.rlelf>
Ir ;;;
JtJ~lf>
.~!
;;; i.- l;y
.":J!b

1,"
.~!b

.~!b

'" ff If"""
.!t>'

'"
.'f~

:Ji'!t>'

Ir Ir .,.-, .,.-,
.r~

'"
.~~

, .. .. 1.,.- tr
,
<!)
~
,!:l -;:-. c:
'-' to
,~ 'eo tl: to
OJ) e -c: "tl 0 .... " 1;: ~ 5" "
E ::> " ,?S g. § 0. >. c..
'...." '5 0 'S '" <!) '~ 0. "2 <3 .D
0.
E

gZ!lCI!llUCj
jJClp
~::>

(l!Cq) jn:>
juno:>
"tl

gp!nll
KllU
ciS OJ)
U U
h\OjSgq ::>
lCgh\

.D ~
'" '"
dggIS

'~
19l1ns
;)A!=l

S ';:;; E <3
l\!nZ

::>
lUlcq

:a
ssglddns

~
3[Ulqj

.D
nglUs
qCjS
ACIgp

"tl
-"'"
jU~HUglddns

'" '" '" - '" '"'" '" ~

;:~. ! "
';',
"',

~
/

_: ••• J ...... 'i " "

,/

':/' , '''",
 -- decrease
~~f n.~'
.~v :J5e:JJ:Y.} P
J~~
~"l'4"!'
.61t.&~
.~'"
,,§.
n.01nr separare
;mm,d:Js
.ttJh .ttJhV
~
n.01t11'
.6g.ttJ~ .ttJhV
~
~t11.~,,!, O1t11.
01'" 01'" n.o1'" meet
O1"i'~,,!'
.'"hV l:J:JlIl
.6g."h .'"h .'"h
n.;t"l' miscalculate
:JIB]n:>]e:JSIW
n.~,,!"l' 4"1'
.blt.&6i;v
n.~,,!'
.6i;v
n.;t"l"l'
.&6fiv .6fiv
n.:F hang
8ueq
~"'''l'4''!'
.61t.&":l~ .":lhV
n.::!",' n.::!", "l'
.&":lhV .":lbV
n.::!,,!' sweep
d:J:JMs
.61t. tlz6tl
~,,!"l'4"!' n.::!"!'
.6hV
n.::!"!"l'
.tlz6hV .6hV
laugh (at others)
-
n.:!" (SJ:Jqlo JE) q8oe]
n.~~·4"1·
.66-.tlzhV
n.::!'
.hV .tlzh8
n.::!~'
.bV
L. ~

n.i4,,!' strike (at target)

(lQ8Jel )p.) :J:Jj!J1S
li,,!~'
.tlzb!'l
n.li,,!·
.6!'lv
n.li,,!~
.&6!'lv .6!'lv
F transfer
- J:JJSUB1l
~i4'
n.li"l"4"!
66-.tlz 17v
n.li·
.!'lv .tlz!'lv
n.li~·
.!'ltJ
~

liM4"1" defeat
lB:l]QP
.bit .I"£>!'l 'la.!·
'lM p.f<J",r
[j'-- .1"£>17 .N?17 J'£'b'c.!

1:4
~~~;~c-
;
$

.~
celebrate
:J)E1Qgp:J
.61t.tlz~ .~
~~'4"!' ~~. ~.
.tlzm
~.

radiate (light)
.61t.&~ .~ .&~ .~ (lq8B) Q)E!PBJ
~~'4"!' ~. ~~. ~.

ll.§';: ~""~"'~' send (letter)

.b!:t.&":lg
~r.:.~·4"!·
~ ~
.":l~
~",.
.tlz":l~.":l~ (1Q11:J]) PUQS

~". ~". ~".

.',,~
enjoy
.6g.',,~
~".~,,!,
.',,~ .',,~
I
AofuQ
I
I'"
.J
~"r
.b~
~"!~'4"!' ~"!. ~"!~. expeU
n:JdXQ
.6k&61J .blJ .&61J
'~~--
"g".~"I' ,,;:I,,' ,,;:I,,' "g".
.'"§',,
investigate
:J1E8!)S:JAU!

~{4~
.6~.'"§',, .'"h'" .'"h'"
~". ~". 21·"'- promote
:J)olIloJd
~"'i5"1'
.6g:,.!€
~ - .'rB" .'rB" .'r!€
21"-' 21"-"1" 21c: renounce
gJunOUQl
21"-~'4"1'
.61t.tlz":l!€ .":l!€ .&":l!€ .":l!€
21"l"4"!' 21' 21"f 21' move (house)
(:J$Ooq) QAOlIl
.61t:tlz!€ .~ .tlz~ .!€
&ij-~

.t:r~
~'r put upside down
bItM"~ t:r~ .tlzt:r~ UMOP :JP!sdn )nd
~q"r4"l ~q ~q"l"

?l"" ?l'""f
.':l~
?lc: heap
.":l~ .tlz':l~ dEQll
?l'" "f4"1'
.6It.l"":l~
..
' ".)

-...,.:

~ ,,-LO
0,7
 ~"l~'4"1' C\~"l' ~"I~'
·bft·&bS .bStJ .&1,,15
t<~"l'
.bStJ
annoint
JU!OUUE
~c::. "f4"1' ,\~c::.' ~c::.'
.bft·&::o/; .::015'" .::o/; t<9ili'
.1!€tJ
expell
II:x!X;}
~~'4"l' '\9' t<9'\' erase
.bktl>f! .€'"
~~'
.&f! .',,€tJ ;}SEl;}

9c::."l'4"1' n.Sc::.'
.bk&::o€ .::O€tJ
9c::. "l'
.&::o€
C\9r::
.::O€tJ ;}lll;}wqns
submerge

~"'0"l' ~'" ~'"

.b£'.r~
lit (fire)
.r~ .r~
~-<.'
~
~
-
~ :r~ (;}lg) J!l
~c::. "l'4"1'
.bb-.&::o~
~ - .jB
~c::.'
.&::oB
~c::.~'
;.j~
~c::..f soak
)jCOS
/'

-
~"f4"1' ~'\'
.bb-.&~
hide
~
.B
~'
.&B
~~'
.',,~ ;}P!q
q~'4"1'
.bb-.&b
~ - q,,\'
.',,!:' q~'
.&!:' . .',,!:'tJ
t<q,\' . call
lIB:)

~
~ -
'4"1'0"1'
.b£'.bb - ,\q"l'
.b!:,'" .b~
Liqr impart (teachings) t<q"l"l'
.&b!:,tJ (sllu!q;:lc;}J) Ilcdw!

--
r:i"l'4"1'
mds
'i q'
.bb-.&b .!:''"
t<q"l'
,&!:'tJ t<G'
.!:'tJ
spill

- -
Li'J"l' 4"1'
.!ob-.&l::7b ,\'Jq'
.1::71::7'" .l::7b
<j'J'
.tl>I::71!tJ
t<qq~' rain
Ur Cl
/:
:~:-

,:!nr~"I' "\SrlI'
.b~.luB
~nr offer
l;}fJO
.lub'" .hJh t<sn.r
.lubtJ ~
,

,:!q~'4"l' "\sq'
.bb-.&I::7B
~
~
.1:>1]'"
'1'J'
.I::7B t<S'J"l'
.&l::7btl
open (umbrella)
(cII;}lqwn) u:x!o
~
~

'1"\'~"I' t<S'\' '1"\'

.b~.'"B
C\S'\' expell
.'"btl SB .'"btl I1:x!X;}
S"l'4"1' t<SS ~
C\S'\' blow (trumpet)
.bft·tl>b .'"btl
'J"l'
.&b .',,1]tI (J:x!WnJI) ",o[q
/
'3"l'4"1' C\S'\' '3"f C\S'\' play (flute) ..'
.bk&b .'"btl .&b .'"btl (;}JnlJ) ACid
"\S"'~"I' '\S'" "\S'" '\S'"
.b~.rb'"
polish (paper)
.rb'" .rb'" .rb'" (l:x!ed) qS!lod
'1"1'is "l' C\S"l' '1"1'
.b~.b~ ;};)l;}ld
pIerce
.bbtl .k~
C\q"l"1'
.&b~tI
<.1-<"0"1' C\'J'" blaze
.b£'.rl7
~
~
-
~
.rl::7t1 .tul::7t1
C\'Jrlj' .rl::7t1
C\'J,<: =!q

-
'\ q"l"f 4"1 ,,\'J"l' ,,\'J"I"f con taminate
.bb-hbb'!.
~
.61::7'" .&61::7'" .&6btl
C\'J"l~r
;}Jeu!weJuoo

q
J:::r
~"l"r4"l' 'is"r
-
~"l' C\~"l snatch
.6b-.&6f;; .bt;'" .b~ 6~tJ q;:lJCUS
~ ..,.,.-...,
<-".....,.
:'-.
..
 .bk·ho-I'
.blt·ho-I'£>~
£>~ .I'£>~D .&I'£>~D .I'£>~ M:JS

.bk·&I'£
.blt·&I'£>'g .l'N'g
£>'g .&I'£>'g .l'N'g
£>'g AJS!jBS
AJS!lllS

)J?
)P

.b£>.~
.b£'.~ .~D .~D MOIS:Jq
M01S:J
~ ~
.~

.bl:t.ho-I'£>2
~
~
-
~
.1'£>2D .ho-1'£>2D .I'£>~ :Jsodwo:J

.b£>.~2
.b£'.~2
~
~ -
~
.~2D .~21:!
.~21:7 .~~ :Jrul1E

.blt·ho-b~
.bk·ho- b~ .b~D .&b~D .b~ :JI!d
:JIld

.bk·ho-~
.blt·ho-~ .~I:!
.~1:7 .&~I:!
.&~1:7 .~ :JAOI
."

.blt·ho-~
.bk·ho-~ .~~ .ho-~ (:Jwclj) AEId
(:JWE8 ACId
.~ ..

.b~.:J~ ::J~ .&'::l~ .'::l~ q8no1

q8nOl
I
.bb-.ho-b2 .b~1:7
.b~1:! .&b~1:!
.&b~1:7
~ ~
.b~ pl!nq
Pl!nq
•
.bkho-~ .~I:!
.~1:7 .&~I:!
.&~1:7 .~ junoo
lunoo

.blt·ho-I:!~b
.bk·ho-l :7~b .D~b .ho-D~1:7
.ho-D~I:! .D~b qnl , ,/
,
.bkho-blP . .b~D .ho-b~D .b~1:!
.b~1:7 (:I:JJj)
(:I:J1I) JUEld

.s:
.bb-.ho-'::l~
.bb-.ho-':
~
~
:l~
-
~
.':J~ .ho-'::l~
.ho-'::l~
·'::lfr :I)se)
:ljsej

.bb-.ho-~
-
~
~
~
.~ .&~ . ItIt :JjE:Jds
:l\E:Jds

.bg.~!! .~t€ .~t€ :J8E1Eds!p

.~~ :J8EJE

.bk·ho-
.blt·ho-!r
;r .;r
.!r .ho-!r
.ho-;r .~!! q8no\d
q8nOId

.bkho-bli' .bli' .&bli' .bff :Jj!q

:Jl!q

~.
.'
 ..-

-- .bk",bfg .bfg .",bfg .bfg mod

.bk",fg .fg ."'~ .fg IB:}Ij:>

.bk·",bl!l .bl!l .",bG; .",bg) UOIlu:}])e Aed

.b~.bg .bg .~bg .bg :})RDOSse

.b~ .",b~ .b~ :})BJnjllS

.bk·",bg
~.::
,
.tut;1, .tu~1, UDjS
.b~.tu~ .tut;1,

:}dB:)S:}
.bk"'~ h~l:J ."'~ ."'~l:J

:})ll]:}l
.b~.tu~l:J .ru~l:J .tut;l:J
~.
.tu~l:J

.bk",b~ .b~l:J .",b~ .b~l:J (l!IlIj) In:)

~~L
.bk·",g .tl:J .~g .'§l:J ll!P

~t1~''''~
,,='
.b~.I,,~ .I,~ .I,~ .1,~l:J , ::iA!=P

.bk"'~ .~ .~~ .~l:J :})P""

:})elllllllgS
.b~.tu~ .tut;1, .ttl!; .tubl:J

.b~.bt;
~ - .t:rt;l:J .bt; .bl';l:J (llgq Ijl!"") d!Ij""
~
L .1,t;1, .1,1'; .1,1';l:J Ij:)1 111:)S
.b~.I,,~

.bk.'" :'~l:J .:,t;l:J .'":,1';l:J .:,1';l:J ""olloJ

.bk·'" :,~ .:,g .'" :,g ::o~ AJ!md

.b~.'r~ .'rg .'rg .'r~ :}:)lllqU]:}

•
.bk.'" :'~l:J .:,~ .'":'bl:J .~ :'~l:J (pU!lli) U!IlJI

.b~.'r~l:J .'rbl:J .'rbl:J .'r~l:J :}nlll

.~I, .1,~tJ (JOop) u::ldo

.bk"'~ ."'~

.lbk·"'~ .I,~ .",b .I,~ op

,.
~-- .,
 LLL,-
"a:;")' q;5")~r
q;5")~r "1;5")' &")"1'4")'
seive
"a;<:.
"a;<=-"I'
"I' "1;5<=-"1'
"1;5<:."1' q;5<=-'
"1;5<:.' a:;<=-"I'4")'
a:;<:. "I' 4")'
rush in
':-;;'
ii
reimburse "a:;q' "a:;q~f
"a:;q~r "a;<:r
"a;<r "a;q'~"i'
"a;q'~"i'
squeeze o.a;",
o.a;,,' q~,,' q~,,'
l:J~'" a;,,'~"I'
a;,,'~"I'
close (eyes) o.<!lJl"l'
o.<!lJJ"I' qilJl"l'
qilJJ"I' qilJl ' ,!
qilJJ' <!lJl'lf ,)'1"1"
<!lJJ"I'4")'
violate o.,L'
0.,3;' "I~"I' "I~' "I~"I' 4"1'
harm ",L'
",3;' o.,L'!f
0.,3;"1' o.,L'
0.,3;' o.,L"l'4")'
0.,3;"1'4")'
herd 0.&' q~"I' q~' &"1'4"1' "~
...r"~
-':::1.
-':':1,
sell o.a;c: q~<=-~f
q~<:."I' q~<=-'
q~<:.' a;c.~r4"1'
a;t;. "1'4"1'
,'Ii,-
cook o.a;",
o.a;,,' q~"l'
q~"I' q~' a;"I'4"1'
l"l'4"1'
I
!
repay o.a;q' a:;q' a:;q' a;q':5"1'
,
"a;[JJ' q;5nr q;5nr a;nr~")
a;nr~")
search
e::: _ J~~.
-S~.
drip o.e::")'
o.E:")' -""1"1'
"""1"1' "1-""1' -""1"1'4"1' -'-'"
, "{
run out o.e::",
o.E:,,' o.e::",
o.E: '" o.E",,':5"1'
o.f",,':5"1'
""'-"'""
waste o.e::o.'
o.E:o.' ~"I' "e::o.'
"E:o.' o.e::o.'q"'~"1'4"1'
o.E:o.' q,,'~"I' 4"1'
dangle o.e::,,'
o.E: '" "1-"'" "1-"'" "1-",,':5"1'
"1-""':5"1' --- i
fight "E.<=-'
"E.<:" o.ik"l' o.k' o.E.c.'~"I'
o.k~"I'
hold o.E.3j' q~F "I~<=-'
"I~<:" -"<:'''1'
~
=I<=-"l' ""I'
""'I'
!
establish o.~"I~r
o.~"I"l' q;a"l"l'
q;a"l"l' "~")"l'
"~")"r <!l")"l'4,,)'
<!l")"1'4"1'
avoid o.g'" qa'" "Ia'" ~"'~")'
~"'~"I'
climb o.E."I' o.E."I"I'
o.E. "I"I' o.E."I' D.E."I"l'4"1'
D.E. "1"1' 4"1'
 .b!:tJ.bmb
.b!:t.l.bmb .bmb J>qmb
~ ~
.blPb ~AeM

.b\t·~blPb
.bk·~blPb .blP b .~blPb .blPb
.6lP l~AO:J
(qlOp) l~Am
/
.bk-·~lPb
.bk·~lPb .~b ·~lPb (pOO]) X!Ul
(poo;)
·lPb
.bk-~~~b
.bk~~~b .~~b .Ilr~~b
.l.~~b .~~b pel)S!p
peljS!p

.bk-.~b1;,b
.bk·~b1;,b .b1;,b .~b1;,b
.~b1;,b .b1;,b M01Ql

.bg.b~ .b~ .~b~ .b~ ~P!q

b>,.b~ .b~b
~ ~ .b~b .b~ ~soddo
~soddo

.bk-.~I'P~
.bkMP~ Nh
.!'Ph .~I'P~b
MP~b .~I'P~
.~fi'~ ~le!loll~u
~le!loil~u ,,:{;
"<
.b!:t.~~b
.b!:t.~~b
~ - .~b J>~b
h~b .~b (poO;) ~lEd~ld
(POOl)

.~l'Pgb
.bk .~fi'gb .l'Pgb
.1'Pgb .~l'Pgb
.~fi'gb .l'Pgb
.fi'gb d~ls /
,

t:
b\;J.~ .'tJ~b
.'tJ~b .Ill~b
.Ill~b
~- .~ l~
1~

.bklllbl .bI .~bI .bI l!,lUl

lFlUl

.bk-.Illbl
.bk·lllbl .~ .~~ .bI l~nb;)J
l~nb;)j .,,-/

bk·Ill~~
bk·Ill~~ Siib .Ill~i.lb (~P!lq)
(~P!1q) pu~s
pU~S
.~~

.bk·~?! ~
.~tr
.~tT .I'lr?!b
.I'll?!b qlop dn Hnd
.?!
.bk·~~b
.bk·~~b .~b .~~b .~ ~s!nlls!p
~s!nils!p

bf::.~~
bk·~~ .~b .~~b d~IS
l~AO d~js
.~

.b!:t .~fi'
~
~
-
.~I'P p'tJ
~ .i'.i'PP;:J'
f.l'tJ .I,) f.l'tJ
J')I'l'Pf>j:!' .I'Pf.l'
.l'P j:!'tJ l;nj1eB'
ldqleB'
 L..L.L.t
borrow "I<i.i...' "1"1"" "IG.j...' "I<i.i...'~"1
. -~
-.
~
~q"r ~q' ~q"r4"1'
gang attack 5.cr
hope :<.' :<'Z\j- :<.' :<'Z\j'4"1'
loose ili"l' qili"l"r qili"l' J;"IZ\j'4"1'
wet J;<l\' qili<l\' "lill'Y J;<l\'~"I'
grace J;q' qillqZ\j' "lill q' . J;qZ\j-4"1
(1J
nj~' (1j~ "I' (1j~' rii~ "l'4"1'
stand
speak (1jq' (1jqZ\j' (1jq' riiqZ\j'4"1'
,
crumble ~"I' ~"IZ\j' ~"I' ~"IZ\j'4"1'
iil<l\' Iij<::. ''1' Iij~' rii~"I'49
take
'9
"1'1"1' q'1~' -9Z\j'4"1'
slaughter "1'1":
rinse q'1(1j' q'1(1j' q'1(1j' q-9(1j'~"I'
to line up "I4 Q' "14"1"1' "14"1' "I4 qZ\j'4"l'
copy "l':r q'j"l' q'j' "l'jZ\j'4"1'
hand over q'j"l' q"j"jZ\j' q"j"l' "j"lZ\j'4"l'
cry "l"j.>J' q"j.>JZ\j' q"j.>J' "j«JZ\j'4"1'
q'1d'l"l' .q4~· -9«JZ\j-4"1'
arrange "l-9.>J'
splash "1-9' "1-9"" "1-9' "I4"l'4"1'
~r
L~O
,
--
INDEX
,..... Abilitative forms
170
Ablative
54
Ablative of reason
155
Abstract noun compound
42
Accusative
52
Adjectival clauses
183
Adjectival interrogatives
103, 104
Adjectives
45, 46,103
Adjectival interrogatives 103, 104
Adverbial superlatives 47
Degree of comparison 46
Adjectives, Prenominal
, 47
I'
Adverbial clauses
183
Adverbial superlatives
47
;"
Adverbs
Formation of adverbs 134
Adverbs of manner
134
Adverbs of place
134
Adverbs of time
135
Aggregative numerals
49
Alphabet
1
Alphabetical notation
184
Approximate numerals 50
/ Articles
34
i
Auxiliaiy verb
65
227
 i '"
L~
Tibetan
Completive terminations 137
Readings (Classical Tibetan) 138, 147, 157, 165,
176,185,196
Verb 'to be' (Classical Tibetan) 137
/ Combining consonants with vowels 8
Comparison of adjectives 46
Completive dual syllables 196
Completive terminations 137
Complex nouns 37
Condition 162
Conjunctions 143
Disjunctive conjunctions 144
Conjunctions
, of contrast and similarity 145
Consonant drill (Surmounted and subjoined) 79
Consonantal denominations 12,33
Consonants
Passive consonants 22
Post suffixes
snffixes 17
Root consonant 13
Subjoined Consonants 23, 79
Suffixes 13
,. Surmounted letters 27, 79
The Thirty consonants 4
Continuative particles 151-152
Contradiction 163
 LL':J
Conversation between the Prince and his 167
charioteer
Counting over 100 130
Dative 54
Days of the week 68
Degree of comparison 46
'E~,
Demonstrative pronouns 64
Derivation of word classes 203
Derived noun sterns 40
:-~,
pesiderative expressions l75
Diminutive nouns 39
-~
Disjunctive conjunctions 144
Dissyllable nouns 40 ir3l
_C_'_
Doubt , 163
n)
:,.,:'
Duration -~;
Locative of time 56
~'*
~.;:::~,
Elegant sayings of Sakya Pandita 133, 141, 150,
161,199
I
Emphatic expression 164
Ending a Sentence 2
Exclamatory expressions 181
Expressions of time' 84 :-' ~
Formation of adverbs 134
Fractional numerals 49
,,
Gender 43
..,...... '
General months 76
Genitive 55
 230
Genitive datives
174
Gerundial tenninations
153
Honorific expressions
110
llD
Honorific nouns
110
Honorific verbs (Monosyllabic)
112
Idiomatic Expressions of Genitive datives
174
','-<
Imperative
182
Infinitive
65
Infinitive rgyu and ya
193
Instrument of reason
154
Instrumental
53
Interrogative negatives
95
)
Interrogative reasoning
~
162
Interrogatives
99
Adjectival interrogatives
103-104
Interrogative negative
95
Irregular pronunciation
31
Kinship
KinShip terms
122
la don particles
108
Letterhead
2
Letters
1
I
Combining consonants with vowels
8
Letterhead
2
Vowels
Vowel drill
71
-1
 231
"
203
List of verbs
55 -~ -::~
Locative
Locative of time
56
56 ·>"''"1
Lunar months
50
Measurements
Monosyllabic honorific verbs
112
Months ,'1
General months 76
Lunar months 56
Tibetan months 76
!-i1
Mul~placative numerals
50
91
Negation :' -J
Interrogative negatives 95
m (EmphatiC expression) 164 t't,
Nominal compounds
41
t:;;;'._
Nominative
52
35-43,72,82, 110
Nouns
Abstract noun compound 42
Complex nouns 37
Derived noun sterns 40
Diminutive nouns
,39
DissyUable nouns
40
. ;t
Gender
43
110
' '
Honorific nouns -,
Nominal compounds 41
Number
43
 232
Simple nouns 36
Synonymous compounds 42
Vocabulary nouns 82
/
Nouns ending in special suffixes 39
Number (Nouns) 43
Numerals 47-50, 130, 182
I
Aggregative numerals 49 '
Alphabetical notation 184
Approximate numerals 50
Cardinal numbers 47,69
Counting over 100 130
Fractional numerals 49
MuJ.tiplacative numerals 50
Ordinal numbers 49
Obligatory forms 171
Order of strokes) 2
Ordinal numbers 49
Origin of the Tibetan alphabet I
Particles
Continuative particle 151-152
la don particles 108
Passive consonants 22
Passive voice 200
Permissive expressions 172
Personal pronouns 63
 £55
Place of articulation (Pronunciation) 4
Possessive pronouns 63
Post suffixes 17
Prenomina1
Prenominal adjectives 47,201 _"~,V)
_"~,V)
Pronouns 63-64
·~<0
Demonstrative pronouns 64
Personal pronouns 63
_ir:I0_
~'~3_
Possessive pronouns 63
Pronunciation (See also Spoken Tibetan) 5,31,4
Irregular pronunciation 31
4 '"l
Place of Articulation
Punctuation system 2
Readings (Classical Tibetan) 138, 147, 157, 165,
176, 185, 196
,
~-~,
Relative clauses 200
The Root consonant 13
Sanskrit
Tibetanized Sanskrit Alphabet 7 "~
Sayings of the Buddha 179
-:(
Sentences
Ending a sentence 2
Simple nouns 36
Spoken Tibetan (See also Pronunciation)
Useful expressions 70, 77, 88, 98,
107,117,125
Strokes
Order of strokes 2
 234 <',
",
r Subjoined consonants 23, 79
Suffixes 13
Sunnounted letters 27,79
Synonymous compounds 42
Tenses (See also Verbs ) 118-121, 126-129
Tenses, Conditional perfect 121
Tenses, Conditional perfect progressive 129
Tenses, Future conditional progressive 127
Tenses, Future perfect 121
Tenses, Future perfect progressive 128
Tenses, Future progressive 127
Tenses, Past perfect 121
/
Tenses, Pa~ perfect progressive 128
Tenses, Past progressive 126
Tenses, Present perfect 120
Tenses, Present perfect progressive 127
Tenses, Present progressive 126
Tenses, Progressive 126-129
Tenses, Simple future 119
Tenses, Simple past. 119
Tenses, Simple present 118
The Thirty Consonants 4
Tibetan months 76
Tibetan quotations 116
Tibetan verb 81
 235 .~ .. "
Tibetanized Sanskrit Alphabet 7
Time
Expressions of time 84
,--,.~,',.
Locative of time 56 ,--,~,."
Traditional Buddhist sayings 188
Use of dgos and 'dod 175
Use of dgos and 'dod 175
~'~
Useful expressio\ls
expressiolls 70, 77, 88, 98,
107, 117, 125
107,117,
Various auxiliaries 180
Verb 'to be' in classical Tibetan 137
--,;~1
--';~1
Verbal compounds 187-189
Verbs (See also Tenses) '~;~:~~1
'~:~;c~1
Au~liary
Au~liary verb 65
--~~-'a
O':~
Auxiliary verb: myong ba 192
Auxiliary verbs, Combined 80
-}:y~
-}?-~
Auxiliary verbs, Combined: yad
yod dug 90
Auxiliary verbs, Combined: yod red 89
Becoming, Verbs of 191
Imperative 182 o
Infinitive 65
Infinitive rgyu andya 193
List of verbs 205
Monosyllabic honorific verbs 112
Passive voice 200
Tibetan verb 81
 236
Various auxiliaries 180
Verb 'to be' in classical Tibetan 137
Verbal compounds 189-191
Vocabulary verbs 82
Vocabulary nouns 82
Vocabulary verbs 82
Vocative 57
Vowels 1
Vowel drill 71
/ Wish 163
Word order 66
yin (Auxiliary verb) 73
yod red (Auxiliary verb) 89
,
 .62-:r2-6
.b2-.'r2-b
~

- :r2-6
.'r2-b

_.-.
.'r2-b
.':t-2-b
-
.'r2-b
.':t-2-6 q::mOlddB

.Il:z2-.~d
.IJ:z2-.~d
~

~
- .~b~
.~6~
~
.~Iub
-
~
.~btJ
~
lu!OddB

106-.is>Iub
66-.is>Iub
~
.Iub .is>Iub
.is> Iul::r .Iub ;}U!::J!P;}W AlddB
~ ~ ~ ~

.b6-.is>bS
.b6-.is>6S
~
.bStJ
.6StJ .is>bS .bStJ lll!OUB
lU!OUB

.b6-.is>b dtJ.
.b6-.is>bdtJ
~
~
~
.is>bdtJ
~
.is>b dtJ
.is>bd'cJ
~
hb dtJ
hbdtJ ~
P!B1JB
~
if"

.b2-.'r
.b
-
p!'f>
2-.':t- '3?!'f'
~

-
.'r 'p!'f>
.':t- 3?!'f'
-
.'r '3?!'f'
.':t- p!'f> .'r '3?!'f'
.':t- p!'f> WOpB
UlOPB

.b£'.'1?~ I
~
.'1?~b .'1?~l::r
.'1?~b .2~ WOPB
UlOPB
~

.b6- .is>b1p
.66- ~
.b\:Jb .b~l::r
.b~b .b~tJ l!Wpr:
l!WPB

.'.'1?rr.
?tf.
~
.'1?tf.b
.'1?rr.b
~
.'1?tf.l::r
.'1?rr.b
~
.~It:~
;}l;}qpB

.is>!'f>~
.b6- .is>!'f'~
~

-~
-
.!'f>~b
.!'f'~b
~
-
is>!'f> ~ b
·.is>!'f'~b
~
.!'f>~
.!'f'~
-
~
ppB
ppE

.b6- .is>b~
.b6-.is>b~ .b~b .is>b~b .b~ ;}lmb::JB
'"
.b6-.is>bis>
~

~
- .bis>b
~
.is>bis>b
·is> bis> b
~
-
.bis>b
~
;}lBlnwn::J::JB
;}lBlnwn::J::Jr:

.bit .bliltJ
. .bit.blii'cJ
~
.bliltJ
.bliitJ .blb .bliltJ
.bliitJ qS!Idwo;);)B
qS!IdWO::l::lB

.b6- .is>b~
.b6-.is>b~
~ ~
.b~b~
is> b~ l::r
·.is>b~b
~
.b~ ~
AUBdwo::J::JB

.b 6-.is>!'f> It:
.b 6-.is>!'f' ~
.t'£>lt:b
J'i'lt:b .!'f>tl
.!'f'tl .!'f>1t:
'1t: qlosqB
qlOsqB
~ ~
'" ~

.b'eJ.'r~
.b'eJ.':t-

;}AH B.l;}d illI

;}A!l
~
~
- .I-~
.':t-

~un:Jna
-~ .I-~
.':t-

l:d
ll SsB d
-
~ .I-~tJ
-
.':t-

JU;}S;}.ld
~tJ UOpuBqB
qS!I~Ua
qS!I~Ua
 'x
~~).

';.
,,( ",' ~t<
f'

i.{~

\i':~'
.~;.:,
'S .,

,.~:"
"~~~
'%:ii;

<;:"~
;> ~'" . '"I"'.'"

c;;;,,; .
il)
>
.-~ ir ir ir 1'1

~
I-< ir 1'1 1'1 ,IT 1'1

~
~

ir

~
~
,IT ,IT

~
il) ,IT ,IT

~
ir ir ,IT

~
ET ,fV ir ir ir ,fV ir ,IT ET iq ir

~
~

~
~
iq ,~ ii{

~
~
,IT ,fV

~
,fV

~
~
0.. ir ,fV iq ,fV M 2" ,fV iq ,fV LI iq iq

~
Er

~
~
LJ ,EfT it" t6 iq ll? ir it" \fV ii{ it" LI iT \tC LI 1'1

~
~
a

~
~

gA!lBlgdwI
bb-.&bbl
~
bb-.&btf

.bb-.&'J'P

.b£,.~g
~
.b£'.r~
.bb-.&~
.bb-.&~'tJ
~
~
.b£'.~

.bs: .blt; 'tJ

.bS:.ItJ£'b
.bb-.&'::2'eb

.b£'.bg

~
,l(7 %"?

.bb-.&l'f'b-
.bs:.r&
~
.bs:.ri/;
bS:.bb
\ifV

.bb-.&'::2
.bb-.&'::2ni
-. c: \~ \IT c: OM 1m 1:7 III l'f)J? \i'I'2' Er? 1'1 ,ID

-
\~ '>B

il)
I-<
::l
LJ iT it" ~ i{ C it" Lt Lt ir

~
~
::;
~
~

ir
'"

~
~

ifV ,EfT ~ IT in 1m \fV ;0;- IF? ~o ,fV ,8

.bG:b

gm:).nd
.'JS:b
.btf

.~gb
.~'tJ
.'::2'eb
.t'-J&b

.blt;'tJ
.bg

.r~b
.~
%"?

.1tJ£'b

.l'f'b-b
~

~
::r&b
blub
W;~ ,l(7

.&'::2
.'::2nib

.ri/;'tJ
1:7 c: 1:7 1:7 c: ~ 1'1 1:7 III
r? ~ 1:7 If 1:7 1:7 1:7

+-' iq iq iq iq iq
CIl lr Er i{ t6 iq iq -i{ II 1'1
;0;-
2" II ET

~
C'j 1'1
~
~

~
~
LJ?
~

~
ifV ,EfT ~ IT ;0;- 1'1 ITT? \fV iq it" ,,? ~ ~ ,fV
.&b~b

~
.~btf

lSBd
(:l.,
.&'JS:b

.~gb
.&~
.&~'tJ
.~b

.'::2'eb

.&l'f'b-b
.&bg

.r~b
~
%"?
blub

,l(7

.1tJ£'b
.&'::Inib

.&blt;'tJ
::rti"b
~
.ri/;

.&'::2
1:7 c: 1:7 1:7 c: OM 1:7 1:7 III l'f)J? it 1:7 1'1 1:7 1:7 '~

+-'
c:
il)
CIl
il) ir ~ it" 2" it" li II ir

~
~

~
~
~

I-<

~
~
lr ,EfT it" \IT ,in in ir- 'u/? - \fV ;q l'f)J? II tC ,>B ir

~
~
~

.~g
.~

(:l.,
.'J'P'tJ

,ip

:j.UgSgld
.btf

.r~
.~'tJ
.~'tJ
~

.l'f'b-b
.'J'eb

.bg
.r~'tJ
~
lob

.blt; 'tJ
.1tJS:b
.ri/;'t)

.t'>r '::I
.'::Ini

\ifV
.bbl't!

c: ~ 1'1 c: c: OM c: 1:7 III c: \i'I'2' IF? 1'1 \~ c: '~

'"d ,--,
.-Sc: ..0
..c: 0 il) 0
.....0 2 <l.J
CIl bi) OJ) bi) :?> :?>
.-.....S
. <l)
.....uCIi a '-"
c: c: c: -S '"d .>:: .-c: '"d 0 0
~
bD ::l <l) 0 0 ~ '"d '"d <l)
CIi CIi tf.l tf.l 0 C @ U bi) C tf.l tf.l C ~
C
--c: Oil
.... .>::
tf.l rn
.- > CIi <l) <l) <l) <l) <l) <l.J
;}l!q

(qW!O PU!q

PU!q

MO}S;}q

drqW;}SSU
dlU!::lOSSU
MO}S;}q

){Ul~q

gn'6JU
giluu.lIU
giluu.lIU
P!OAU

){SU
PU;}q

PU!W U! Ie;}q

..0

qsn'i3ug
giluu.lIU
il;}q

;}UlO::l;}q

u.:l CIi ~ ~ ~ CIi ~ CIi CIi ..0 ..0 ..0 ..0 ..0 ..0 ..0 ..0
.- .- .- ..0
 ·bb-.&2b
~ ~
.&2Itz
~
.&26~
.&26
~
;)lB;)
dlB;)

.6b-.&1:7
.6b-.M7
~ ~
.~b ~
.&b ~
.~btJ
.~b'tJ
~
Ire;)

.bb-.&~
.bb-.&~
~ ~
. .~ ~
.&~ ~
.c?,
~
,(nq

.62.ttJ~
~ ~
Jr.J~1:7
~
.tr.J~1:7
~
.tr.J~
~
lSlnq

.6b-.&6~
~ ~
.b~b
~
.&b~b ~
.bl§- llinq

.bb-.&6~
.bb-.&6~
~ ~.
.b~b·
~
.&b~b ~
.b~ ~
PEnq

.bb-.&b~
~ ~ ~

~
.b~b .&b~1:7 .1:7 ~ dqlB;)lq
dqlBdlq

.b2.~'P
.b£-.~'P
~ ~
.~'P'tJ
.~'PtJ .~'P .~'P'tJ
.~'PtJ (PBdJql) ::l1ld1q
(pBdJql) '.'.

.bb-.&b'P
~ ~
.b'PtJ
.b'P'tJ .b'P .b'P'tJ )[l'dlq

.6b-.&6'P
~ ~
.1026
~
.b2b .6210
~
)[l'dlq

~ ~ ~ ~

.62.~~'tJ
.b£-.~~'tJ
~
.~~b .~~b .~~'tJ
.~~tJ UMOpMOq

62.rl'nb
b2.rl'nb
~ ~
::rl'n6
.rl'nb ::rl'n6
.rl'nb .rl'n6
.rl'nb
~
MOllOq
Monoq

66-.&lb.rh.& '::lfil'tJtJ
66-.&1b.rh.&"::lfiJ'
~ ~
.~tltJ
.:ih:J .&~fiJ'tJ
.&'::lfil'tJ .~'tJ lliOq I

62.tr.J~
6£- .tr.J~
~ ~
tr.J~b
~
.tr.J~b
~
.tr.J~
~
Eoq
~

.bb-.&b
~
.~b'tJ .&b , .~b'tJ
! (lddWill))
(lddWn1l) MOrq

.bb-.6nJ
~ ~
.bb~ 1lub
.blub bb'tJ
~
)polq
/
.6\,).r~6
.b\,).r~b
~
.r~b
::r~6 .r~b
::r~b .r~b
::r~b P;);)rq
Pddrq

.b2.rI'7
.b2::r1':r
~ ~
.rb'tJ .tr.Jb'tJ .rb'tJ ;)zurq
dZUrq

::M9BJ8dmI 8~nlnd
8~nlnd lSBd lU8S8Jd qS!IZlug:
QS!I'Bu3
 V' ' -0;"
:!A" f"-' '-"': ~~i ~,~Jr ;7/ ,#'- tG " ,I''''
'''~ :
">,,,:' ,,~ ~t:_ I;'i.' - i. ~,

~
t.' ,

v
>-
......
......
cd
fT fT fT
'-<
,q- fT fT 4q- fT fT fT fT fT
V fl fT fT ,q- ,q- ,q- ,q- ,q- ,q- fT ,f9
,q-
~ ,q- fT ,q- ~ fT fT ,q- fT
0.. ,f9 ET M ~ ~ rr ~ ~ M ,f9 ~ ,f9 iii
t{ lET (UJ ET
~ ~ t{
a ~ ir ~ 17 17 '6" ~ 17 ~ 17 ~ (m '6"
>-< !LJ c: 1iN1' (I.( 17C? 10? lif c: >B 'l€? i'/l<'? ,II!' ,m ( iil1( ImT c: ;w? I iii)

V
'-<
::l ~
....... t{ ET I.( i:7 i:7 fT ~ i:7 C i:7 t{ '6"
::l ~? ET (I.( 10? (if (UJ ET ~? ~? ,m lim" I~ ;w? iii)
~ 17 c: liN'< c: [;c? ET 17 c: >B 17 17 ';f []
(f{ 17 I.( 17 17

....... ~ ~ ~ ~ iii iq ~ iii

r.Il t{ ET 17 17 fl iq '6" .~ t{ '6"
c<:J fC 17. ~ 17
~? ET ~ ir ~ 10? (if (UJ ET ~? i'il<' ? ,II!' (Cl( ImT ~ ;w? iii)
0... [] c: 1iN1' (I.( 17C? ET 17 c: >B 17 17 17 'gr 17 17 17 17 17

......
c::
V ~
r.Il ~
V t{ ET ir i:7 fT ~ '6" ~
-'-< ~ ET (I.( I.r'? i:7 (UJ ET 'l€? (m t{ ~
ET· ~ i:7 ~ i:7
0... c: c: 1iJ;7r c: [;c? (if c: >B c: iflf'? ,II!' ,m (Cl( lim" c: W? I iii)

~
(/)
~
2e<j "d "-'
~ Q) Q)
..c: » ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (/)
~ ...... (/) ~ e<j "-'
r.Il '-' ..... .~.... Q) 0
......
~
~ ~ "-'
"d
~ ..0 ~ I-< ..0 ..0 8 0- 0-
(/) (/) e<j 0- oJ) §-
bi)
c:: b'
(1j
e<j
Q)
....... (1j Q) 0 §- S
.....
(/)
0
0
I
.......
....... E1 E1
s
E1 E1 8
~ ~ ....... 0
..c: ..c: ..c: ....... ........i:::..... ....... 0 0 0
80 0 0 0
r.r.l () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () ()
 .bb-.
.bb-.f>zf>zl'£>)
I'£> ) .I'£' )t:r .M£' )t:r .1'£»
~
l;}AO;)
1;}J\0;

.bb-.f>zbl'nb
~

-
~
-
.bl'nb
~

~
.f>zbl'nb
- .bl'nb
- (lflOI J)) 1;}J\0;
(lflOP l;}AO; )

.b~.I'£>~b
~ ~

~
.I'£>~b ..f>zl'£>
f>z I'£> ~b
~b .I'£>~b l;}AO; )
1;}J\0;

.bb-.f>
~
t:r tzl
.b b-.f>zzt:raJ
- .t:rb~ .t:rlut:r .f>z t:r b tJtJ
.f>zt:rb ~
l;}AO; )
1;}J\0;

.bb-.f>z~ .~t:r .f>z~t:r

.f>z ~t:r .~
~ ~
~
~ ~
lUnO; )

.bb-.f>z :Jlt;~
~

- ::Jlt;t:r
::Jti;t:r .f>z :Jlt;b
.f>z:Jti; .\e~tJ ~
lUnO; )

.bb- .f>z :J~

~

~
- .~t:r
~
- .f>z ~b
~
-~
.:J~
- lUnO; )

.bb-.f>zb-t:r .b-t:r .f>zb-t:r

~

.trt:r
~
Ado;)

.bb- .f>z9?
~ -
~
,5:t:r
s:t:r

~
~

-
..f;;,.):'t:r
r;,.):' t:r
~
,
·:::'ir CJ
.:::,~t) )[00;)
l~"
l~-'

"-
.. bS?-.~~ I
.~F!,t:r
.~f!,t:r .~F!,b
.~f!,b .~~
~

~
;;Jnu!luo;)
;;mu!

.bb-.f>zbb~
.bb-.f>
~
zbb ~
- .bt:r~ .f>zbt:r~~
.f>zbb .f>z bb tJ
.f>zbb ;}lBU!lliB1UO;)

.bb-.f>zp
.bb-N~
P
-
~
.tJS?-t:r
.tJS?-b
~
h£b
.f>z£b~

-
.f>zPtJ
.f>z'PtJ
~
;}lnl!lSUO;)

..bb-.f>
b b-.f>zz~
~

~
fl: .~b .f>z~b .~fg
~

l;mbu
l;;Jnbuo;)
o;)

.bb-.f>
~

-
.bb-.f>zzI'I'£> I:>
-
.1'£>B-tJ ·.f>z!'
-
f>z l'JJ?? I:> tJ
~

-
.l'J?l:>tJ
.!'J?l:>tJ ;;JsnJu o;)
;:JsnJu

bb-.r;,
bb- .1'>.bliJ
zbliJ bliltJ f>zblilttJJ
1'>zblil
~ .bliJtJ pm
PlUUuOJ
O;)

.bb- .f>z/tzP
.bb-.f> zItz'PtJ
tJ .bb-t:r . ·.f>zbb
f>z bb-b
-b .f>zbptJ
.f>zb'P SS;;JJU
~
sS;:JJUO;)

.btu.1'>z
~
l'J?~
btu.f>z!'J?~ ~
.I'£>~b ·.f>z!'J?
f>z l'J? ~ b~b .l'J?~
.I'£>~ ;;J1BllU;:J;)UO
;}lBllU ;};)UO;)
~
~ ~

.bS?-.tu~
~
~

~
.tu~b .tu~b Cgmp) puno dwo; )
.tut!'tJ (;5mp

8A!l B18d
8i\!lB 18dw
wII :;;unl
:;;unlnnd
.::r lSBd lU8S 81d qSlj'au
QS!I'i3 U3
 ~' .
~ ~

.b~
~
~

.&bri
.&bfi l;:ldx;:l
l;:Jdx;:J
~
i~.. ~
.bb-.&b~
~
.bri
.bfi

.bs:.~t;
.bs:.'l?tI .~ktJ
.'l?ktJ .~t;
.'l?tI~
.'.~tr'cJ
l?tr'cJ
~
l!X;:J
l!X;:l
~
~ ~
~~

.bs: .tu':l
.bs:.tu':1 .tu':::J::l .tu ':l:1
.tu' .tu ":J lsnBqX;:l
lSnBl.!x;:J
~

"~: ~ ,

..~~!'f>
'l?~!'£' .Ir~!'f>
.\r~!'£' .Ir~r-£>
.\r~tf' ;:lSTJ1;:lX;:l
;:JSTJ1;:JX;:J
~~r-£>
.bs:.'l?~tf'
~ ~
~
~
~

.lob-.& il
.lbb-.&il .ilb
~
.&ilb~
.il
~
;:l'3u-eq::>X;:l
;:J'3UBl.!:)X;:J
~ ~

<.~
,~

hb~
.b~b
- .&b~b ;:JlBAB:)X;:J
;:llBAB::>X;:l
Ii".
u
if{
0- bb-.&b~
~ ~ ~
~
~

;:Js~'3oln;:J
.bs:.~~t:I
.bS:.~~b
~

-
~
.~~b
-~
.~~b
.~~t:I
~
.~~

.bl'7~
-
~
;:lS!'3or n ;:l

.1-;;,101'7 ~
.i<:zbl' ;:llBUl!lS;:l
;:JlBUl!lS;:J
.bb-.&bl'7~
.bb-.&bl'7~
~
-
~
.bl'7~ ~

.bb-hb1;P .&b~'tJ .&b~b .&b;3'cJ l{S~{qB1S;:J

qS!JqB1S;:l
~

.~sb
~J
.bs:.~sb
~ ~
-
.~sb~
\Sb-
\Sb ~ ~
qSnqB1S;:l
l.!Snqf:lS;:J

;-3
LJ
.bb-.&b
~ ~
-
.&b'tJ
~
.&15
.&15
-
~
.&b'cJ
~
;:JdB:)S;:J
;:ldB::>S;:l

.bb-.&bp .bp'tJ .&bp'tJ .bp'cJ li;:J

li;:l
~

,i .~~
~ ~

.bb-.&b-~b-
.bb-.&b~b .b&b
.b&t:I
~

.t->rb-&b-
.l>rb&b .b-&b-
.b&b ;:JSB1;:J
;:lSB1;:l
~

• b~ .&t;
.&1; .~G'cJ ;:lSB1;:)
;:JSB1;:J
.bb-.&t;
.bb-.&I;
~ ~ ~
~ ~

••
.t
Jf'~!'f>
.t'f'~!'£' .r-£>~r-£>
.tf'~tf' r-£>~r-£>
tf'~tf' ;:JS~IBnb;:J
;:lS!IBnb;:l
.10 bJ.r-£> ~r-£>
.bbJ.tf'~tf'
~

.tuS:b-
.tuS:b :r'f''cJ
- lSn..nU;:l
lSn.I\U;:J
.bs:.tu'f'
~ ~
.tuS:b~
~ ~

~ri
~fi .~ri
.~fi
,_i
.-~ .bs:.~ri
.bs:.~fi
~ ~
.~ri
.~fi I'
I
-
~
hOrU;:J
hOrU;:l

.'rg .'r~ dJBlqUl;:J

.bS:.'rg
.bs:.'rg~

- ~
.'rg ~
dJBlqUl;:l

dA!lBlddWI dlnlncI
dJnlncI lSBd lUdSdJd Qsn'i3 u3
 <U
.-
....,>
.-(Ij ir ir
;... ir ir ir ir ir ,q-
.q- ir ,q-
.q- ir
Q) ,q-
.q- ET
ir ,q-
.q- ir ir ,q-
.q- ,q-
.q- oq-
.q- ,1-0
.1-0 ir
ir ,1-0
.1-0 ir ,q-
.q- ir 01-0
.1-0 .!S
'!S ~ if iT'
0.. 01-0
.1-0 if ir ,q-
.q- o!S
.!S if 01-0
.1-0 i:7 L1 i({ iq L1 if ~ ,1-0
.1-0 >{ o• (![""
E Lr \'UI
1'Ui i.J
iJ .lI7
oll7 iq ir Il:r
Il7 Gui 17 ET I7l'
Il7l' 17 1\lJ
I\JJ >( 117)) L1
........
....... ;:;'? ~? 17 2\"?
2I"? ~? C! >€? I,,""
Ii>"" C! C! 121"
\ 2\" . \i>"" C. >(? C! 1if\!' C! Ii({
I"""

Q)
,-,
, ..J
;..0
......
- iq ~( >(
:l
lr L1 lr Lr
V- i:7 L1 i:7 ir ~
171
17? m?
en? I'UI
1'Ui i.J
iJ ,lI7
.lI7 H:>? I,,""
\i>"" Il:r
Il7 Gui 21" ~ i:7 l'uf 1if\!' (7)) lin
(..l.,
r..r., 2\"?
2I"? !if""
N"" >(?
>{?
c.C. V-
Lr 17 ~? C! 17 tl
17 C! C! tl
~ 17 C! C! 17 C! C!

...., iq iq iq iq iq
CI) iq iq iq >(
(Ij lr iq iq V-
Lr i:7 L1
If 17 ET ~ >{
lr 110/ If L1 ,lI7
.lI7 I-O? Ii>""
I,,"" Il:r
Il7 21<' (i>"" b!r 17 l'uf 1ill<' fu
0...
0.... ;:;'1
;:;'? ~? 2I"?
~? 2\1'? C!
al'7 --C! 17 17 c: d'~tJ 17 ("""
17 c: >{? c: 17 ~ I;:;'))
.;:;'))

......
.....
c::
Q)
CI)
Q) Lr >U ~ i:7 lJ i({ ~ >(
I-
l-< 177
171 ,m
.en Lr L1 i.J
iJ ,lI7
.lI7 fB?
f€7 ir Il7
Il:r Gui i:7 l'uf >( \17))
117)) lin
i:7 ET b!r
0.... c: c: I'UI
1'Ui 21<'1
21<'7 2\1'?
al'7 c:C! C! \i>""
I,,"" c: c: 121<' (i>""
(""" c: >{?
>(? c: 1( ill<' c:C! C!

r--.
...--. r--,
...--. ..!4
.'4
<!)
<I) ~ ;>.,
;>, ..c: u
U'.l e<j ~
~ e<j
...c: 0 ~
U'.l .~ ~
~
CI)
U'.l
~ 1a e<j
...... '-" 6 U ......
.....
<!)
<I) '-"
'-"' ~ ~ <I)
<!)
<!)
<I) ~
~ ~
.-bb - -
c:: 0.. 0..
~
0.. ] ..c:
1::l "Cl
<I)
<!)
.....
-
"Cl 0
;::::l
0
;::::l
01)
..c:
~
..... <!)
<I)
;>
<I)
<!)
::l
>< >< >< tb tb e<j ...... 0
<I)
<!) <!)
<I) <!)
<I) t;::::
t;::: t;::::
t;::: 01) 0 1)
01)
LLl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -
<8
<8 c8 <8 fJ01) 01) - oJ)
bJ)

,
.'l,
, "'-
 "

~
.bl:t.&'.:l~
.bl:t.& '.J~ .'.:l~b
.'.J~b .&'.:l~b
.&'.J~ .'.:l~
.'.J~ ~
lS!Oq
lS!oq
~ ~

:;s: &b~
.bl:t.&b~ .b~b .&6~b ~
.6~ ~
l~q
~
~ ~

.::::, " ln
.6s.'.btn .bln
.btn .&bln
.&btn ~
.bln
.btn ~
?P!q
~
~ ~

1-

&~
.61:t.&~ .~ .&~ .~~ gP!4
gp~4
:c
L' ~ ~
~

~
~
~ ~

61:t.&'.:llli
'.Jl\i .'.:lllib
.'.Jl\ib .& ':lllib
.&':ll\ib .'.:lllib
.'.Jl\ib ?P!q
?P~q
~

c...
~/'

.:J?'tJ
.~'ti pJ:;Jq
.6I:th~
.6I:th:
~
J? ~
S;-b
S"b
~
.~~b~
~

i
~ ~
~ ~

.'.:l~ h ':l~ .':l~ dBgq

.bl:t.& ':l~
~
.'.J~
,t
~~~:.
.JEgg
.6'eJ.'.:lE
.6'eJ.' .'.:lEg
JEg ..'':lEg .'.:lEg
JEg ;:)lB4
~

ti_'
':1i,¥,,- .61:t.&';;1
.61:t.& ';;i .';;1b
.';;ib h';;1b
h';;ib .';;1
.';;i ls;:)t\..IB4
~ ~

4'1

'~i::;:' .6k·&~'tJ
~'ti .~'tJ
.~'ti .ti>~'tJ
.~~'ti .~'tJ
.~'ti UlJ1:l4
tll.IB4
'k:i C

}J • .6£'.~'£6
.6i'.~ .~'£6 .~'£6
~
.~'£b
~
lII.mq
~ ~ ~

I ... .61:t.&'.:lt;
'.Jf.t '.:It;'tJ
..'.Jf.t'ti .&'.Jr; 'ti
.& '.:It;'tJ ':It;'tJ
..':If.t'ti :aUBq
~ ~

t.,,;"
~ ~
~
~

.61:tb .&bl:tb .61:tb JgAO PUB4

JgAO
iit,,/
{t,;/
"" .61:t.&61:t
~

.bl:t.&'.:l'£
.bl:t.& '.J'£ ':l'£6
..':l'£6 .&'.:l'£b
.&'.J'£
~
.':l,£6
~
n~n:a
ll!n:a
~
~ ~

'i.:-;("
.':l~ .&':l~ .'£~'tJ
.'£~'ti ;:)p~n:aa
;:)P!n:
.61:t.& ':l~
~ ~
~

i;,,~,.
;;'w
6t>
.61:t.&6l:>
.61:t.& .b~b .ti>b~b
.~b~b .bt>'tJ
.bl:>'ti PU!J:3
~ ~

.bl}!b
.bli!b .~bl}!b
.ti>bli!b .bl}!
.bli! ;:):)BJ:3
~-.
61:t.&bl}!
~
bli! ~
~

.1:'£'b
.'ri'b .'r s.'b
.'rs.'b .'r£'b '6
g:6no'5
.6i'.'r£'b
.6£':r
~
i'b ~ ~
~

WI
Bl;:}d
;:}A~lBldd
dA~l WI ;:}In:
dln:m mdd lSBd lU;:}S;:}ld
lUdS ;)ld llS!I'i3U 3
lls!!'i3
 (!)

.->
......
(\j tT Ir
I-. Ir I'T tT tT .q- Ir
(!) .q- .q- I'T .q- tT .q-
.er- .q- .19 I'T ;q ;q Ir tT tT tT
0. ;q ;q ;q ;q .q- tT .19 .19 .q- .19 tT ;q tT .er-
i{ .19 Lf '6 ;q .q- .19
tT
E Lf Lf 1lI1 Lf .,1 ir (IV Lr i.r i.r Lf .19 ;q
li>c' lf€ It{
tT ILr I mIT I::])) 191 1>(1 ir lf€ lr
C' 1Tf? 17 1C(' ~ ~ lr 1Cl))
-- 17 Lr 17 '6 lf€ '6 l;q II'T ~

(])
I-.
;:j
...... Lf Lf i{
::l 19 uf? 1Tf? .,1 tT '6 Lr Lf lr
(..!... . 117 IIf, Lr
" -

.':J2-b
~ 17 ~ I'T 17 It{ Lr
l~ ~ fW 1>(1 ir lf€ ;q
~ ET 17 Lr liF
.':J'Pt'£'
17 '6 >€ '6 I'T Lr ~

...... ir ir ;q ir
U'l Lf i{ . ir
(\j Lf ir Lf Lf
Ill? 1Tf? .,? ;q '6 ir Lr Lf lr iq
tT (IV lr

lSBd
0... tIt C' 17 17 If{ Lr \lfu=r ~ Ip? I>(? ir \f€ ;q
t? \C(' ~ Ir 17 Lr I'T ::n
.I>:c 'P

17 '6 f€ '6 17 17 ~

.....,
c:
(!)
U'l ;q ir
(]) Lf >t;- i{
I-. >8 I'T Lf '6 Lr lr lr i..t
Lf lu? till .,? \17 (IV \Lr lr lr

lU;;)S d1d
0.- \ mIT \ ;:]))

.':J'PtJ
li>c' ~ ~ ~ 17 Ii{ ~ ~
f.o? ~? \f€ \;q II'T ~
~ 17 Lr
.'P

17 f€ '6 I'T Lr ~
Ul
---on r"""'.
.....~
..c: ....Ul
(.)
(])
0::1 <!)
<!)
..c:
....
<!) Ul
..., .... ....0::1
~ .... '-' ..., ;:J 01)
;:J (.) >.
....0::10
.... 1:: .......
....... 0 ..... .B <!) '-'
bJ) </", '"0 '"d '"d 0 ttl 0::1 0::1
....en 0::1
.-- .......
c: ..... ....... ....... ;:J 0.- 0.- .... ....e 8(]) (]) 0.- ..c:
0 0 0 0 0 Ul Ul ..... .....01) ;:J E ....... ib 01)
0 >- ;:J

lSIOq
;:J

Pl°l{
S ....... ;:J

Ploq
w.l ;:J

Ploq
;:J ....

.rnouoq
..c ..c: ..c ..c ..c ~
.-
gSlnO J1;:JlU !

..c .....S .....~ .!:l 0 0 ;:J 0::1 0::1

mof
lIPl

;Q
dum f

......, ......, .......

A~m.rnof

.- .- .- '-'
I

-
 a a a - - - - - - _. -_. - -
- 1501
;}lBl!P;}W

;}mSB;}W

;}AOI

~_.
l;};}W

l;};}W
!;};}W

U;}SOOI

u.mgI
;}SOOI
;}lBJ1l!ill

PBoI

PBgI
(all]) l!I

){~!I
)[[!ill

){OOI
ll;}W

-~,...
,..... tTl

4S !1Z3U3
§. §. 0 0 0 0 0 0 ('; (';
~ ,~
(';
(';
,..... (1)
.....
(1)
,...
(1) p..
.....
(';
P>
'"...,C
;B 0
'"
(1)
_. 0
'"
('; ~
(Jq
~
,-0,
~
()
i"
B P>
0..
::l
(JQ
.-
•

::l
fi' P> ~ C/l
fi' (1) ;:J
-

-
.btitJ

.tLl-:3tJ
.tLl -:3t'£'
.~!;tJ

.b~
~ ill)
.t'£'~

.~f5

.tLlbtJ

.ltiiD
.kl

22\
.-:3'(J

j) j) j)
.':J~tJ

.~

.tLl~

.~liltJ
.'rfS
t~

.ED

lUgSgJd
ll.:H j)

~
.blt!
j) j) (}Jt) -112\ j) l1!!\ .112 'i:i
~

?,H Jl2
JI) tlsl m ~ m JI ..q
~

21

~
~\ 1.lC E -.o!l ) ~ 'IT]?
~

~
-.o!l >-j
1; .J] --.f! E .J]
~ ~
(l)
C/l
(l)
::l
,.....

-
.bti

tlsl
.tLl2-t:r
.tLl -:3t'£'

.f>z t'£' ~ t:r

.':J~ ~

.~!;
.f>zklt:r

.f>zkl

JI) t~ ~ TB?

.f>z ~t:r

.~f5

~
.f>zblt!t:,-
lJ lJ

.t>:rb~b

.~Iil
.tLllut:r

.'rfS

.t>:rbiDb
.f>zrot:r
lJ 1.lC lJ -112\

.tLl~t:r
~
lJ lJ lJ
il
~

'i:i
Al

lSBd
l1!!
()j
-

~\ J1. ~. .J] --.f! m ll!H ~ .J] ill)

~
(}Jt) '2!< -=t ~ .J]

~
Pl
~ ~ ~ E ~ -.o!l ~ ~ ~ -.o!l lJ
,.....
C/l
~ ~ ~ ~

-
tlsl
~

.bt;

.tLlklb
.I';"3t'£'
TB?
.~!;

.t'£'~t:r

.~t:r

.~f5
.klt:r

.kl

1.lC ~
.':J~tJ

.~Iil ~
.blt!t:r
t~ lJ -.o!l lJ

.tLl~t:r

.'rfS

.biDt:r
.EDt:r
lJ j) ..li2\

.tLlb~

.b~t:r

gJn~nd
lJ lJ lJ JI lJ
l1!!
il '"Tj
~

-
-

JI\ .
..Jil\ .J] .J:! m M\ ~ ill) e:

~
(}Jt) .J] ~ J1
~

~
-.o!l ~ .112

~
1; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -f1 ..q M-
e:
>-j
(l)

-
-
-
-

-
IE?

-
tlsl

.b2-.bt;
.bb-.f>zkl
JI)
~

.b2-.~!;

.10 2- -tlJ -:3 t'£'

t~ ~
.bb-.f>z -:3tJ

ill)
.bb-.f>z~~

.bb- .f>zt'£'~

.b2-.tLl-:3tJ
1.lC M\

.bb-.f>z~

.b2-.~f5

.b2-.tLlw
j) j)

.b2-.tLl~

.bb-.f>zt:r~

b2-.~til~
>-<

.bb-.f>zbiD
.bb-.f>zblt!

.bb-.f>zro
(}Jt) ..li2\

.b2-.'rfS
~\ 13\
~
Jl2\ l1!!\ .112\ 22\

gA~lB1gdlUI
~
-
~ J1 -fl ~
J1 m\ ~ JI ~ ~ E ~ -.o!l lJ JI
S
~

~
m\ m\
~ ~ oi? oi? E ~ E oi? ~ ~ ~ oi?

~
~
()j?

~
~
...D? oi? M

~
~
.-b? ...D? "0

~
~
.-b? .-b? -f1 .J:! ()j? oi? --.f! .-b? -f1 -.o!l

~
-.Ii? -.Ii?

~
.J:J? -f1 -.o!l
~
-.o!l (l)
~

~
~
-.o!l

~
-.o!l
-f1 --.f! .J:! -fl -.o!l
.J:! --.f! --.f! _.
>-j
~
<
(l)

""

• .c

,c.';
f• . "

}i:>

"iti.-
'-":~ rt,

",·)1-
.. ,.'
'~t

.•.

~'';~

l.:.:'.

~~>
;~
'~-

~.>.
L
;,"~
:.$ ....J

"~,
-i!
 (1)
(!)
,.'
.->- &- &- f'T
~
$-;
l- ,IT f'T &- &- &- &- &- ,IT &- &- ,IT &-
(!)
(1) ,q-" &- ,IT &- ,~ ,q-" ,q- ,q- &- &- ,q-" ,Ii) ,IT &-
;:r~ ,IT ,q-" ,Ii) ,q- iii f'T ;:r
~ ,Ii)
0.. f{ ;:r
~ ;:r
~ ~ ;:r
~ ;:r
~ ;:r
~ li
11 ;:r
~ C!
c: ,Ii)
iii) f'T ;:r
~
8 ::]))1
::])ll ,VI ;:r
~ ,g-
':5 ;:r
~ f'T1
f'T? '6
>6 '6
>6 1:7
17 C!
c: ;:r~ ll( 17
1:7 f{ &- li
11 17
1:7 C!
c:
>-< c: c: (jif(
ljif( r'C ,;,;]
,"4' c: l(1 ITE?
ITEI ,m ;V?
;VI (;:n
l;:n f'T ;VI c: ,nc:
lITE '6
>6 ,Ir'
,W- ,VI

~ ;:r
:::l
...., ~
...... &- '6
>6 ~ >6
~ i:]
i:7 C li
11 i:]
i:7 C!
c: &- f'T i:]
i:7 c
:::l ;:nl (Iff (iqr
fiqr lt3"
l~ f'T1
f'T? l(?
l(1 nc:?
ITEI 1:71
171 (GJ>
(tn l( 1:71
171 f{ lITE li
11 ,Ir'
,w- ,VI
~ c: c: 1:7
17 f'T ,iN'
liN' c: c: 17
1:7 ~~ Ll Ll f'T Ll c: 1:7
17 '6
>6 f'T c:

....,
...... iii iii ;:r
~ ;:r
~ ;:r
~ ;:r
~ iii
CIl 0'- j({' ;:r
~ ;:r
~ '6
>6 '6
>6 1:7
17 li
11 C!
c: &- f'T 17
1:7
('j ;VW (VI (j({7 ,g- ;:r l(?
l(1 nc:?
ITEI ;:r l( i:] f'T ,W-
,Ir'
':5 ~ ~ ,m C!
c: ~ i:7 lITE c
0... c: c: 1:7
17 f'T I;,;]
,"4' f'T?
f'T1 c: 17 1:7
17 ;VI
;V? (m
1m f'T ;V?
;VI c: 1:7
17 ~ f'T ,VI

H
c::
(!)
(1)
CIl ;:r
~ ;:r
~
<l)
V &- ~ ~ iii C!
c: it iJ
u 17
1:7 C!
c: f'T i:]
i:7 C!
c:
$-;
l- ;:nl
;:n? (Ln ,3-
lB- f'T1
f'T? Lli
Ll? i:] 17? (1:7)l
1i:7)l l( 17? f'T li
11 ,Ir'
,W- ,VI
ILn (iqr
'6
>6 i:7 m m &-
0... c: c: liqr f'T liN' c: c: ITEI ,m c: c: f'T c: c: lITE '6
>6 f'T c:
cd
"'"'
"""'
.-<
.-<
Q) Q)
"'"'
<tJ "'"'
..c:
------
<tJ ------ .-e:
"-' 12
I-<
l-
'"""'
""'"' ;:l
«l
.-< 'Tj
::J
'" 0 ..0
;:l
"""'
"'"' 0 <t) 0 0
S "-'
....
..c:: 0 ..c:
.-e: <t) 'Tj
u I-<
l- ;:l <t) <t)
2edcd ....edcd S
CIl .-< '-' I-<
l-
<8
<B V "-' ''
... '--' '--' ''-./
-' ~
cd <t) ::::l
........ .....
'-' ;:: I-<
l-
bI) u >- 0 0 U I-<
l- ;:: ;:: <t) ~
<t) <t)
<tJ <t)
"8::J b/J b/J
'"00.. '"00.. ~ u
0 <t) <t) cd
-.-c::
(.r.l
.§ .§ "'" .§ ;:: ;::
..0
'" ~ 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. >-
0
'8'" 0 0 0 0 0 0..
s s 0 0
"80

,'',"-' " , ,
,-
 ·bS:-.~b-
.b2.~b- .~b-b .~b-b .~'PtJ
~

- qJBdJd

>;>; ....
.-
.bb-.&b~b
.bb-.&b~b
~
.b~b .&b~b .&b~b dSlBJd
~ ~ ~ ~

';'; ,.-
'-- .bb-.&b&
~
.10&
.b& .&10& .10& Jnod
1j
) I

~.~ .. .bb-.&b%
~

- -
.b%b .&b%b
- .b! I (Jd~BM) d)nnOd
(Jd1BM) d1nnod

.b2.,:::-G~
.bs:-.,::-G~
~
.rb~ .,:::-b~
.,::-b~ .rG~ (JddBd) qsqod
0: . ,.~

~ ~ ~

.bb-.&tr
.bb-.&tf
~
.Sb .&Sb .11tJ ){Jnjd
C'-;,
~C.·--, _

.bb-.&~~

- N
- .~~ .~~
- . qi5nold
qi5no[d

.bb-.&tt,i'f'
~ ~
.&t{,i'f'
~
.&t{,i'f'
~
.&tt,i'f'
~
dSBdjd
dSBdJd
!Si.:
-
.~;;i'f'.&lb~
.~;;i'f' .&1b~
~
.&ib~
~
.&lb~
.&1b~
~
.&r;;~
~
dSBdjd

.bb-.&2
~ ~
.~2 ~
.&2 ~
.2
.:?~
(dwBi5) ABId
ABjd

.~btJ
~

.bb-.&b~
.&b .~GtJ (d~n[J.) ABId
(d1n[l.) ABjd

tL,_';

.
b2.trJhI
bS:-.tr.JhI
~

- .tr.Jt~
.tut~
- -
.trJt~
.tr.Jt~ .~t~
- (IBqwAJ) ABld
ABjd

.bb-.&b~
~
.b~b .&b~b .b~b
.b}b (ddJ~) lUBld
~UBId

.bb-.&b2
~ ~
.b2b
~
.&b2b~
.102
.b:? ~
d[!d
dl!d

.102.1017
.bS:-.bi7
~
.bbtJ .1017 .&bbtJ~
dJJdld
a,...->~.

.bb-.&btr
.bb-.&bt>
~

- -
.bsb .&bSb
- .bl1tJ
- )[J!d

.bb-.Mf'S
.bb-.&t:f's
~
J'f'sb
J'Psb .&t'f'S10
.&t-ESb J'P~b
J'f'~b dpEtddd

.bb-.&b&
~
.10& .&Io/j' &b/j'
.&b/j' tiO!~UdllP. "Ed
UO!1UdllP. AEd

81\ llBJ8dWT
;)AllBJ;)dWT 8mln..:I
;)mln":{ lSBri lU;;)S;;)JrI
lU;;lS8JrI ljSlj BU 3
ljSIj ;'-
(
:;\
,
English Present Past Future Imperativ~
Imperativ~
'~,
.l~
;' "~
~!.
3.-\
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~\';\,
,.
prepare (food) L".J.=J"l" L".J .=l.=J>.>f
>'>1" q~' L".J.=J~r4,,]"
L".J.=l~r4,,]" %
i
-'\
~
!\
-'-"-"
prevail L".J<)il)"
L".J<)il)" L".J<)"'
L".J<)","" L".J<)a;" <5'lj"
L".Jt)a;," <5'1j" 'i\.~
.~
;i~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
l%
prolong 'll~"
'lJ~" L".J'll~~"
L".J'lJ~~" L".J'll~"
L".J'lJ~" 'lJ~ ~'4'lj"
'll~ ~'4'1j'
~ ~ ~

l'"
promote ~~. ~~"
~-,,' ~~. ~-,,"
~~'-i5'lj'
-<5'1j" \
.,,&
·""l
"-;g
'\
,
~ '\
protect L".J'll~'
L".J'lJ~' lc:. ~.
L".J'lJc- lc:. .
L".J'lJc-. ;~>
'lJc-~' 4'lj'
'llc:.~' 4I1J" 'i.
~ ~ ~ ~ -~
~
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \'\
publicise ~'lj' ,
~I1J'
-, L".J~'lj~"
L".J~I1J~'
- . L;J~'lj'
L;J~I1J' ~I1J~" 4'lj'
~'lj~' 4I1J'
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
pull up cloth £0' L;J£O~'
L;J£O~' L;J£O' £O~'4'lj'
£O~'4I1J'
~ ~ ~
;'
purify ~c:.'
~c-"
- ~c:.~'
~c-~' ~c:.'
~c-" ~c:.~' 4'lj"
~c-~'4I1J"
-
~
put upside down ~L;J'
~L;J" ~L;J~' ~L;j"
~L;J" ~L;J~'4'lj
~L;J~"4I1J
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
quell ~[lr
- L;J~[lr
- L;J~[lr
- ~[lr -i5'lj"
- <5I1J" ~:~:
~ ~ ~
radiate (light) ~"
- ~q
- ~.
~"
- jI1J"
~~. :i':.2j'lj'
~ ~ ~
ram (:\L;
r:\ L;JJ L;J>'
L;J >'>>1"1" l.:lL;J' l.:lL;J~'
l.:lL;J~' 4'lj"
- 4"]"
i L;j"
'" L;J L;J"
'"L;J
~ ~ ~
- ~
reach (hand) ~L;J"
-"lL;J' L;J~L;J~' L;J~L;J"
L;J"lL;J" 4'lj
~ ~ ~L;J~"
~L;J~' 4I1J
~ ~ ~
read iij'lj
-
iilI1J L;JriJ'lj
L;JriJI:1j ~. L;JriJ'
L;JriJI1Jlj m'lj~'4'lj
iil,,]~' 4I1J
~ ~ ~
realise t)I1J"
-
t)'l L;Jt)'lj~'
L;Jt)I:1j~' . L;Jt)I1J"
L;Jt)'lJ" <)I1J~' 4'lj"
<)'lj~' 4"]"
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
- ~
receIve C!i"' C/.leli ~.
!i
C/.lC- C/.leli
C/.lC!i".
- C!i""
eli"" -<5I:1j
-i5 'lj""
eli"""
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
- ~
recite (prayers) (:\"'iJ)"
-
r:\ "'il)' L;J1=j
L;J1Jeli'
-C!i' I1J'- il)'
'lj'""iJ)' .I:leli· <5'lj"
.I:lC!i'<5I1J"
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
recover 'lj~"
I1J~" - 'lj~~'
I1J~~"
- 'lj~'
I1J~'
- I1J~~" 4'<]"
'<]~~. --9I1J"
-
f
 ~. :,1 .'::'!,~,:.~:,:
~J'!'i'f,~:':
""t:,i~',"i';
1~','''' .,--

<l)
>
;::;
(1j Er- Er-
l..;
I-; ir 1'7
Er Er- Er- ,q-
tq- Er- ,q-
tq- Er- Er-
<l) cr- ,q-
tq- ,q-
tq- tq- Er- ,q-
tq- t!!!:"" ,q-
tq- 1'7
Er Er- ,!!!:""
Er- i<t ir 1'7
Er ,to
tto Er- Er- t!!!:""
0.. ,to i<t i<t i<t ,to
tto i<t i<t C! ito
M ,to
tto ,to
tto i<t ,to
tto ,to
tto ,q-
tq-
>( li V- e
li li li 1'7
Er '6' Er? t{ li i:7 it> 1'7
Er IE!....
HL V- i<t ,ttl
Itt>"
....8 iff? \1l7
Ill! \OUI
lOUi ,tRf
tiRf ,~
)~ 11-(3
h-(J CI{l
(I{l c'
C! \1((
10(( tr 1\ >In \I ill<' \'1-(3
1'>B c'
C! ,ill( )~
\~ ,q-
lq- '6'

<l)
l..;
I-;
;:j
::l
..... >{
i{ iJ iJ C! >(
>{ li i:7 it> tr V- i: C: ~
::::l
:::l iff?
iff 1 I.C'
I.>' 0Ui
OUI ~ eEll
ET? I((
0(( ill( ttl
tt>"
li ill<' ~ \1'7
lEr r:rr
I.;
I..; [7
E7 ET
El [7
E7 1:7
17
c'
C!
~ ~1:717 c'
C! 1:7
17 tr ~ 1:7
17 1:7
17 tr 1:7
17 tr r '6'

;/)
Jl
i<t i<t i<t i<t i<t i<t .,
i{ iJ li 1'7
Er ~ C! >( li 1:7
17 it> V- i<t C!
:(j (Ip I((
0(( f()
iff?
iff 1 I.C'
I.>' C! to
e:Ell
ET? l1
If Ifljl iIl<" ~ \IF
llF e:r:rrC! q-
l... [7
E7 [7
E7 ?Y ,\b
tlb OTI 1:7
17 1:7
17 c'
C! q tr 1:7
17 1:7
17 1:7
17 1:7
17 W tr 1:7
17 '6'

-
1)
u i<I
)} li
l) L1 ttRf
tiRf Er- E: L{ Er- V- C: e:E:
>{
i{ I.C'
\ll.>' li iJ
e:C!OTI I€
>€ ~
e:ErI
Er? >( li i:7 f() 1-(3
''>B HL
lEL V-
e:E:
I1r:rr q- f()
L,
l...
- ;}T?
;}T1 El
ET lOUI
lOUi ,tRf
tiRf c'
C! c'
C' CI{l
(I{l c'
C' \1J.r
I·V tr >In I\ ill<' c: c'
c: \ ill(
1ill( tr'
lr 1:7
17 ~

,.-..
..--. ,.-..
..--.
<l.l
<ll ....
<l)
""d
"d ...... .........
·C
'C ...... <l.l
<U
-
)} .D <l.l
<ll ...... ...... c: 2
"--"
'-" "--"
' -" ro 0 <l.l
<U ..c:
- .....
.... <l.l
<ll ~ ...... bJ:)
-0
""d "0
-0 "0
-0 "0 ~ u Q)
<U b[) 0..
0...
-0 ro <2 C' 0 :s
-?,D e- c: ::J Q)
<U
cC C t::: c: 0..
0... ...... ro (Ij 0 0 0 >
..... Q)
(1) Q)
(1) il)
(1) Q)
(1) Q)
(1) Q)
(1)
:s
Q)
(1) ..c: ..c: ..c: ..c: Q)
<U ...... ...... (Ij Q)
<U
r..l
Ll ',r. :r.
:.r. :.r. :.r. :/)
:.r. :.r. :.r. (JJ :/)
:.r. (JJ :/)
:.r.
..c:
(JJ (JJ 'C;:; < /)
</l
.- ~
(JJ -(JJ Vi
 /

::r£'-b
::r£>-b

·bb-.~bb-b
~ ~
.bb-b .~bb-b
.&bb-b .bb-b
~
(pOOM) l~lds

.bkJb
~

.b-b
~
.b-b
~

mds

.b'eJ.tutzJ
~ ~
.tulub
.ltJlub ..tulub
..ltJiub uids

.btJ
~ mds
.bb-.~btu
·bb-.&bttJ
~ ~
.btu
.bltJ .btu
.bltJ

.It .It
.b~b .b~b

)fROS
JfBOS

.b5~
~
.101;
~

IpWS
 English Present Past Future Imperative
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
take, bring Q[;J"""
Q[;1"'" [;J"""
[;1 "'" Q[;J"""
Q[;1"'" [;1 "'" <5I:lj
[;J"""<5I:lJ
~ ~ ~
~
~c-~.
taste ~c: ~c:.~' ~C-"
~c:.'
-
~c- ~r"19'
~c:. ~"--99"
test 9,?rlJ"
9,?rlJ' ,?rlJ"
,?rlJ' tlj,?rlJ"
<lj,?rlJ' ,?r1.f~9"
,?r1.f~9'
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~
think "\9c:. ~"
"\9C- ~' "\9c- ~'
"\9c:. ~" "9C-~"
"9c:.~' "\9c::.~'49'
"\9c::.~"49"
/ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
think aJ~"
aJ~' aJ~~"
aJ~~' aJ~"
aJ~'
- a.Jil)~"--99"
aJil)~'''19'
~ ~ ~
think ~aJ~"
~aJ~' q~aJ~r
q~aJ~r q~aJ"
q~aJ' ~c>J~"
~c>J~' --99"
"19'
~
thread ~"\"
~"\' q~~"
q~~' q~"
q~' ;]~"--99"
;]~'''19'
~ ~ ~ ~
I
)
~ ~
threaten ~9"
~9' q~9~"
q~9~' q~tlj"
q~<lj' ~tlj~"49"
~<lj~'49'
throw 9~9'
9~9" 9~tlj~"
9~<lj~' 9~9"
9~9' 9~9~f49"
9~9~f49'
~ ~
tie ~aJ' q~aJ~r
q~aJ~" q~aJ"
q~aJ'
- ~c>J~".DQ1"
~<N~'.DQ1'
"\
'" .. II II
to become fat i)~"
i)~' qi)~"
qi)~' qi)~r
qi)~" i)~"2j9"
i)~'49'
~
to be born q;aJ~r
q;aJ~r qq;aJ~'"
qq;aJ~" qq;aJ"
qq;aJ' q;c>J~"49"
q;<N~'49'
I
~ ~ ~ ~
to be tired aJ~rlJ"
aJ~rlJ' aJ,?rlJ"
aJ,?rlJ' aJ,?rlJ"
aJ,?rlJ' <N ,?Ilr,;:s
c>J,?Il.l" <lj'
-0 tlj"
~ ~
to become foggy Q~l:::r Q~q~"
Q~q~' Q~q"
Q~q' fjq~"--99"
l:jq~' "19'
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
- ~
to belong to 979~"
979~'
-
979~"
979~' 979~"
979~' 97I1j~"
97I1j~' --9Qj"
"19'
~
to line up 94q"' 94 qq 9--9
9"1 q"' Qj2jq~"4Qj"
94q~'49'
I
~
to make pretty ,,\c:. "'"
"\C-""" ,,\c:. "'"
"\c-""" "\C- "'"
,,\c:. """ ,,\~'~9'
"\~"~9"
touch 979"
979'~
979~"
979~'
~
979"
979'~

tlj7tlj~" 49'
<lj7<lj~-r 2jQj"
I ~
 .bl'nb ;:lAEM
.b b- .ts> btdn .bl'nb .kzbl'nb ~

~ ~

.tJ"i3tJ ;:llSBM
.bb-.~ib:):"b .tJ";3tJ .tJ"i3tJ .kzt:"
~

~ ~

~
~

. .tub .kzlUb .§JtJ llSBM

bb-.~§J
~

~
~

.~b
~
~

bb-.~~ ~ ~~b llSBM

~

&I'£'GltJ .~tf'gtJ .kztf'gtJ JJOJ;:lPUBM

bb-.&i'f'g
~

.'JrD ;:lJ{BM
.bb-.~ ":lrD .'JrD h'Jru
~ ~

~
-~

.b~ l~BM
~

hb~b
~

.bb-.~b~ .~b
~

~
~

b~
~

hb~b l!ID° A
~

bb-.~b~
~
b~b
;:llEIO!A
.b~·&tb ~b .kz~b .~tJ

.bbtJ looJdn
.bS?-.bc.l .bb~ ~
.blub~
~

~ ~

.ttJlUb .ttJlil tJ ;:l!lU n

.bS?-.ttJ!iI .ttJlil~
~
~
~

~ ~

.~b .~~b .~b ' lS~Ml

.bb-.~~b
~

.ttJliltJ lS~Ml
bIe>. ttJ!iltJ .tu!iltJ
~
.ttJliltJ
~
~

~ ~

.~bf1ib .bf1i J;:lAO wm

.bb-.~b~
~ ~
.b~b
- -
~
~

.'r~
~ ~

.bS?-.r!; .r~b .r~b ;:llE\SUEJl

~

bb-.MltJ .P.ltJ .~l>itJ

~
.P.ltJ
~
JdJSUEJl
~
~ ~

.tJ~'cJ .~~tJ .tJ~tJ PU;:lJSUE.1l

.bb-h~'cJ
~

.bb-.~'Jb'cJ .'J~ .~ 'JbtJ h'JbtJ (pU!W) U!EJl

~ - I

\
~ ~

8 1nlnd ~SBd lli 8S8J d 4S.~!2U3

8AIlB18druI